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Journal articles on the topic 'Seedling protection'
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1
Runde, Douglas E., Dale L. Nolte, Wendy M. Arjo, and William C. Pitt. "Efficacy of Individual Barriers to Prevent Damage to Douglas-Fir Seedlings by Captive Mountain Beavers." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 2 (2008): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.2.99.
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Abstract We tested the ability of individual tree seedling protectors to deter mountain beavers from damaging Douglas-fir seedlings. Using captive mountain beavers in field pens, we tested 20 products representative of a wide range of barriers suitable for protecting individual tree seedlings from rodent damage. Eleven products protected 95% or more of seedlings from damage. Tree shelters and fabric shelters provided the most protection; 98 and 95% of seedlings were undamaged, respectively. Rigid mesh protector tubes protected 81% of seedlings, and protection netting protected 55% of seedlings. Purchase prices varied widely; protection netting was least expensive, followed by rigid mesh tubes, fabric shelters, and tree shelters. Seedling growth was greatest within fabric shelters and plastic tree shelters. Materials used to construct 15 of the 20 tree protectors were tested using captive mountain beavers in small sheltered pens. Here, samples of barrier materials were used to block access to a favored food. The four materials that excluded all test animals in all trials were from unvented tree shelters with solid seamless walls. Seven materials failed to exclude any animals in the sheltered-pen trials.
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Zimmerling, Todd N., and Linda M. Zimmerling. "Effectiveness of a Physical Barrier in Deterring Vole and Snowshoe Hare Feeding Damage to Lodgepole Pine Seedlings." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 1 (1998): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/13.1.12.
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Abstract We examined the effectiveness of a tubular, polyethylene/polypropylene mesh seedling protection device in reducing overwinter feeding damage by snowshoe hares(Lepus americanus) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) on spring planted, plug stock (1 + 0) lodgepole pine(Pinus contorta). Seedlings fitted with the seedling protection devices (SPD) had significantly lower levels of feeding damage (3 and 9%) than control seedlings (25 and 41%) on two study sites. Most of the feeding damage to treated seedlings was the clipping of the terminal leader or laterals that were not protected by the protection device. In two instances, a vole tunneled under the seedling protection device to damage the stem of the treated seedling; however, this was the exception. This physical barrier can be effective in reducing feeding damage by small mammals on lodgepole pine. West. J. Appl. For. 13(1):12-14.
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Krstic, Milun, Branko Kanjevac, and Violeta Babic. "Effects of extremely high temperatures on some growth parameters of sessile oak (Quercus petraea/Matt./Liebl.) seedlings in northeastern Serbia." Archives of Biological Sciences 70, no. 3 (2018): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs171215013k.
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This paper presents research results on the effects of the extremely high temperatures during the heat wave of August 2017 on the growth and development of injury symptoms in sessile oak (Quercus petraea /Matt./Liebl.) seedlings of different age in the area of the Majdanpek municipality in northeastern Serbia. The starting hypotheses of this study is that the resistance of sessile oak seedlings to extremely high temperatures changes with age and that the stand canopy has a significant protective role in situations where sessile oak seedlings are endangered by extremely high temperatures. The extreme weather conditions at the beginning of August manifested themselves in extremely high temperatures and prolonged absence of precipitation. The average temperature at the beginning of August 2017 was 5.0 to 5.1o? (depending on the altitude) higher compared to the period of seedling growth (2010-2016). During the heat wave, the recorded precipitation was in the range from 0 to 1 mm. These climate conditions significantly affected the development of young seedlings, causing wilting of smaller or larger parts of the leaf surface and sometimes leading to plant death. Using analysis of variance, differences in the intensity of seedling damage were found to depend on age, height, and the protection provided by the mature stand canopy. The obtained results point to the very important role of mature trees in the protection of seedlings from the dangers of extremely high temperatures.
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Battaglia, M., and JB Reid. "The Effect of Microsite Variation on Seed-Germination and Seedling Survival of Eucalyptus delegatensis." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 2 (1993): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930169.
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The correlation between microsite and seedling numbers was determined in field sowings, and the impact of microsites on germination and seedling survival tested in artificial seedbeds in the glasshouse. Small scale variation in soil conditions, at the scale of tens of centimetres, markedly affected the germination and establishment of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T.Baker seeds and seedlings. Under conditions of limiting soil moisture, microsites that afforded protection, and probably resulted in increased humidity, caused a marked increase in germination number and rate. The mean survival time was significantly higher on these protected microsites than on less protected microsites, or on microsites that restricted root penetration. The importance of this variability in microtopography was strongly influenced by season and the level of environmental stress, and was diminished as seedlings aged. Due to the different requirements for seed germination and seedling growth, a favourable microsite for germination was not necessarily a favourable site for seedling survival. A comparison of seed and seedling responses to water stress indicated that for E. delegatensis, at least, selection due to microsite differences at the time of germination may not have an impact on the developmental characteristics of the seedlings.
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Simova-Stoilova, L., K. Demirevska, T. Petrova, N. Tsenov, and U. Feller. "Antioxidative protection in wheat varieties under severe recoverable drought at seedling stag." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 12 (2008): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/427-pse.
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The antioxidative protection in leaves of four winter wheat (<I>Triticum aestivum </I>L.) varieties with different field drought resistance was studied under severe recoverable soil drought at seedling stage by withholding irrigation for 7 days (57–59% leaf water deficit) followed by rewatering. A 3-fold raise in electrolyte leakage and a sharp increase in proline accumulation corresponded to drought severity. Hydrogen peroxide content and catalase (CAT) activity were maintained low under stress. Peroxidase (GPX) activity increased, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity only slightly changed. The content of ascorbate and low-molecular thiols diminished under severe drought and was restored in recovery. Malondialdehyde level was not changed significantly in drought-treated plants but raised after re-watering. In recovery CAT activity became significantly higher whereas GPX activity diminished. Three isoforms of SOD, one of catalase and three of GPX were revealed. Proline accumulation had a predominant role in drought response. As for varieties, drought sensitivity or tolerance was not necessarily correlated with differences in the antioxidative response at early vegetative stage.
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Wisudayati, Tri Astuti, Dian Charity Hidayat, and Dede J. Sudrajat. "The Development of Non-Tax State Revenue Potency by Applying the Logical Framework Approach: A Case Study of Nagrak Research Station in Bogor District, West Java." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 8, no. 2 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2019.vol8iss2pp93-103.
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The Indonesian government strives to increase non-tax state revenues (PNBP). One of the potentials PNBP is using the state assets, such as research stations, for the public interest. This paper was aimed to formulate a strategy for the PNBP potential development using the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), with a case study at the Nagrak Research Station, Bogor. In order to avoid the failure when the PNBP potential development’s stages are implemented, policy makers need to build a hierarchy based on logical thinking of input, activity, output, impact, objectives and summarized them in a work plans matrix. The process of LFA development starts with the analysis of problems, goals, and strategies. Data and information were obtained through participant observation and documentation studies. The results showed that the commercialization of the operational units of research quality’ s seeds and seedlings at the Nagrak Research Station must be supported by the government policy, including: (1) planning of seed and seedling production with the consideration of price competitiveness (2) seeds and seedling production with the financial management flexibilities, and (3) seeds and seedling distribution with stakeholders protection from the non-quality seeds and seedling’s utilization.
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Morella, Norma M., Xuening Zhang, and Britt Koskella. "Tomato Seed-Associated Bacteria Confer Protection of Seedlings Against Foliar Disease Caused by Pseudomonas syringae." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 3 (2019): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-01-19-0007-r.
