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Moreira, Laise S., and Matthew D. Clark. "Embryo Rescue of Cold-hardy Table Grapes." HortScience 56, no. 9 (2021): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15850-21.
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Seedlessness is one of the most desirable traits for table and raisin grapes. Stenospermocarpic cultivars are desirable because they have large berries with superior quality. Embryo rescue techniques have been widely used to get progeny seedling populations from crosses using seedless mother plants. Selection of the female parent, sampling time, and the growth medium are the most crucial to the success of this technique. This study investigated the effect of best sampling time and media composition on embryo rescue efficiency in a cold-hardy hybrid grape breeding program. We sampled ovules 5 to 9 weeks after flowering, and we tested four media compositions. The greatest percentages of embryo germination and normal seedlings were obtained when ovules were harvest at 8 weeks after flowering, indicating that it is suitable to harvest ovules at veraison, when the extraction of ovules is easier as a result of softer berry flesh. For the media composition experiment, all ovules were harvested at 8 weeks after flowering. Nitsch & Nitsch culture medium had very low germination, and the resulting seedlings performed the lowest compared with the other treatments. Lloyd & McCown Woody Plant Basal Medium (WPM) increased the number of embryos germinated significantly, and a number of normal seedlings and plantlets developed. Although there was no significant difference among the other three media containing WPM supplemented with different doses of plant regulators, the WPM Plus medium [with cytokinin (6-benzlaminopurine), indole-3-butyric acid, gibberellin, and casein hydrolysate] promoted the greatest percentage of established plants (46.98%). Therefore, the 8-weeks-after-flowering harvest time and the WPM Plus medium were selected for use in the embryo rescue protocol at the University of Minnesota grape breeding program.
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Ferreira e Silva, Nathália, Israel Marinho Pereira, Miranda Titon, Márcio Leles Romarco de Oliveira, Marcelo Luiz Laia, and Luana Cristielle Araújo. "RESGATE DE MUDAS DE Lychnophora pohlii COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA RECUPERAÇÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO DE CAMPO RUPESTRE." FLORESTA 45, no. 3 (2015): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v45i3.31949.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tamanho da planta resgatada e dos níveis de redução foliar na sobrevivência, crescimento e emissão de folhas em mudas de arnica obtidas via resgate em um remanescente de campo rupestre. Foram resgatados 240 indivíduos, os quais foram divididos em duas classes de altura (Classe I – 2,5 a 20 cm e Classe II – 25 a 55 cm) e submetidos a três intensidades de redução foliar (0%, 50% e 100%). As medições de altura, diâmetro e emissão de novas folhas foram realizadas em nove tempos (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 dias) e a avaliação da sobrevivência aos 120 dias. A taxa média de sobrevivência foi de 49,2%, sendo maior na Classe I e não apresentando diferença estatística quanto aos três tipos de redução foliar. A emissão de folhas foi maior nos indivíduos que sofreram redução foliar, observando-se uma diminuição ao longo do tempo, ao contrário das mudas com 0% de redução, que tiveram um crescimento linear. Portanto, é aconselhável que o resgate de mudas de arnica seja realizado para plantas com tamanho entre 2,5 e 20 cm, sem necessidade de redução foliar.AbstractEvaluation of the arnica plant rescue as an alternative to conservation and restoration of campo rupestre ecosystems. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of rescued plant size and levels of reduction in leaf survival, growth, and insertion of leaves in seedlings of Arnica obtained via salvage in a remnant of Campo Rupestre. We rescued 240 individuals and these were divided into two classes’ height (Class I - 2.5 to 20 cm and Class II - 25 - 55 cm) and subjected to three levels of reduction leaf (0%, 50% and 100%). The measurements of height and diameter and new leaves emission were collected at nine times (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120), and evaluation of survival at 120 days. The average survival rate was 49.2%, higher in Class I and had no significant difference regarding the three types of leaf reduction. The emission sheet was higher in subjects experiencing a leaf reduction observing a decrease over time, unlike the seedling with 0% reduction, which increased linearly. Therefore, it is advisable a size between 2.5 and 20 cm for the rescue of arnica seedling plant, without leaf reduction. Keywords: Lychnophora pohlii; seedlings production; leaf reduction; height class.
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Mathers, H. M., and C. Stushnoff. "Screening Malus Seedlings for Cold Hardiness." HortScience 40, no. 2 (2005): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.2.318.
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Twelve-week-old Malus seedlings were induced to cold harden by exposure to low temperature and freezing environments. The effectiveness of induced acclimation by exposure to stimuli such as low temperature (3 to 5 °C), frequency of exposure to freezing temperatures (-3 °C), storage time before and after induction and the effects of different screening temperatures (-20, -30, and -40 °C) were investigated with seedlings grown in a greenhouse from open-pollinated `Golden Delicious' apple (Malus pumila (Mill.), `Antonovka' apple (M. baccata (L.) Borkh. × (M. pumila) and `Rescue' apple (M. baccata) × (M. pumila). Differentiation of the seedling populations with respect to cold hardiness was not achieved until after acclimation at cool temperatures (3 to 5 °C) for 6 weeks. Further population differentiation was achieved by exposure to one or more frosts (-3 °C). Once the acclimation response had been initiated the seedlings could be held for up to 11 days, under the same conditions, with no significant decrease in hardiness. Hardiness levels of acclimated and nonacclimated open pollinated seedlings coincided with known inherent hardiness responses for all three maternal cultivars evaluated. A binomial form of regrowth data collection, percent seedling survival, was determined to be the most efficient and most precise measure of evaluation. Induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings and the use of a controlled freeze testing protocol should facilitate rapid screening of large progenies and improve the rate of progress in breeding for cold hardiness.
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NIIMI, Yoshiji, Masaru NAKANO, and Masashi GOTO. "Comparison of Seedling Production among Several Embryo-rescue Techniques in Lilium formosanum Wallace." Plant tissue culture letters 12, no. 3 (1995): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology1984.12.317.
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Ruan, Jiuxiao, Huhui Chen, Tao Zhu, et al. "Brassinosteroids repress the seed maturation program during the seed-to-seedling transition." Plant Physiology 186, no. 1 (2021): 534–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab089.
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Abstract In flowering plants, repression of the seed maturation program is essential for the transition from the seed to the vegetative phase, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The B3-domain protein VIVIPAROUS1/ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3-LIKE 1 (VAL1) is involved in repressing the seed maturation program. Here we uncovered a molecular network triggered by the plant hormone brassinosteroid (BR) that inhibits the seed maturation program during the seed-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). val1-2 mutant seedlings treated with a BR biosynthesis inhibitor form embryonic structures, whereas BR signaling gain-of-function mutations rescue the embryonic structure trait. Furthermore, the BR-activated transcription factors BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 bind directly to the promoter of AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15), which encodes a transcription factor involved in activating the seed maturation program, and suppress its expression. Genetic analysis indicated that BR signaling is epistatic to AGL15 and represses the seed maturation program by downregulating AGL15. Finally, we showed that the BR-mediated pathway functions synergistically with the VAL1/2-mediated pathway to ensure the full repression of the seed maturation program. Together, our work uncovered a mechanism underlying the suppression of the seed maturation program, shedding light on how BR promotes seedling growth.
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Miller, A. Raymond, Joseph C. Scheereus, Patricia S. Erb, and Craig K. Chandler. "Enhanced Strawberry Seed Germination through in Vitro Culture of Cut Achenes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 2 (1992): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.2.313.
