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Journal articles on the topic 'Seedling Infection'
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1
Blenis, Peter V., Kathleen L. Wiggins, James E. Cunningham, and Michael A. Pickard. "Maltol protects against infection of lodgepole pine seedlings by western gall rust." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 12 (1988): 1658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-252.
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Uptake and translocation of maltol into 6-week-old Pinusconforta (Engelm.) var. latifolia seedlings was followed by means of gas chromatography. Maltol concentrations of 6.0–7.3 mg/g seedling dry weight (46–55 μg/seedling) were observed over the first 3 days following a single application of 50 mg maltol/seedling. A split-plot design was used to determine if maltol could reduce seedling infection by Endocronartiumharknessii. Whole plots consisted of two inoculum levels (7 or 30 mg of spores per tray of seedlings) and subplots consisted of four levels of maltol (0, 2, 10, or 40 mg/mL) applied 2 days before inoculation to one-half tray of seedlings at the rate of 5 mL/cavity. The highest concentration consistently and significantly reduced seedling infection relative to the untreated control, although it also caused some phytotoxicity.
2
Bachand, George D., John D. Castello, Michail Schaedle, Stephen V. Stehman, and William H. Livingston. "Effects of tomato mosaic Tobamovirus infection on red spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 6 (1996): 973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-107.
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Height, weight, root volume, shoot length, needle length and weight, and total chlorophyll content were measured for both control and tomato mosaic Tobamovirus (ToMV)-inoculated red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) seedlings in each of five, 3-month growth periods. Mean bud-break rating was determined for each seedling in growth period 5. In January 1995 the freezing tolerance of control and ToMV-infected seedlings was determined. Approximately 85% of the inoculated seedlings became infected with ToMV, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of young root tissue. Reduction in seedling height, weight, root volume, bud break, and mean shoot length of infected seedlings was observed when compared with control seedlings. The rate of increase over time in height, weight, and root volume was lower (54, 57, and 52%, respectively) in infected seedlings compared with control seedlings. Additionally, needles of infected seedlings were less susceptible to freezing damage than those of control seedlings. However, virus infection had no effect on the freezing tolerance of roots.
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Kolmer, J. A. "Virulence in Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici Isolates from Canada to Genes for Adult-Plant Resistance to Wheat Leaf Rust." Plant Disease 81, no. 3 (1997): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.3.267.
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Sixty-seven isolates of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici collected in Canada were tested for virulence to adult plants of Thatcher near-isogenic wheat lines with leaf rust resistance genes Lr13, Lr22a, Lr34, Lr35, and Lr13 and Lr34 combined. All of the isolates had low infection type to the Thatcher lines with Lr22a and Lr35. All isolates had lower infection type and lower rust severity on the Thatcher line with Lr34 compared with Thatcher. The isolates were polymorphic for virulence to the Thatcher line with Lr13; many isolates were completely virulent to this line, and other isolates produced very low or intermediate avirulent infection type. On the Thatcher line with Lr13 and Lr34 combined, many isolates had infection type and rust severity similar to the Thatcher line with Lr34, while other isolates had lower infection type and rust severity compared with the single-gene lines with Lr13 or Lr34. Fifteen isolates with low, intermediate, and high infection type to adult plants with Lr13 were tested for infection type on seedling plants of the Thatcher lines with resistance genes Lr13, Lr22a, Lr34, Lr35, and Lr37, and on Thatcher lines with Lr13 paired with seedling resistance genes. Most isolates were completely virulent to seedling plants with Lr13 and Lr22a. Plants with Lr37 expressed seedling resistance to all isolates tested. Seedling plants with Lr34 had lower infection types to all isolates compared with Thatcher. Seedlings with Lr35 had high infection types to most isolates, with varying amounts of chlorosis. The Thatcher lines with Lr13 plus seedling resistance genes were most resistant to the isolates that had very low infection types on adult plants with Lr13 and intermediate infection types on plants with seedling resistance genes. Genes Lr22a, Lr35, and Lr37 offer additional sources of highly effective leaf rust resistance in wheat.
4
Williams-Woodward, J. L., F. L. Pfleger, R. R. Allmaras, and V. A. Fritz. "Aphanomyces euteiches Inoculum Potential: A Rolled-Towel Bioassay Suitable for Fine-Textured Soils." Plant Disease 82, no. 4 (1998): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.4.386.
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A sensitive measure of soil inoculum potential is needed to evaluate field management of common root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches) in peas (Pisum sativum). A modified rolled-towel (RT) bioassay had been proposed to measure soil inoculum potential in fine-textured soils used for pea production in Minnesota. Homogenized soil was used because organic debris containing the inoculum could not be separated by wet sieving. The poor precision prompted an evaluation of procedures to improve this modified RT bioassay. Seed treatment with a 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite before pea seed germination and plant isolation procedures during the RT bioassay preparation/incubation reduced seedborne contamination and seedling loss to less than 5%. Tests conducted with pasteurized soil that was artificially infested with oospores showed the region of the pea taproot 1 to 2 cm below the seed to be more susceptible to infection (33% compared with 15% infected seedlings) than the region 1 to 2 cm above the root tip. A soil volume of 1.0 cm3 increased inoculum potential compared with 0.5 cm3 applied to each seedling but did not influence the random error; the 40-seedling compared with the 20-seedling RT bioassay reduced random error from 18 to 12%. The modified RT bioassay conducted on soil that was artificially infested after steam treatment or without steam treatment showed superior performance when using 40 seedlings compared with 20 seedlings when evaluated for accuracy and precision. Multiple infection theory demonstrated more multiple infections in the RT bioassay with a 0.5 cm3 soil volume applied to each seedling, which shows that soil mass is a factor preventing a higher percentage of infected seedlings. These modifications to the RT bioassay improved the method enough to reduce the random error by one-half compared with using homogenized soil without the proposed modifications.
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Yates, I. E., C. W. Bacon, and D. M. Hinton. "Effects of Endophytic Infection by Fusarium moniliforme on Corn Growth and Cellular Morphology." Plant Disease 81, no. 7 (1997): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.7.723.
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Kernels of corn, Zea mays, were inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme to analyze seedling growth and development during endophytic, symptomless infection. In planta F. moniliforme distribution and seedling growth, expressed as shoot diameter, plant height, leaf length, and dry weight, were examined weekly for 28 days after planting. Even though no visible disease symptoms developed, F. moniliforme was isolated from most segments taken from seedlings grown from inoculated, but not noninoculated, kernels from the earliest to the latest sampling. F. moniliforme did not alter the rate or percentage of kernel germination, but seedlings grown from inoculated kernels had suppressed shoot diameter, plant height, leaf length, and plant weight 7 days after planting. However, seedling growth from inoculated kernels was similar to or greater than that from noninoculated kernels at 28 days. Histological modifications in seedlings grown from inoculated kernels included accelerated lignin deposition in shoots and modified chloroplast orientation in leaves. In summary, gross morphology and histology were altered in corn seedlings during symptomless, endophytic infection by F. moniliforme.
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Chung, Kuang-Ren, Walter Hollin, Malcolm R. Siegel, and Christopher L. Schardl. "Genetics of Host Specificity in Epichloë typhina." Phytopathology® 87, no. 6 (1997): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.6.599.
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Epichloë typhina perennially and systemically infects grass plants, causing choke disease in which maturation of host inflorescences is suppressed. In seedling-inoculation tests, isolate E8 from perennial ryegrass established and maintained infection in this host but not in orchardgrass. In contrast, isolates E469, E2466, and E2467 from orchardgrass varied in infection frequency and stability in orchardgrass, but all were unable to establish stable infections in perennial ryegrass. To investigate the genetics of host specificity, isolate E8 was crossed with each of the isolates from orchardgrass. Seedlings of parental host species were inoculated with F1 progeny, and the frequencies of seedling infection and stability in adult plants were assessed. In the E8 × E2466 cross, the F1 progeny exhibited a wide range of infection frequency and stability in each parental host. In crosses E8 × E469 and E8 × E2467, where the orchardgrass-derived parents infected 5 to 13% of inoculated perennial ryegrass seedlings, the distributions of infection frequencies for the F1 progeny wereskewed toward levels comparable to that of the parent from perennial ryegrass. In all crosses, most progeny had low frequencies of infection in orchardgrass. However, transgression was evident in a cross of E8 with E469, an isolate that infected orchardgrass seedlings at a low frequency (2 to 3%). The E8 × E469 cross had a few F1 progeny that infected orchardgrass at high efficiency (up to 81%). A Spearman rank correlation applied to the E8 × E2466 progeny indicated a significant negative correlation between infection frequencies in perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass. Also, there was a significant correlation of infection frequency and stability in perennial ryegrass but not in orchardgrass. To test whether only a few genes governed infection frequency in perennial ryegrass, an E8 × E2466 F1 progeny (designated E386.04), which had intermediate compatibility with this host, was backcrossed to E8. The progeny of this backcross exhibited a distribution of infection frequencies in perennial ryegrass between that of E386.04 and the backcross parent, suggesting that multiple genes may determine compatibility at the seedling infection stage. The results of these experiments indicated multiple genetic determinants of compatibility or incompatibility with each host, with intermediate or high heritability.