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The plant microbiome is known to benefit host health in numerous ways, including providing protection against pathogens. Here, we provide evidence that tomato seed-associated microbiota play an important role in early seedling health. To test the importance of seed epiphytic communities for seedling susceptibility to the common bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, we transplanted naturally occurring seed epiphytic microbial communities back onto seeds prior to germination and compared disease susceptibility to those that were not reinoculated after surface sterilization. We found that the epiphytic microbiome can protect seedlings against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato establishment and disease, and we further show that this protective effect is not due to a genotype by microbiome interaction. Using 16S amplicon sequencing, we found that these microbiomes were dominated by species of Pantoea, and we took a culturing approach to show that these isolates, including both Pantoea agglomerans and Pantoea dispersa, are sufficient to protect against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. By varying concentration of first the pathogen and then the protective symbiont, we then examined the dose response of protection and found that applying a higher concentration of protective inoculum to the seeds does not correlate to a lessened Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato load but does reduce disease burden. Instead, the most protective dose of Pantoea in terms of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato growth corresponds to the original density at which protective bacteria were found on seeds. Overall, our findings contribute to a broader understanding of the importance of vertically transmitted plant-associated microbes, with implications for the design and efficacy of biocontrol agents.
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SAYYARI, Mohammad, Fardin GHANBARI, Sajad FATAHI, and Fatemeh BAVANDPOUR. "Chilling Tolerance Improving of Watermelon Seedling by Salicylic Acid Seed and Foliar Application." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 1 (2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb518293.
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Chilling temperatures lead to numerous physiological disturbances in the cells of chilling-sensitive plants and result in chilling injury and death of tropical and subtropical plants such as watermelon. In this study, the possibility of cold stress tolerance enhancing of watermelon seedling (Citrullus lanatus) by exogenous application of Salicylic acid (SA) was investigated. SA was applied through seed soaking or foliar spray at 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM concentration. After SA treatment, the seedlings were subjected to chilling 5 h/day at 4°C for 5 days. Statistical analysis showed significant effects of the application methods and SA concentrations on plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, proline and chilling injury index. SA application improved growth parameters and increased chlorophyll content of watermelon seedling subjected to chilling stress and provided significant protection against chilling stress compared to non-SA-treated seedlings. Although two SA application methods improved chilling stress tolerance, seed soaking method provided better protection compared to foliar spray method. SA ameliorated the injury caused by chilling stress via inhibiting proline accumulation and leaf electrolyte leakage. The highest cold tolerance was obtained with 0.5 mM SA application. Results indicate that SA could be used effectively to protect watermelon seedling from damaging effects of chilling stress at the early stages of growth.
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Parent, Sylvain, and Jean-Claude Ruel. "Chronologie de la croissance chez des semis de sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) après une coupe à blanc avec protection de la régénération." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 6 (2002): 876–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78876-6.
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The method of harvesting with protection of the advanced regeneration consists of a complete removal of the main canopy to release a seedling bank established under the overstory shade. After harvesting, seedlings acclimated to understory conditions could suffer from moisture stress, especially the small, juvenile seedlings (less than six years). The objective of the study is to determine the capacity of understory-acclimated balsam fir seedlings to respond positively and immediately to release. The response to release was studied in two seedling populations belonging to two distinct climatic regions of Quebec, the Western and the Eastern sections of the balsam fir-white birch ecological domain. Results show that the response patterns were similar in both populations. Response to release occurred in two steps. One year after harvesting, basal ring width was on the average five times larger than prior to harvesting (p > 0.001). Height growth only became significantly higher the second year after release (p < 0.001). On average, juveniles showed higher height growth rates (height growth/height) than older seedlings. This rate was negatively correlated to seedling height at harvesting (r = -0,68, p < 0.001). Our study clearly shows that balsam fir seedlings can respond immediately and positively to large openings. The strong response of juvenile seedlings to release indicates that these can contribute significantly to the future stand. The geographic and climatic differences between the two stands under study suggest that these observations apply to a wide range of balsam fir stands. Key words: advance growth, balsam fir, release
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Hilton, James L., and Parthasarathy Pillai. "Thioproline Protection of Crops Against Herbicide Toxicity." Weed Technology 2, no. 1 (1988): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00030128.
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Thioproline (L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) partially protects sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘DK 42Y’] seedlings against the herbicides tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] in controlled environment chambers. Thioproline alone inhibits plant growth at concentrations above 10−5M. Its phytotoxicity is intermediate between the two herbicide antidotes OTC (L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) and flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate]. The two thiazolidine antidotes increased thiol content of excised corn (Zea maysL. ‘DK T 1100’) seedling roots whereas thiol content was decreased by the two herbicides. While thioproline or OTC partially offset tridiphane-induced decreases in thiol content, none of the antidotes effectively circumvented the reduced thiol content resulting from alachlor treatment.
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Masaki, Takashi, Michio Oguro, Naoko Yamashita, Tatsuya Otani, and Hajime Utsugi. "Reforestation following harvesting of conifer plantations in Japan: Current issues from silvicultural and ecological perspectives." REFORESTA, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.21750/refor.3.11.35.
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Following the Second World War, the number of Cupressaceae plantations in Japan increased, in accordance with government policy for the restoration of timber resources and conservation of soil and water. Currently, these even-aged plantations occupy approximately 44% of the forested area and 24% of the national land area of Japan. Although many of these plantations have become available as timber resources, there are several silviculture-related problems associated with reforestation following clear-cutting of these plantations. The abundant annual precipitation in Japan allows for dominance by competitive vegetation, which makes natural regeneration difficult and increases the cost of silvicultural operations during and after the planting of seedlings. Because the number of seedling producers has decreased, there has been little incentive to keep seedling production techniques up to date. Additionally, damage to planted seedlings by the overabundant sika deer (Cervus nippon) population has increased dramatically in the last dozen years or so. To determine how to overcome these difficulties, various studies are underway in Japan. For example, seedling studies have examined the relationship between seedling size and competitive ability with other species in reforested areas, and have led to the development of lower-cost systems to produce customized Cupressaceae seedlings, as well as measures to minimize transplanting damage to seedlings. Previous studies have shown that no-weeding operations might lower the risk of sika deer browsing seedlings, although this silvicultural countermeasure may potentially reduce seedling growth. Studies have also examined the types of physical protection against sika deer browsing that are most efficient. We must combine these findings into a unified silvicultural system for successful restoration via lower-cost plantations.
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Silva, Rogério Costa da, Ana Paula Leite de Lima, Sebastião Ferreira de Lima, Guilherme Marchesini Trevizani, and João Batista Leite Junior. "PHYSICAL PROTECTOR IN DIRECT SOWING OF BARU INFLUENCING IN THE INITIAL GROWTH OF THE SEEDLINGS." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 5, no. 4 (2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v5i4.2726.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of using physical protectors on the emergence and initial growth of Baru seedlings in a direct sowing system. The experiment was installed in a randomized complete block design, testing the use of physical protectors (no protection, P0; plastic cup (500 mL) without the bottom, P1; laminated wood, P2), with 12 repetitions. Weekly soil temperature monitoring was carried out in the morning and in the afternoon in the period between 14 and 56 days after sowing (DAS). Daily emergence follow-up was also performed, and the stem diameter, total height and number of leaves were measured at 81 DAS. The use of physical protectors in the direct seeding of Baru interfered in the soil surface temperature on the sowing point, on the seedling emergence speed index, seedling survival, stem diameter and seedling height. Implementing protectors slowed the seedling emergence speed, however it provided higher percentages of emergence, survival and greater growth in diameter and height.