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A tissue culture protocol was developed that increased the germination percentage and decreased the lag time to germination for strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) achenes. This technique involved cutting surface-sterilized achenes across the embryo axis then placing the shoot apex/radicle-containing sections on semisolid Murashige and Skoog medium lacking hormones. Cut achenes began germinating 5 days after culture and achieved maximum germination (97% to 100%) in less than 2 weeks, compared to whole achenes, which began to germinate 7 to 10 days after sowing and required more than 7 weeks for maximum germination (<50%). Enhanced germination of cut achenes was a general phenomenon since achenes from 231 hybrid crosses responded similarly. Following placement on culture medium, cut achenes could be stored up to 8 weeks at 4C then removed to 27C, where germination and seedling development occurred at percentages and rates comparable to freshly cut achenes. Achenes did not require stratification before cutting to exhibit increased germination. Nearly 100% of the achenes from freshly harvested red-ripe, pink and white strawberries germinated after cutting and culture, although cut achenes from white and pink berries germinated more slowly than those from red-ripe berries. Achenes from green berries, whether whole or cut, did not germinate. This method of “embryo rescue” could be used to generate more seedlings from poorly germinating hybrid crosses, would considerably decrease the time from sowing to seedling production compared to traditional means, and would produce seedlings of uniform age for subsequent field evaluation.
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Viloria, Z., J. W. Grosser, and B. Bracho. "Immature embryo rescue, culture and seedling development of acid citrus fruit derived from interploid hybridization." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 82, no. 2 (2005): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-005-0153-x.
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Sykes, SR, and WJ Lewis. "Comparing Imperial mandarin and Silverhill satsuma mandarin as seed parents in a breeding program aimed at developing new seedless citrus cultivars for Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 6 (1996): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960731.
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In a breeding program aimed at developing new seedless citrus cultivars, crosses were conducted between Silverhill satsuma and Imperial mandarin as seed parents, and sweet orange and pummelo cultivars as pollen parents. Poncirus trifoliata pollen was also used to provide a morphological marker to compare each seed parent's ability to produce hybrid seedlings. Both Silverhill and Imperial can produce seedless fruits. Methods used to produce and identify hybrids highlighted the relative ease with which either can be used as a seed parent. Imperial mandarin produced more seeds per fruit (mean >8) than Silverhill satsuma (mean <4), thus requiring fewer controlled pollinations to produce desired numbers of hybrids. Germination rates of Imperial-cross seeds were generally greater than for Silverhill-cross seeds. A single seedling emerged from every Imperial-cross seed that germinated, demonstrating the monoembryonic nature of Imperial seeds. All Imperial x P. trifoliata seedlings were hybrids, confirmed by their trifoliate leaves. From this, all seedlings from other Imperial-cross seeds were assumed to be hybrids. By contrast, embryo rescue after in vitro germination demonstrated the polyembryonic nature of the Silverhill-cross seeds. Mean embryo number per Silverhill seed varied from 3.6 to 12.0 between crosses, and from 2 to 30 between seeds within crosses. About 50% of all embryos from Silverhill-cross seeds were rescued and retained for hybrid identification. Silverhill hybrids were identified visually and/or by isozyme banding patterns. Silverhill x pumrnelo hybrids were identified or confirmed using glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and phosphoglucomutase isozymes. Silverhill x Sweet orange hybrids were identified using isocitrate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase or shikimic acid dehydrogenase (SKD) isozymes, although the banding patterns for SKD isozymes were complex and difficult to interpret genetically. Thirty-three Silverhill satsuma hybrids were identified. This represented a hybrid recovery rate of 11.15% compared with >90% for every Imperial-cross combination.
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Ramming, David W., Richard L. Emershad, and Ronald Tarailo. "A Stenospermocarpic, Seedless Vitis vinifera × Vitis rotundifolia Hybrid Developed by Embryo Rescue." HortScience 35, no. 4 (2000): 732–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.732.
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Hybridizations between seedless Vitis vinifera L. genotypes and V. rotundifolia (Michx.) were made specifically to introgress the seedless trait into the disease-resistant background of V. rotundifolia. The seedless, gynoecious P79-101 was hybridized with three V. rotundifolia parents, producing a total of 102 ovules. From these ovules, 44 embryos developed, producing 20 plants. Isozyme analyses and morphological traits confirmed that 19 of the plants were hybrids. Sixteen were planted in an experimental vineyard at California State Univ. Fresno. One seedling, C41-5, produced seedless fruit that appeared to be stenospermocarpic based on fruit and aborted seed size. Fruit weight was slightly less than that of `Thompson Seedless' (stenospermocarpic) and at least twice that of parthenocarpic fruit of `Black Corinth' and C41-7, a seeded hybrid with many parthenocarpic fruit. Aborted seeds of C41-5 were larger than, but not significantly different from, those of `Thompson Seedless', while parthenocarpic fruit from `Black Corinth' and C41-7 had aborted seeds that were smaller than those of C41-5. Seed weight of C41-7 averaged almost 10 times that of aborted C41-5 seeds. This is the first report of a stenospermocarpic, seedless hybrid of V. vinifera × V. rotundifolia.
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Byrne, David H., Marissa Rizzo, Katrina Porter, David Ramming, Natalie Anderson, and Jonathan Sinclair. "In Ovule Culture in Peach: Embryo Perforation, Duration of Culture, and Media Effects on Seed Growth and Seedling Survival." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 460f—461. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.460f.
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In the breeding of early maturing peach and nectarine cultivars, the use of embryo rescue techniques is invaluable since the embryos of these materials are not mature by the time the fruit is mature. Thus the seed does not germinate under normal stratification/germination procedures. Peach embryos between 3 and 6 mm in length were cultured in ovule on WPM under treatments that varied in sucrose levels (4% and 6%),the use of vitamins (casein hydrosylate, ascorbic acid, and panthotenic acid) and hormones (BAP and GA3), and the duration of the treatment (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). A five-seed sample was measured for length, fresh weight, and dry weight before and after treatment. The treated embryos were then cultured in a embryo rescue media (WPM, 3% sucrose) at 5 °C for 45 days in the dark and then brought out to room temperature under lights (12-h day). After 2 to 4 weeks the embryos were rated for germination, size, and root number. Embryo perforation treatment resulted in larger embryos but not in better germination than the smaller unperforated embryos. Among the embryos cultured without perforation, the addition of vitamins and hormones caused the production of plants with more roots and shoots but not necessarily with better survival. Both levels of sucrose worked reasonable well. As the time of in ovule treatment increased, embryo growth and plant survival was enhanced.
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Bridgen, Mark P. "692 Plant Embryo Culture Techniques and Applications." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 518C—518. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.518c.
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Traditional and biotechnological breeding techniques are being united to develop exciting new plants and to improve existing cultivated plants by introducing natural variability from germplasm resources. Intervarietal, interspecific and intergeneric crosses can be accomplished by using plant embryo culture techniques, sometimes also referred to as embryo rescue. Embryo culture involves the isolation and growth of immature or mature zygotic embryos under sterile conditions on an aseptic nutrient medium with the goal of obtaining a viable plant. The technique depends on isolating the embryo without injury, formulating a suitable nutrient medium, and inducing continued embryogenic growth and seedling formation. The culture of immature embryos is used to rescue embryos from hybrid crosses that were once thought to be incompatible because they would normally abort or not undergo the progressive sequence of ontogeny. The culture of mature embryos from ripened seeds is used to eliminate seed germination inhibitors, to overcome dormancy restrictions, or to shorten the breeding cycle. New and exciting cultivars of Alstroemeria, also known as Lily-of-the-Incas, Inca Lily, or Peruvian Lily, have been bred by using zygotic embryo culture; these techniques and applications will be discussed.
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Levine, Eli, and Hassan Oloumi-Sadeghi. "Field Evaluation of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Against Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae In Field Corn." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 4 (1992): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.4.427.
