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Journal articles on the topic 'Seedling stage'
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1
Lorca, E. Agostina, Ana E. Ferreras, and Guillermo Funes. "Seed size and seedling ontogenetic stage as modulators of damage tolerance after simulated herbivory in a woody exotic species." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 2 (2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18093.
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Herbivory is one of the most important threats that plants face during early stages of development. Previous studies have indicated that seed size and seedling ontogeny strongly influence the response to herbivory at the seedling stage. However, little is known about their interactive effect. We simulated herbivory on seedlings of the exotic Gleditsia triacanthos L. and evaluated the combined effects of seed size and ontogenetic stage at which herbivory occurred on tolerance to herbivory. A greenhouse experiment was performed, with three non-overlapping levels of seed size. Seedlings from each seed size were clipped at two ontogenetic stages (two and five leaves). After three weeks, seedling survival, height, leaf number and dry biomass were measured. Damaged seedlings were not able to reach the size of the undamaged ones. Seedlings from small seeds showed the lowest values in most of the growth variables. Seedlings cut at two-leaf stage showed a higher compensation capacity than those cut at five-leaf stage. Seedlings from large seeds cut at ontogenetic stage I showed the highest compensation capacity in most of the variables. Partly compensating herbivory at this stage may be an advantage for the expansion of this exotic species to new areas.
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Gao, Min, Fengbao Yang, Hong Wei, and Xiaoxia Liu. "Automatic Monitoring of Maize Seedling Growth Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based RGB Imagery." Remote Sensing 15, no. 14 (2023): 3671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143671.
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Accurate and rapid monitoring of maize seedling growth is critical in early breeding decision making, field management, and yield improvement. However, the number and uniformity of seedlings are conventionally determined by manual evaluation, which is inefficient and unreliable. In this study, we proposed an automatic assessment method of maize seedling growth using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB imagery. Firstly, high-resolution images of maize at the early and late seedling stages (before and after the third leaf) were acquired using the UAV RGB system. Secondly, the maize seedling center detection index (MCDI) was constructed, resulting in a significant enhancement of the color contrast between young and old leaves, facilitating the segmentation of maize seedling centers. Furthermore, the weed noise was removed by morphological processing and a dual-threshold method. Then, maize seedlings were extracted using the connected component labeling algorithm. Finally, the emergence rate, canopy coverage, and seedling uniformity in the field at the seedling stage were calculated and analyzed in combination with the number of seedlings. The results revealed that our approach showed good performance for maize seedling count with an average R2 greater than 0.99 and an accuracy of F1 greater than 98.5%. The estimation accuracies at the third leaf stage (V3) for the mean emergence rate and the mean seedling uniformity were 66.98% and 15.89%, respectively. The estimation accuracies at the sixth leaf stage (V6) for the mean seedling canopy coverage and the mean seedling uniformity were 32.21% and 8.20%, respectively. Our approach provided the automatic monitoring of maize growth per plot during early growth stages and demonstrated promising performance for precision agriculture in seedling management.
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Pannwitt, Heike, Paula R. Westerman, Friederike De Mol, and Bärbel Gerowitt. "Demographic Processes Allow Echinochloa crus-galli to Compensate Seed Losses by Seed Predation." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030565.
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The effect of weed management that targets the seed stage on subsequent life stages is largely unknown. Post-dispersal seed predation reduces the number of seeds from the soil surface before the seeds contribute to the seedbank. Density-dependent processes can mitigate the effect of seed predation in subsequent life stages. In this study, we tested if (i) targeting the seed stage affects the subsequent seedling stage; (ii) if density-dependent mortality in subsequent life stages partly compensates seedling abundance; and (iii) if the magnitude of final seed production depends on seed predation. We fully parameterized a model for the summer-annual weed Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Field data from three maize fields in north-eastern Germany were obtained, in the presence or absence of seed predation and different population levels of the weed species. Seeds of E. crus-galli were applied in autumn and the number of seedlings, adult plants, and seed production per m2 was determined the following season. Seed predation reduced the number of seedlings. Density-dependent mortality during the seedling stage increased fecundity with decreasing seedling density, and, thus, compensated for lower numbers of seedlings. The final level of seed production per m2 did not depend on seed predation and initial population densities, but differed among fields. We conclude, solely targeting the seed stage can scarcely limit the population growth of E. crus-galli.
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Cong Dien, Doan, and Takeo Yamakawa. "Phenotypic Variation and Selection for Cold-Tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Germination and Seedling Stages." Agriculture 9, no. 8 (2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080162.
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Owing to its origin in tropical and subtropical areas, rice is susceptible to cold stress. Low temperatures at the germination and seedling stages can result in seed loss, a delayed transplanting period, and lower final yield. In this study, 181 rice varieties from around the world were investigated for cold tolerance at the germination and seedling stages. At the germination stage, the responses of different rice varieties were examined based on the germination index, coleoptile length, and radicle length at low (13 °C) and control temperatures (25 °C). Significant variations in the germination index, coleoptile length, and radicle length were observed among varieties. Low temperature significantly decreased germination ability, and coleoptile and radicle growth in the studied varieties. At the seedling stage, cold tolerance of the rice varieties was evaluated based on the leaf color score under natural low temperature. Similar to the germination stage, at the seedling stage, significant variation in root and shoot growth was observed in the response of rice varieties to low temperature conditions. Based on the results from both the germination and seedling stages, two varieties (Hei-Chiao-Chui-Li-Hsiang and Ta-Mao-Tao) were selected as the best cold-tolerant varieties. Our results also indicate the benefits of warming treatments to protect rice seedlings from low temperature conditions.
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Roychoudhury, N. "Development of Galls in Eucalyptus Due to Infestation of Leptocybe invasa and Its Effects on Growth of Seedlings." Indian Journal of Forestry 41, no. 1 (2018): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2018-6i88zn.
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Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae), commonly known as blue gum chalcid wasp, is a major gall making insect species of eucalyptus, causing serious damage to seedlings in nursery stage. An insectary/nursery of eucalyptus was developed at this Institute to study the stages of gall development, number of galls formed with the age of seedling and effects of galls on the growth of seedling. Results revealed that there are five distinct stages of gall development, first stage initiates by the insertion of eggs on the epidermis of soft young leaves, petioles and stems and final stage ends with the emergence of adult wasps from galls through exit holes. It was observed that the development of galls start after one month age of seedlings, and there was significant (P<0.05-P<0.01) variation in growth (height and collar diameter), number of galls in leaves, petioles and stems, and total number of galls/seedling in respect of age. The data clearly exhibited that one month old seedlings were free from the attack of L. invasa as because there was complete absence of galls. Further, it was recorded that seedlings growth (height and collar diameter) was affected by the development of galls, minimum growth was recorded in case of maximum galls developed whereas less galls were noticed for maximum growth of seedlings. There was an inverse relationship exists between seedling growth and development of galls. The practical application of findings was discussed in the light of the present observations.
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Huang, Zhenying, and Yitzchak Gutterman. "Seedling desiccation tolerance of Leymus racemosus (Poaceae) (wild rye), a perennial sand-dune grass inhabiting the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, China." Seed Science Research 14, no. 2 (2004): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004172.
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Leymus Racemosus, The Mammoth Wild Rye, Is A Rhizomatous Perennial Grass, Mainly Distributed In The Moving Or Semi-Stabilized Sand Dunes In Deserts Of The Junggar Basin In Xinjiang, China. The Revival Ability Of The Young Seedling After Periods Of Desiccation Can Be Influenced By Several Factors: (1) The Stage Of Seedling Development – The Later The Stage At Dehydration, The Longer The Root Length And The Lower Is The Percentage Of Seedlings That Survive; (2) The Length Of The Period Of Desiccation – The Longer The Period That The Seedlings Are Under Desiccation, The Lower Is The Percentage Of Seedlings That Survive; (3) Endosperm Size – The Smaller The Proportion Of Endosperm That Remains In The Caryopses, The Lower Is The Percentage Of Seedlings That Revive, Determined By (A) The Stage Of Seedling Development, And (B) The Proportion Of The Endosperm That Is Removed By Cutting; And (4) Caryopsis Size – The Larger The Polymorphic Caryopses, The Higher Is The Percentage Of Young Seedlings That Revive From Periods Of Desiccation. The Physiological And Ecological Implications Of L. Racemosus Seedling Desiccation Tolerance Are That Under Extreme Desert And Unpredictable Environmental Conditions, The Chances Of Seedling Establishment Are Increased.
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Li, Jian, and Xiuhai Zhao. "Modification of Density Dependence and Habitat Filtering on Seedling Survival of Different Mycorrhizal-Type Tree Species in Temperate Forests." Forests 14, no. 9 (2023): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091919.