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Long, Yanxin, Xiaodong Yang, Yuee Cao, et al. "Relationship between Soil Fungi and Seedling Density in the Vicinity of Adult Conspecifics in an Arid Desert Forest." Forests 12, no. 1 (2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010092.
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Research Highlights: 1. Soil fungi have a higher influence on seedling density compared to soil environmental factors; 2. Host-specific pathogens and beneficial fungi affect seeding density via different influencing mechanisms. Background and Objectives: The growth and development of seedlings are the key processes that affect forest regeneration and maintain community dynamics. However, the influencing factors of seedling growth around their adult conspecifics are not clear in arid desert forests. Probing the intrinsic relations among soil fungi, soil environmental factors (pH, water content, salinity, and nutrition), and seedling density will improve our understanding of forest development and provide a theoretical basis for forest management and protection. Materials and Methods: Four experimental plot types, depending on the distance to adult conspecifics, were set in an arid desert forest. Soil environmental factors, the diversity and composition of the soil fungal community, and the seedlings’ density and height were measured in the four experimental plot types, and their mutual relations were analyzed. Results: Seedling density as well as the diversity and composition of the soil fungal community varied significantly among the four plot types (p < 0.05). Soil environmental factors, especially soil salinity, pH, and soil water content, had significant influences on the seedling density and diversity and composition of the soil fungal community. The contribution of soil fungi (72.61%) to the variation in seedling density was much higher than the soil environmental factors (27.39%). The contribution of detrimental fungi to the variation in seedling density was higher than the beneficial fungi. Conclusions: Soil fungi mostly affected the distribution of seedling density in the vicinity of adult conspecifics in an arid desert forest. The distribution of seedling density in the vicinity of adults was mainly influenced by the detrimental fungi, while the adults in the periphery area was mainly influenced by the beneficial fungi.
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Jabaji-Hare, Suha, and Stephen M. Neate. "Nonpathogenic Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. and Benzothiadiazole Protect Cotton Seedlings Against Rhizoctonia Damping-Off and Alternaria Leaf Spot in Cotton." Phytopathology® 95, no. 9 (2005): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1030.
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Recent reports have shown induction of resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot using nonpathogenic strains of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (np-BNR). This study evaluates the biocontrol ability of several np-BNR isolates against root and foliar diseases of cotton in greenhouse trials, provides evidence for induced systemic resistance (ISR) as a mechanism in this biocontrol, and compares the disease control provided by np-BNR with that provided by the chemical inducer benzothiadiazole (BTH). Pretreatment of cotton seedlings with np-BNR isolates provided good protection against pre- and post-emergence damping-off caused by a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-4). Seedling stand of protected cotton was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of nonprotected seedlings. Several np-BNR isolates significantly reduced disease severity. The combination of BTH and np-BNR provided significant protection against seedling rot and leaf spot in cotton; however, the degree of disease reduction was comparable to that obtained with np-BNR treatment alone. Significant reduction in leaf spot symptoms caused by Alternaria macrospora occurred on cotyledons pretreated with np-BNR or sprayed with BTH, and the np- BNR-treated seedlings had significantly less leaf spot than BTH-treated seedlings. The results demonstrate that np-BNR isolates can protect cotton from infections caused by both root and leaf pathogens and that disease control was superior to that observed with a chemical inducer.
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Samac, Deborah A., Samuel Schraber, and Stuart Barclay. "A Mineral Seed Coating for Control of Seedling Diseases of Alfalfa Suitable for Organic Production Systems." Plant Disease 99, no. 5 (2015): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-14-0240-re.
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Most alfalfa seed is treated with the fungicide mefenoxam (Apron XL) for control of soilborne seedling diseases caused by Phytophthora medicaginis and Pythium spp. However, Apron XL is not active against Aphanomyces euteiches, the causal agent of Aphanomyces root rot (ARR), an important component of the alfalfa seedling root rot complex. Moreover, Apron XL-treated seed cannot be used in organic production systems. A seed coating using aluminosilicate (natural zeolite) at a rate of 0.33 g of zeolite per gram of alfalfa seed was tested as an alfalfa seed treatment. Inoculated growth chamber trials were conducted to determine the percentage of seedlings protected from Phytophthora root rot (PRR) and ARR. The mineral seed coating resulted in significantly greater control of PRR, with a mean of 89% healthy seedlings (disease score of 1 or 2 on a 1-to-5 scale) compared with the Apron XL treatment, with a mean of 38% healthy seedlings, or the control treatment, with 15% healthy seedlings. The mineral seed coating also resulted in significantly greater protection against ARR, with 67% healthy seedlings compared with 3 and 2% healthy seedlings with the Apron XL and control treatments, respectively. The coated seed were used for in vitro assays with Pythium ultimum and P. paroecandrum to test for protection from seed rot and damping off. The mineral seed coating resulted in a significantly greater percentage of healthy seedlings compared with the Apron XL and control treatments. In growth chamber assays with naturally infested field soils with a range of disease pressure, the mineral seed coating resulted in a similar or greater percentage of healthy plants than the Apron XL treatment. The mineral coating had no effect on in vitro growth of Sinorhizobium meliloti, and nodule numbers were similar on roots from mineral-coated and untreated seed. These experiments indicate that the zeolite seed coating is a promising means of controlling seedling diseases in alfalfa production systems.
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Singh, N. B., and Nimisha Amist. "Interactive Effects of Cinnamic Acid and Water Stress on Wheat Seedlings." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 4, no. 01 (2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v4i01.11616.
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In the present study we compared the effects of allelochemical with water stress (WS) on growth, biochemical parameters and responses of antioxidative enzymes in wheat seedlings. The wheat seedlings were treated with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM concentrations of cinnamic acid (CA) with and without water stress by withholding water supply for 5 days. Leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, protein content, amount of proline and nitrate reductase (NR) and antioxidant enzymes activities were examined. CA resulted in reduction of seedling height with drastic decrease in stressed seedlings. The combined treatments CA+WS further decreased the seedling height. The same result was registered for seedlings dry weight, relative water content and pigment and protein contents. Total soluble sugar content and nitrate reductase activity were variedly affected under all treatments. Proline content and lipid peroxidation increased. Activity of superoxide dismutase increased significantly (less than 0.05) while catalase P activity was lower in all treatments. Ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities were higher as compared with catalase which showed protection of wheat seedlings from oxidative stress. Water stress elevated the toxic effect of allelochemical.
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Youngblood, Andrew P., and John C. Zasada. "White spruce artificial regeneration options on river floodplains in interior Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 4 (1991): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-057.
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Reforestation options for artificial regeneration of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) were tested on three floodplain sites near Fairbanks, Alaska. Survival of containerized seedlings after outplanting was above 96%, regardless of harvest cutting method or mechanical site preparation, and declined little between the third and fifth growing seasons. Establishment and survival after direct seeding on seed spots was more variable and differed by harvest cutting method, by type of site preparation, and by the use of plastic seed shelters for seedling protection. Maximum terminal leader growth, seedling total height, and basal diameter were found on planted seedlings in clear-cut units on the better site. In clear-cut units prepared by blading on one site, basal diameter of seedlings five seasons after outplanting was almost 50% more than on similar surfaces in shelterwood units. Planted seedlings on unscarified surfaces and in small scalped patches generally had similar basal diameters. Results suggested that similar interior Alaska floodplain forests of white spruce can be successfully regenerated by using the clear-cutting harvest method and planting nursery-reared seedlings without mechanical site preparation.