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Barrit, Thibault, Elisabeth Planchet, Jérémy Lothier, et al. "Nitrogen Nutrition Modulates the Response to Alternaria brassicicola Infection via Metabolic Modifications in Arabidopsis Seedlings." Plants 13, no. 4 (2024): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13040534.
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Little is known about the effect of nitrogen nutrition on seedling susceptibility to seed-borne pathogens. We have previously shown that seedlings grown under high nitrate (5 mM) conditions are less susceptible than those grown under low nitrate (0.1 mM) and ammonium (5 mM) in the Arabidopsis-Alternaria brassicicola pathosystem. However, it is not known how seedling metabolism is modulated by nitrogen nutrition, nor what is its response to pathogen infection. Here, we addressed this question using the same pathosystem and nutritive conditions, examining germination kinetics, seedling development, but also shoot ion contents, metabolome, and selected gene expression. Nitrogen nutrition clearly altered the seedling metabolome. A similar metabolomic profile was observed in inoculated seedlings grown at high nitrate levels and in not inoculated-seedlings. High nitrate levels also led to specific gene expression patterns (e.g., polyamine metabolism), while other genes responded to inoculation regardless of nitrogen supply conditions. Furthermore, the metabolites best correlated with high disease symptoms were coumarate, tyrosine, hemicellulose sugars, and polyamines, and those associated with low symptoms were organic acids (tricarboxylic acid pathway, glycerate, shikimate), sugars derivatives and β-alanine. Overall, our results suggest that the beneficial effect of high nitrate nutrition on seedling susceptibility is likely due to nutritive and signaling mechanisms affecting developmental plant processes detrimental to the pathogen. In particular, it may be due to a constitutively high tryptophan metabolism, as well as down regulation of oxidative stress caused by polyamine catabolism.
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Milus, Eugene A., Kevin D. Lee, and Gina Brown-Guedira. "Characterization of Stripe Rust Resistance in Wheat Lines with Resistance Gene Yr17 and Implications for Evaluating Resistance and Virulence." Phytopathology® 105, no. 8 (2015): 1123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-14-0304-r.
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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has been the most important foliar wheat disease in south central United States since 2000 when a new strain of the pathogen emerged. The resistance gene Yr17 was used by many breeding programs to develop resistant cultivars. Although Yr17 was classified as a seedling (all-stage) resistance gene conferring a low infection type, seedlings with Yr17 frequently had intermediate to high infection types when inoculated with isolates that caused little or no disease on adult plants of the same wheat lines. The objectives of this study were to determine how to best evaluate Yr17 resistance in wheat lines and to determine which factors made seedling tests involving Yr17 so variable. Stripe rust reactions on wheat seedlings with Yr17 were influenced by temperature, wheat genotype, pathogen isolate, and the leaf (first or second) used to assess the seedling reaction. The most critical factors for accurately evaluating Yr17 reactions at the seedling stage were to avoid night temperatures below 12°C, to use the first leaf to assess the seedling reaction, to use multiple differentials with Yr17 and known avirulent, partially virulent and virulent isolates as controls, and to recognize that intermediate infection types likely represent a level of partial virulence in the pathogen that is insufficient to cause disease on adult plants in the field.
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Ahn, Ezekiel, Louis K. Prom, Coumba Fall, and Clint Magill. "Response of Senegalese Sorghum Seedlings to Pathotype 5 of Sporisorium reilianum." Crops 2, no. 2 (2022): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops2020011.
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Sporisorium reilianum causes head smut in sorghum. A total of 36 Senegalese sorghum accessions comprised of sorghum lines that have not been explored with response to pathotype 5 of S. reilianum were evaluated with 3 different treatments. First, seedling shoots were inoculated while still in soil with teliospores in agar, and then submerged under water at 4 days post inoculation. Signs of infection (noticeable spots) on the first leaf were observed up to 6 days post submergence. Second, seedlings at the same stage were inoculated by placing the teliospore impregnated agar around the stem in pots, moved to a greenhouse and grown to full panicle development stage. Third, seedings were inoculated via syringe inoculation in the greenhouse. Although soil inoculated seedlings grown in the greenhouse did not result in systemic infection as determined by lack of symptoms at panicle exsertion, 88.9% of tested cultivars showed systemic infections when syringe inoculated in the greenhouse. Inoculation of seedlings maintained under water led to broad range of noticeable spots that are assumed to be potential infection sites based on a previous study. In addition, seedling inoculation led to slightly upregulated expression of chitinase and PR10, genes that are associated with defense in aerial parts of plants.
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Chun, S. C., and R. W. Schneider. "Sites of Infection by Pythium Species in Rice Seedlings and Effects of Plant Age and Water Depth on Disease Development." Phytopathology® 88, no. 12 (1998): 1255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.12.1255.
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Seedling disease, caused primarily by several species of Pythium, is one of the major constraints to water-seeded rice production in Louisiana. The disease, also known as water-mold disease, seed rot, and seedling damping-off, causes stand reductions and growth abnormalities. In severe cases, fields must be replanted, which may result in delayed harvests and reduced yields. To develop more effective disease management tactics including biological control, this study was conducted primarily to determine sites of infection in seeds and seedlings; effect of plant age on susceptibility to P. arrhenomanes, P. myriotylum, and P. dissotocum; and minimum exposure times required for infection and seedling death. In addition, the effect of water depth on seedling disease was investigated. Infection rates of seed embryos were significantly higher than those of endosperms for all three Pythium spp. The development of roots from dry-seeded seedlings was significantly reduced by P. arrhenomanes and P. myriotylum at 5 days after planting compared with that of roots from noninoculated controls. Susceptibility of rice to all three species was sharply reduced within 2 to 6 days after planting, and seedlings were completely resistant at 8 days after planting. There was a steep reduction in emergence through the flood water, relative to the noninoculated control, following 2 to 3 days of exposure to inoculum of P. arrhenomanes and P. myriotylum. In contrast, P. dissotocum was much less virulent and required longer exposure times to cause irreversible seedling damage. Disease incidence was higher when seeds were planted into deeper water, implying that seedlings become resistant after they emerge through the flood water. These results suggest that disease control tactics including flood water management need to be employed for a very short period of time after planting. Also, given that the embryo is the primary site of infection and it is susceptible for only a few days, the disease should be amenable to biological control.
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Matusick, G., L. G. Eckhardt, and S. A. Enebak. "Virulence of Leptographium serpens on Longleaf Pine Seedlings Under Varying Soil Moisture Regimes." Plant Disease 92, no. 11 (2008): 1574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-11-1574.
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Recently, Leptographium serpens has been recovered from the roots of declining and dead longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in stands associated with various abiotic stresses. Although most data suggest that L. serpens is pathogenic to various Pinus spp., there is little known of its virulence on longleaf pine or its relationship with abiotic stress in causing disease. These trials examined the effects of L. serpens infection coupled with drought stress. Trials began with wound inoculations of bareroot longleaf pine seedlings in spring 2006 and 2007 at the seedling stress facility at Auburn University. Soon after inoculation, seedlings were also subjected to adequate moisture, moderate drought, or severe drought. Sixteen weeks after inoculation, longleaf pine survival, L. serpens virulence, and seedling growth characteristics were measured. Longleaf pine seedlings inoculated with L. serpens had 33% mortality (138/420) which was significantly greater than nonwounded control seedlings (22%, 47/211). Survival and lesion size on longleaf pine suggests that L. serpens is moderately pathogenic to longleaf pine seedlings. Separately, moisture stress associated with low soil moisture also contributed to seedling mortality. Results suggest that L. serpens infection and moisture stress commonly experienced by southern pines act independently to stress longleaf pine.
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Duchesne, Luc C., R. L. Peterson, and Brian E. Ellis. "Interaction between the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and Pinus resinosa induces resistance to Fusarium oxysporum." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (1988): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-080.