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Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) and habitat filtering are critical to seedling survival. However, the relative importance of the two processes in affecting survival of seedlings with different types of mycorrhizae remains unclear. In this study, the effects of CNDD and habitat filtering on the survival of tree seedlings with different mycorrhizal types were investigated at different successional stages of a temperate forest in the Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve, Northeast China. Conspecific negative density dependence and habitat filtering significantly affected seedling survival. In the early successional stage, the interactions between conspecific neighbor tree density and light availability and soil properties significantly negatively affected survival of all species and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) seedlings in the community, but not that of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) seedlings, and the CNDD effect was stronger on AM seedlings than on EcM seedlings. In the mid-successional stage, CNDD effects were stronger on EcM seedlings. Therefore, different types of mycorrhizal seedlings responded differently to CNDD and habitat filtering mechanisms during community succession, and thus, tree mycorrhizal association could determine the effects of CNDD and habitat filtering on seedling survival in temperate forests.
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Liberato, Érica Maria Sauer, Sarita Leonel, Jackson Mirellys Azevedo Souza, and Gabriel Maluf Napoleão. "SUBSTRATE MIXING FORMULATIONS FOR CITRUS NURSERY MANAGEMENT." Nativa 9, no. 5 (2021): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v9i5.12777.
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The length of citrus seedling development is determined by several factors, including the physical and chemical qualities of the substrate, which affect rootstock growth and, as a result, the quality of field seedlings. The purpose of this study was to see how the ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock developed with different substrate formulations. The experiment was carried out in a seedling nursery from seeding to grafting, and six treatments were carried out, as follows: 60% peat moss, 30% fine grade horticultural vermiculite, 10% rice hulls (1); 60% peat moss, 30% fine grade horticultural vermiculite, 10% rice hulls (2); 50% peat moss, 30% fine grade horticultural vermiculite, 20% rice hulls (3); 50% peat moss, 30% fine grade horticultural vermiculite, 20% rice hulls (4); 50% peat moss, 20% fine grade horticultural vermiculite, 30% rice hulls (5); 50% peat moss, 20% fine grade horticultural vermiculite, 30% rice hulls (6). In addition, the experiment was divided into two stages: seeding (stage 1) and seedling nursery (stage 2). In a completely randomized design, the experiment has six treatments, four replications, and 51 plants per plot. When container transplanting was performed, the emergence percentage of seedlings was determined; thus, eight plants per plot were examined. For the second stage, was used a completely randomized design with 6 substrate formulations, 4 replications, and 20 seedlings per plot. Stem height, stem diameter, leaf number, area meter, root dry matter, leaf and stem dry matter, and quality index were measured on seedlings every 28 days. All substrate formulations improved seedling development until grafting, except for the 30% rice hulls, which hampered seedling development in ‘Swingle' citrumelo.
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Durr, C., and J. Boiffin. "Sugarbeet seedling growth from germination to first leaf stage." Journal of Agricultural Science 124, no. 3 (1995): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007338x.
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SUMMARYThe growth of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) seedlings was investigated under laboratory conditions in 1990 and 1991. Three phases were identified during heterotrophic growth in the dark, based on the changes in dry weight, carbon and nitrogen contents. The perispermic reserves were first transferred to the young seedling. All the components of the seedling (cotyledons, hypocotyl, radicle) began to elongate and their dry weights increased. The seedling separated from the seed at the end of this first period, 4 days after imbibition had started at 20 °C. During the second period, there was a major redistribution of material between organs, mainly from cotyledons to the hypocotyl. The different organs elongated rapidly. From the start of the third period, 6 days after sowing at 20 °C, the organs began to lose weight and gradually ceased to elongate. The dry weights of the whole seedlings and of each organ were proportional to the initial seed weights. The elongations and changes in dry weights obtained at different temperatures coincided when time was expressed as thermal time using a base temperature of 3·5 °C. The growth of the seedling after illumination depended on the heterotrophic growth duration. If emergence occurred after 100 °Cd, the relative growth rate of the seedling decreased. In field conditions, plant variability at the end of sugarbeet establishment is due not only to variations in seed weights but also to environmental conditions that control emergence delay.
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Ratnayake, Sunil, and David R. Shaw. "Effects of Harvest-Aid Herbicides on Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Seed Yield and Quality." Weed Technology 6, no. 4 (1992): 985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00036587.
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Experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to study the effects of 220 g ai ha-1AC 263,222, 840 g ai ha-1glufosinate, 560 g ai ha-1glyphosate, and 840 g ai ha-1paraquat on sicklepod seed production and quality when applied at R5, R6, R7, and R8 growth stages of sicklepod. No seed were produced on plants treated at R5 with paraquat and glufosinate; glyphosate was the least effective herbicide at this growth stage. Although sicklepod seed germinated after AC 263,222 application at R5, no seedling emergence occurred. Normal seedlings, seedling emergence, and seedling radicle length were reduced by all herbicides applied to parent plants at R5, R6, and R7 growth stages. AC 263,222 applied at R7 reduced normal seedlings and seedling emergence more than any other herbicide. No effects were observed on any of the variables investigated when herbicides were applied at R8.
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Putnik-Delic, Marina. "Resistance of some wheat genotypes to Puccinia triticina." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 115 (2008): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0815051p.
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Thirty-four wheat genotypes were tested for resistance characteristics to Puccinia triticina at different growth stages. At seedling stage in a greenhouse, latency period, infection frequency and reaction type were determined. In the field, time of spike appearance, and infection intensity were followed. Weak (r = 0.322) to strong (r = 0.660) correlation was found between resistance characteristics at seedling stage (LPxIFxRT, in the greenhouse) and in adult plants (infection intensity and AUDPC, in the field). The values of AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve) were also strongly related to resistance characteristics of seedlings (r = 0.598). As pseudoresistant in the field (especially equal to adult plant resistance) according to other stresses reactions were considered genotypes which were the most sensitive at seedling stage (20?C) and at adult stage they did not express maximal infection intensity, particullar Evropa 90 and Suvaca. Adult plant resistance as the sum of specific and pseudoresistance was observed on genotypes Tiha, Zlatka and Eva.
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Cheng, C., L. M. Pei, T. T. Yin, and K. W. Zhang. "Seed treatment with glycine betaine enhances tolerance of cotton to chilling stress." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 3 (2018): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618000278.
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AbstractChilling injury is an important natural stress that can threaten cotton production, especially at the sowing and seedling stages in early spring. It is therefore important for cotton production to improve chilling tolerance at these stages. The current work examines the potential for glycine betaine (GB) treatment of seeds to increase the chilling tolerance of cotton at the seedling stage. Germination under cold stress was increased significantly by GB treatment. Under low temperature, the leaves of seedlings from treated seeds exhibited a higher net photosynthetic rate (PN), higher antioxidant enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase, lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and less damage to the cell membrane. Enzyme activity was correlated negatively with H2O2 content and degree of damage to the cell membrane but correlated positively with GB content. The experimental results suggested that although GB was only used to treat cotton seed, the beneficial effect caused by the preliminary treatment of GB could play a significant role during germination that persisted to at least the four-leaf seedling stage. Therefore, it is crucial that this method is employed in agricultural production to improve chilling resistance in the seedling stage by soaking the seeds in GB.
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Zhang, Bo, and Dehao Zhao. "An Ensemble Learning Model for Detecting Soybean Seedling Emergence in UAV Imagery." Sensors 23, no. 15 (2023): 6662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156662.
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Efficient detection and evaluation of soybean seedling emergence is an important measure for making field management decisions. However, there are many indicators related to emergence, and using multiple models to detect them separately makes data processing too slow to aid timely field management. In this study, we aimed to integrate several deep learning and image processing methods to build a model to evaluate multiple soybean seedling emergence information. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to acquire soybean seedling RGB images at emergence (VE), cotyledon (VC), and first node (V1) stages. The number of soybean seedlings that emerged was obtained by the seedling emergence detection module, and image datasets were constructed using the seedling automatic cutting module. The improved AlexNet was used as the backbone network of the growth stage discrimination module. The above modules were combined to calculate the emergence proportion in each stage and determine soybean seedlings emergence uniformity. The results show that the seedling emergence detection module was able to identify the number of soybean seedlings with an average accuracy of 99.92%, a R2 of 0.9784, a RMSE of 6.07, and a MAE of 5.60. The improved AlexNet was more lightweight, training time was reduced, the average accuracy was 99.07%, and the average loss was 0.0355. The model was validated in the field, and the error between predicted and real emergence proportions was up to 0.0775 and down to 0.0060. It provides an effective ensemble learning model for the detection and evaluation of soybean seedling emergence, which can provide a theoretical basis for making decisions on soybean field management and precision operations and has the potential to evaluate other crops emergence information.