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An entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain (BioVector®), applied at two rates (1.25 and 2.5 × 109 nematodes/ha) was compared with several registered insecticides for controlling black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), larvae during the 1991 growing season in Illinois. Fonofos, tefluthrin and chlorpyrifos were applied at planting time; permethrin and the two rates of nematodes were applied as postemergence rescue treatments. The nematodes generally performed as well as or better than the conventional insecticides in controlling black cutworm larval injury to seedling corn. Bioassays with black cutworm larvae showed that nematode efficacy was lost 8 days after application in the field. Entomopathogenic nematodes hold promise for controlling black cutworms in corn, particularly for corn grown under irrigation.
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Tabi Mbi, Kingsley, Libert Brice Tonfack, Godswill Ntsomboh Ntsefong, et al. "Mature zygotic embryo rescue improves in vitro germination and seedling production in high value oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cultivars." Industrial Crops and Products 94 (December 2016): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.002.
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Nijjer, Somereet, William E. Rogers, and Evan Siemann. "Negative plant–soil feedbacks may limit persistence of an invasive tree due to rapid accumulation of soil pathogens." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (2007): 2621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0804.
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Soil organisms influence plant species coexistence and invasion potential. Plant–soil feedbacks occur when plants change soil community composition such that interactions with that soil community in turn may positively or negatively affect the performance of conspecifics. Theories predict and studies show that invasions may be promoted by stronger negative soil feedbacks for native compared with exotic species. We present a counter-example of a successful invader with strong negative soil feedbacks apparently caused by host-specific, pathogenic soil fungi. Using a feedback experiment in pots, we investigated whether the relative strength of plant–soil feedbacks experienced by a non-native woody invader, Sapium sebiferum , differed from several native tree species by examining their performance in soils collected near conspecifics (‘home soils’) or heterospecifics (‘away soils’) in the introduced range. Sapium seedlings, but no native seedlings, had lower survival and biomass in its home soils compared with soils of other species (‘negative feedback’). To investigate biotic agents potentially responsible for the observed negative feedbacks, we conducted two additional experiments designed to eliminate different soil taxa (‘rescue experiments’). We found that soil sterilization (pot experiment) or soil fungicide applications (pot and field experiments) restored Sapium performance in home soil thereby eliminating the negative feedbacks we observed in the original experiment. Such negative feedbacks apparently mediated by soil fungi could have important effects on persistence of this invader by limiting Sapium seedling success in Sapium dominated forests (home soils) though their weak effects in heterospecific (away) soils suggest a weak role in limiting initial establishment.
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Wang, Xiping, Dingming Kang, Suhua Feng, Giovanna Serino, Claus Schwechheimer, and Ning Wei. "CSN1 N-Terminal–dependent Activity Is Required for Arabidopsis Development But Not for Rub1/Nedd8 Deconjugation of Cullins: A Structure-Function Study of CSN1 Subunit of COP9 Signalosome." Molecular Biology of the Cell 13, no. 2 (2002): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.01-08-0427.
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The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multifunctional protein complex essential for arabidopsis development. One of its functions is to promote Rub1/Nedd8 deconjugation from the cullin subunit of the Skp1-cullin-F-box ubiquitin ligase. Little is known about the specific role of its eight subunits in deneddylation or any of the physiological functions of CSN. In the absence of CSN1 (thefus6 mutant), arabidopsis CSN complex cannot assemble, which destabilizes multiple CSN subunits and contributes, together with the loss of CSN1, to the phenotype of fus6. To distinguish CSN1-specific functions, we attempted to rescue the complex formation with deletion or point-mutation forms of CSN1 expressed as transgenes in fus6. We show that the central domain of CSN1 is critical for complex assembly, whereas the C-terminal domain has a supporting role. By expressing the C231 fragment, which contains the structural information but lacks the presumed functional domain located at the N terminus, we have rescued the complex formation and restored the Rub1/Nedd8 deconjugation activity on cullins (fus6/C231). Nonetheless, fus6/C231exhibits pleiotropic phenotype, including photomorphogenic defects and growth arrest at seedling stage. We conclude that CSN1 N-terminal domain is not required for the Rub1/Nedd8 deconjugation activity of cullins, but contributes to a significant aspect of CSN functions that are essential for plant development.
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Whelan, Ernest D. P., and G. B. Schaalje. "Chilling injury and chlorotic reactions of euploids and aneuploids of the group 6 homoeologues of common wheat." Genome 35, no. 3 (1992): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-069.
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Aneuploid seedlings of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Chinese Spring (CS) that are nullisomic or telosomic for the long arm of chromosome 6D are susceptible to chilling injury under prolonged exposure to 6 °C; normal euploids or telosomics for the short arm are not. Studies of seedling grown for various durations at 20 °C prior to growth at 6 °C showed that chilling injury was a juvenile phenomenon and that the extent of injury was inversely proportional to the duration of growth at 20 °C to a maximum of about 14 days. When reciprocal crosses were made between susceptible 6D nullisomics or long-arm ditelocentrics of CS and resistant 6D nullisomics of three spring and one winter wheat cultivars, progenies from aneuploid F1 hybrids all segregated for susceptibility as a recessive trait and at a frequency approximating a dihybrid ratio; no cytoplasmic effects were detected. Aneuploids of the group 6 homoeologues of the spring wheat cvs. Cadet and Rescue were resistant, as were group 6 whole-chromosome substitutions of eight different donor wheats in the recipient parent CS and 56 other euploids tested. Genes for resistance to chilling injury appear to involve the group 6 chromosomes and the short arm of 6D in Chinese Spring. In contrast with chilling injury, all aneuploid lines with only four doses of the "corroded" loci on group 6 chromosomes exhibited chlorotic symptoms.Key words: Triticum aestivum, chilling injury.
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Kodikara, Arachchilage, Pulukkutige Loku, Pathmasiri Ranasinghe, Madarasinghe Kanishka, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas, and Nico Koedam. "Stress-induced carbon starvation in Rhizophora mucronata Lam. seedlings under conditions of prolonged submergence and water deficiency: Survive or succumb." Botanica Serbica 44, no. 2 (2020): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2002149k.
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The behaviour of carbohydrate metabolism in a plant, particularly its total starch content, total soluble sugar (TSS) content and their utilisation, is of great importance in coping with abiotic stress conditions. With this in mind, we studied total starch and TSS contents, survival, growth, biomass accumulation and stomatal conductance in Rhizophora mucronata under conditions of prolonged submergence and water stress for a period of 11 months. The experiment was designed in such a way as to include three replicates per each treatment level, about 1600 young mangrove plants being subjected to study in the process. Under conditions of prolonged submergence and high levels of water stress, a small number of mangrove plants survived and they were promptly exhausted due to higher starch utilisation rates (0.75-1.05% dry mass/month). Although TSS content was increased under these intense stress conditions, it was not matched by increased seedling growth or biomass production; instead, a significant reduction in growth (i.e., ~78%) and dry matter content was observed in stressed seedlings as compared to young plants in the respective controls. It follows that the intense increase of TSS content might be due to the direct conversion of starch to soluble sugars in order to produce metabolic energy for tolerance mechanisms like osmoregulation and root anatomical adaptations under stress conditions. This indicates that more energy is allocated for plant maintenance than for growth and biomass production under stress conditions, which might be a good acclimatory strategy to rescue young mangrove plants at the early phase. However, stomatal closure under stress conditions may have caused restricted photosynthesis. Therefore, stress-induced starch degradation may upsurge, which in turn might lead in the long-run to carbon starvation, a condition lethal to mangrove seedlings.
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Klčová, L., and M. Gubišová. "Evaluation of different approaches to buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) micropropagation." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 44, No. 2 (2008): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2677-cjgpb.