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Inoculation of Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus Fr. resulted in a 47% increase in resistance to subsequent infection by the root pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pini as compared with control seedlings. This increase in seedling survival was associated with a sixfold decrease in the sporulation of F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere of seedlings inoculated with Pax. involutus when compared with the rhizosphere of control seedlings. Extraction and bioassay of the seedling rhizosphere and seedling tissues indicated that inoculation with Pax. involutus led to a fivefold increase in antibiotic activity in the rhizosphere of the seedlings treated with Pax. involutus. Most or all of the fungitoxicity was localized in the rhizosphere. Disease suppression by Pax. involutus in P. resinosa is, therefore, associated with an increase of fungitoxic chemicals in the rhizosphere of seedlings.
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Wang, Hui, Kaimao Cheng, Tongjie Li, et al. "A Highly Efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation Method of Idesia polycarpa and the Generation of Transgenic Plants." Plants 13, no. 13 (2024): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13131791.
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Idesia polycarpa is a promising woody oilseed species because of its high oil yield. However, its use is greatly limited due to the lack of varieties with good qualities; additionally, gene function has been less studied in this plant because an efficient transformation method has not been established yet. In this study, we established a rapid and efficient hairy root transformation method by infecting the whole seedling, the rootless seedling, and the leaf petiole with Agrobacterium rhizogenes using different infection methods. Among these transformation methods, a higher transformation efficiency was obtained using the whole seedling, which could reach up to 71.91%. Furthermore, we found that the seedling age significantly affected the transformation efficiency, either using whole or rootless seedlings. Additionally, we found that the transgenic roots could regenerate transgenic shoots. Taken together, our study lays the foundation for future study and for genetically modifying wood traits in the future.
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Muhammad Wildan Azzamuddin and Edi Wiraguna. "Optimasi Konsentrasi Pupuk Daun Untuk Pertumbuhan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Curvularia Pada Bibit Kelapa Sawit." Botani : Publikasi Ilmu Tanaman dan Agribisnis 2, no. 2 (2025): 24–32. https://doi.org/10.62951/botani.v2i2.304.
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Fungal infections, such as those caused by Curvularia, can interfere with the vegetative growth and reduce the quality of oil palm seedlings, particularly in the main nursery phase. One solution to improve resistance to pathogens and support vegetative growth is by applying the right foliar fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the effect of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer application on vegetative growth and the level of Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings during the main nursery phase. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments of Kenfolan fertilizer concentrations: 0 ml/L (P1), 1 ml/L (P2), 2 ml/L (P3), 3 ml/L (P4), and 4 ml/L (P5), each repeated three times. The parameters measured included seedling height, stem diameter, number of fronds, and the percentage of Curvularia infection. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that treatment P4 (3 ml/L) provided the best vegetative growth, with seedling height reaching 40.07 cm, stem diameter of 1.58 cm, and an average of 4.25 fronds. Additionally, treatments P3 (2 ml/L) and P4 (3 ml/L) successfully suppressed Curvularia infection, with no infection found in these treatments. In contrast, treatment P1 (control) showed the highest infection level of 33%, while P5 (4 ml/L) increased the infection compared to P3 and P4. Based on the results, the application of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer at a dose of 3 ml/L (P4) was the most effective in improving vegetative growth and suppressing Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings in the main nursery phase.
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Putnik-Delic, Marina. "Resistance of some wheat genotypes to Puccinia triticina." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 115 (2008): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0815051p.
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Thirty-four wheat genotypes were tested for resistance characteristics to Puccinia triticina at different growth stages. At seedling stage in a greenhouse, latency period, infection frequency and reaction type were determined. In the field, time of spike appearance, and infection intensity were followed. Weak (r = 0.322) to strong (r = 0.660) correlation was found between resistance characteristics at seedling stage (LPxIFxRT, in the greenhouse) and in adult plants (infection intensity and AUDPC, in the field). The values of AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve) were also strongly related to resistance characteristics of seedlings (r = 0.598). As pseudoresistant in the field (especially equal to adult plant resistance) according to other stresses reactions were considered genotypes which were the most sensitive at seedling stage (20?C) and at adult stage they did not express maximal infection intensity, particullar Evropa 90 and Suvaca. Adult plant resistance as the sum of specific and pseudoresistance was observed on genotypes Tiha, Zlatka and Eva.
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Djelassem Ngarbelem, H., E. Keuete Kamdoum, S. Serferbe, I. Njimona, and G. Tsopmbeng Noumbo. "Effect of plant extracts on seed germination and fungal infections of sesame varieties cultivated in Chad." African Crop Science Journal 33, no. 2 (2025): 151–63. https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v33i2.4.
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) production has become an important cash crop enterprise in Chad due to its high demand both locally and internationally. However, the scale of production of the crop remains low and does not meet consumer demand, partly due to fungal diseases that hinder its cultivation. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of selected plant extracts against some major fungal diseases in seeds of sesame in Chad. Mature seeds from nine sesame varieties that were collected in Chad, were treated separately in extracts of Cassia sieberiana, Vachellia nilotica, Ricinus communis and Calotropis procera, for six hours, at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 mg ml-1. This was done before being sown in Petri dishes containing blotting paper. Data were collected on seed germination, seedling vigour index and the extent of disease infection. The results showed that aqueous extracts of V. nilotica and C. procera at 75 mg ml-1 showed 100% of germination and 0% of infection in the S42-ITRAD, Makaye, Ker Ndaa and Locale Guéra varieties. All seeds treated with different plant extracts at 75 mg ml-1, presented significantly higher seedling vigour than seedlings from the negative control. These findings suggest that using these plant extracts could reduce fungal infections in sesame seedlings; and enhance seed germination and seedling vigour.
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Dixon, R. K., G. T. Behrns, H. E. Garrett, G. S. Cox, and I. L. Sander. "Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizae on Container-Grown Oak Seedlings." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 2 (1985): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.2.95.
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Abstract Growth and ectomycorrhizal development of container-grown black (Quercus velutina) and white (Q. alba) oak seedlings innoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius were studied in relation to growth-medium moisture, temperature, fertility, and fungal inoculum density. Daily watering of seedling growth medium suppressed ectomycorrhizal development. Colonization of seedling root systems by P. tinctorius increased with increasing growth medium temperature up to 87°F. Weekly fertilization of seedlings with a 375 ppm NPK solution did not adversely affect ectomycorrhizal development, while a 750 ppm NPK solution depressed infection. Ectomycorrhizal colonization success was partially influenced by fungal inoculum density. Results indicate the need to alter seedling cultural practices when producing ectomycorrhizal oaks in an artificial growth medium in containers.1
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Goswami, Ajay Puri, Karuna Vishunavat, Chander Mohan, and Sanjeev Ravi. "Effect of seed coating, storage periods and storage containers on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seed quality under ambient conditions." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (2017): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1237.
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Soybean seed is classified as “poor storer” as it loses viability under warm and humid conditions and is invaded by storage fungi. The seed of soybean variety PS 1347, obtained from Breeder Seed Production Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar was used for storage study. Root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling fresh weight (g) and seedling dry weight (g) decreases with the increase in seed storage periods. Out of all chemical treatments, Flowable thiram @ 2.4 ml/kg (T2) and Polymer + vitavax 200 @ 2g/kg seed (T5) were found effective to maintain Seedling root length, shoot length, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight by producing vigorous seedlings. Seeds stored in cloth bags exhibited higher seed infection than in seed stored in polythene bags, irrespective of seed treatment and period of storage. Treatment T4 (Vitavax 200 @ 2 g/kg seed)and T5(Polymer + vitavax 200 @ 2 g/kg seed) exhibited minimum percent seed infection of Aspergillus flavus. Cloth bag was not found safe for longer storage of soybean seeds under ambient storage at Pantnagar.
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Mansour, Samira R., and John G. Torrey. "Frankia spores of strain HFPCgI4 as inoculum for seedlings of Casuarina glauca." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 6 (1991): 1251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-162.
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Spore suspensions of Frankia strain HFPCgI4 originally isolated from root nodules of Casuarina glauca were studied with respect to their capacity to germinate in vitro in chemically defined media and added root exudates. Spore germination in general was low and prolonged but could be increased by chemical additions to the basal medium and increased further (doubled percentages) by adding suitable dilutions of root exudates from C. glauca seedlings. Spores inoculated directly on seedling roots at 108 spores/mL caused seedling root hair deformation in C. glauca and some root nodulation (35%). Spore inoculation under axenic conditions elicited limited root hair deformation and no nodulation. Evidence is provided showing that Frankia spores of isolate HFPCgI4 serve as effective agents in root hair infection when applied in nonsterile water culture conditions. Seedling root exudates may facilitate the infection process by stimulating Frankia spore germination. Key words: Frankia, nodulation, root hair infection, root exudate, spores.