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Bisognin, Dilson Antônio, Luis Velasquez, and Irvin Widders. "Cucumber seedling dependence on cotyledonary leaves for early growth." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40, no. 6 (2005): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2005000600002.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the dependence of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings on cotyledonary leaves for early growth and establishment. Sets of two uniform emerging seedlings were used to quantify the initial growth and dry matter accumulation, as well as the intensity and stage of cotyledon damage in seedling establishment and to determine cotyledon protein, amino acid and carbohydrate contributions to the growing seedling. Cucumber seedling establishment was found to be highly dependent on cotyledonary leaves. Root system establishment was highly dependent on the health of the aerial part. One cotyledon was enough to maintain aerial growth of seedlings after unfolding the first true leaf. Cucumber seedlings depended on both cotyledons to keep root system growth at least until leaf area was equivalent to cotyledon area. Covering one or both cotyledons of seedlings with one unfolded leaf increased carbohydrate content of uncovered cotyledon and leaves compared with control seedlings. Cucumber seedlings are highly dependent on cotyledonary leaves and aerial parts are less dependent than root system. Cotyledon damage at early stages of plant establishment would adversely impact crop yield by reducing plant density, an important yield component, or slowing down seedling growth and establishment.
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Edelman, Nichole F., and Michelle L. Jones. "Evaluating Ethylene Sensitivity within the Family Solanaceae at Different Developmental Stages." HortScience 49, no. 5 (2014): 628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.5.628.
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The family Solanaceae, which includes both important crop and ornamental species, is generally considered to have high sensitivity to ethylene. Our objectives were to evaluate ethylene sensitivity between accessions with the family Solanaceae and to determine whether similar sensitivity was observed in seedlings and mature plants. For the seedling evaluations, seeds were germinated and grown in the dark on filter paper saturated with 0 or 100 μM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC; the immediate precursor to ethylene). The relative hypocotyl length at 100 μM ACC was compared with untreated control (0 μM) seedlings. Mature plants were treated with 0 or 10 μL·L−1 ethylene in the dark for 24 hours. Ethylene responses including flower abscission, flower senescence, and epinasty were observed and quantified. Seedlings and mature plants were classified as having no response, low, medium, or high ethylene sensitivity based on the severity of the ethylene responses observed. Sensitivity differences were observed among seedling, juvenile, and mature plants, and a range of ethylene responses and symptom severity was observed between accessions within a species. The majority of the accessions were classified as medium or high ethylene sensitivity at both the seedling and mature plant stages. Solanum melongena ‘Black Beauty’ (eggplant) had a low response to ethylene at the seedling stage and a high response at the mature plant stage, whereas Petunia ×hybrida ‘Daddy Orchid’ had a high response at the seedling stage and a low response at the mature plant stage. Peppers (Capsicum annum), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), and tomatillos (Physalis ixocarpa) exhibited both floral and vegetative symptoms of ethylene damage, whereas calibrachoas (Calibrachoa ×hybrida), eggplants, nicotianas, and petunias exhibited only floral symptoms. The most common floral response to ethylene treatment was flower abscission, which was observed in almost all of the Solanum, Capsicum, and Nicotiana accessions. We consistently observed ethylene-induced epinasty in the genus Capsicum and in all of the Solanum except eggplant. Our results indicated that developmental stage influenced ethylene sensitivity, and there was not a consistent correlation between seedling and mature plant responses within the Solanaceae accessions that we evaluated.
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Bryant, Tim B., Seth J. Dorman, Dominic D. Reisig, DeShae Dillard, Roger Schürch, and Sally V. Taylor. "Reevaluating the Economic Injury Level for Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) at Various Growth Stages of Maize." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (2020): 2250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa173.
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Abstract Economic yield loss and reduction in grain quality from brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), feeding injury in early and late stages of maize, Zea mays (Poales: Poaceae, Linnaeus), development was assessed in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019. Varying levels of stink bug infestations were introduced to seedling maize (V2—early stage), and a range of late-stages of maize, including 1) the last stage of vegetative development (V12/V14), 2) prior to tasseling, 3) at tasseling (VT), and 4) across all tested late growth stages. Euschistus servus infestation levels included 33, 67, and 100% of maize seedlings, and 25, 50, 100, and 200% of plants during later stages. Infestations were maintained on seedling maize for 7 d, and 8 or 16 d in reproductive stages. Infestation level in seedling maize had an impact on grain yield. Infestation level and growth stage both had an impact on grain yield in reproductive maize. The percentage of discolored kernels was also affected by infestation level, but not growth stage. Regression analysis between grain yield and infestation level indicated that the average economic injury level is 7% in seedling maize (7 bugs/100 plants) and 12% (12 bugs/100 plants) from the last vegetative stages (V12/V14) through pollination (VT). The economic injury level in the late vegetative stages is only applicable when infestations are present for an extended period of time (16 d), emphasizing the need for continued scouting of maize throughout the season to make informed management decisions.
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YILDIRIM, Gözde Hafize, and Nuri YILMAZ. "Tahıllarda Çimlenme Fizyolojisi ve Optimum Değerler." Muş Alparslan University Journal of Agriculture and Nature 3, no. 2 (2023): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.59359/maujan.1258397.
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Seed germination is the first important stage of plant growth. It is also a critical step for plant productivity. The morphological changes during germination, followed by physiological and biochemical changes, are strongly correlated with vegetative growth, which affects seedling survival and ultimately yields and quality. Seed germination is the process by which a seedling develops from a seed. It is described as the process by which a seed maintains its viability until it reaches optimum conditions, at which point germination is initiated by water absorption through the seed coat. Optimum conditions are generally different for each species. Germination physiology in cereals is an important area of study that controls the growth and development of the plant throughout its life from the seedling stage and has many implications. At the same time, germination stages in cereals are effective in determining seedling persistence and also affect the chemical composition of the seedling. Healthy seedlings can only be obtained through a healthy germination process. This study aims to provide information on seed germination metabolism, germination physiology of cereals and optimum germination values.
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Diniz, Fábio Oliveira, Múcio Silva Reis, Eduardo Fontes Araújo, Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias, Tuneo Sediyama, and Camilla Atsumi Zanuncio Sediyama-Bhering. "Incidence of pathogens and field emergence of soybean seeds subjected to harvest delay." Journal of Seed Science 35, no. 4 (2013): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372013000400009.
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This study aimed at evaluating seed health quality, as well as seedling emergence in the field, of eight soybean cultivars (UFV-16, Splendor, Vencedora, Confiança, UFV-18, UFV-TN 105, Garantia, and Celeste) subjected to different harvest periods. To this, seeds were harvested at the growth stages R8, R8+15 days, and R8+30 days, and then submitted to health test and to the test of seedling emergence in field. Results showed that although seeds harvested at 15 and 30 days after the stage R8 had shown a significant increase of fungi infection, especially by Fusarium spp., Phomopsis spp., and Epicoccum spp., the percent seedling emergence in the field was reduced only to seeds harvested 30 days after the reproductive stage R8. Cultivars have shown differentiated behavior between each other in relation to the percent incidence rate of fungi and seedling emergence in the field; and the seeds least infected by fungi were those allowing the highest percent emergence of seedlings in the field.
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Yao, Linling, Jialin Huang, and Shibao Zhang. "An Improved Protocol for Asymbiotic Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Paphiopedilum tigrinum." Horticulturae 7, no. 9 (2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090298.
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Paphiopedilum tigrinum is an endangered orchid with high ornamental value. However, seed germination and seedling regeneration in P. tigrinum is very difficult in vitro. Little is known about why P. tigrinum seedlings are difficult to propagate or how to improve the seed germination and seedling rates of this species. In this study, we investigated the developmental process of P. tigrinum from asymbiotic seed germination to seedling rooting by comparing it with P. appletoniantum, a much easier species for germination and seedling formation. We found that asymbiotic seed germination in P. tigrinum is limited by severe browning of the protocorm at the seed germination stage, and protocorm rooting at the differentiation stage was also proved to be difficult. The optimal medium for seed germination of P. tigrinum was a modified Harvais (mHa) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L−1 kinetin (Kin), 0.1 g·L−1 activated charcoal (AC) and 100 mL·L−1 coconut water (CW). At the protocorm differentiation stage, seedlings with 1–2 leaves were obtained on a 1/4 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L−1 6-benzylaminopurin (BA), 0.3 g·L−1 AC and 50–100 mL·L−1 CW after culturing for 120 day. At the seedling subculture stage, a 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.5–1.5 g·L−1 AC and 100 mL·L−1 CW was better for leaf and root growth of P. tigrinum. At the rooting stage, a 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 g·L−1 AC, 0.5 g·L−1 dolomite flour, 15 g·L−1 potato homogenate and 30 g·L−1 banana homogenate was most suitable for the growth and rooting of seedlings. This study has established an effective protocol for seed germination and seedling regeneration of P. tigrinum.
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Chen, Qing, Xinlong Wang, Jian Chen, and Jun Wang. "Effects of cut back at different leaf phenology stages on the growth of scion of rubber seedlings." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 7, no. 4 (2022): 073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.74.8.