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Plant regeneration by different techniques was evaluated in three buckwheat cultivars: indirect regeneration from cotyledons and hypocotyls, direct regeneration by nodal segment cultivation and induction of multiple shoots from seedling apices. Regenerated shoots were obtained in all procedures. The effects of BA (6-benzylaminopurine), media composition and gelling agent were tested. The regeneration efficiency of shoot apex culture was 2.65&ndash;3.33 nodal segments/explant. Cotyledon and hypocotyl segments produced 1.25&ndash;2.44 shoots per explant plated. Nodal segment cultivation yielded 4.1&ndash;4.8 new nodal segments/explant in 4 weeks. Eighty percent of shoots rooted on the basal medium. Rooting was improved (up to 95.6%) by IBA (3-indolebutyric acid) addition to the culture medium. Regenerated plantlets were transferred to the soil. The most efficient and simple micropropagation of buckwheat was nodal segment cultivation on MS medium solidified by agar with the addition of 1 mg/l BA. This method is advisable for rapid multiplication, in vitro conservation or rescue of genetic resources.
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Völker, Axel, York-Dieter Stierhof, and Gerd Jürgens. "Cell cycle-independent expression of theArabidopsiscytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE results in mistargeting to the plasma membrane and is not sufficient for cytokinesis." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 16 (2001): 3001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.16.3001.
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The Arabidopsis KNOLLE gene encodes a cytokinesis-specific syntaxin that localises to the plane of division and mediates cell-plate formation. KNOLLE mRNA and protein expression is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. To explore the significance of this regulation, we expressed KNOLLE protein under the control of two constitutive promoters, the flower-specific AP3 and the cauliflower mosaic virus 35Spromoter. The transgenic plants developed normally, although KNOLLEmRNA and protein accumulated to high levels in non-proliferating cells and protein was incorporated into membranes. Immunolocalisation studies in transgenic seedling roots revealed mistargeting of KNOLLE protein to the plasma membrane in tip-growing root hairs and in expanding root cells, whereas no mislocalisation was observed in proliferating cells. By comparative in situ hybridisation to embryo sections, the 35S promoter yielded, relative to the endogenous KNOLLE promoter, low levels of KNOLLE mRNA accumulation in proliferating cells that were insufficient to rescue cytokinesis-defective knolle mutant embryos. Our results suggest that in wild type, strong expression of KNOLLE protein during M phase is necessary to ensure efficient vesicle fusion during cytokinesis.
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Palacios, Alejandro Martínez, Raúl Cárdenas Navarro, Diana Beatriz Hernández Ortega, and Víctor Chávez Avila. "Micropropagation of Turbinicarpus valdezianus (Möeller) Glass & Foster (Cactaceae) an Endemic Cactus in Northern Mexico." HortScience 51, no. 1 (2016): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.1.94.
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An in vitro clonal propagation protocol based on axillary bud development was generated for Turbinicarpus valdezianus. An efficient multiplication rate was obtained using either longitudinal or apical explants from in vitro germinated seedlings. The proliferation capacity of these explants was evaluated by testing the single and interaction effects of five concentrations of 6-furfurylaminopurine (KIN) (0.00, 2.32, 4.64, 9.28, and 18.56 µm) and three concentrations of α-naphthalenacetic acid (NAA) (0.00, 0.54, and 2.70 µm), using Murashige and Skoog (MS) as basal medium. Statistical analysis showed that the highest average shoot proliferation of T. valdezianus was recorded with 9.28 µm of KIN, producing 11.75 and 4.50 plantlets per initial explant, for apical and lateral explants, respectively. Addition of NAA to the medium had an inhibitory effect on shoot proliferation for both explant types. The developed shoots in 9.28 µm of KIN and plant growth regulator (PGR)-free treatments were used for a rooting subculture phase. These shoots were then transferred to PGR-free MS medium, resulting in statistically significant different rooting frequencies of 78% and 97%, respectively. When transplanted in soil, the rooted shoots showed an average survival rate of 90%, without any significant statistical differences between treatments. This propagation protocol has the capacity to produce near to 21 plantlets per seedling in 27 weeks, i.e., 11.78 and 9.00 plantlets per apical and lateral explants, respectively, without callus or adventitious shoot formation. These features made it highly attractive as an in vitro clonal propagation method for T. valdezianus plants and the later implementation of a rescue program for threatened wild populations of this cacti species.
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Soni, Anjali, Anil Kumar Dubey, Ankit Gupta, et al. "Optimizing embryo age and media for enhancing hybrid seedling recovery in sour orange ( Citrus aurantium ) × Sacaton citrumelo ( C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata ) crosses through embryo rescue." Plant Breeding 138, no. 3 (2019): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12690.
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Li, Hongyu, Xiaojuan Liu, Minghu Zhang, et al. "Development and identification of new syntheticT. turgidum–T. monococcumamphiploids." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 6 (2018): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262118000175.
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AbstractTriticum monococcumssp.monococcumhas useful traits for bread wheat improvement. The synthesis ofTriticum turgidum–T. monococcumamphiploids is an essential step for transferring genes fromT. monococcuminto bread wheat. In this study, 264 wide hybridization combinations were done by crossing 60T. turgidumlines belonging to five subspecies with 83T. monococcumaccessions. Without embryo rescue and hormone treatment, from the 10,810 florets pollinated, 1983 seeds were obtained, with a mean crossability of 18.34% (range 0–89.29%). Many hybrid seeds (90.73%, 923/1017) could germinate and produce plants. A total of 56 new amphiploids (AABBAmAm) were produced by colchicine treatment ofT. turgidum×T. monococcumF1hybrids. The chromosome constitution of amphiploids was characterized by fluorescencein situhybridization using oligonucleotides probes with different chromosome and sub-chromosome specificities. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that theGlu-A1m-b,Glu-A1m-c,Glu-A1m-dandGlu-A1m-hproteins ofT. monococcumwere expressed in some amphiploids. Despite resistance reduction in several cases, 45 out of 56 amphiploids exhibited resistance to the current predominant Chinese stripe rust races at both the seedling and adult plant stage. These novel amphiploids provide new germplasm for the potential improvement of bread wheat quality and stripe rust resistance.
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Lee, Sanghwa, Inyup Paik, and Enamul Huq. "SPAs promote thermomorphogenesis by regulating the phyB-PIF4 module in Arabidopsis." Development 147, no. 19 (2020): dev189233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.189233.
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ABSTRACTHigh ambient temperature attributable to global warming has a profound influence on plant growth and development at all stages of the life cycle. The response of plants to high ambient temperature, termed thermomorphogenesis, is characterized by hypocotyl and petiole elongation and hyponastic growth at the seedling stage. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of thermomorphogenesis is still rudimentary. Here, we show that a set of four SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA) genes is required for thermomorphogenesis. Consistently, SPAs are necessary for global changes in gene expression in response to high ambient temperature. In the spaQ mutant at high ambient temperature, the level of SPA1 is unaffected, whereas the thermosensor phytochrome B (phyB) is stabilized. Furthermore, in the absence of four SPA genes, the pivotal transcription factor PIF4 fails to accumulate, indicating a role of SPAs in regulating the phyB-PIF4 module at high ambient temperature. SPA1 directly phosphorylates PIF4 in vitro, and a mutant SPA1 affecting the kinase activity fails to rescue the PIF4 level in addition to the thermo-insensitive phenotype of spaQ, suggesting that the SPA1 kinase activity is necessary for thermomorphogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that SPAs are new components that integrate light and temperature signaling by fine-tuning the phyB-PIF4 module.
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Wang, Richard R. C. "Diploid perennial intergeneric hybrids in the tribe Triticeae. IV. Hybrids among Thinopyrum bessarabicum, Pseudoroegneria spicata, and Secale montanum." Genome 30, no. 3 (1988): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-062.