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Michener, P. M., J. K. Pataky, and D. G. White. "Rates of Transmitting Erwinia stewartii from Seed to Seedlings of a Sweet Corn Hybrid Susceptible to Stewart's Wilt." Plant Disease 86, no. 9 (2002): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.9.1031.
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Rates of transmitting Erwinia stewartii from seed to seedlings were estimated from field grow-outs of seedlings grown from seed infected with E. stewartii. Infected seed were produced in 1998, 1999, and 2000 on a Stewart's wilt-susceptible sweet corn hybrid, Jubilee. Seedlings were inoculated repeatedly with pinprick inoculators and suspensions of E. stewartii were injected into ear shanks of the primary ears of each adult plant. Seed from inoculated plants were harvested and bulked. Single kernels were assayed for E. stewartii to estimate the proportion of kernels infected with E. stewartii. Estimates of E. stewartii-infection were 15.6 ± 4.3, 49.4 ± 3.9, and 12.5 ± 2.4% for seed produced in 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. Approximately 61,800 seedlings were grown in DeKalb, IL in 1999 and 83,400 and 60,000 seedlings were grown in Plover WI in 2000 and 2001, respectively, from infected seed lots produced the previous year. Approximately 10,000, 12,200, and 29,400 seedlings of susceptible sweet corn hybrids also were grown each year from commercial seed produced in Idaho where Stewart's wilt does not occur. Based on estimates of kernel infection in each seed lot and plant populations in each grow-out trial, about 9,600, 41,200, and 7,500 seedlings were grown from infected kernels in 1999, 2000, and 2001, respectively. Seedlings at the two- to three-leaf stage were examined for symptoms of Stewart's wilt. Infected plants were confirmed by microscopic observations of bacterial ooze and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When data were combined from all three trials, 59 of approximately 58,300 seedlings grown from infected seed were infected with E. stewartii based on symptoms of Stewart's wilt and E. stewartii-positive leaf tissue samples. Of these 59 seedlings, 22 probably were infected from seed-to-seedling transmission of E. stewartii and 37 probably were the result of natural infection due to the presence of flea beetles in DeKalb in 1999. Twenty-two infected seedlings from 58,300 infected kernels corresponds to a seed-to-seedling transmission rate of 0.038%. This rate of seed-to-seedling transmission of E. stewartii is substantially lower than seed transmission rates reported in the first half of the twentieth century; however, it is similar to seed-to-seedling transmission rates reported from other recent research.
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Bachand, George D., and John D. Castello. "Seasonal Pattern of Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus Infection and Concentration in Red Spruce Seedlings." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 4 (1998): 1436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.4.1436-1441.1998.
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ABSTRACT Tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV) infects red spruce (Picea rubens) and causes significant changes in its growth and physiology. The mechanism of infection and the pattern of virus concentration in seedling roots and needles were investigated. One-year-old red spruce seedlings were obtained from the nursery in April and June 1995 and August 1996 and tested for ToMV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Virus-free seedlings were divided into three treatments: control, root inoculated, and needle inoculated. Two control, five root-inoculated, and five needle-inoculated seedlings were sampled destructively at biweekly intervals for 3 months and then tested for ToMV by ELISA. ToMV was transmitted to seedlings by root but not by needle inoculation. The virus was detected in 67 to 100% of roots but in less than 7% of needles of root-inoculated seedlings. The percent infection of root-inoculated seedlings differed significantly between the April and June and between the April and August inoculation periods. Virus concentration in infected seedling roots increased initially, peaked within 4 weeks postinoculation, and steadily declined thereafter. Significant differences in ToMV concentrations in roots also were detected among inoculation periods and sampling dates. Early spring may represent the optimal time for infection of seedlings, as well as for assaying roots for ToMV.
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Ponder Jr., Felix. "Effect of three weeds on the growth and mycorrhizal infection of black walnut seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 9 (1986): 1888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-251.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of unincorporated and incorporated litter and extracts of broom-sedge, fescue, and blackberry on the mycorrhizal development and growth of black walnut seedlings was investigated in two greenhouse experiments. Seedling growth varied with method of litter application. Only fescue extract decreased growth in the extract experiment, but unincorporated and incorporated broom-sedge litter significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced seedling total dry weight below that of mycorrhizal control seedlings. The total dry weight of seedlings in incorporated fescue litter was reduced by 47%. The number of mycorrhizal infected root segments on seedlings grown in unincorporated litter was more than twice the number of infected roots on seedlings grown in incorporated litters. Significantly fewer mycorrhizal roots were found on seedlings grown with fescue and broom-sedge litters than on mycorrhizal control seedlings. On the average, incorporation of litter increased the percentage of leaf phosphorus, but the shoot absorption of phosphorus was considerably less for seedlings grown in incorporated fescue litter compared with unincorporated fescue litter. Seedlings grown in fescue extract had 33% less phosphorus than control seedlings. Except for possible interference with mycorrhizal development when litter was incorporated, there was no evidence to suggest that blackberry litter contains substances that are allelopathic to black walnut.
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Sanderlin, R. S. "Cultivar and Seedling Susceptibility to Pecan Bacterial Leaf Scorch Caused by Xylella fastidiosa and Graft Transmission of the Pathogen." Plant Disease 89, no. 5 (2005): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0446.
Full textAbstract:
The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa was detected in 20 cultivars and 4 seedling trees with pecan bacterial leaf scorch (PBLS) symptoms during a 2-year survey of commercial pecan (Carya illinoinensis) cultivars. The orchard survey and inoculation trials indicated that several of the currently recommended cultivars, as well as older, popular cultivars, are susceptible to infection by the bacterium and develop PBLS. The severity of disease development was variable between cultivars and within cultivars. Eight of 9 cultivars growing in pots that were needle-puncture inoculated with X. fastidiosa became infected and developed the disease. Currently, no cultivars have been identified that are not susceptible to infection and symptom development. All 6 seedling types that were inoculated became infected and developed PBLS. The frequency of infection of the seedlings was greater than the cultivars; 88% of the inoculated seedlings and 44% of the inoculated cultivar trees were infected. It was demonstrated that the pathogen could be transmitted through scion wood. Because pecan cultivars are clonally propagated, graft-transmission may represent a major source of pecan infection.
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Krueger, Jerome A., and Klaus J. Puettmann. "Growth and Injury Patterns of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Seedlings as Affected by Hardwood Overstory Density and Weeding Treatments." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 2 (2004): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.2.61.
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Abstract White pine seedlings were underplanted under a range of overstory densities in a hardwood stand in northern Minnesota. Vegetation surrounding seedlings was left untreated (control), weeded annually, or completely removed through monthly weeding. After 4 years, the benefit of weeding woody competition for diameter growth of seedlings was limited to areas with relatively open overstory conditions. Seedling height growth was reduced in areas with higher overstory density, but improved through weeding treatments that removed woody vegetation. The removal of herbaceous vegetation did not improve growth of seedlings in any conditions. Open growing conditions created by overstory removal and weed control resulted in higher incidences of seedling injuries, e.g., through infection by white pine blister rust. Conditions for pine bark adelgids also were enhanced in areas with low overstory densities and weeding treatments. The incidence for white pine weevil seems to follow a similar pattern, although the number of trees infected was minimal. Results show that improving growing conditions through management of the overstory and understory vegetation improves seedling growth rates, but must be balanced with potentially higher incidences of seedling injuries under more open conditions.
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Y, Phoura, and Akihiko Kamoshita. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation and Water Regime Effects on Seedling P Uptake by Rice and Pearl Millet." Agriculture 15, no. 7 (2025): 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070753.