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Phenology can directly reflect the characteristics of rubber seedling, people can determine the agricultural time arrangements of seedling germination, cut back, tending management and nursery operation. In this study, the phenological period of the top leaf of hevea tree seedlings was divided into four treatments, and cut back was carried out in sprout period, bronze stage, light green stage and stable stage, respectively. The effects of sawing stock in different phenological periods on the budding rate and growth potential of scion 1-2 were observed. The results showed that the budding rate and nursery rate of scion were significantly higher than those of other stages when the leaf phenology stage was sawed in sprout stage and stable stage, and the budding rate and nursery rate were the lowest in the light green stage. In the first leaf whorl, the plant height of stock leaf phenology stage was significantly higher in sprout stage and bronze stage than in light green stage, but there was no significant difference with stable stage; The stem diameter of stable phenological stage was significantly larger than that of bronze and light green phenological stage, but there was no significant difference with that of sprout stage; The leaf whorl distance in the paleobronze period was significantly higher than that in the light green period, but there was no significant difference with other periods; The number of leaves in phenological stage was significantly more in sprout stage than in light green stage, and there was no significant difference from other stages. In the second leaf whorl, The plant height, stem diameter, leaf distance and leaf number of scion of stock seedlings in phenology stage were significantly higher than those in other stages, and the growth of stock seedlings in light green stage was lowest. In conclusion, the leaf phenology stage of the rootstock seedlings of rubber tree is in the sprout stage, and the scion growth is the best, followed by the stable stage and bronze stage. Cut back in the light green stage is not recommended.
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Harrison, Susan, and Marina LaForgia. "Seedling traits predict drought-induced mortality linked to diversity loss." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (2019): 5576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818543116.
Full textAbstract:
Trait-based approaches are increasingly used to predict ecological consequences of climate change, yet seldom have solid links been established between plant traits and observed climate-driven community changes. Most analyses have focused on aboveground adult plant traits, but in warming and drying climates, root traits may be critical, and seedlings may be the vulnerable stage. Relationships of seedling and root traits to more commonly measured traits and ecological outcomes are poorly known. In an annual grassland where winter drought-induced seedling mortality is driving a long-term decline in native diversity, using a field experiment during the exceptionally dry winter of 2017–2018, we found that seedling mortality was higher and growth of seedlings and adults were lower in unwatered than watered sites. Mortality of unwatered seedlings was higher in species with shorter seedling roots, and also in species with the correlated traits of small seeds, high seedling specific leaf area (SLA), and tall seedlings. Adult traits varied along an axis from short-stature, high SLA and foliar N, and early flowering to the opposite values, and were only weakly correlated with seedling traits and seedling mortality. No evidence was found for adaptive plasticity, such as longer roots or lower SLA in unwatered plants. Among these species, constitutive variation in seedling root length explained most of the variation in survival of a highly vulnerable life stage under winter drought. Selective loss of species with high adult SLA, observed in this community and others under drought stress, may be the byproduct of other correlated traits.
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Guimarães, Gabriel Castanheira, Sttela Dellyzette Veiga Franco da Rosa, Luis Filipe Serafim Coelho, Adriano Delly Veiga, and Aline da Consolação Sampaio Clemente. "Minimum period to assess the potential of germination of coffee seeds." Journal of Seed Science 35, no. 3 (2013): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372013000300011.
Full textAbstract:
In recent research, early stages of coffee seedling development were identified, after radicle protrusion, in which all the essential parts of the seedling can be assessed to demonstrate the potential of seed germination to generate normal plants. Thus, the objective of this research was to develop studies to reduce the time on the germination test. Ten seed lots of coffee were assessed through the germination test, every two days, from the tenth day of sowing, according to the morphological criteria of the seedlings. The data were compared to the standard germination test and analyzed by means of regression analysis and segmented nonlinear regression and planteau response model. It was concluded that the assessment of coffee seedlings at 16 days, in stage S1, provides the similar result of the pattern germination test, allowing a significant reduction of time in order to demonstrate the germination of the seed lots; the seedling assessment coffee in stage S2 does not have reduction of the time for assessing the coffee germination, in relation to the pattern.
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Khalid S. Alshallash, Khalid S. Alshallash. "Biological Control of the Weedy Plant (Rumex crispus) at the Seedling Growth Stage by the Green Dock Beetle (Gastrophysa viridula)." journal of King Abdulaziz University - Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences 28, no. 1 (2019): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/met.28-1.3.
Full textAbstract:
In four glasshouse experiments, the effectiveness of the adult green dock beetle Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at the effective number of applied individuals, for use as a biological control agent of curled dock, Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae) were studied. The feeding of the beetle was investigated at four different numbers of beetle (0, 1, 2, 3) and at four seedling growth stages of the plant, defined by the average of leaf area per plant (1-1.22 , 2-4.45, 3-11.56, and 4-71.52 cm2/plant). Grazing by one, two or three dock beetles did not result in a significant reduction in dock dry weight or shoot numbers at the youngest growth stage. However, both at later seedling growth stages were significantly affected (P ? 0.0001), at any beetles number. The increase of beetle numbers caused nonsignificant increased effect, in some trials, confirming the impact of a single beetle. Three months after beetle grazing, dock seedlings of first, second and third growth stages were not able to regrow, however, some plants at the 4th growth stage, re-emerged. This suggested that the highest effect of beetle's feeding occurs on the early seedling stages. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation (0.77) between dry weight and shoot number at all the four seedling growth stages, thus confirming the impact of the beetle on both the dry weight and shoot numbers. Combining beetle grazing with other control methods at older dock seedling stages could, therefore, provide better suppression
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Buntin, G. David. "Simulated Insect Defoliation of Seedlings and Productivity of Winter Small-Grain Crops." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 4 (1994): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.4.534.
Full textAbstract:
Insects, such as grasshoppers, Spodoptera spp. armyworms and flea beetles, occasionally defoliate seedlings of autumn-planted small grain crops. Seedlings of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., barley, Hordeum vulgare L., oats, Avena sativa L., rye, Secale cereale L., and triticale, X Triticosecale Wittmack, were mechanically clipped at the soil surface to simulate insect leaf injury for various periods after planting up to the 1-, 2-, and 4-leaf stages. Defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage (i.e., ≥ 30 days after planting) delayed spike emergence of all crops by several days. Seedling defoliation generally had little adverse effect on grain yield and test weight of rye in any year and reduced yield of triticale in one of three years. Furthermore, plants of both species defoliated in the 2- and 4-leaf stages were less severely damaged by cold temperatures and yielded as much or more than nondefoliated plants when late freezes occurred. Seedling defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage also had little negative effect on grain yield and test weight of wheat. Grain yield of barley and oats declined with increasing length of defoliation period in two of three seasons with most of the reduction occurring when defoliation exceeded 20 days. Results imply that seedling defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage has little effect on grain yield and test weight of winter wheat, rye, and triticale. Defoliation only adversely affected yield of barley and oats when it occurred beyond the 2-leaf stage. As long as plant stand is not reduced, economic thresholds for seedling pests of winter small-grain crops that do not allow for the loss of most leaf tissue for several weeks after planting probably are too conservative.
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Singh, Ajai, and Shalini Singh. "A morpho-taxonomic observation on seedlings of Parthenium hysterophorus L.- A well-known exotic weed." Indian Journal of Forestry 31, no. 2 (2008): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2008-yld35w.
Full textAbstract:
Present communication deals with seedling morphology and taxonomy of Parthenium hysterophorus L., a well-known exotic weed from Varanasi region, Uttar Pradesh, India. Seedling morphology is observed for 44 days up to 5th true leaf stage. Seedling morphology showed that seed germination is epigeal, the seedlings are macranga type and phanerocotylar. The seed leaves are isocotylar, opposite and persist up to 6th true leaf stage, obovate, entire, green, smooth with less distinct veins. The first true leaf was ovate, entire, dark green, hairy, veination unicostate reticulate. Subsequent leaves were same as first true leaf, but margin denate at 2nd or 3rd true leaf stage. Fourth or 5th true leaves were peltate with lyrate margin and oblique base.
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Sane, Noor Us, Dhiman Bhusan, Papon Kumar Deb Nath, Yoshiyuki Murata, and Md Anamul Hoque. "Improving salinity tolerance in transplanted aman rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of proline." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 2 (2019): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i2.41943.