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Diploid intergeneric hybrids among Thinopyrum bessarabicum, Pseudoroegneria spicata, and Secale montanum were synthesized with the aid of embryo rescue. Karyotype analyses of mitotic root-tip cells revealed that all satellited chromosomes in the J, S, and R genomes were present in their hybrid combinations, making it possible to identify these hybrids at the seedling stage. Spikes of these hybrids were intermediate to, but distinctly different from, those of the parental species. Meiotic chromosome associations at metaphase I in the pollen mother cells averaged 4.34 I + 2.77 rod II + 1.42 ring II + 0.24 III + 0.14 IV for P. spicata × T. bessarabicum; 11.05 I + 1.22 rod II + 0.04 ring II + 0.13 III + 0.01 IV for T. bessarabicum × S. montanum; and 12.98 I + 0.52 rod II + 0.01 III for P. spicata × S. montanum. These meiotic data suggest that the S genome of Pseudoroegneria and the J genome of Thinopyrum are more closely related to each other than they are with the R genome of Secale. The R genome is slightly closer to the J genome than to the S genome. Since these synthetic hybrids represent genomic combinations that may not exist in nature, their induced amphiploids should be created and evaluated.Key words: intergeneric hybrids, genome, phylogeny, Thinopyrum, Pseudoroegneria, Secale.
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Cai, Deyu, Ying Xu, Fei Zhao, Yan Zhang, Huirong Duan, and Xiaonong Guo. "Improved salt tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. contributed by Pseudomonas sp. strain M30-35." PeerJ 9 (January 13, 2021): e10702. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10702.
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Background Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can promote plant growth and enhance plant tolerance to salt stress. Pseudomonas sp. strain M30-35 might confer abiotic stress tolerance to its host plants. We evaluated the effects of M30-35 inoculation on the growth and metabolite accumulation of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. during salt stress growth conditions. Methods The effects of M30-35 on the growth of C. quinoa seedlings were tested under salt stress. Seedling growth parameters measured included chlorophyll content, root activity, levels of plant- phosphorus (P), and saponin content. Results M30-35 increased biomass production and root activity compared to non-inoculated plants fertilized with rhizobia and plants grown under severe salt stress conditions. The photosynthetic pigment content of chlorophyll a and b were higher in M30-35-inoculated C. quinoa seedlings under high salt stress conditions compared to non-inoculated seedlings. The stability of P content was also maintained. The content of saponin, an important secondary metabolite in C. quinoa, was increased by the inoculation of M30-35 under 300 mM NaCl conditions. Conclusion Inoculation of M30-35 rescues the growth diminution of C. quinoa seedlings under salt stress.
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Nunez-Palenius, Hector G., Daniel J. Cantliffe, Harry J. Klee, and Don J. Huber. "Embryo-rescue Culture in `Galia' Male Parental Line Melon [Cucumis melo (L.) var. reticulatus Ser.]." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1104B—1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1104b.
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Embryo abortion and empty seeds after self-pollination occur in some transgenic (ACO antisense) `Galia' male parental lines. An embryo-rescue system in this melon was developed to save potential viable embryos. To obtain the best and reliable embryo-rescue technique, several parameters were used including an improved (five new supplements) nutrient medium (named E-21) from the E-20A basic medium (Sauton and Dumax de Vaulx, 1987), an inoculation system (removing the embryo from the seed or intact seed), and the use of different fruit harvesting dates of the wild type and a transgenic `Galia' male parental line. Fruits of wild type (WT) and transgenic (ACO gene in antisense orientation) `Galia' male parental line were harvested at 4, 10, 17, 24, and 30 days after pollination (DAP). Fruits were surface sterilized by dipping in a 20% commercial bleach solution for 30 minutes. Subsequently, seeds were removed from fruit under sterile conditions. These seeds were either used to dissect the embryos or placed directly with the hilum facing E-20A or E-21 medium. Seedlings from all treatments were transferred to E-21 elongation medium, incubated 4 weeks, and transferred to soil to evaluate growth. The efficiency of this technique was greater when the time after pollination (4, 10, 17, 24, and 30 DAP) to rescue the embryos was increased. Thus, 30 DAP was the best time to rescue the embryos. The number of rescued embryos using E-21 medium was greater than with E-20A. We did not find any significant differences in survival efficiency rate between WT and transgenic embryos. We have obtained a competent embryo-rescue technique for WT and transgenic `Galia' male parental line, which can be applied to rescue valuable GMO hybrid-melon embryos.
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Kazibwe, Zakayo, Junmarie Soto-Burgos, Gustavo C. MacIntosh, and Diane C. Bassham. "TOR mediates the autophagy response to altered nucleotide homeostasis in an RNase mutant." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 22 (2020): 6907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa410.
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Abstract The Arabidopsis thaliana T2 family endoribonuclease RNS2 localizes to the vacuole and functions in rRNA degradation. Loss of RNS2 activity impairs rRNA turnover and leads to constitutive autophagy, a process for degradation of cellular components. Autophagy is normally activated during environmental stress and is important for stress tolerance and homeostasis. Here we show that restoration of cytosolic purine nucleotide levels rescues the constitutive autophagy phenotype of rns2-2 seedlings, whereas inhibition of purine synthesis induces autophagy in wild-type seedlings. rns2-2 seedlings have reduced activity of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase complex, a negative regulator of autophagy, and this phenotype is rescued by addition of inosine to increase purine levels. Activation of TOR in rns2-2 by exogenous auxin blocks the enhanced autophagy, indicating a possible involvement of the TOR signaling pathway in the activation of autophagy in the rns2-2 mutant. Our data suggest a model in which loss of rRNA degradation in rns2-2 leads to a reduction in cytoplasmic nucleotide concentrations, which in turn inhibits TOR activity, leading to activation of autophagy to restore homeostasis.
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Ribeiro-Silva, S., M. B. Medeiros, V. V. F. Lima, A. B. Giroldo, S. E. de Noronha, and F. O. Resende. "A POPULATION OF LYCHNOPHORA ERICOIDES MART. (ARNICA) (ASTERACEAE) IS PRONE TO EXTINCTION IN A SAVANNA OF CENTRAL BRAZIL." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 74, no. 3 (2017): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428617000221.
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Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Asteraceae), popularly known as arnica, is a plant species subjected to non-timber forest products extraction. Evidence is mounting that some local populations are on the brink of extinction. However, demographic studies of Lychnophora ericoides are rare. Therefore, as a step towards conservation, a remnant population of Lychnophora ericoides located in an area of the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) in Central Brazil was evaluated from 2010 through 2014. Disturbances such as wildfires and harvesting of Lychnophora ericoides were randomly distributed throughout the study period in this area. Four annual transition matrices (A1, A2, A3 and A4) were constructed, based on life stages. The main results of studies of population dynamics for this species are as follows: 1) population growth rates (λ) with 95% confidence intervals indicated a declining population in all periods from 2010 to 2014; 2) stochastic population growth rate considering the four matrices was < 1 with value λ = 0.358 and CI95% = (0.354–0.362); 3) survival with permanence at the same stage of reproductive adult individuals (46–80%) contributed most to population growth rate, based on elasticity analysis; 4) the population is much less likely to have increases in density, compared with reduction, for all intervals from 2010 to 2014, based on transient indices; 5) the low value of λ in the high-mortality year was caused by lower stasis of individuals in the seedling or sapling and juvenile life stages, as well as fecundity in the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 intervals, as shown by a life table response experiment; and 6) 100% of the population will probably be extinct within 15 years. There is evidence that the main cause for local extinction of Lychnophora ericoides could be the effects of frequent wildfires. Based on these results, it is suggested that the time has come for significant conservation efforts to rescue this population, including monitoring, protection and education as the first steps towards protection of this vulnerable plant species.
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Klčová, L., and M. Gubišová. "Utilisation of in vitro Techniques in Rescue of Gene Resources of Meadow Vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 39, No. 3 (2011): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3724-cjgpb.