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DeYoe, D., H. R. Holbo, and K. Waddell. "Seedling Protection from Heat Stress between Lifting and Planting." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, no. 4 (1986): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.4.124.
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Saunders, Mike R., and Klaus J. Puettmann. "Effects of overstory and understory competition and simulated herbivory on growth and survival of white pine seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 5 (1999): 536–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-017.
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The interactive impact of overstory canopy closure, understory brush control, and simulated white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) herbivory (i.e., clipping) on growth and survival of underplanted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings was examined. Clipping was conducted in April 1996 and 1997 at three intensities (control, 0% previous year's growth removed; lightly clipped, terminal and 50% previous year's growth removed, and heavily clipped: 100% of previous-year's growth removed) and three frequencies (never clipped, clipped once, clipped 2 years in a row). Decreasing overstory canopy closure and brush competition generally increased growth of seedlings under all clipping regimes, with heavily clipped seedlings showing the least benefit of reduced competition. Although first-year height growth was stimulated after light-intensity clipping, this effect did not persist the following year, and these trees still were significantly shorter than controls at the end of the experiment. Diameter growth was reduced at any clipping intensity or frequency, and remained below controls throughout the experiment. Seedling mortality was higher without brush control and after clipping. Results suggest that increased overstory and understory competition reduced seedling growth and survival. In regards to clipping, initial height growth stimulation may result from (i) resource reallocation away from diameter and root growth and (or) (ii) hormonal redistributions from loss of apical control in the seedling. Since both high competition levels and increased herbivory reduced seedling vigor, we suggest that understory brush control and deer protection (e.g., budcapping) go hand in hand to regenerate white pine.
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Wright, D. A., J. Swaminathan, M. Blaser, and T. A. Jackson. "Carrot seed coating with bacteria for seedling protection from grass grub damage." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4278.
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Carrot seedlings are susceptible to damage from grass grub larvae The biological control bacterium Serratia entomophila was applied to the surface of carrot seeds via pelleting or as a biopolymer seed coating and the activity against grass grubs determined in pot trials Seedling mortality caused by grass grub larvae was significantly reduced (Plt;005) in two trials from 88 and 64 in untreated pots to 26 and 13 in pots containing pelleted seed and 7 and 16 in pots containing biopolymercoated seed Shelf life studies showed formulations were stable at 4C for at least eight weeks and for two weeks at 20C after which cell viability decreased over time Bioassay results showed little difference between the two treatments despite a higher concentration of bacteria on the biopolymercoated than the pelleted seeds The potential of seed coating as a delivery mechanism for biocontrol agents has been demonstrated and future possibilities are discussed
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Groom, Philip K., and Byron B. Lamont. "Seed and Seedling Biology of the Woody-fruited Proteaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 4 (1998): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96135.
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Within the Proteaceae, 353 species confined to 7 genera in the Grevilleoideae have woody fruits. The majority (> 70%) occur in fire-prone vegetation on nutrient-poor, summer-dry soils of south-western Australia. These species are characterised by large, winged seeds contained within serotinous follicles. Seed release is mediated by desiccation of the follicle walls resulting from fruit death, although wet–dry cycles are required in some genera. After release, germination must take place by the next wet season, as the seeds are not long-lived. Seeds are particularly high in protein (40–60%), P (1–2%) and Fe (10–60‰) compared with other Proteaceae. Seeds are favoured food for pre- and post-dispersal granivores (insects, birds, rodents) and young seedlings are favoured by herbivores (insects, marsupials), with the more serotinous fruits providing extra protection for their seeds. Successful establishment is facilitated by the protective and water retentive role of the testa during germination, and the remobilisation of N and P from the cotyledons to the seedling within 10 weeks of emergence. Drought stress reduces seedling establishment in otherwise favourable postfire microsites and prevents it (assisted by herbivores) in mature vegetation. Typically, < 10% of seeds released after fire become seedlings, and < 50% of these survive the first summer. Among fire-killed species, species that produce few seeds are more likely to have drought-resistant seedlings, often associated with larger seeds and/or needle-shaped leaves. Species that resprout after fire produce a few large viable seeds per plant, whereas fire-killed species produce many smaller seeds. Of all the Proteaceae, the ecology of woody-fruited species is best known, providing great scope for comparative biology studies.
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Bigras, Francine. "Frost Tolerance of Black Spruce Seedlings (Picea Mariana) during Budbreak." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 849C—849. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.849c.
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Spring frosts frequently cause significant damage to conifer seedlings during bud flushing and shoot elongation in forestry nurseries. To ensure adequate protection, levels of frost sensitivity must be known during these stages of development. Eight-month-old, containerized, black spruce seedlings were submitted to freezing temperatures of 0, –4, –6, –8, and –10C for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h at the following stages: 1) nonswollen buds; 2) swollen buds; 3) bud scales bursting, needle tips emerging; and 4) shoot elongation, 1 to 5 cm. After the treatments, seedlings were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse. Seedling survival then was estimated; dead seedlings discarded; and damage to buds, needles, and roots and shoot increment and diameter were measured on the remaining seedlings. Results show that frost sensitivity increases with the developing bud and shoot. A decrease in seedling and bud survival was noted with an increase in time of exposure (stages 2, 3, 4); otherwise, time exposure has no effect. Damage to needles and roots increases and diameter decreases with decreasing temperatures at all stages. Shoot increment was influenced by decreasing temperatures at stages 2 and 3 only.
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Bigras, Francine J., and Carole Hébert. "Freezing temperatures and exposure times during bud break and shoot elongation influence survival and growth of containerized black spruce (Piceamariana) seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 8 (1996): 1481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-165.
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Spring frosts frequently cause significant damage to conifer seedlings during bud flushing and shoot elongation in forestry nurseries. To insure adequate protection, levels of frost sensitivity must be known during these stages of development. Eight- or 9-month-old containerized black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP) were submitted to freezing temperatures of 0° to −10 °C for 1–6 h at the following stages: (1) nonswollen terminal buds, (2) swollen terminal buds, (3) terminal bud scales bursting, needle tips emerging, and (4) shoots elongating, 1−5 cm. After freezing, seedlings were grown for 130 days in a greenhouse. Seedling survival was estimated; dead seedlings discarded; and damage to buds, needles, and roots as well as diameter and shoot increment were measured on the remaining seedlings. Frost sensitivity increased as buds flushed and new shoots elongated. Decreased seedling and bud survival was noted with increasing time of freezing exposure and decreasing temperature in stages 2, 3, and 4. Damage to needles and roots increases, while diameter decreases, with decreasing temperatures at all stages; however, shoot increment was influenced by decreasing temperatures only at stages 2 and 3.
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Dillon, Rebecca, Leonie Monks, and David Coates. "Establishment success and persistence of threatened plant translocations in south west Western Australia: an experimental approach." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 4 (2018): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17187.
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Establishment of viable threatened plant populations through translocations presents significant practical and logistical challenges. To address these challenges there is a need for experimental studies that inform refinement of translocation methodologies to optimise seedling survival during the establishment phase. In the present study we investigated the effect of three post planting techniques on the survival and growth of six translocated threatened plant species in south-west Western Australia over a 10-year period. Planted seedlings received summer watering for the first year, mulch or protection from vertebrate herbivores. Survival of seedlings was significantly enhanced in both watering and fencing treatments, but was not positively influenced by the mulch treatment. Plant growth was also significantly improved by the fencing treatment. Results showed that both fencing and supplementary summer watering were two very effective approaches for enhancing seedling establishment and plant persistence. We emphasise the value of integrating an experimental approach involving long-term monitoring into threatened plant species translocations and recovery programs for improving plant translocation success.