Full textAbstract:
Mycorrhizal-mediated seedling establishment may reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, but the effectiveness of infection for growth may differ depending on species with different eco-physiological adaptations. The infection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and P uptake were compared between rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Koshihikari (ricek), Togo4 (ricet)), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) (ICMB89111 (millet891), ICMB95444 (millet954)) seedlings (i) in response to three different commercial AMF inoculants of Rhizoglomus irregulare (popular inoculant Dr. Kinkon (I1); two new inoculants Rootella P (I2) and Rootella F (I3)) in comparison with indigenous AMF from Andosol upland and paddy topsoils (Exp. 1–2 as the inoculant experiments) and (ii) across different water regimes from upland to flooded lowland conditions for I1 inoculant (Exp. 3–4 as the water regime experiments). The new inoculants I2 and I3 with higher propagule numbers showed a higher infection rate than the control seedlings in both rice and pearl millet, with a tendency for slower leaf development and no seedling growth enhancement. I1 inoculant had more significant positive effects on the root transversal area and shoot growth parameters than the control. The infection rates of all three inoculants were lower than the indigenous AMF from upland Andosol in rice and pearl millet, in which a higher infection rate led to higher P uptake found in millet954. I1 inoculant increased the infection rate in pearl millet and rice but had no clear indication of interaction with water regimes. A higher infection rate led to higher P uptake and shoot dry weight in pearl millet but not in rice with higher root length density. This study provided the significance of inoculants for seedling establishment and highlighted more mycorrhizal-mediated P uptake in pearl millet than in rice.
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Albrecht, Ute, and Kim D. Bowman. "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Huanglongbing Effects on Citrus Seeds and Seedlings." HortScience 44, no. 7 (2009): 1967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.7.1967.
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Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease of citrus and threatens the citrus industry worldwide. The suspected causal agent of the disease is a phloem-limited bacterium of the genus Candidatus Liberibacter transmitted through insect vector or grafting with diseased budwood. Currently, most seed source trees for citrus rootstock propagation are located outdoors and unprotected from disease transmission. In addition, fruit from HLB-affected scion varieties in Florida containing seeds enter the commercial trade and move into other citrus-growing areas. The objective of this study was to determine how Ca. L. asiaticus infection affects seed quality and seedling development and whether the disease appears in seedlings grown from infected fruit. Two experiments were conducted involving thousands of seedlings produced from seeds from infected rootstock seed source trees and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees, respectively. Infection of trees and fruit with Ca. L. asiaticus significantly reduced seed weight, seed germination, and seedling height. Seedlings did not develop symptoms typical of HLB throughout the experiment. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis initially identified two of 686 rootstock seedlings and three of 431 sweet orange seedlings positive for the pathogen when they were very young. Resampling and PCR analysis of these five seedlings at older ages consistently indicated they were negative for the pathogen and none of these plants ever developed symptoms of HLB. It is suggested that Ca. L. asiaticus may have been translocated into some part of the embryo during seed development but that it was not present in cells or tissue, which permitted replication or disease development as the seedling grew.
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Wanner, James L., and Robert O. Tinnin. "Some effects of infection by Arceuthobiumamericanum on the population dynamics of Pinuscontorta in Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 6 (1989): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-113.
Full textAbstract:
We examined a stand of Pinuscontorta var. murrayana (Grev. and Balf.) Engelm. having trees ranging in level of infection by Arceuthobiumamericanum Nutt. ex Engelm. from none to heavy (dwarf mistletoe rating 0–6). The following varied inversely with the level of infection in one of two years of sampling: cone production, cone length, seed mass, and radial growth at breast height. The following not measured more than once, but also varied inversely with the level of infection: pollen production, stem volume, survival of trees older than 45 years, and soil pH. Varying directly with the level of infection were 1st-year seedling density, survival of 1-year-old-seedlings, survival of 26- to 45-year-old trees, soil organic matter, abundance of litter, and soil calcium. We found that total basal area was similar in all study plots, regardless of the level of infection. These data are consistent with suggestions of reduced carbohydrate reserves within the trees as a result of infection, improved conditions for seedling survival in heavily infected stands, and freed resources in heavily infected stands (due to death of mature trees), leading to an increased population density of seedlings and saplings. We suggest that in the stand we studied, the parasite promotes an environment (through modification of the host) that favors regeneration of the host and thereby of itself.
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Guerber, C., and D. O. TeBeest. "Infection of Rice Seed Grown in Arkansas by Pyricularia grisea and Transmission to Seedlings in the Field." Plant Disease 90, no. 2 (2006): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0170.
Full textAbstract:
Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea, is an important and serious disease of rice (Oryza sativa) in the southeastern United States. The disease sporadically reaches epidemic proportions on susceptible cultivars within fields and over large areas within Arkansas. The main overwintering sources of inoculum reportedly include infected rice stubble, related host species, and infected seed. The objectives of the research were to (i) determine whether rice seed grown in Arkansas were infected with P. grisea, (ii) investigate the relationship between seed infection and seedling disease, and (iii) determine if planting naturally infected seed could lead to the subsequent development of rice blast on seedlings in the field. The results of seed assays showed that P. grisea was detected in samples of foundation, certified, and production seed. Estimated levels of infection by P. grisea of rice seed from 66 samples of rice seed grown in Arkansas ranged from 0 to 10.5%. Planting infected seed in the greenhouse and the field resulted in seedling infection. Planting naturally infected seed may result in disease development (i) from seedlings grown from infected seed planted beneath the soil surface, (ii) from seedlings grown from germinating seed left on the soil surface, (iii) from seed coats, or (iv) from nongerminated seed left on the soil surface after planting. Additional research is necessary to establish the mechanisms of infection of seedlings and to establish disease thresholds for this important fungal pathogen of rice.
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Jones, R. K. "Seedling Blight Development and Control in Spring Wheat Damaged by Fusarium graminearum Group 2." Plant Disease 83, no. 11 (1999): 1013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1013.
Full textAbstract:
Aspects of seedborne infection in Fusarium-damaged and undamaged seed lots of hard red spring wheat were studied. In a 22°C environment, seedling blight developed from plantings of Fusarium-damaged seed that were characterized by both reduction and delay in emergence and postemergence seedling death. After 28 days, stand counts from the Fusarium-damaged seed lot averaged 46%, compared with 98% from the undamaged seed lot. However, the mean dry weight of surviving seedlings from the Fusarium-damaged lot was not statistically different from that of seedlings from the undamaged seed lot. Surface-sterilization reduced recovery of Fusarium graminearum group 2 from the damaged lot by 7% and increased germination by 32%, suggesting that seed are both infected and contaminated with viable propagules of the fungus. In field experiments, seed treatment with maneb- or thiabendazole-containing fungicide combinations significantly reduced seedling blight and improved stands derived from the Fusarium-damaged seed lot. Triazole fungicides, including difenoconazole, fenbuconazole, and tetraconazole, were less effective. Triazole fungicides and carboxin-containing fungicide combinations controlled loose smut in these trials, while maneb seed treatments did not. In four field tests, seedling blight incidence in plantings of Fusarium-damaged seed increased as soil temperatures during emergence increased. The distribution of blighted seedlings was random and not clustered. Seedling blight did not develop in field plantings of the undamaged seed lot.
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Chakravarty, P., and L. Chatarpaul. "The effects of Velpar L (hexazinone) on seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis of Pinusresinosa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 7 (1988): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-139.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the effects of Velpar L (hexazinone) on ectomycorrhizal (Laccarialaccata) and nonmycorrhizal Pinusresinosa seedlings in the greenhouse and in the field. In both greenhouse and field studies, seedling growth was reduced by Velpar L at 1, 2, and 4 kg/ha application rates in the short term (2 months' exposure) with significant recovery occurring afterwards. Seedling mortality occurred only with herbicide treatments and was higher in the greenhouse than in the field. The 4 kg/ha Velpar L treatment caused the highest mortality and toxicity was most pronounced in the mycorrhizal (Laccarialaccata inoculated) seedlings. In both experiments mycorrhizal infection was significantly reduced by 2 and 4 kg/ha Velpar L treatments during the 0- to 2-month and 2- to 6-month exposure periods, with significant recovery occurring in the latter. Although seedlings not infected with Laccarialaccata became mycorrhizal through unidentified indigenous species, their infection rates were also affected by Velpar L at all levels during the 0- to 2-month period and at the 2 and 4 kg/ha levels after 2–6 months of exposure to the herbicide.
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Kolmer, J. A. "Genetics of Leaf Rust Resistance in the Soft Red Winter Wheat Cultivars Coker 9663 and Pioneer 26R61." Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (2010): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0628.