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In the case of poor germination of seed samples and minimal number of seedlings obtained, in vitro methods can be used to revitalise and recover the gene resource. The highest germination of meadow vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis L.) seeds was achieved after scarification with H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and cultivation in MS medium. The seedlings were used as a material for micropropagation. Regeneration passed through nodal segments cultivated on basal MS medium solidified with a combination of agar and phytagel. This culture medium was also suitable for the plant maintenance. An addition of cytokinin to the induction medium did not support multiplication and growth. In the basal MS medium rooted 72.5% (gene resource 62) or 42.5% (gene resource 28) of shoots. The rooting of gene resource 28 was increased to 63% by the addition of indolylbutyric acid to the culture medium. The regenerated plants were successfully transferred to the soil. This protocol can be used to rescue gene resources of this species. &nbsp; &nbsp;
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Miranda Neto, Aurino, Sebastião Venâncio Martins, and Kelly de Almeida Silva. "Plantlet rescue in a soil seed bank to produce forest species seedlings." Ecological Engineering 132 (July 2019): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.04.002.
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Ji, Wei, Zhiqian Li, Wenkong Yao, Peijie Gong, and Yuejin Wang. "Abnormal Seedlings Emerged during Embryo Rescue and Its Remedy for Seedless Grape Breeding." Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 31, no. 4 (2013): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7235/hort.2013.12158.
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S. Beltagi, Mohamed. "In vitro Technology for Embryo Rescue and Long-term Stocking of Mangrove Seedlings." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 7 (2001): 802–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.802.804.
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Yang, Huaiyu, Jenny von der Fecht-Bartenbach, Jiřř Friml, Jan U. Lohmann, Benjamin Neuhäuser, and Uwe Ludewig. "Auxin-modulated root growth inhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 3 (2015): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14171.
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Ammonium is the major nitrogen source in some plant ecosystems but is toxic at high concentrations, especially when available as the exclusive nitrogen source. Ammonium stress rapidly leads to various metabolic and hormonal imbalances that ultimately inhibit root and shoot growth in many plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. To identify molecular and genetic factors involved in seedling survival with prolonged exclusive NH4+ nutrition, a transcriptomic analysis with microarrays was used. Substantial transcriptional differences were most pronounced in (NH4)2SO4-grown seedlings, compared with plants grown on KNO3 or NH4NO3. Consistent with previous physiological analyses, major differences in the expression modules of photosynthesis-related genes, an altered mitochondrial metabolism, differential expression of the primary NH4+ assimilation, alteration of transporter gene expression and crucial changes in cell wall biosynthesis were found. A major difference in plant hormone responses, particularly of auxin but not cytokinin, was striking. The activity of the DR5::GUS reporter revealed a dramatically decreased auxin response in (NH4)2SO4-grown primary roots. The impaired root growth on (NH4)2SO4 was partially rescued by exogenous auxin or in specific mutants in the auxin pathway. The data suggest that NH4+-induced nutritional and metabolic imbalances can be partially overcome by elevated auxin levels.
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Dantas, Adriana Cibele de Mesquita, José Itamar Boneti, Rubens Onofre Nodari, and Miguel Pedro Guerra. "Embryo rescue from interspecific crosses in apple rootstocks." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41, no. 6 (2006): 969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2006000600011.
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The objetive of this work was to rescue immature embryos of apple rootstocks Malus prunifolia (Marubakaido) and Malus pumila (M9) after 40-60 days of pollination and to put them into MS culture media supplemented with agar (6 g L-1) and casein hydrolysate (500 mg L-1). Embryos originated from interspecific crosses and open pollination showed differences in the in vitro responses, depending on the female parent, the developmental stage of the embryo, and the culture medium composition. Embryos of the M. pumila rootstock, rescued within 40 days after pollination and put in culture medium supplemented with indolacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin and maltose, resulted in a normal development of plantlets. However, embryos originating from hand-pollination, cultivated in medium supplemented with 14 µM IAA, 5 µM kinetin and 1.5 µM Ga3 (MS1), mainly those of M. prunifolia x M. pumila, showed a high percentage of rusted embryos (96.2%). Embryos from open pollination of M. prunifolia and M. pumila formed calluses. It was possible to identify the influence of the female parent by the enhanced development of M. pumila shoots derived from open or hand-pollination. The crossing of responsive species and the use of the technique of embryo culture provided a rapid and uniform germination and, consequently, the development of fully normal seedlings.
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Zhao, Xianhai, Yan Jiang, Jian Li, et al. "COP1 SUPPRESSOR 4 promotes seedling photomorphogenesis by repressingCCA1andPIF4expression inArabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 45 (2018): 11631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813171115.
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CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) are founding components of two central repressor complexes of photomorphogenesis that trigger the degradation of a larger number of photomorphogenic-promoting factors in darkness. Here, we identify COP1 SUPPRESSOR 4 (CSU4) as a genetic suppressor of thecop1-6mutation. Mutations inCSU4largely rescued the constitutively photomorphogenic phenotype ofcop1-6anddet1-1in darkness. Loss of CSU4 function resulted in significantly longer hypocotyl in the light. Further biochemical studies revealed that CSU4 physically interacts with CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and negatively regulates its transcriptional repression activity toward its targets. CSU4 represses the expression ofCCA1in the early morning and ofPHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4) in the early evening. Our study suggests that CSU4 acts as a negative regulator of CCA1 via physically associating with CCA1, which in turn, likely serves to repress expression ofCCA1andPIF4to promote photomorphogenesis.
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Griesbach, R. J., F. Meyer, and H. Koopowitz. "Creation of New Flower Colors in Ornithogalum Via Interspecific Hybridization." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 3 (1993): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.3.409.
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Embryo rescue was successfully applied to develop hybrids between Ornithogalum dubium Houtt. (short inflorescence with orange flowers) and O. thyrsoides Jacq. (tall inflorescences with white flowers]. Meiosis in these hybrids showed abnormalities such as univalents, laggards, and bridges. The F, hybrids were partially fertile, and F2 and BC1 progeny were produced. The backcross hybrids segregated for flower color and, inflorescence traits and introgressed seedlings with orange pigmented flowers on tall inflorescences were obtained in the population.
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Jogawat, Abhimanyu, Shreya Saha, Madhunita Bakshi, et al. "Piriformospora indica rescues growth diminution of rice seedlings during high salt stress." Plant Signaling & Behavior 8, no. 10 (2013): e26891. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.26891.
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Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka, Maciej Zenkteler, Elzbieta Zenkteler, Maria K. Wojciechowicz, Abdelali Barakat, and John E. Carlson. "A successful application of the embryo rescue technique as a model for studying crosses between Salix viminalis and Populus species." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 4 (2011): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10270.
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Embryos and plants from the crosses Salix viminalis L. as the female parent and Populus alba L., P. violascens Dode or P. tremula L. as the male parent were obtained by in vitro embryo rescue technique. F1 intergeneric progeny were obtained by overcoming post-zygotic barriers caused by the deficiency of endosperm as nutritive tissue during the first stage of embryo development. Ovules containing immature heart-stage embryos as well as early cotyledonary embryos were isolated and rescued in modified 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose to ensure maturity. Seedlings were cultured under in vitro conditions in 1/2 MS medium that contained 0.2 mg l–1 naphtaleneacetic acid and plantlets after rooting were transferred first into pots and subsequently to the experimental field in the Botanical Garden in Poznań, Poland. After 2 years, the putative hybrid nature of the plants was checked by analysing morphological characters and molecular markers. Scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometry and random amplification of polymorphic DNA screening of individuals confirmed the hybrid nature of the S. viminalis × P. alba and S. viminalis × P. violascens progeny and of 25% of the analysed plants from the cross S. viminalis × P. tremula. This study showed the feasibility of overcoming pre- and post-fertilisation barriers to achieve intergeneric hybrids between species from two genera of Salicaceae. The in vitro system to produce hybrids with characters of both parents could be of great importance for increasing biomass production. This study also opens new opportunities to improve other traits in trees, such as resistance to pathogens inherited from one parent.