Full textAbstract:
Salinity is the major factor reducing crop yield in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Proline (Pro) application with suitable crop varieties having higher yield potential could contribute to the improvement of crop production in saline areas. The main objective of this study was to investigate the mitigation of adverse effects of salinity in aman rice by exogenously applied Pro. The experiment was carried out at the farmer’s field of Batiaghata, Khulna. Characteristically, the soil was silty clay loam having pH 6.7, EC 4.6 dS m–1, CEC 23 meq/100 g soil, organic matter 0.71%. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety BR23 was used as plant material. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were different treatment combinations namely control (no Pro), 25 mM Pro at seedling stage, 25 mM Pro at vegetative stage, 25 mM Pro at seedling and vegetative stages, 50 mM Pro at seedling stage, 50 mM Pro at vegetative stage, 50 mM Pro at seedling and vegetative stages, 100 mM Pro at seedling stage, 100 mM Pro at vegetative stages, and 100 mM Pro at seedling and vegetative stages. Recommended doses of N, P, K, S and Zn fertilizers were applied to the all experimental plots. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted in the experimental plots. Proline solutions were sprayed over plant leaves with the help of sprayer as per treatments. Salinity caused significant reductions in growth and yield of BR23 by decreasing plant height, number of effective tillers, panicle length, filled grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight. On the other hand, exogenous application of Pro showed a significant increase in growth and yield of BR23 under saline conditions. Results also revealed that growth and yield of rice did not increase proportionally with the increasing doses of Pro. Proline application resulted in significant increases in K+/Na+ and nutrient uptake by rice under salinity. The present study suggests that exogenous application of Pro confers tolerance to salinity in aman rice by increasing K+/Na+ ratio and nutrient uptake.
 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(2): 194–199, June 2019
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Oh, Wook, Erik S. Runkle, and Ryan M. Warner. "Timing and Duration of Supplemental Lighting during the Seedling Stage Influence Quality and Flowering in Petunia and Pansy." HortScience 45, no. 9 (2010): 1332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.9.1332.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing the photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) during the seedling stage promotes seedling growth and flowering in many bedding plants. Our objective was to determine the impact of increased DLI for different periods during the seedling stage on young plant quality and subsequent growth and development. Seeds of petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm.-Andr. ‘Madness Red’) and pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana Gams. ‘Delta Premium Yellow’) were sown into 288-cell plug trays and placed under a 16-h photoperiod provided by sunlight plus 90 μmol·m−2·s−1 [supplemental lighting (SL)] or 3 μmol·m−2·s−1 [photoperiodic lighting (PL)] from high-pressure sodium lamps when the ambient greenhouse photosynthetic photon flux was less than 400 μmol·m−2·s−1 from 0600 to 2200 hr. Plants were grown at 20 °C under PL or SL for the entire seedling stage or were exposed to SL for one-third or two-thirds of the seedling stage. Seedlings were then transplanted into 10-cm pots and grown until flowering with SL at 20 °C. Shoot dry mass of transplants increased linearly with increasing DLI provided to seedlings in petunia (y = −4.75 + 1.86x, R2 = 0.76) and pansy (y = −3.94 + 3.47x, R2 = 0.78) in which y = dry mass (g) and x = DLI (mol·m−2·d−1). SL during the last two-thirds or the entire plug stage increased shoot dry mass and the number of leaves in both species compared with SL during the earlier stage or PL. SL during the last two-thirds or the entire plug stage accelerated flowering, but plants had a lower shoot dry mass and flower bud number at first flowering compared with that in SL during the first third or two-thirds or that in PL. Therefore, SL generally had greater effects on transplant quality and subsequent flowering when provided later in the plug stage than if provided earlier in production.
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Susanti, Dian, Prambayu Brenda Herera, Rissa Tri Ismayanti, and Dyah Subositi. "THE INFLUENCE OF SHALLOT SOLUTION ON COLEUS (Plectranthus Scutellarioides (L.)) SEEDLING." Jurnal Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia 15, no. 2 (2022): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jtoi.v15i2.6193.
Full textAbstract:
Nurseries are the main critical phase in the cultivation of Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br.), which is useful as a raw material for traditional medicine. The key to producing well-grown, healthy, and uniform seedlings is using exogenous hormones throughout the seedling stage. Shallot has the potential to be used as an exogenous hormone. The study was conducted with shallot concentration treatment (0, 35, 70, and 100%) and soaking time (0, 12, and 24 hours). The results show shallot's activity as an exogenous hormone in coleus seedlings, including increasing the root volume of coleus seedlings through the initiation of root hairs, altering seedling height, and stimulating seedling adventitious shoot growth. Conversely, high concentrations of shallots reduced the number of coleus seedling shoots.
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Jin, Songheng, Brett Moule, Dapao Yu, and G. Geoff Wang. "Fire Survival of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Grass Stage Seedlings: The Role of Seedling Size, Root Collar Position, and Resprouting." Forests 10, no. 12 (2019): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121070.
Full textAbstract:
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest is a well-known fire-dependent ecosystem. The historical dominance of longleaf pine in the southeast United States has been attributed to its adaptation known as the grass stage, which allows longleaf pine seedlings to survive under a frequent surface fire regime. However, factors affecting post-fire survival of grass stage seedlings are not well understood. In this study, we measured live and dead longleaf pine grass stage seedlings to quantify the role of seedling size, root collar position, and sprouting in seedling survival following a wildfire in the sandhills of South Carolina. We found that fire resulted in almost 50% mortality for longleaf pine grass stage seedlings. Fire survival rate increased with seedling size, but a size threshold for fire tolerance was not supported. Fire survival depended on the position of root collar relative to the mineral soil. Seedlings with protected root collars (i.e., buried in or at the level of mineral soil) experienced <21%, while seedlings with exposed root collars (i.e., elevated above mineral soil) suffered >90% post-fire mortality. Ability to resprout contributed to 45.6% of the total fire survival, with the small seedlings (root collar diameter (RCD) < 7.6 mm) almost exclusively depending on resprouting. Our findings had significant implications for fire management in longleaf pine ecosystems, and the current frequency of prescribed fire in sandhills might need to be lengthened to facilitate longleaf pine natural regeneration.
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Pangestuti, P. E. R. Prahardini, R. Rosliani, et al. "Seedling production management of Shallots from seeds based on local wisdom technology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230, no. 1 (2023): 012213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012213.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract True seed shallot (TSS) has become an alternative material for shallot seeds to fulfil the lack of good-quality seed bulbs. Transplanting was the most popular TSS planting method for farmers. This technic uses seedlings as planting material. The seedling production was the most crucial stage in transferring technology from vegetative propagation (seed bulb) to generative propagation (TSS). This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of several seedling techniques and the strategy for selecting techniques and maintaining seedlings that are suitable to the specific conditions at the seedling site using local wisdom technology. Data and information were tracked and selected then organized in review writing paper. Analysed and data synthesis showed that several techniques could be used to produce shallot seedlings, including technical seedling, use of seedling media, seed treatment and seedling harvest arrangements. The selection of seedling techniques and maintenance management is influenced by several factors, including environmental factors of cultivation, capital availability, labour and other site-specific conditions. Seedling production can be developed as a new unit system (seedling grower) to produce excellent quality propagation material. The implications of this paper are expected to be used by seedling growers to improve the best practice of seedling production with local wisdom technology.
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Li, Chenyang, Ahui Zhao, Yan Yu, et al. "Exploring the Role of TaPLC1-2B in Heat Tolerance at Seedling and Adult Stages of Wheat through Transcriptome Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 23 (2023): 16583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316583.
Full textAbstract:
Heat stress is a major abiotic stress that can cause serious losses of a crop. Our previous work identified a gene involved in heat stress tolerance in wheat, TaPLC1-2B. To further investigate its mechanisms, in the present study, TaPLC1-2B RNAi-silenced transgenic wheat and the wild type were comparatively analyzed at both the seedling and adult stages, with or without heat stress, using transcriptome sequencing. A total of 15,549 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at the adult stage and 20,535 DEGs were detected at the seedling stage. After heat stress, an enrichment of pathways such as phytohormones and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was mainly found in the seedling stage, and pathways related to metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, circadian rhythms, and ABC transporter were enriched in the adult stage. Auxin and abscisic acid were downregulated in the seedling stage and vice versa in the adult stage; and the MYB, WRKY, and no apical meristem gene families were downregulated in the seedling stage in response to heat stress and upregulated in the adult stage in response to heat stress. This study deepens our understanding of the mechanisms of TaPLC1-2B in regard to heat stress in wheat at the seedling and adult stages.
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Puentes-Marín, Juliana, Andrés González-Melo, Beatriz Salgado-Negret, et al. "Wood Anatomical and Demographic Similarities Between Self-Standing Liana and Tree Seedlings in Tropical Dry Forests of Colombia." Plants 13, no. 21 (2024): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13213023.
Full textAbstract:
Canopy lianas differ considerably from trees in terms of wood anatomical structure, and they are suggested to have a demographic advantage—faster growth and higher survival—than trees. However, it remains unclear whether these anatomical and demographic differences persist at the seedling stage, when most liana species are self-standing and, consequently, might be ecologically similar to trees. We assessed how self-standing liana and tree seedlings differ in relation to wood anatomy, growth, and survival. We measured 12 wood traits and monitored seedling growth and survival over one year for 10 self-supporting liana and 10 tree seedling species from three tropical dry forests in Colombia. Liana and tree seedlings exhibited similar survival rates and wood anatomies for traits related to water storage and mechanical support. Yet, for traits associated with water transport, liana seedlings showed greater variability in vessel lumen size, while tree seedlings had higher vessel density. Also, the liana relative growth rate was significantly higher than for trees. These results indicate that, while self-supporting liana and tree seedlings are anatomically similar in terms of mechanical support and water storage—likely contributing to their similar survival rates—liana seedlings have a growth advantage, possibly due to more efficient water transport. These findings suggest that the well-documented anatomical and demographic differences between adult lianas and trees may depend on the liana’s developmental stage, with more efficient water transport emerging as a key trait from early stages.