Full textAbstract:
Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is an important disease of soft red winter wheat cultivars that are grown in the southern and eastern United States. The objectives of this study were to identify the leaf rust resistance genes in two soft red winter wheat cultivars, Coker 9663 and Pioneer 26R61, that have been widely grown and were initially highly resistant to leaf rust. Both cultivars were crossed with the leaf-rust-susceptible spring wheat cv. Thatcher and the F1 plants were crossed to Thatcher to obtain backcross (BC1) F2 families. In seedlings, the Thatcher/Coker 9663 BC1F2 families segregated for three independent seedling resistance genes when tested with different leaf rust isolates. The leaf rust infection types of selected BC1F3 lines, when tested with different leaf rust isolates, indicated that seedling resistance genes Lr9, Lr10, and Lr14a were present. In field plot tests, BC1F4 lines that were seedling susceptible had some adult plant resistance to leaf rust. Seedlings of the Thatcher/Pioneer 26R61 BC1F2 families segregated for two independent resistance genes. Infection types of selected BC1F3 lines indicated the presence of Lr14b and Lr26. The adult plant gene Lr13 was determined to be present in selected BC1F4 lines that were tested with different leaf rust isolates in greenhouse tests.
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Peters, Vernon S., and Darcy R. Visscher. "Seed Availability Does Not Ensure Regeneration in Northern Ecosystems of the Endangered Limber Pine." Forests 10, no. 2 (2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020146.
Full textAbstract:
Research Highlights: When biotic interactions such as disease alter both the seed production capacity of stands, and seedling survivorship, the relative importance of seed availability versus substrate specificity may alter future regeneration opportunities for plant populations. Background and Objectives: We investigated the importance of disease severity, seed availability, and substrate limitation to the regeneration dynamics of the endangered limber pine, Pinus flexilis, in two ecosystems with varying forest composition, and different histories of white pine blister rust infection (WPBR; Cronartium ribicola). Materials and Methods: A total of 17 stands from the montane ecoregion (Alberta, Canada) were sampled for seed production between 2007–2010, seedling density, and age structure. Model selection using an information theoretic approach compared a series of a priori models and their combinations, based on our hypotheses on the role biotic variables play in the regeneration process. Results: Despite higher rates of WPBR infection, 2.3 times more seed was available for avian dispersers in the southern ecosystem. Recent seedling regeneration did not correspond to seed production (83 versus 251 seedlings/ha, in southern versus northern ecosystems, respectively), resulting in a seven-fold difference in seed to seedling ratios between ecosystems. Models suggest that disease and vegetation cover were important factors explaining the absence of regeneration in 79.4% of the plots sampled, while basal area (BA) of live limber pine, rocky substrates, ecosystem, South aspects, and slope enhanced limber pine regeneration. Seedling age structures suggest that recent regeneration is less likely in more diseased landscapes, than it was historically (40% versus 72.8% of seedlings < 20 years old, respectively, in southern versus northern ecosystems). Conclusions: At the northern limits of limber pine’s range, seed availability does not ensure regeneration, suggesting that other environmental or biotic factors hinder regeneration. Regeneration was consistently predicted to be lower in the southern ecosystem than in the northern ecosystem, suggesting that natural regeneration and the potential for population recovery are ecosystem dependent. We recommend that monitoring recent seedlings will aid the identification of biotic and abiotic factors affecting regeneration.
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Navarro Cerrillo, R. Mª, L. Gallo Ibáñez, Mª E. Sánchez Hernández, P. Fernández Rebollo, and A. Trapero Casas. "Effect of phosphoric fertilization on the resistance of holm oak and cork oak to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands." Forest Systems 13, no. 3 (2004): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/srf/2004133-00853.
Full textAbstract:
The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is the mean responsible for oak decline in southern Spain. This paper investigates the relationship between phosphoric fertilization of Quercus ilex and Q. suber seedlings and resistance to the disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. The study was conducted on holm oak and cork oak seedlings previously submitted to a phosphoric fertilization programme involving four different treatments, namely: Phosphate-A (3 mg P2O5 seedling), Phosphate-B (6 mg P2O5 seedling), Phosphite (0.15 mg de P2O5 seedling) and No Fertilization. Tests were conducted in greenhouse over a period of 7 months and a number of treatments to plants inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. were applied, assessing the changes in their morphological (viz. height, root and collar diameter, and secondary root biomass) and physiological characteristics (viz. leaf nutrient contents). Based on the results, phosphate failed to improve plant resistance to P. cinnamomi; by contrast, phosphite successfully avoided infection by this pathogen. In fact, the phosphitetreated plants exhibited a morphological and physiological status similar to or even better than that of the non-inoculated controls. The protective effect of phosphite against P. cinnamomi can be achieved by applying it during seedling cultivation in nurseries.
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Messenger, B. J., J. A. Menge, and E. Pond. "Effects of Gypsum Soil Amendments on Avocado Growth, Soil Drainage, and Resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi." Plant Disease 84, no. 6 (2000): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.6.612.
Full textAbstract:
Infection of avocado seedlings by Phytophthora cinnamomi in infested soil was decreased by 71% by the addition of gypsum soil amendments in replicated greenhouse experiments. Root weights and total seedling weights were not significantly increased by gypsum amendments compared with unamended soil; however, the significant reduction in total seedling weight and root weight caused by P. cinnamomi was largely eliminated by the addition of gypsum. Fresh organic matter amendments alone did not significantly affect the total fresh weight or root weight of avocado seedlings. Root fresh weight was decreased in uninfested soil amended with 5% gypsum and organic matter, but in infested soils, the same treatment increased root fresh weight. Root fresh weight of mature avocado trees in an uninfested grove was not significantly affected by gypsum soil amendments. Avocado seedlings grown in gypsum-amended soil and the roots inoculated with suspensions of Phytophthora cinnamomi zoospores were no more resistant than seedlings grown in unamended soil. Permeability of avocado root membranes, as determined by the amount of 86Rb exuded from root segments over time, was unaffected by growth in gypsum-amended soil. Infiltration of water into soil amended with fine-grade gypsum was impeded initially; whereas soil amended with coarse drywall gypsum drained faster than unamended soil. Drainage was not correlated with root infection of avocados grown in soil infested with P. cinnamomi and amended with gypsum. It appears that large reductions in infection of avocado seedlings by P. cinnamomi in gypsum-amended soil are not caused by an avocado growth response, increased root resistance, or reduced root membrane permeability. Infection is not markedly affected by poor drainage when the soil is amended with high levels of gypsum.
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Turra, Camila, Erlei Melo Reis, and Amarilis Labes Barcellos. "Uredospore density of Puccinia triticina races on infection efficiency in wheat." Summa Phytopathologica 43, no. 1 (2017): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/1965.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Wheat leaf rust caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina may lead to damage of up to 62%. This study aimed to test the effect of different uredospore concentrations on the infectious process of four physiological races. The races MFJ-MN, MFT-MT 4002 S, TPT-HT and TDP-HT were inoculated, when the first leaf was expanded in the seedling stage, on cultivars Ônix, Abalone, Morocco and Quartzo, respectively. The tested concentrations were 0.0; 5 x 103; 10 x 103; 20 x 103 and 40 x 103 uredospores/mL mineral oil (Soltrol). After inoculation, seedlings were kept in a growth chamber at 20°C ± 2, near 100% humidity, in the dark, for 20 hours. Fifteen days after inoculation, the density of uredia/leaf was evaluated. The concentration of 40 x 103 uredospores/mL resulted in a disease intensity that allows safe differentiation between susceptible and resistant cultivars in the seedling stage, without causing leaf senescence due to high uredinium density.
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Verma, Neelam, J. Tarafdar, and K. Srivastava. "Standardization of Inoculum dose of an AM Fungus for Prosopis cineraria seedlings." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 3 (2009): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-02m8m6.
Full textAbstract:
To examine the critical level of arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for Prosopis cineraria under nursery seedling production, Glomus sp. was used at different spore levels (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 spores per seedling per polybag). Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant height, dry matter yield, root length and per cent root infection. Eighty five per cent infections were found to be sufficient for optimum response by P. cineraria seedling. The critical level of spores was found to be 400 per polybag (1 kg soil).
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Ellis, Madeleine D., Jessica M. Hoak, Bradley W. Ellis, et al. "Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Individual Flue-Cured Tobacco Seeds and Seedlings Reveals Seed Transmission of Tobacco Mosaic Virus." Phytopathology® 110, no. 1 (2020): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-19-0201-fi.