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Ding, Yongqiang, Dingyu Zhang, Guoying Yin, and Wenjing Wang. "Approaches to improve the transgenic efficiency and to rescue seedlings from hyperhydricity for rapeseed (Brassica napus)." European Journal of Horticultural Science 82, no. 6 (2018): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ejhs.2017/82.6.5.
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Lewis, Mary, Matthew Chappell, Donglin Zhang, and Rebekah Maynard. "Development of an Embryo Rescue Protocol for Butterfly Weed." HortTechnology 30, no. 1 (2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04440-19.
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We documented a successful embryo rescue (ER) protocol for butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), a member of the milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae). Milkweed (Asclepias sp.) includes more than 100 species native to the United States, is an important pollinator plant, and has many commercially desirable traits. However, there is little commercial production outside of native plant nurseries because milkweed species are typically seed-grown and suffer from low seed set during pollination, late-term abortion of seed pods, and nonuniform germination. This project determined the optimal growing media (study one) and embryo maturity (study two) to recover mature seedlings from excised embryos and compared the results to those of traditional methods of seed germination (in soilless substrate). Study one investigated three different media: Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at full strength and half strength and woody plant medium. MS medium at half strength was optimal for butterfly weed germination and maturation, with greater root and shoot lengths at the time of harvest. In study two, the effects of MS medium at half strength on embryo maturation 90, 60, and 30 days after pollination (DAP) were investigated. The optimal time to harvest embryos was 60 DAP; embryos at 30 DAP were capable of germination but not maturation. A mean germination rate of 97.4% was observed when using embryo rescue, but it was 72.3% with mature seed germinated in soilless substrate typical of commercial production. A similar increase in germination rates was observed for all embryo maturities when compared with seed germinated using soilless substrate. The protocol developed for this study should help to standardize production, reduce propagation time, and improve the commercial acceptance and profitability of milkweed.
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S, Chang, Li J, Sun W, Lin F, and Xu B. "A method to rescue the polluted explant in banana (Musa spp) tissue culture." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 2, no. 4 (2012): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.2(4).p157-161.
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Plant tissue culture is an important commercial tool in banana production. Sterilization is the first key step in plant tissue culture. When explants were found infected, they were always discarded. But if the materials were precious and rare, once they were cast away, it will be very difficult to get them again. No paper has been found to resolve this problem. In this paper, two precious banana plantlets were polluted during the process of tissue culture. The leaves and the stem were cut from the polluted seedlings. Only the pseudostem was left. The black and brown part of the pseudostem were also cut and discarded. The modified pseudostem was soaked in 6% NaClO solution 10 minutes first, and then, it was kept in 70% ethanol for 1.5 minutes. After that, the pseudostem was cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with sucrose, 7 g Lâ€1 agar and 3 mg/L 6â€Benzylaminopurine (6â€BA). Most of the explants grow healthily during the following time.
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Magdalita, PM, SW Adkins, ID Godwin, and RA Drew. "An Improved Embryo-Rescue Protocol for a Carica Interspecific Hybrid." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 3 (1996): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960343.
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An improved embryo-rescue protocol was developed for embryos (90 days old) of Carica papaya L. (Clone 2001), and subsequently was utilised for efficient production of interspecific hybrids of C. papaya × C. cauliflora Jacq. from 90- to 120-day-old embryos. Pre-incubation of C. papaya embryos for 7 days on a germination medium containing half-strength De Fossard nutrients supplemented with gibberellic acid (10 μM), 6-benzylamino-purine (0.25 μM), alpha-naphthalene-acetic acid (0.25 μM). sucrose (58 mM) and agar (8 g L-1) supported 100% germination. Subsequent transfer of germinated embryos to a nutrient medium that was identical, except that it was free of plant growth regulator, allowed good growth but induced shoot etiolation and callus production. Reducing the pre-incubation of C. papaya embryos on this medium to 5 days before transfer to the medium free of plant growth regulator produced similarly high germination (96%), but allowed for the production of good quality seedlings that were unetiolated and free of unwanted callus. For interspecific hybrids, a 5-day pre-incubation of the embryos on a liquid formulation was better than the solid formulation as it promoted better growth and vigour of the normally abortive interspecific hybrid embryos. Using the improved protocol, 1981 of 2100 (94%) interspecific hybrid embryos consisting of single and multiple forms were germinated. In all cases, the germinating multiple embryos underwent further embryogenesis that allowed for the production of 485 (25%) morphologically normal hybrid plants grown in soil in the glasshouse.
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Pinfield-Wells, Helen, Elizabeth L. Rylott, Alison D. Gilday, et al. "Sucrose rescues seedling establishment but not germination of Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in peroxisomal fatty acid catabolism." Plant Journal 43, no. 6 (2005): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02498.x.
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Ozores-Hampton, Monica, K. E. Cushman, F. Roka, and R. D. French-Monar. "Effect of Hurricanes on Commercial Tomato Crop Production in Southern Florida." HortTechnology 23, no. 4 (2013): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.4.498.
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Several experiments were conducted in commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plantings during the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons in Immokalee, FL, to understand types of plant damage and potential yield reductions caused by hurricanes. Expt. 1 involved ‘Florida 91’ tomato seedlings damaged during 2004 by hurricane Frances, 15 days after transplanting (DAT). Individual plants were rated and categorized as best, good, or fair, 34 DAT according to plant size and vigor/severity of injury. Ten plants from each category were removed with roots intact, and dry weights were recorded. During 2005, 23 DAT or 8 days after hurricane Wilma, Expt. 2 was conducted to compare rescued and replanted ‘Soraya’ tomato seedlings. Rescued seedlings were left in place after the hurricane and others were removed and replaced with new transplants of the same variety. Expt. 3 (‘Florida 47’) and 4 (‘BHN 586’) involved the contrast of two yield seasons without a hurricane (2004–05) and with hurricane Wilma (2005–06) to estimate the effect of the hurricane damage on tomato 65 and 45 DAT. Fruit was counted, graded by size, and weighed for each experiment from 10 plants/plot. Injury caused by hurricane winds was most evident in Expt. 1 mostly in stem damage below the soil surface showed callous tissue at the site of injury due to plants being whipped around in the planting hole. Plants rated “best” showed greater plant and root dry weight, stem diameter below the injury point, and higher yield of extra large and total marketable fruit at first harvest than plants rated good or fair. Total marketable yields from rescued plants in Expt. 2 were double than that from replanted plants, and fruit matured 20 days earlier for rescued plants indicating that plants injured by Wilma recovered quickly. Hurricane-damaged crops during 2005–06 in Expts. 3 and 4 yielded 60% lower than that of undamaged crops during 2004–05. In the extra large size category, the yields were reduced between 34% and 12% from the previous season. However, hurricane-damaged loss of yield in the extra large category was offset by increased yield in the medium category. It appears that hurricane-damaged plants, when young, were capable of full recovery and normal yields, whereas hurricane-damaged plants, when older at the time injury occurred, were not able to fully recover and eventually produced only half the normal yield.
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Luis, Zanderluce G., Kadja Milena G. Bezerra, and Jonny Everson Scherwinski-Pereira. "Adaptability and leaf anatomical features in oil palm seedlings produced by embryo rescue and pre-germinated seeds." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 22, no. 3 (2010): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202010000300008.