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Chen, Kaikang, Bo Zhao, Liming Zhou, and Yongjun Zheng. "Artificial Neural Network-Based Seedling Phenotypic Information Acquisition of Plant Factory." Agriculture 13, no. 4 (2023): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040888.
Full textAbstract:
This work aims to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) ant colony algorithm (ACA)-based fine recognition system for plant factory seedling phenotypes. To address the problems of complexity and high delay of the plant recognition system in plant factories, first, multiple cameras at different positions are employed to collect images of seedlings and construct 3D images. Then, the mask region convolutional neural networks (MRCNN) algorithm is adopted to analyze plant phenotypes. Finally, the optimized ACA is employed to optimize the process timing in the plant factory, thereby constructing a plant factory seedling phenotype fine identification system via ANN combined with ACA. Moreover, the model performance is analyzed. The results show that plants have four stages of phenotypes, namely, the germination stage, seedling stage, rosette stage, and heading stage. The accuracy of the germination stage reaches 97.01%, and the required test time is 5.64 s. Additionally, the optimization accuracy of the process timing sequence of the proposed model algorithm is maintained at 90.26%, and the delay and energy consumption are stabilized at 20.17 ms and 17.71, respectively, when the data volume is 6000 Mb. However, the problem of image acquisition occlusion in the process of 3D image construction still needs further study. Therefore, the constructed ANN-ACA-based fine recognition system for plant seedling phenotypes can optimize the process timing in a more real-time and lower energy consumption way and provide a reference for the integrated progression of unmanned intelligent recognition systems and complete sets of equipment for plant plants in the later stage.
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Kong, Shuolin, Jian Li, Yuting Zhai, Zhiyuan Gao, Yang Zhou, and Yanlei Xu. "Real-Time Detection of Crops with Dense Planting Using Deep Learning at Seedling Stage." Agronomy 13, no. 6 (2023): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061503.
Full textAbstract:
Crop seedlings are similar in appearance to weeds, making crop detection extremely difficult. To solve the problem of detecting crop seedlings in complex field environments, a seedling dataset with four crops was constructed in this study. The single leaf labeling method was proposed as an alternative to conventional labeling approaches to improve the detection accuracy for dense planting crops. Second, a seedling detection network based on YOLOv5 and a transformer mechanism was proposed, and the effects of three features (query, key and value) in the transformer mechanism on the detection accuracy were explored in detail. Finally, the seedling detection network was optimized into a lightweight network. The experimental results show that application of the single leaf labeling method could improve the mAP0.5 of the model by 1.2% and effectively solve the problem of missed detection. By adding the transformer mechanism module, the mAP0.5 was improved by 1.5%, enhancing the detection capability of the model for dense and obscured targets. In the end, this study found that query features had the least impact on the transformer mechanism, and the optimized model improved the computation speed by 23 ms·frame−1 on the intelligent computing platform Jetson TX2, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for real-time seedling management.
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Bahar, Nawa. "Sprouting ability of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) seedling: A pyric character." Indian Journal of Forestry 31, no. 2 (2008): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2008-m47787.
Full textAbstract:
The present study reveals that the fire has a beneficial effect at seedling stage but high incidence of fire every year leads to death of natural regeneration of Chir pine. It is evident from the result that some morphological parameter of seedling such as number of sprouted shoots was more in burnt seedlings as compare to unburnt. The dormant buds of Chir pine seedling sprouted after fire incidence.
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Pan, Ruxue, Zailin Zhang, Ya Li, et al. "Stage-Specific Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Physiology During the Early Growth Stages of Rice." Plants 13, no. 23 (2024): 3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233454.
Full textAbstract:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), widely utilized nanomaterials, can negatively affect crop growth and development. However, it remains unclear whether crops exhibit similar responses to AgNPs stress at seed germination and seedling stages. In this study, rice seeds and seedlings were exposed to AgNPs, and their growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant systems were recorded. demonstrated significant AgNPs accumulation in rice tissues, with notable higher accumulation in seedlings exposed to AgNPs after germination compared to AgNPs exposure during germination. The roots exhibited greater AgNPs accumulation than shoots across both stages. Exposure to AgNPs during the seed germination stage, even at concentrations up to 2 mg/L, did not significantly affect growth, physiological indices, or oxidative stress. In contrast, seedlings exposed to 1 and 2 mg/L AgNPs showed significant reductions in shoot length, biomass, nutrient content, and photosynthetic efficiency. At low AgNPs concentrations, the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) was significantly reduced, while the higher concentrations caused pronounced declines in the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient curves (OJIP) compared to the control group. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased in both leaves and roots in a dose-dependent manner, with roots exhibiting significantly higher activity, suggesting that roots are the primary site of AgNPs stress responses. In conclusion, rice responds differently to AgNPs exposure at distinct developmental stages, with the seedling stage being more susceptible to AgNPs-induced stress than the seed germination stage. These findings underscore the importance of considering growth stages when assessing the food safety and environmental risks associated with AgNPs exposure.
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Zhang, Yiting, Hao Dong, Shiwei Song, Wei Su, and Houcheng Liu. "Morphological and Physiological Responses of Cucumber Seedlings to Supplemental LED Light under Extremely Low Irradiance." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (2020): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111698.
Full textAbstract:
In order to inhibit spindling growth and improve quality of cucumber seedlings under low irradiance, effects of supplemental light-emitting diodes (LED) light (SL) on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings at different growth stages under extremely low irradiance (ELI) were investigated. Supplementary monochromatic, dichromatic and trichromatic LED light on cucumber seedlings were conducted in experiment one, and supplements of combination ratios and intensity of blue and red LED light (RB) were conducted in experiment two. The morphological and physiological parameters of cucumber seedlings were promoted effectively by supplemental monochromatic red light or dichromatic containing red light (RB and RG) under ELI as early as one-leaf seedling stage, as demonstrated by suppressed length of hypocotyl and first internode, increased stem diameter and biomass, higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and soluble sugar content. Monochromatic or additional green light was not beneficial to cucumber seedlings under the ELI. The length of shoot and hypocotyl decreased, while stem diameter and leaf area increased as early as one-leaf seedling stage by RB SL. Root activities, root–shoot ratio, activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), as well as palisade–spongy ratio in the leaf of cucumber seedlings were promoted effectively by increasing blue light proportion (1R1B/1R2B). Increasing light intensity (50/75) enhanced soluble sugar accumulation in leaves. There were synergistic effects of RB ratio and light intensity on increasing stem diameter, leaf area, seedling index and decreasing hypocotyl cell area of the vertical section. In conclusion, 1R2B-75 may be the optimal SL to inhibit spindling growth of cucumber seedlings under ELI condition.
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Jones, Elizabeth R., Lisa M. Curran, Debra D. Wright, and Andrew L. Mack. "Differential effects of mammalian seed predators on the regeneration of five Papua New Guinean tree species and implications for sapling recruitment." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 3 (2008): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740800494x.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract:Although herbivores may account for a significant source of seed and seedling mortality in many tropical tree species, plant species differ in their response to seed damage. Here we investigate the relative effects of seed predation on the regeneration of five tree species in a mid-elevation Papua New Guinean rain forest. Exclosure treatments and shade-house experiments were monitored from November 2004 to March 2006 to assess the differential effects of seed predation on seed viability and seedling growth. Results indicate that although seed predators attack all five focal species, they influence the seedling populations in two, Cerbera floribunda and Microcos grandiflora, and minimally affect the seedling populations of Terminalia impediens, Pandanus penicillus and Endiandra latifolia in the years measured. Predation and germination frequencies were compared to the abundance of focal species at several life stage classes to explore potential correlations between species-specific seed mortality patterns and life stage distributions. We found that the species-specific influence of mammalian seed predators correlated with abundance distributions in three life stages. Species with high survivorship after seed predator attacks displayed a significant decrease in abundance from the seedling-to-sapling transition, while those species with high seed mortality demonstrated relatively even distributions of seedlings, saplings and adults (> 10 cm dbh). These contrasting patterns suggest that differential seed predation effects on regeneration may play a key role in the recruitment of individuals to the sapling stage.
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Prasad, V. B. R., A. Sumathi, A. Senthil, and R. Rajasekar. "Evaluation of Blackgram Genotypes for their Drought Tolerance at Seedling and Vegetative Phase." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 23 (2023): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i234273.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: To screen and identify blackgram genotypes for drought tolerance at seedlings and vegetative stage.