Full textAbstract:
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an extensively studied RNA virus known to infect tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other solanaceous crops. TMV has been classified as a seedborne virus in tobacco, with infection of developing seedlings thought to occur from contact with the TMV-infected seed coat. The mechanism of TMV transmission through seed was studied in seed of the K 326 cultivar of flue-cured tobacco. Cross pollinations were performed to determine the effect of parental tissue on TMV infection in seed. Dissection of individual tobacco seeds into seed coat, endosperm, and embryo was performed to determine TMV location within a seed, while germination tests and separation of the developing seedling into seed coat, roots, and cotyledons were conducted to estimate the percent transmission of TMV. A reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was developed and used to determine TMV concentrations in individual seed harvested from pods that formed on plants from TMV-infected and noninfected crosses. The results showed maternal transmission of TMV to tobacco seed and seedlings that developed from infected seed, not paternal transmission. RT-qPCR and endpoint PCR assays were also conducted on the separated seed coat, endosperm, and embryo of individual seed and separated cotyledons, roots, and seed coats of individual seedlings that developed from infected tobacco seed to identify the location of the virus in the seed and the subsequent path the virus takes to infect the developing seedling. RT-qPCR and endpoint PCR assay results showed evidence of TMV infection in the endosperm and embryo, as well as in the developing seedling roots and cotyledons within 10 days of initiating seed germination. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TMV being detected in embryos of tobacco seed, demonstrating that TMV is seedborne and seed-transmitted in flue-cured tobacco.
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Cumming, Jonathan R., and Leonard H. Weinstein. "Nitrogen source effects on Al toxicity in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings. I. Growth and nutrition." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 12 (1990): 2644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-334.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies indicated that the association of Pisolithus tinctorius with pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedling roots prevented Al toxicity from developing when seedlings were exposed to 200 μM Al in sand culture. The ectomycorrhizal fungus reduced seedling Al uptake and maintained P nutrition when seedlings were cultured on one-quarter strength Johnson's solution containing 3.5 and 0.5 mM [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. To broaden the scope of these findings, nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings were grown on one-quarter strength Johnson's solution modified to contain [Formula: see text], NH4NO3, or [Formula: see text]. Seedlings were exposed to 0 or 200 μM Al for 6 weeks. Reductions in seedling height growth rate and final shoot weight in response to Al occurred in nonmycorrhizal seedlings grown with [Formula: see text]. Root weights were consistently reduced by Al under all N-source combinations. Increasing proportions of [Formula: see text], in the nutrient solution increased cation accumulation in roots and shoots and depressed tissue anion concentrations. The coprecipitation of Al and Pi in roots of Al-treated seedlings further limited P availability in this treatment. Mycorrhizal infection maintained growth and foliar P levels under Al exposure, suggesting that Al-induced P limitation was a critical factor in nonmycorrhizal seedlings grown on primarily [Formula: see text]-based nutrient solutions. Key words: Pinus rigida, ectomycorrhizal, aluminium toxicity, nitrogen source.
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Blenis, Peter V., Martin S. Mugala, and Yasuyuki Hiratsuka. "Soil affects Armillaria root rot of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 12 (1989): 1638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-248.
Full textAbstract:
A total of 768 two-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings were transplanted into four different soils, having different capabilities for supporting lodgepole pine growth. Thirty days later, they were inoculated with either of two isolates of North American Biological Species I (Armillariaostoyae (Romag.) Herink) of Armillaria. Log–linear analysis indicated that soil type had a significant effect on inoculum viability, rhizomorph production, frequency of seedling infection, and the likelihood of tree death following infection.
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Enebak, S. A., and W. A. Carey. "Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria May Reduce Fusiform Rust Infection in Nursery-Grown Loblolly Pine Seedlings." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 4 (2004): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.4.185.
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Abstract Fusiform rust caused by Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme (Hedg. & Hunt ex Cumm.) is the most damaging stem disease of Pinus spp. in the southern United States. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have induced systemic resistance in many host-pathogen systems. To determine whether rhizobacteria could induce systemic resistance to fusiform rust infection, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were evaluated for rust resistance following preemergence seed and post emergence foliar sprays with three bacterial strains. Treated seed was sown in one bare root nursery in Alabama and one in Georgia, and seedlings were examined for size differences and rust galls at the end of one season. Treatment with bacteria at the time of sowing did not affect rust galls or seedling growth at the Alabama nursery but reduced galls and increased seedling growth at the Georgia nursery. Bacterial treatment T4 resulted in significantly fewer galls and strains T4 and SE34 resulted in larger seedlings compared to nontreated controls. This is the first report of a reduction in fusiform rust by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and although nursery × treatment interactions exist, the current findings suggest that induced systemic resistance is possible. South. J. Appl. For. 28(4):185–188.
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Diniz, Fábio Oliveira, Múcio Silva Reis, Eduardo Fontes Araújo, Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias, Tuneo Sediyama, and Camilla Atsumi Zanuncio Sediyama-Bhering. "Incidence of pathogens and field emergence of soybean seeds subjected to harvest delay." Journal of Seed Science 35, no. 4 (2013): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372013000400009.
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This study aimed at evaluating seed health quality, as well as seedling emergence in the field, of eight soybean cultivars (UFV-16, Splendor, Vencedora, Confiança, UFV-18, UFV-TN 105, Garantia, and Celeste) subjected to different harvest periods. To this, seeds were harvested at the growth stages R8, R8+15 days, and R8+30 days, and then submitted to health test and to the test of seedling emergence in field. Results showed that although seeds harvested at 15 and 30 days after the stage R8 had shown a significant increase of fungi infection, especially by Fusarium spp., Phomopsis spp., and Epicoccum spp., the percent seedling emergence in the field was reduced only to seeds harvested 30 days after the reproductive stage R8. Cultivars have shown differentiated behavior between each other in relation to the percent incidence rate of fungi and seedling emergence in the field; and the seeds least infected by fungi were those allowing the highest percent emergence of seedlings in the field.
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U, JAWAHARA RAJU, and SIVAPRAKASAM K. "EFFECT OF CABBAGE SEED TREATMENT ON SEED VIABILITY, SEEDLING VIGOUR AND CONTROL OF BLACK ROT." Madras Agricultural Journal 80, December (1993): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01720.
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Seeds treated with streptocycline at 100 ppm + captan at 2 g per kg resulted in higher germination and increased seedling vigour besides maximum elimination of seedlings infection of black rot. The growth of Xanthomonas campestries pv, campestries in seeds was more inhibited when treated with streptocycline at 100 ppm + captan at 2 g per kg.
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Hossen, M. A., T. A. Tamanna, M. R. A. Mamun, and A. B. M. . Shahed. "Impact of different treatments on mat type seedling." Journal of Science Technology and Environment Informatics 11, no. 02 (2022): 756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jstei.110222.76.
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Since seedlings are raised throughout the chilly months of November and December, a cold mitigation technique at the seedling stage is a must during Boro season. This study was conducted at Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering Lab under Farm Power and Machinery department at Sylhet Agricultural University during the 2018-19 academic year. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of biotic or abiotic factors that influenced seedling germination and growth during Boro season. With three replications, the experiment was done in a two-factor design. As abiotic stress control variables, a total of six treatments were taken under two different thicknesses (0.04 mm and 0.08 mm) of white polythene shed covering day time alone (12 hours) and day and night time (24 hours). To reduce biotic stress on early seedlings grown in plastic trays, two fungicides (Atavo and Autostin) and MoP fertilizer were employed in germination and rolling quality of seedling mat, seedling elevated plastic trays showed significantly superior results compared to the traditional method. In the uncovered tray, where no treatment was given, the fungal infection was severe. Seedlings that covered both thicknesses of polythene (0.04 mm and 0.08 mm) and prepared seed with both fungicides (Atavo and Autostin) exhibited significant resistance to fungal attack. Consequently, 0.08 mm thick white polythene as a covering mechanism and MoP as a treatment method was advised for seedlings growing in Sylhet's cold weather. Pre-treated seedlings with Autostin and the biotic stress management component fungicide Atavo recommended to avoid fungal infestation.
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Rodovikov, S. A., A. A. Churakov, N. M. Popova, and S. V. Khizhnyak. "Soil microbial communities as a source of strains for the biological protection of soybeans against fusarium in the Yenisei Siberia." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 2 (June 20, 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-2/01.
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Eighteen strains of bacterial antagonists inhibiting growth of Fusarium pathogens of soybean were isolated from soil microbial communities of the Yenisei Siberia. The two most active antagonists (RSA-1 strain, prelimi-nary identified as Bacillus sp., and RSA-13 strain, preliminary identified as Streptomyces sp.) were tested as biological agents to protect soybeans from Fusarium infections in vitro. In the absence of artificial infection, the RSA-1 strain reduced the Fusarium incidence by 25 percentage points (from 61.5% to 36.5%, the statistical significance of the effect was p <0.001), and the RSA-13 strain reduced the Fusarium incidence by 32 percentage points (to 29.5%, the statistical significance of the effect p <0.001). Artificial infection of soybean with Fusarium increased the disease incidence up to 83.5% and reduced the length of seedlings by 1.9 times. In case of artificial infection with Fusarium, the RSA-1 strain statistically significantly (p <0.001) reduced the incidence of the disease by 29 percentage points and statistically significantly (p <0.001) reduced the inhibitory effect of the infection on seedling growth. Strain RSA-13 did not affect the incidence of the disease, however, statistically significantly (p <0.001) reduced the inhibitory effect of infection on the growth of seedlings.