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Changes in the leaf structure of plants grown in different conditions have been reported, such as increase in size and density of stomata and reduction in stomatal control, amount of epicuticular wax, and mesophyll thickness, with a high diversity of intercellular spaces. However, these changes are highly variable depending on the physiological and morphological characteristics of each species. The objective of this work was to analyze the adaptability and anatomical plasticity of oil palm seedlings produced after embryo rescue and pre-germinated seeds. Expanded leaves were prepared for evaluation of morphometric data and anatomical structures. It was verified that the environmental conditions in vitro negatively influenced the stomata density, epidermal and hypodermal thickness, and the values for the expansion cells and leaf mesophile. Anatomically, the oil palm leaves present the same tissues composition in both growth conditions, with uniseriate epidermal cells, and tetracitic stomata occurring in both epidermal surfaces. Epidermal cells from in vitro plants are thinner than ones from greenhouse. The midrib of leaves from greenhouse plants are more developed and is composed by only one central vascular bundle, while plants from in vitro cultivation developed three to four collateral vascular bundles.
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Singh, Jagveer, Harvinder Singh Dhaliwal, Anirudh Thakur, Gurupkar Singh Sidhu, Parveen Chhuneja, and Frederick G. Gmitter. "Optimizing Recovery of Hybrid Embryos from Interspecific Citrus Crosses of Polyembryonic Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.)." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (2020): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121940.
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The prevalence of rough lemon rootstock in India is presently threatened by the spread of Phytophthora root rot. Developing an alternative Phytophthora-resistant rootstock that also withstands other abiotic constraints is a priority for a sustainable citrus industry in India. Complementary progenitors can be found in citrus germplasm to combine the desired traits, particularly between Citrus and Poncirus, a closely related genus. The production of hybrids accumulating the desired dominant traits, irrespective of the heterozygosity level of the parents, is an effective way to develop new candidate rootstocks. Rough lemon was hybridized with Swingle citrumelo, X-639 citrandarin, and GouTou Cheng. A reliable method was developed for greater recovery of hybrid seedlings from these crosses on the basis of morphology and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The greatest proportion of hybrid seedlings resulted from embryo rescue at 95 days after pollination (DAP) (48.5% in rough lemon × X-639 citrandarin and 56.7% in rough lemon × Swingle citrumelo) on the basis of multifoliate leaves. The proportion of hybrid seedlings decreased with increase in embryo development stage after 95 DAP until the last stage of observation (125 DAP). Significantly higher proportion of multifoliate seedlings was recovered by in vitro culture compared with in vivo germination from the mature seeds (26.9% vs. 5.2%, respectively). Swingle and X-639 citrandarin are not homozygous for the multifoliate allele from Poncirus, and GouTou Cheng lacks the multifoliate allele; thus, unifoliate hybrids were selected from all crosses on the basis of SSR marker genotypes.
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Martin, P. K., J. Humble, and R. M. D. Koebner. "Use of the nutrient film technique as a method for assessment of plant response to salt stress in the cereals." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 63, no. 2 (2014): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1994.021.
Full textAbstract:
The nutrient film technique (NFT)/rockwool system was adapted for use as a method for assessing the response of wheat and barley to saline stress. Wheat plants grown by the NFT/rockwool system in 200 mmol NaCl were vegetatively more vigorous and were more fertile than when suspended over bowls containing the same saline nutrient solution. Signifcant intervarietal differential responses were observed in both wheat and barley for vegetative vigour under saline stress. By increasing the concentration of NaCI to 260 mM and growing seedlings in miniaturized rockwool plugs, a screening system for salt tolerance in wheat, which allowed substantial plant numbers to be tested, was made possible. Seedlings which survived 4 weeks of this treatment could be successfully rescued into soil, where they developed normally.
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De Pasquale, Fabio, Salvatore Giuffrida, and Francesco Carimi. "Minigrafting of Shoots, Roots, Inverted Roots, and Somatic Embryos for Rescue of in vitro Citrus Regenerants." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 2 (1999): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.2.152.
Full textAbstract:
Minigrafting was used for rescue of tissue culture regenerants of the following four species of Citrus: sour orange (C. aurantium L. `AA CNR 31'), sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. `Valencia Late'], lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm. `Femminello Comune'] and mandarin (C. deliciosa Tenore `Tardivo di Ciaculli'). The grafting was carried out with different scion types including shoots, roots, inverted roots and somatic embryos. This material was obtained in vitro from embryogenic style-derived callus. Seedlings of open-pollinated sour orange (C. aurantium L.), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and `Troyer' citrange [C. sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were used as rootstocks. Minigrafting of shoots, roots, inverted roots and embryos regenerated in vitro allowed successful rescue of these four species. Percentages of successful minigrafts ranged from 100% (shoots) to 2.5% (inverted roots). The probability of successful graft unions increased with the age of the rootstock. The final mean canopy leaf area (120 days after grafting) ranged from 5.2 cm2 (`Tardivo di Ciaculli' mandarin grafted on 6-month-old Cleopatra mandarin) to 157.9 cm2 (`Valencia Late' sweet orange grafted on 18-month-old Cleopatra mandarin). In this work we examined some of the variables which influenced minigrafting and we determined the efficacy of this method for rescue of in vitro regenerants of Citrus. This method is also suggested as a technique to produce a high percentage of viable plants from in vitro regenerants difficult to root.
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Liu, Xin-Yuan, Rui-Cheng Jiang, Yong Wang, et al. "ZmPPR26, a DYW-type pentatricopeptide repeat protein, is required for C-to-U RNA editing at atpA-1148 in maize chloroplasts." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 13 (2021): 4809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab185.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are involved in the C-to-U RNA editing of organellar transcripts. The maize genome contains over 600 PPR proteins and few have been found to function in the C-to-U RNA editing in chloroplasts. Here, we report the function of ZmPPR26 in the C-to-U RNA editing and chloroplast biogenesis in maize. ZmPPR26 encodes a DYW-type PPR protein targeted to chloroplasts. The zmppr26 mutant exhibits albino seedling-lethal phenotype. Loss of function of ZmPPR26 abolishes the editing at atpA-1148 site, and decreases the editing at ndhF-62, rpl20-308, rpl2-2, rpoC2-2774, petB-668, rps8-182, and ndhA-50 sites. Overexpression of ZmPPR26 in zmppr26 restores the editing efficiency and rescues the albino seedling-lethal phenotype. Abolished editing at atpA-1148 causes a Leu to Ser change at AtpA-383 that leads to a reduction in the abundance of chloroplast ATP synthase in zmppr26. The accumulation of photosynthetic complexes are also markedly reduced in zmppr26, providing an explanation for the albino seedling-lethal phenotype. These results indicate that ZmPPR26 is required for the editing at atpA-1148 and is important for editing at the other seven sites in maize chloroplasts. The editing at atpA-1148 is critical for AtpA function, assembly of ATP synthase complex, and chloroplast biogenesis in maize.
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Jordan, Nicholas. "Simulation Analysis of Weed Population Dynamics in Ridge-Tilled fields." Weed Science 41, no. 3 (1993): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500052206.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of nonchemical weed control on weed and seedbank demography in ridge-tilled fields were simulated to examine long-term effects on weed population dynamics. Ridge tillage entails active seedbank management, including removal of much of the seedbank from the crop growth zone (ridge) to the interridge zone (furrow) at planting, and other seedbank manipulations. Dynamics of simulated yellow foxtail and velvetleaf populations were sharply sensitive to the rate of seed removal from the ridge. Variation in winter seed survival, ridge plant demography (emergence, survival, and seed production), and seed survival in the furrow after removal from the ridge also had strong effects on simulated dynamics. To prevent rapid population growth in a simulated corn-soybean rotation, very effective control of seedlings emerging with each crop was necessary to offset seed production from seedlings emerging after ridge rebuilding in corn years. Dynamics of both species were highly sensitive to cultivation efficiency. Effective “rescue” weed control must be available to prevent sharp increases in weed seedbanks during years when cultivation is ineffective.