 Study Design: Completely randomized complete block design.
 Place of Study: National Pulses Research Centre (NPRC), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, Pudukkottai District.
 Methodology: Laboratory experiments was conducted at NPRC, Vamban. Twenty-Five blackgram varieties were used for this study. For screening at seedling stage, the treatments were T1 - Control – Water (0 Mpa) and T2 - PEG 6000 induced drought stress (-0.5 MPa). Blackgram seeds were germinated in water and PEG 6000 solution (-0.5 MPa). On the eighth day various seedling growth indices were recorded. For pot culture experiments, the two treatments were imposed T1 – Control and T2 – Drought stress (50% Field capacity) after the appearance of two trifoliate leaves by gravimetric approach. The stress was imposed for five days. At the end of fifth day, growth parameters, relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content was recorded. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data.
 Results: In blackgram, drought stress at seedling stage affects the seedling germination, establishment and its growth indices. At vegetative stage, drought stress negatively affects the plant growth, leaf area, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content. Among the blackgram genotypes screened, the genotypes VBG 11031 and VBG 1711 were found to be tolerant to PEG 6000 induced drought stress at seedling stage. At vegetative stage, the genotypes VBG 11062, VBG 11024 and VBG 1725 were tolerant to drought stress at vegetative stage.
 Conclusion: Present study concluded that the blackgram genotypes VBG 11031, VBG 1711, VBG 11062, VBG 11024 and VBG 1725 were found to be tolerant to drought stress at seedling and vegetative stage.
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Cunha, Fábio Sanchez da, Antonio Elton da Silva Costa, Alexandre Sandri Capucho, Rita de Cássia Souza Dias, and Francine Hiromi Ishikawa. "Identification of sources of resistance to damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani) in two phenological phases of watermelon." APRIL 2019 13, (04) 2019 (2019): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.04.p1675.
Full textAbstract:
Sources of resistance to damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani were researched in watermelon accessions, in which thirty accessions were inoculated in two phenological phases (at seeding and seedling stages). The completely randomized design with five replications per accession was used in both phenological stages. The inoculation in seeding stage was carried out at the time of sowing, while for seedling the inoculation was done 15 days after sowing. In both stages the evaluation occurred 15 days after inoculation using a rating scale. At seeding stage, six accessions were moderately resistant to CMM-2967 of R. solani. However, no accession resistant to CMM-1053 and CMM-1052 isolates was recognized. Three accessions were resistant to CMM-1053 at the seedling stage. Posteriorly, inoculation was carried out using only accessions classified as resistant in the previous evaluations using both phenological stages. For CMM-1053, factorial scheme of 2x4 were used (two stages and four accessions). For assessments against isolate CMM-2967 a factorial scheme of 2x12 (two stages and 12 accessions) was used. We confirmed the results of first two experiments for both isolates. At seeding stage, all accessions were classified as susceptible to CMM-1053. However, at the seedling stage, only Crimson Swett was susceptible. For the CMM-2967, inoculated at the seeding stage, the accessions were classified into two groups (resistant and susceptible) (Scott-Knott at 5%). At seedling stage there was no statistical difference among eleven accessions and they were all classified as resistant. Due to difficulty of finding sources of resistance to damping off, the method of inoculation at seedling stage showed more efficient for this pathosystem and could facilitate the work of breeders and plant pathologists.
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Grarper, David F., and Will Healy. "Modification of Petunia seedling Carbohydrate Partitioning by Irradiance." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1073d—1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1073d.
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Petunia × hybrida Villm. `Red Flash' plants were irradiated for either 10 or 20 mol day1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) in growth chambers using one of the following treatments: 175 μmol m-2 s-1 for 16 h, 350 μmol m-2 s-1 for 8 or 16 h or 350 μmol m-2 s-1 for 8 h plus 8 h incandescent day extension (5 μmol m-2 s-1 PPF). These four treatments were designed to examine the effects of increased peak and total daily integrated PPF as well as increased photosynthetic (Pn) period and photoperiod resulting from supplemental irradiance treatment of seedlings. Previous seedling petunia research indicated a greater response to supplemental lighting during expansion of the second true leaf. Therefore, seedlings were sampled for analysis at the two leaf stage and also later at the four leaf stage to examine effects at a later stage of growth.Increasing total integrated PPF increased total carbohydrate production, seedling dry weight, rate of seedling growth, and acid invertase activity once the seedlings reached the two leaf stage. Increasing total PPF resulted in greater partitioning into ethanol soluble sugars rather than starch at the two leaf stage. Increasing the photoperiod only, with an incandescent day extension treatment, reduced total carbohydrate production at the two leaf stage.Maximal oxygen evolution was observed when seedlings received 350 μmolm-2s-1 for 8 h when expressed on a leaf area or dry weight basis. The use of an 8 h day extension treatment to extend the photoperiod from 8 to 16 h resulted in the lowest rates of oxygen evolution on a leaf area basis.
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Vergara, Georgina, and Abdelbagi Ismael. "Development and Characterization of Rice Lines Carrying both Sub1 and Anaerobic Germination Tolerance: SUB1A does not Inhibit AG [RESEARCH NOTE]." Philippine Agricultural Scientist 106, no. 3 (2023): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.62550/dcd038023.
Full textAbstract:
Accelerated coleoptile elongation in flooded soils allowed seedling shoots to reach the water surface to maintain gas exchange and CO2 fixation. Rice genotypes with tolerance of flooding during germination (anaerobic germination, AG) exhibited fast coleoptile elongation as an escape mechanism. On the other hand, tolerance of complete submergence during the vegetative stage, conferred by SUB1A, involved growth retardation to conserve energy for maintenance metabolism, with resumption of growth upon de-submergence. Combining genes controlling flood tolerance at these two stages with contrasting mechanisms was necessary in flood-prone areas for protection during germination under direct seeding and during vegetative stage. Breeding lines combining AG + Sub1 were used to determine the timing of the expression of SUB1A and elucidate its impact when combined with tolerance of flooding during seed germination and to evaluate seedling performance under complete submergence. Time-points for SUB1A expression in IR64-Sub1 and AG + Sub1 lines germinated under hypoxia or submerged for 30 h at vegetative stage showed that during flooding treatment, SUB1A and SUB1C expression was inhibited in young seedlings (< 6 d old) in IR64-Sub1 and at 2 and 4 d of seedling growth under hypoxia in AG + Sub1 materials. SUB1A was weakly expressed in AG + Sub1 starting at seedling age of 6 d following 1 d of complete submergence, indicating that expression of SUB1A may be stage-specific. Physiological tests showed higher percentage of survival of AG + Sub1 lines under hypoxia, comparable to that of AG tolerant check and significantly different from intolerant check IR42, indicating that the presence of SUB1A does not affect tolerance of flooding during germination. When seedlings were completely submerged, Sub1 expression was not inhibited by the presence of AG and tolerant genotypes showed suppressed elongation that was significantly different from intolerant check IR42. Despite their contrasting mechanisms of tolerance, combining AG with Sub1 provides multiple flooding tolerance from early crop establishment using direct seeding through to the vegetative stages.
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Sun, Guangyan, Yi Gou, Linxi Zhang, et al. "Effects of Different Temperatures on the Physiological Characteristics of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) Storage Roots and Growth of Seedlings During the Sprouting and Seedling Period." Plants 14, no. 6 (2025): 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060868.
Full textAbstract:
Seedling cultivation is the foremost part of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) production. It is of great significance to reveal the effects of different temperatures on the nutrients of sweet potato storage roots and their relationship with the sprouting quality and to explore the appropriate temperature management for seedlings. In this study, we simulated the temperature differences during the sprouting and seedling period in the summer growing area of sweet potato in the Yangtze River Basin and set three constant temperatures (17 °C, 22 °C and 27 °C) and corresponding three-day/night variable temperatures (21/13 °C, 26/18 °C and 31/23 °C). Thus, we investigated the nutrients, amylase activity, endogenous hormones, and sprouting characteristics of storage roots during the sprouting and seedling period of three sweet potato cultivars with different starch contents. The results showed that with the increase in temperature, the starch and soluble protein (SP) contents in sweet potato storage roots decreased, and the total soluble sugar (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), and sucrose contents increased during the sprouting and seedling period. The amylase activity enhanced; the hormone (IAA) content increased, and the abscisic acid (ABA) content decreased, which, in turn, led to an earlier time of sprouting time (ST), emergence stage (ES), and full stand of seedling stage (FSS). Comparing at the same average temperature, the physiological metabolism and sprouting time and quality of sweet potato were better at variable temperatures than at constant temperatures, in which 31/23 °C was more conducive to the advancement of the ST of sweet potato. At the same time, it was more conducive to the improvement of the seedling cutting amount (SCA), seedling weight (SDW), and seedling number (SDN). The sprouting time and quality of different sweet potato cultivars differed, and cultivars with higher starch content were superior to those with lower starch content. The sucrose and starch contents at different sprouting stages of storage roots can be used as important indicators of the quality of sweet potato seedlings.