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Oryem-Origa, Hannington, MichaelJ S. Magambo, and John Kasenene M. "WILD ROBUSTA COFFEE (COFFEA CANEPHORA FROEHNER) SEEDLING RECRUITMENT AND SURVIVAL IN KIBALE NATIONAL PARK, UGANDA." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, no. 3 (1998): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676727.
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Survival of wild robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) seedlings on the forest understorey in Kibale National Park was monitored and analyzed in response to a number of mortality factors, such as fungal diseases, herbivory, desiccation, trampling, and litter of other plant species. A comparison was made with wild coffee seedlings germinated in the laboratory and transplanted in the Botanic Garden under two light conditions. There was a general decrease in the number of coffee seedlings with time under all treatments and in all sites. Seedling mortality rate was initially rapid but later slowed down to a steady rate. Seedling mortality was highest on plots with intact ground vegetation cover and lowest on plots without ground vegetation and leaf litter. In the Botanic Garden, seedlings grown on plots partially illuminated had a much lower mortality rate and longer half-life than those grown on fully illuminated plots. Fungal infection affected the largest percentage of coffee seedlings, followed by herbivory. Trampling had the least effect on coffee seedlings. The effects of all mortality factors on coffee seedlings decreased with age under all treatments.
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Carey, William A., and Walter D. Kelley. "Seedling Production Trends and Fusiform Rust Control Practices at Southern Nurseries, 1981-1991." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 4 (1993): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.4.207.
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Abstract Southern pine seedling production and fusiform rust control practices within the Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative were summarized from annual questionnaires since 1981 and projected for the South. Production peaked at approximately 1.6 billion seedlings in 1987 and 1988 and declined about 31% to 1.1 billion seedlings in 1991. The systemic fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®) replaced contact fungicides for control of fusiform rust during this period. Before triadimefon, the average percentage of rust-infected seedlings for southern nurseries was estimated at 2.5% (Rowan 1977); after triadimefon the average rust incidence has been only 0.2%. Sowing and harvest dates have not changed since 1981 and loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pines (P. elliotii) continue to account for 75% and 20% of southern seedling production, respectively. Reducing the rust infection percentage from 2.5% to 0.2% decreases by approximately 30 million the number of infected seedlings annually. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):207-211.
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Won, Sang-Jae, Jae-Hyun Moon, Henry B. Ajuna, et al. "Biological Control of Leaf Blight Disease Caused by Pestalotiopsis maculans and Growth Promotion of Quercus acutissima Carruth Container Seedlings Using Bacillus velezensis CE 100." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (2021): 11296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011296.
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Leaf blight disease caused by Pestalotiopsismaculans lead to deleterious losses in the quality of forest container seedlings. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria provides a promising strategy to simultaneously control diseases and enhance forest seedling production. This study investigated the biocontrol of leaf blight disease and growth promotion potential of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 in Quercus acutissima Carruth seedlings. B. velezensis CE 100 produced cell wall degrading enzymes, such as chitinase, β-l,3-glucanase, and protease, which caused cell wall lysis and hyphae deformation of P. maculans, leading to mycelial growth inhibition by 54.94%. Inoculation of B. velezensis CE 100 suppressed P. maculans infection and increased seedling survival rate by 1.6-fold and 1.3-fold compared to chemical fertilizer and control, respectively. In addition, B. velezensis CE 100 produced indole-3-acetic acid, which improved root development and nutrient uptake compared to chemical fertilizer and control. Especially, inoculation with B. velezensis CE 100 increased the total nitrogen content of Q. acutissima seedlings, improved the chlorophyll index in the leaves, and increased seedling biomass by 1.3-fold and 2.2-fold compared to chemical fertilizer and control, respectively. Thus, B. velezensis CE 100 could be applied in the eco-friendly production of high-quality forest seedlings.
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Peterson, Michael J., and Jack R. Sutherland. "Controlling Gray Mold on Container-Grown Douglas-Fir by Modified Styroblocks and Under-Bench, Forced Air Ventilation." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 3 (1990): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.3.75.
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Abstract Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) control on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was investigated using under-bench ventilation and styroblocks (growing containers) modified with vertical ventilation holes to allow air movement through the seedling canopy. Gray mold incidence and severity were reduced in three treatments: modified styroblocks with aeration holes at each intercavity intersection and vented from below with heated forced air, like the preceding treatment, but vented with unheated forced air, and modified styroblocks vented with unheated unforced air. In vented styroblocks, gray mold occurred on 25% of the 7-month-old seedlings compared to greater than 75% incidence in unmodified (control) styroblocks. Disease on individual seedlings was also less severe in ventilated styroblocks. The reduced incidence of gray mold in the treatments with ventilation was attributed to more rapid drying of seedling foliage following irrigation. The lowest incidence of humidity and temperature episodes that were ideal for gray mold spore germination and infection occurred in the canopy of seedlings grown in the unheated forced air ventilation treatment There were no practical differences in seedling heights or root collar diameters among treatments. Use of ventilated styroblocks should significantly reduce both gray mold losses and fungicide usage in nurseries. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):75-79, July 1990
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Loughman, R., E. S. Lagudah, M. Trottet, R. E. Wilson, and A. Mathews. "Septoria nodorum blotch resistance in Aegilops tauschii and its expression in synthetic amphiploids." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 12 (2001): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01034.
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A collection of 433 Aegilops tauschii was screened for response to infection with Stagonospora nodorum. Resistance similar or marginally superior to the range observed in spring wheat genotypes was readily identified. Three lines, RL5271, Aus18911, and Aus21712, were resistant to a range of pathogen isolates and were similar in resistance to a highly resistant French line, No.33. Accessions of Ae. tauschii assessed as resistant or susceptible as seedlings had corresponding reactions when tested as adult plants, with resistance being commonly expressed as restricted lesion development. Infection frequency differed between some Ae. tauschii lines. Seedling resistance in synthetic bread wheats was expressed partially or not at all depending on both the tetraploid and the tetraploid/Ae. tauschii combination. Assessment of adult responses among a range of synthetics showed occasional expression of moderate resistance around the level observed among reference bread wheat cultivars of similar maturity. Disease escape associated with late maturity was common. One synthetic wheat, #231, derived from a resistant Ae. tauschii, exhibited low adult disease expression associated with late maturity. This line was resistant in seedling tests and seedling resistance was dominant in F1 hybrids to bread wheat.
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Pang, Li, Yunpeng Wang, Zhiwei Qiao, Wenyang Zhou, and Chao Liu. "Effect of Calcium and Ectomycorrhiza Collaboration on Nitrogen Nutrition and Rhizosphere Microbial Community of Pinus massoniana L. Container Seedlings." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15122068.
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Calcium (Ca) is an essential plant nutrient and cell signal element, but in the cultivation of container seedlings, the regulatory effect of Ca on seedling nitrogen nutrition and its regulatory mechanism have been neglected. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) inoculation is widely used in forest container seedling cultivation. Thus, we added a certain amount of Ca to the culture matrix to determine how the cooperation between Ca and ECMF improves the nitrogen nutrition of Pinus massoniana ectomycorrhizal (ECM) container seedlings. We found that addition Ca significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinomycetota and Bacillota in the rhizosphere of ECM seedlings. These enriched bacteria cooperated with the ECMF and significantly enhanced extracellular enzyme NAG and LAP secretion. Meanwhile, adding Ca promoted the microbial nitrogen cycle in the ECM seedlings rhizosphere, and the relative abundances of nitrogen fixation genes (nifD, nifH, nifK) and the dissimilatory nitrate reduction gene (narH) significantly increased. In addition, Ca promoted the infection of ECMF on seedlings and induced the sprouting of absorptive roots with larger diameter (0.5 mm < RD ≤ 2.0 mm), i.e., ECM seedlings adopted a dual strategy of enhancing mycorrhizal symbiosis and improving root absorption area to obtain soil nitrogen. These effects contributed to an increase in microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and seedling nitrogen content by 20.65% and 54.38%, respectively. The results provide an effective method and theoretical reference for improving the quality of container seedlings and increasing the ECM plantations early productivity.