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Mello, Bruna Finotii Fonseca Reis de, Mateus Vieira Trevisan, and Fábio Steiner. "QUALITY OF CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS GROWN IN DIFFERENT CONTAINERS." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 3, no. 1 (2016): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v3i1.820.
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The use of high quality seedlings is a key factor for the success of vegetable production, and the container size and design characteristics of the containers are important determinants of seedling quality. A experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different container types on quality of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Aodai Melhorado). Seedlings were grown in a seedling nursery with shadow protection at 50% in different containers: (i) 128-cell trays; (ii) 64-cell trays; (iii) tubes of 120 cm3; and (iv) plastic cups of 180 cm3. The plant height, diameter, root length, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, sturdiness quotient (SQ), shoot:root dry matter ratio (SRR) and Dickson quality index (DQI) were measured at 21st days after sowing. The production of cucumber seedlings in 64-cell trays, polypropylene tubes of 120 cm3 and plastic cups of 180 cm3 resulted in the highest values for the majority of investigated traits. The tray of 128-cells results in lower quality cucumber seedlings compared to other containers. Tubes with volume of 120 cm3 and plastic cups with volume of 180 cm3 are more appropriate containers for the production of high quality cucumber seedlings. The DQI is a good indicator of the standard of quality of cucumber seedlings.
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YANG, Yujie, Wenjie LI, Xinru HE, Die HU, and Yongjun FEI. "Effects of lead on growth, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant activity and photosynthetic responses in Phoebe chekiangensis seedlings." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 3 (2020): 1637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48311933.
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Experiments were conducted on 1-year Phoebe chekiangensis seedlings treated by different concentration (0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 mg/L) of Pb (NO3)2. Sixty days later, determination was implemented on seedling growth, physiological and photosynthetic parameters. The results showed that the lower concentration treated could promote the growth of the seedlings. But with the increase of concentration of lead, P. chekiangensis seedling height increment, ground diameter growth, whole biomass, total root surface area, root volume, total root length and root activity decreased, while root-shoot ratio present a rising trend. With the increase of concentration of Pb(NO3)2 solution, the membrane permeability and MDA content of P. chekiangensis seedlings showed a trend of rise after the first reduce; the protein content and chlorophyll content presented a trend of decrease after the first increase; while the POD, SOD and CAT activity increased firstly but decreased afterwards; the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate were all increase at first then decrease, which indicated that protection enzyme activity and membrane was damaged thus the growth of P. chekiangensis seedlings was inhibited.
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Hilton, James L., and Parthasarathy Pillai. "L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Protection Against Tridiphane Toxicity." Weed Science 34, no. 5 (1986): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067667.
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Tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane] inhibited growth of seedling corn (Zea maysL. ‘DK T 1100’), wheat (Triticum aesetivumL. ‘Arthur’), and sorghum (Sorghum vulgarePers. ‘DK 42Y’) in growth chamber experiments. These inhibitions were partially circumvented by simultaneous treatment with OTC (L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid). Tridiphane, atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], and OTC each increased levels of low molecular weight thiols (glutathione) in intact roots of treated corn seedlings, but only OTC did in excised roots. Tridiphane and atrazine caused a decrease in thiol content of excised roots. Tridiphane treatments reduced the amount of glutathioneS-transferase activity extractable from corn roots, and this reduction was circumvented partially by OTC applied in combination with tridiphane. These data present evidence that tridiphane interference with cysteine or glutathione metabolism can be reversed by increasing cellular content of cysteine.
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Pipas, Michael J., and Gary W. Witmer. "Evaluation of Physical Barriers to Protect Ponderosa Pine Seedlings from Pocket Gophers." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 3 (1999): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.3.164.
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Abstract A 2 yr study on the Rogue River and Mt. Hood National Forests in Oregon evaluated physical barriers for protection of Pinus ponderosa seedlings against damage by Thomomys talpoides. Seedlings protected with one of three weights of: (1) plastic mesh tubing (Vexar®) or (2) sandpapertubing (Durite®) were evaluated against control seedlings. On the Rogue River sites, Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (62.6%), followed by the controls (59.1%), then Durite® seedlings (17.9%). Gophers were the primary cause of death for the Vexar® seedlings, versus desiccation for the Durite® seedlings. On the Mt. Hood sites, heavyweight Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (35.4%), medium-weight Durite® seedlings the lowest (2.7%). Seedling mortality caused by gophers was highest for controls (70.2%), followed by light-weight (62.2%) and heavy-weight (53.9%) Vexar® treatments. Overall survival was low (Rogue River = 42%, Mt. Hood = 19.8%). Growth was greatest for the control seedlings but only significantly greater than growth of Durite® seedlings on the Rogue River sites. Growth of seedlings was not compromised by the Vexar® tubing. Although neither type of tubing was highly protective, Vexar® tubes performed better than Durite® tubes. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):164-168.
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Jennings, Paul H., and Ann Fitzpatrick. "Involvement of HSP Synthesis and Protease Inhibitors in Heat Shock-induced Cucumber Seedling Chilling Tolerance." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 775F—775. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.775f.
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Heat shock induction of chilling tolerance in cucumber seedlings is not blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Treatment of germinating seeds with cycloheximide and actinomycin-D, prior to heat shock and chilling, does not block the heat shock induction of chilling tolerance, while the inhibitors alone promote chilling tolerance of seedling roots. To test whether the heat shock effect might be acting on proteases, two protease inhibitors (bestatin and PMSF) were tested for their ability to induce chilling tolerance. Although PMSF slowed germination, it still provided protection against chilling, but bestatin was much more effective.
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Sarvaš, M. "Effect of desiccation on the root system of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings and a possibility of using hydrogel STOCKOSORB® for its protection." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 11 (2012): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4796-jfs.
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The aims of this study were: 1. to determine the effect of dexiccation treatment on the physiological quality of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings by measurements of electrolyte leakage from the root system; b) to test the use of hydrogl STOCKOSORB<sup>&reg;</sup> for protection of the root system of spruce seedlings during their transplanting. The results showed that desiccation treatment significantly affected the rate of electrolyte leakage (34% leakage for control seedlings and 53% in contrast with seedlings after 5 hours of desiccation). Likewise, significant differences were found in height and root collar increments after the first vegetation period that decreased with the duration of desiccation treatment. The values of electrolyte leakage also increased with the duration of desiccation treatment for seedlings treated with hydrogel. On the other hand, the rate of electrolyte leakage was lower after 5 hours of stress factor than in untreated seedlings. The height and root collar increments were higher in seedlings treated with hydrogel for all variants. The obtained results showed a possibility of using the measurement of electrolyte leakage from the root system to determine the physiological quality of Norway spruce seedlings. The rate of electrolyte leakage over 40% signals the physiological damage to the root system of spruce seedlings. Next, the results confirmed the need of protection of seedling roots during handling. The seedlings without hydrogel had 35% height and 26% root collar diameter increment after two-hour desiccation stress. On the other hand, the same seedlings with STOCKOSORB had 42% height and 48% root collar increment.
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Barker, G. M., P. J. Addison, and R. N. Watson. "Seed treatment for the protection of seedling white clover from nematodes." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11136.
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Castillo, Arfe, Cecirly Puig, and Christian Cumagun. "Non-Synergistic Effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Glomus spp. in Reducing Infection of Fusarium Wilt in Banana." Pathogens 8, no. 2 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020043.