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Rosales-Robles, Enrique, James M. Chandler, Scott A. Senseman, and Eric P. Prostko. "Influence of Growth Stage and Herbicide Rate on Postemergence Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control." Weed Technology 13, no. 3 (1999): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00046145.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were conducted to observe the effect of full and reduced rates of postemergence (POST) herbicides on seedling and rhizome johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) at different growth stages. Herbicides and labeled rates included primisulfuron at 40 g/ha, nicosulfuron at 35 g/ha, fluazifop-P at 210 g/ha, and clethodim at 140 g/ha. Contour graphs to predict johnsongrass control at different growth stages and herbicide rates were developed. Excellent seedling and rhizome johnsongrass control was obtained with reduced rates of herbicides applied at the three- to five-leaf stages. Primisulfuron at 20 g/ha resulted in 90% or greater control of seedling johnsongrass in the three- to four-leaf stage. Rhizome johnsongrass at this growth stage required 30 g/ha of primisulfuron for the same level of control. Nicosulfuron at 17.5 and 26.3 g/ha provided 90% or greater control up to the four-leaf stage of seedling and rhizome johnsongrass, respectively. Fluazifop-P and clethodim were more effective than primisulfuron and nicosulfuron. Fluazifop-P at 105 g/ha resulted in 90% or greater control of seedling and rhizome johnsongrass up to the seven- and five-leaf stages, respectively. Clethodim at 35 g/ha controlled seedling johnsongrass at least 90% up to the eight-leaf stage. Clethodim at 70 g/ha provided 90% or greater control of rhizome johnsongrass if applied at the three- to four-leaf stages.
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FISCH, Simey Thury Vieira, Isolde Dorothea Kossmann FERRAZ, and William Antonio RODRIGUES. "DISTINGUISHING Campa guianensis Aubl. FROM Campa procera D.C. (MELIACEAE) BY MORPHOLOGY OF YOUNG SEEDLINGS." Acta Amazonica 25, no. 3-4 (1995): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921995253200.
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Seedling morphology was studied in Campa guianensisAubl. and Carapa proceraD. C. from germination to 90 days age. In both species germination is hypogeal and cryptocotylar. Both have rare albino seedlings. Though both species have compound leaves when adult, C, proceraputs out an average total of six simple leaves at germination, while leaves of C. guianensisare compound at all stages. This is the best diagnostic character for separation of the two species at the young seedling stage. Not diagnostic, but none the less useful, is the fact, that polyembryonic seeds are often found in C. procera,but not observed in C guianensis.
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Azad, Md Salim, and Md Mehedi Hasan Sumon. "Species Specific Responses to Age on Nodule Formation, Seedling Growth, and Biomass Production of Acacia auriculiformis at Nursery Stage." Journal of Botany 2016 (August 16, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6960783.
Full textAbstract:
Nodulation responses of leguminous trees are very important for intercropping to reduce reliance on artificial nitrogen input through nitrogen fixation in agroforestry system. This study was carried out to evaluate the status of nodulation (i.e., the number of nodules and their shape and size) in root and biomass production of plant growth parameters (i.e., number of leaves, shoot height, root biomass, and shoot biomass) of A. auriculiformis seedlings. The assessment was conducted 60 days after seed germination. The study revealed significant differences in nodule number per seedling, leaf number per seedling, shoot height, and biomass accumulation (both green and oven dry weight) with seedling age (p<0.05). The study also revealed significant correlation among the variables of nodulation responses and biomass production. The results obtained using principal component analysis (PCA) justified correlation matrix of nodulation responses and biomass production of this species. The PCA showed that root biomass per seedling, leaf number per seedling, nodule number per seedling, shoot height, age of seedling, and shoot biomass per seedling were clustered with PC1 (with an eigenvalue of 5.59) and root shoot ratios were clustered with PC2 (with an eigenvalue of 1.82). Our study justified that shoot height may be an important determinant of nodule formation of A. auriculiformis.
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Liu, Fangfang, Wenxin Cao, Qiqi Zhang, Yao Li, Heng Zhou, and Yingxiu Wan. "Winter Wheat Vernalization Alleles and Freezing Tolerance at the Seedling and Jointing Stages." Plants 14, no. 9 (2025): 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091350.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the relationship between allelic variation of the vernalization genes (VRN) and the freezing tolerance at the seedling and jointing stages of winter wheat growth. It provides a basis for molecular marker development for freezing tolerance breeding of winter wheat. A total of 435 wheat accessions were used to identify and evaluate the freezing tolerance at the seedling stage using field tests, while 192 wheat accessions were used to evaluate the freezing tolerance at the jointing stage in climate chamber tests. The VRN genes of the wheat accessions were detected using allele-specific markers of the VRN-A1, VRN-B1, VRN-D1 and VRN-B3 loci, and the relationship between VRN genotype and freezing tolerance at the two developmental stages was tested. There were significant differences in freezing tolerance between the wheat accessions. Assessing the freezing tolerance of 52 wheat accessions at both the seedling and jointing stages revealed no significant correlation between tolerance at these two stages. The genotypic analysis found that Vrn-D1 was the most frequent dominant allele in winter wheat, while no accession contained the dominant alleles Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B3. Notably, freezing tolerance showed stage-specific genetic regulation; seedling-stage freezing tolerance strongly correlated with vernalization gene allelic combinations (p < 0.05), whereas jointing-stage freezing tolerance exhibited no such association. The presence of all recessive alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1, vrn-D1 and vrn-B3 was required for strong seedling-stage freezing tolerance. The VRN-D1 marker was effective for screening freezing tolerance materials under the premise that vrn-A1 and vrn-B1 alleles are recessive at winter wheat seedling stage.
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Petrovic, Gordana, Dusica Jovicic, Zorica Nikolic, et al. "Comparative study of drought and salt stress effects on germination and seedling growth of pea." Genetika 48, no. 1 (2016): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601373p.
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Seed germination is first critical and the most sensitive stage in the life cycle of plants compromise the seedlings establishment. Salt and drought tolerance testing in initial stages of plant development is of vital importance, because the seed with more rapid germination under salt or water deficit conditions may be expected to achieve a rapid seedling establishment, resulting in higher yields. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pea seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited by the salt toxicity and osmotic effect during the seedling development, and also identification of the sensitive seedling growth parameters in response to those stresses. Based on the obtained results, pea has been presented to be more tolerant to salt than water stress during germination and early embryo growth. Investigated cultivars showed greater susceptibility to both abiotic stresses when it comes growth parameters compared to seed germination.
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Maiti, R., P. Vidyasagar, and P. Banerjee. "Characterization of salinity tolerance in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at the germination and seedling stages." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 56, no. 2 (2008): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.56.2008.2.3.
Full textAbstract:
The present work was conducted to study the genotypic variability of rice genotypes at the germination and seedling stages at different levels of salinity (0 M, 0.15 M, 0.2 M and 0.25 M NaCl). The results showed that increasing salinity decreased germination and seedling growth. Significant genotypic variability exists in the germination and seedling stages in response to different NaCl concentrations. Most of the genotypes showed more than 90% germination in the control, indicating good seed vigour. Two genotypes, VBR 638 (93%) and VBR 644 (84%), were selected as being tolerant to salinity at 0.2 M NaCl at the germination stage. Therefore, these could be used as source materials for genetic improvement for salinity tolerance at the germination stage. A considerable amount of genotypic variability was also found under control and saline conditions at the seedling stage with respect to the variables shoot height, root length, shoot and root dry weight. The high heritability observed for these variables offers good scope for genetic improvement for salinity tolerance both at the germination and seedling stages. The genotypes VBR 616, VBR 628, VBR 645, VBR 640, VBR 611, VBR 620, VBR 612, VBR 618, VBR 644, VBR 629, VBR 625 and VBR 630 were selected as being tolerant to salinity at the seedling stage.
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Kaczperski, Mark P., and Allan M. Armitage. "ACCELERATING GROWTH OF GERANIUMS IN PLUGS WITH LIGHT AND CARBON DIOXIDE." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 520d—520. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.520d.
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Seeds of Pelargonium × hortorum `Scarlet Elite' were germinated in #406 plug trays under fluorescent lights using an irradiance of 100 μmol s-1 m-2 and 18 hr photoperiod and ambient CO2. Upon emergence seedlings were exposed to irradiances of 100, 225 or 350 μmol s-1 m-2 and CO2 levels of 500, 1000, or 1500 μl l-1 for 7 to 35 days after which they were transplanted in 10 cm pots and grown to flower under greenhouse conditions. Seedling height decreased as irradiance increased, and increased as CO2 increased. Seedling quality increased with increasing irradiance and CO2. Elevated CO2 at any irradiance during the seedling stage decreased days to flower during the growing on stage.