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Philippine banana is currently threatened by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (FocR4). This study investigated the use of Trichoderma harzianum pre-treated with Glomus spp, as a means of managing Fusarium wilt on young ‘Lakatan’ banana seedlings. Results showed that Glomus applied basally significantly improved banana seedling growth with increased increment in plant height and pseudostem diameter and heavier root weight. The application of Glomus spp. alone offered 100% protection to the ‘Lakatan’ seedlings against FocR4 as indicated by the absence of the wilting symptom. A combination of T. harzianum and Glomus spp. also gave significant effect against Fusarium wilt through delayed disease progression in the seedlings but was not synergistic. Competitive effects were suspected when application of the two biological control agents on banana roots was done simultaneously.
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Erftemeijer, Paul L. A., Nicole Wylie, and Garnet J. Hooper. "Successful mangrove establishment along an artificially created tidal creek at Port Hedland, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 1 (2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17139.
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There is growing interest in innovative ways to minimise the environmental footprint of port developments. Herein we present results of a mangrove planting trial along an artificial tidal creek at Port Hedland, Western Australia. A 75 m-long tidal creek with exposed sloping and terraced banks was constructed, creating ~1000m2 of intertidal area in which 800 nursery-raised seedlings of four mangrove species (Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa, Ceriops australis and Aegiceras corniculatum) were transplanted. Planting followed a randomised block design to test seedling performance against tidal elevation, bank design and erosion protection. After 3 years, 142 seedlings (18%) had survived. Another 1171 mangrove seedlings, dominated by A. corniculatum (75%) and Aegitialis annulata (15%), had recruited naturally into the site. Performance and survival of planted and recruited seedlings was significantly affected by tidal elevation (P=0.002), but not by bank design or erosion protection. A. marina showed highest survival (46%), followed by R. stylosa (18%). These results demonstrate that by creating appropriate environmental conditions conducive to mangrove growth, seedlings will recruit and establish naturally. Owing to the slow growth typical of semi-arid mangroves, it may take well over a decade before vegetation at this site is comparable to adjacent natural creeks.
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Korkmaz, Ahmet, Murat Uzunlu, and Ali Riza Demirkiran. "Acetyl salicylic acid alleviates chilling-induced damage in muskmelon seedlings." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 3 (2007): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06035.
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Salicylic acid (SA) is a common plant-produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing tolerance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. An experiment was, therefore, conducted to test whether acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) application at various concentrations through seed immersion or foliar spray would protect muskmelon [Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group)] seedlings subjected to chilling stress. Twenty-one-day-old plants pre-treated with ASA (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.50 or 1.0 mM) were subjected to chilling stress for 72 h at 3 ± 0.5°C. ASA, applied either through seed immersion or foliar spray, was effective within the range of 0.1 to 1 mM in inducing tolerance to chilling stress in muskmelon seedlings; however, there was no significant difference between application methods. ASA significantly and curvilinearly affected all seedling growth and stress indicator variables tested except shoot dry weight. The best protection was obtained from seedlings pre-treated with 0.5 mM ASA. The highest ASA concentration used was slightly less effective in providing chilling stress protection. Even though both methods provided similar means of protection, due to its simplicity and practicality, immersion of muskmelon seeds prior to sowing in 0.5 mM ASA would be a more desirable method to induce tolerance to chilling stress. Key words: Cucumis melo, aspirin, chilling stress tolerance, gas exchange, electrolyte leakage
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Adetunji, Ademola, Sershen, Boby Varghese, and Norman Pammenter. "Exogenous Antioxidants Enhance Seedling Growth and Yield of Artificially Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds." Horticulturae 7, no. 9 (2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090274.
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Aged seeds exhibit compromised vigour in terms of germination, seedling emergence and growth, but this can to some extent be alleviated by invigoration treatments before sowing. This study aimed to investigate ageing rates and patterns in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds and whether the beneficial effects of invigorating aged seeds with exogenous antioxidants translate to enhanced seedling performance. Seeds were artificially aged to 25% viability before soaking in 0.4 mM glycerol, 0.6 mM GSH and 0.2 mM trolox for cabbage, and 0.6 mM glycerol, GSH and trolox for lettuce; deionised water served as a control. After 14 days of sowing, seedling emergence percentage, mean emergence time, mean daily emergence, and time taken to 25% emergence were computed. Seedling vigour index, root and shoot dry weight, root:shoot ratio, leaf area, leaf area ratio, and leaf chlorophyll content were assessed 6 weeks after sowing. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured 6 weeks after sowing. Notably, ageing resulted in the loss of seed vigour and viability at higher rates in lettuce than cabbage. Seed pretreatment with glycerol promoted seedling growth in both species and shoot dry weight in lettuce, while glycerol and GSH enhanced Pn, Gs and E in lettuce. Trolox also enhanced Pn and E in lettuce. The beneficial effects of the antioxidant treatments are thought to be associated with the protection of photosystems from oxidative stress and/or stimulation of enzymes involved in photosynthesis, possibly through an enhanced antioxidant defence system during the early development stages when seedlings are particularly vulnerable to stress.
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Sneh, B., M. Ichielevich-Auster, and Z. Plaut. "Mechanism of seedling protection induced by a hypovirulent isolate of Rhizoctonia solani." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (1989): 2135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-270.
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Among several hypovirulent isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. tested, one isolate (No. 521) provided significantly higher protection (76–94%) to radish and cotton seedlings against infection by virulent isoltes of Rhizoctonia spp. and also induced a higher increased plant growth response than the others. The hypovirulent strain did not compete for root exudates. The protected plants were not induced to produce new polyphenols, melanins, more lignins, or phytoalexins. Also they did not produce inhibitors of pectinases or cellulases released by the pathogen, nor did they produce cell wall lytic-type enzymes, such as chitinase and β-(1,3) glucanase. Ca2+ content was significantly higher in seedlings colonized by the hypovirulent isolate. The hypovirulent isolate densely colonized the surface of roots and hypocotyls, and removal of its hyphae nullified the protection provided by this isolate. Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, damping-off, hypovirulent isolate, biological control.
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Xie, Jie, Ping Shu, Gary Strobel, et al. "Pantoea agglomerans SWg2 colonizes mulberry tissues, promotes disease protection and seedling growth." Biological Control 113 (October 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.06.010.
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Osunkoya, Olusegun O., Julian E. Ash, Andrew W. Graham, and Mike S. Hopkins. "Growth of tree seedlings in tropical rain forests of North Queensland, Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 1 (1993): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006891.
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ABSTRACTThe effects of forest habitat, canopy light condition, vertebrate herbivory and species mean seed size on growth of tree seedlings were evaluated for six widely different species of North Queensland tropical rain forests. Two forest localities differing in size and rainfall intensity were used for the trial. In each forest, seedlings were transplanted three weeks after germination into small to medium-sized canopy gaps and into the forest interiors, with half protected by cages and the other half unprotected. Growth measurements were made over a period of 16 months. All growth parameters examined differed significantly between the six species. At the end of the study period, for most species, forest site and protection from vertebrates did not affect seedling biomass. For all species, growth was higher in gaps than in forest interior, but most biomass allocation patterns did not differ between the two habitats. This was attributed to the small difference in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels between the two habitats (interior, 0.48–2.53% PAR; gap, 3.58–7.09% PAR). Between species, seedling growth in the forest interior and sensitivity to increasing light were significantly correlated with initial mean seed size. The growth ability of the six species in and out of canopy gaps is discussed in terms of regeneration status of forest tree species.
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Lan, Chiu-Yueh, Kuan-Hung Lin, Wen-Dar Huang, and Chang-Chang Chen. "Protective Effects of Selenium on Wheat Seedlings under Salt Stress." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060272.
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Wheat is a staple food worldwide, but its productivity is reduced by salt stress. In this study, the mitigative effects of 22 μM selenium (Se) on seedlings of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Taichung SEL. 2 were investigated under different salt stress levels (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM NaCl). Results of the antioxidative capacity showed that catalase (CAT) activity, non-enzymatic antioxidants (total phenols, total flavonoids, and anthocyanins), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, and the reducing power of Se-treated seedlings were enhanced under saline conditions. The more-stabilized chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation of photosystem II (Y(NPQ)), and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation of photosystem II (Y(NO)) and the less-extensive degradation of photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids) in Se-treated seedlings were also observed under salt stress. The elongation of shoots and roots of Se-treated seedling was also preserved under salt stress. Protection of these physiological traits in Se-treated seedlings might have contributed to stable growth observed under salt stress. The present study showed the protective effect of Se on the growth and physiological traits of wheat seedlings under salt stress.
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Wallertz, Kristina, and Magnus Petersson. "Pine weevil damage to Norway spruce seedlings: effects of nutrient-loading, soil inversion and physical protection during seedling establishment." Agricultural and Forest Entomology 13, no. 4 (2011): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00536.x.
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Andrzejewska-Golec, Emilia, and Joanna Makowczyńska. "Micropropagation of Plantago maritima L. - a vanishing species in Poland." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 78, no. 1 (2011): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2009.002.
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A vanishing species in Poland - <em>Plantago maritima</em> L. was regenerated in vitro from tips of shoots (obtained in vitro) and from different explants of 4-week-old seedlings: seedling tips, hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots. Murashige and Skoog basal medium, supplemented with 0.6 pM indole-3-acetic acid in combination with cytokinins 6-benzyladenine, zeatin or kinetin, was used. The plants obtained in the result of micropropagation were normal in appearence. It was proved that <em>Plantago maritima</em> species was amenable to propagation from different kinds of explants. The method may be of significance for protection of sea plantain.
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Fogaça, Marco Aurélio de Freitas, Cleiton Calabria, Jorge Nunes Portela, and Marcio Neuton Mautone. "Produção de mudas de videira em sistema de enxertia a campo utilizando três materiais no processo de amarração e proteção do enxerto." Revista Agraria Academica 3, no. 6 (2020): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32406/v3n62020/122-129/agrariacad.
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The experiment aimed to evaluate viability in the production of grapevine seedlings using three materials in the process of mooring and graft protection: elastic + sawdust, Vimeiro + sawdust and biodegradable tape. Was used SO4 rootstock cuttings and grafting with variety BRS Cora. The analyzed indicators were percentage of graft take, quality of the graft callus, seedling classification. The answers regarding the formation of roots were greater in the treatments with lower percentage of catch. The diameter, length and dry weight of the pruning branches did not differ between treatments. Treatments with elastic region mooring and Vimeiro covered with sawdust showed the best results for the percentage of callus and callus quality.
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Попова, Т. А., and Н. Ф. Денискина. "Protection of white cabbage from cruciferous fleas with seedless and seedling methods of its cultivation." Kartofel` i ovoshi, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25630/pav.2021.32.98.001.
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Представлены результаты исследований по защите белокочанной капусты от крестоцветных блошек при безрассадном и рассадном способах ее выращивания. Эффективность протравливания семян инсектицидом Круйзер, КС изучали на растениях гибрида F1 Финиш. Семена протравливали препаратом в норме 20 л/т (20 мл/кг) за шесть дней до высева. В контроле семена обрабатывали водой. Для оценки эффективности пролива кассет с рассадой капусты препаратом Актара, ВДГ растения выращивали в стандартных кассетах. Инсектицид применяли способом пролива за сутки до высадки рассады в открытый грунт. Расход рабочей жидкости согласно рекомендациям фирмы-производителя препарата составил 1 л/м2 с концентрацией по препарату 0,2%. Изучаемые инсектициды показали высокую эффективность в борьбе с ранневесенними вредителями. Биологическая эффективность протравителя Круйзер, КС составила на седьмой день – 71%, четырнадцатый – 82%, на двадцать первый – 88,5%. Биологическая эффективность препарата Актара, ВДГ была на седьмой день – 98%, на четырнадцатый – 100%, на двадцать первый – 98% и на тридцатый – 92%. Применение превентивных методов защиты (протравливание семян и пролив кассет перед высадкой рассады в открытый грунт) позволило защитить наиболее уязвимую стадию развития капусты – всходы и молодые растения – на срок до одного месяца. Применение инсектицидов такими способами может способствовать сокращению расходов на защитные мероприятия, снижению пестицидной нагрузки на агроценоз и степени воздействия с.-х. техники на почву за счет уменьшения количества обработок. The article presents the results of research on the protection of white cabbage from cruciferous fleas with seedless and seedling methods of its cultivation. The study of seed treatment with the insecticide Kruiser, CS was carried out on plants of the Finish hybrid. Seeds were etched with the preparation at a rate of 20 l/t (20 ml/kg) 6 days before sowing. In the control, the seeds were treated with water. To assess the effectiveness of the strait of cassettes with cabbage seedlings drug Aktara, plants were grown in standard cassettes. The insecticide was used by the way of the strait 1 day before planting seedlings in the open ground. The consumption of the working liquid according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the drug was 1 liter/1m2 with a concentration of 0,2%. The studied insecticides showed high efficiency in the fight against early spring pests. The biological effectiveness of the Kruiser, CS mordant was 71% on day 7, 82% on day 14, and 88.5% on day 21. The biological efficacy of the drug Actara, VDC was 98% on day 7, 100% on day 14, 98% on day 21, and 92% on day 30. The use of preventive methods of protection (seed treatment and watering cassett before planting seedlings in the open ground) allowed to protect the most vulnerable stage of cabbage development: shoots and young plants for up to 1 month.
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Schenck, Lara A., Matthew G. Bakker, Thomas B. Moorman, and Thomas C. Kaspar. "Effects of cover crop presence, cover crop species selection and fungicide seed treatment on corn seedling growth." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 2 (2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000345.
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AbstractCover crops can offer erosion protection as well as soil and environmental quality benefits. Cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) is the most commonly used winter cover crop in corn–soybean rotations in the upper Midwest of the USA because of its superior winter hardiness and growth at cool temperatures. Cereal rye cover crops, however, can occasionally have negative impacts on the yield of a following corn crop, which discourages broader adoption and introduces substantial risk for corn farmers employing cover crops. We hypothesized that because cereal rye shares some pathogens with corn, it may be causing increased disease in corn seedlings planted soon after cereal rye termination. To test this, we performed a series of experiments in a controlled environment chamber to assess the response of corn seedlings with and without a commercial fungicide seed treatment to the presence of cereal rye or other species of cover crops that were terminated with herbicide prior to corn planting. Our results indicate that under cool and wet conditions, cereal rye reduces corn seedling growth performance and increases incidence of corn seedling root disease. Fungicide seed treatment had limited efficacy in preventing these effects, perhaps because environmental conditions were set to be very conducive for disease development. However, hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth) and winter canola (Brassica napusL.) cover crops had fewer negative impacts on corn seedlings compared with cereal rye. Thus, to expand the practice of cover cropping before corn, it should become a research priority to develop alternative management practices to reduce the risk of corn seedling root infection following cereal rye cover crops. Over the longer term, testing, selection and breeding efforts should identify potential cover crop species or genotypes that are able to match the winter hardiness, growth at cool temperatures and the conservation and environmental quality benefits of cereal rye, while avoiding the potential for negative impacts on corn seedlings when environmental conditions are suitable for disease development.
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Fisher, James T., Gregory A. Fancher, and Earl F. Aldon. "Factors affecting establishment of one-seed juniper (Juniperusmonosperma) on surface-mined lands in New Mexico." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 7 (1990): 880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-118.
Full textAbstract:
Containerized one-seed juniper (Juniperusmonosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.) were planted on two northern New Mexico mine spoils to evaluate effects of establishment methods and postplanting site conditions on seedling survival and growth. Establishment factors included planting date, mulch, fertilizer regimes, and seedling protection. Wood chip mulch and animal protection provided by rigid plastic mesh tubes or plastic netting improved juniper survival, growth, or both, depending on the study. The forms and rates of fertilizers tested provided no benefits and sometimes decreased survival. Juniper fertilization at planting stimulated the growth of reseeded grass and resulted in greater competition. Perennial weeds that invaded a mechanically cleared planting site also reduced juniper growth and survival. Results point to the need to consider the adverse effects associated with fertilization, time of planting, and order of grass and juniper revegetation.
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GC Upadhaya, Sudha, Venkataramana Chapara, Mukhlesur Rahman, and Luis E. del Río Mendoza. "Efficacy of Fungicide Seed Treatments in Controlling Blackleg of Canola." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 3 (2019): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-19-0031-rs.
Full textAbstract:
The efficacy of five fungicide seed treatments as a management tool against blackleg on spring canola was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions in North Dakota. Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, inflicts the greatest yield losses when infecting seedlings before they reach the six-leaf growth stage. In greenhouse studies, 10-day-old seedlings were inoculated with L. maculans spore suspensions and evaluated 12 days later and at maturity or inoculated 12, 20, or 28 days after planting and evaluated at maturity. In field trials conducted in 2017 and 2018, severity was assessed at maturity. In the greenhouse, all fungicide seed treatments reduced (P = 0.05) disease severity at the seedling stage, but only the protection provided by Obvius (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + metalaxyl) and Helix Vibrance (mefenoxam + fludioxonil + sedaxane + difenoconazole + thiamethoxam) reduced (P < 0.05) severity at the adult stage; however, none of them provide effective protection when plants were inoculated 20 days after planting or later. In field trials, none of the treatments significantly (P > 0.05) improved plant stand and yield or reduced disease incidence and severity. Although fungicide seed treatment is a valuable tool, it should not be used as the only method to manage blackleg disease.
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Radzikowska, Dominika, Monika Grzanka, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski, et al. "Influence of SDHI Seed Treatment on the Physiological Conditions of Spring Barley Seedlings under Drought Stress." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (2020): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050731.
Full textAbstract:
Seed treatments help reduce the pathogen load and thus improve the condition of plants from their earliest developmental stages, but they can have impacts beyond their basic fungicide protection role. In this study, we investigated how seven spring barley seed treatments affected the plants’ physiological state. The tested seed treatments differed significantly in their impacts on the vigor parameters of barley seeds and on the physiological state of seedlings under drought stress and after regeneration. Seed treatments based on substances from the succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibitors (SDHI) group did not cause inhibition of seedling growth and also display by the highest vigor index values. Using the analysis of photosynthesis-related parameters, we showed that seed treatments from the SDHI group provided a superior tolerance of the imposed drought in spring barley than other treatments. In addition to protection against abiotic stress, SDHI treatments also rendered a higher efficiency of photochemical reactions in the treated plants.
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Kimball, Bruce A., Fred Pfund, Mark Gourley, Doreen L. Griffin, and John H. Russell. "Silvicultural Attempts to Induce Browse Resistance in Conifer Seedlings." International Journal of Forestry Research 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/108529.
Full textAbstract:
A multiyear study was conducted to determine if soil amendment combined with topical application of elemental sulfur could be employed to reduce deer browse damage to four conifer species. Fertilizer and sulfur were applied to conifer seedlings at seven sites near Corvallis, OR. Growth and browse damage data were collected for all seedlings over a period of 17 months. Additionally, foliar concentrations of monoterpenes and simple carbohydrates were assessed in western redcedar (Thuja plicata) seedlings over a period of three years. Fertilization and sulfur treatments had a moderate impact on growth and no influence on browse damage or the chemical responses. Over the course of the study, browse damage diminished while foliar monoterpene concentrations increased in redcedar. It appears that silvicultural manipulation via sulfur application and/or soil amendment cannot accelerate or alter the ontogenetical changes that may naturally defend seedlings against mammalian herbivores. In a brief trial with captive deer, redcedar browse resistance was influenced by seedling maturation, but not monoterpene content. Other maturation effects may yield significant browse protection to young seedlings.
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Zhang, P. G., J. C. Sutton, and R. A. Fletcher. "Paclobutrazol protects black spruce seedlings against predisposition to gray mold induced by high temperature and drought." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 5 (1994): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-135.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of paclobutrazol on the ability of high temperature and drought to predispose black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.R) seedlings to infection and sporulation of Botrytiscinerea Pers.:Fr. were examined. Paclobutrazol was applied as a soil drench at doses of 0, 20, and 40 mg/seedling pair on the first and third days of 2- and 4-week periods before the seedlings were subjected to darkness at 35 and 45 °C, or to drought, for various periods and inoculated with the pathogen. The paclobutrazol treatments markedly reduced sporulation incidence and the number of spores produced by the pathogen on needles of seedlings subjected to the environmental stresses for periods that marginally or moderately exceeded those needed for predisposition to B. cinerea. Sporulation in needles of paclobutrazol-treated seedlings increased substantially only when the stress treatments were relatively prolonged. The activity of paclobutrazol in suppressing effects of environmental predisposition of the seedlings to infection and sporulation of B. cinerea was considered to be mediated through stress protection as opposed to fungicidal action of the triazole.
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Pitt, Douglas G., Timothy Meyer, Mya Park, Linda MacDonald, Teresa Buscarini, and Dean G. Thompson. "Application of slow-release tablets to enhance white pine regeneration: growth response and efficacy against white pine blister rust." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (2006): 684–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-278.
Full textAbstract:
Three field studies were established in northeastern Ontario to test the ability of slow-release tablets to provide prophylactic protection against white pine blister rust (caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) and thereby improve the long-term survival, health, and growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings. Experimental treatments included factorial rate combinations the fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®), the insecticide imidacloprid (Merit®), and fertilizer (NPK, 15:8.5:3.75). Mean foliar fungicide residues increased to maximal levels (0.21 to 3.1 µg/g fresh mass (fm)) within 1 to 2 years posttreatment and declined markedly to <0.3 µg/g fm 3 to 4 years posttreatment. Dose-dependent and temporal trends observed in foliar residue levels were reflected by parallel trends in efficacy. At ≥2000 ppm triadimefon, infection rates were reduced to between 35% and 70% and mortality rates were reduced to between 6% and 52% over seven growing seasons across the three sites. In contrast, untreated seedlings had infection rates between 60% and 98% and mortality rates between 30% and 90%. Neither fungicide nor insecticide treatments had significant effects on surviving seedling growth. Differences in fungicide uptake, disease incidence, and seedling growth in response to fertilization were observed among the three sites. Direct weed control, provided at one site, appeared to offer relatively greater health and growth benefits than fertilization.