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Journal articles on the topic 'Seedling toxicity'
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1
Singh, Megh, and Wondimagegnehu Mersie. "Metalaxyl Toxicity to Citrus with or without Herbicides." Weed Technology 7, no. 2 (1993): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027962.
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The response of potted ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin citrus seedlings to metalaxyl applied as a mixture with metolachlor, simazine, or bromacil, or as a sequential application after the herbicides was investigated under screen house conditions. The soils were drenched with herbicides at 2.5 ppmw (mg kg−1 soil dry wt basis) in tank-mixes with metalaxyl or metalaxyl was applied as a soil drench at 5, 50, and 250 ppmw 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk after herbicide application. Citrus seedling response to treatment was dependent on the presence or absence of herbicide, metalaxyl concentration, and the time following application. Fresh weights of citrus treated with 5 ppmw metalaxyl after herbicide application were no different from those treated with the mixture. Metalaxyl at 5 and 50 ppmw alone or with metolachlor did not affect citrus seedling fresh weight. However, delaying metalaxyl application at 50 ppmw by 3 or 4 wk after simazine and bromacil increased citrus seedling fresh weight as compared with the tank-mix. Separate applications of metalaxyl at 250 ppm reduced citrus seedling fresh weight less than the mixture for all the herbicides.
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Anuradha, S., and S. S. R. Rao. "The effect of brassinosteroids on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings growing under cadmium stress." Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 11 (2008): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2307-pse.
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The effect of 24-epibrassinolide and 28-homobrassinolide on seed germination and seedling growth of radish (<I>Raphanus sativus</I> L.) was studied under cadmium toxicity. The impact of brassinosteroids (BRs) on free proline levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbic peroxidase (APOX; EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC 1.11.1.7) in radish seedlings under Cd toxicity was evaluated. The effect of BRs on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO; EC 1.10.3.3) and lipid peroxidation in radish seedlings challenged with Cd stress was also investigated. BRs supplementation alleviated the toxic effect of the heavy metal and increased the percentage of seed germination and seedling growth. Out of the two substances, HBL was found to be more effective than EBL in stress alleviation. HBL (3&micro;M) alleviated the toxic effect of the heavy metal and increased the percentage of seed germination by 57% over Cd and 20% over unstressed control. Similarly supplementation of HBL (3&micro;M) caused an increase of 156%, 78% and 91% in length, fresh weight and dry weight of seedling, respectively, over Cd treatment alone. The amelioration of seedling growth by BRs under metal toxicity was associated with enhanced levels of free proline. The activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, APOX and GPX were increased in the seedlings from treatments with Cd along with BRs. Brassinosteroid treatment reduced the activity of POD and AAO in heavy metal stressed seedlings. Lipid peroxidation induced by Cd was found reduced with the supplementation of BRs. The results obtained in the study clearly indicated the ameliorative influence of brassinosteroids on the inhibitory effect of Cd toxicity.
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Salifu, K. F., and V. R. Timmer. "Optimizing nitrogen loading of Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 7 (2003): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-057.
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Plant growth and nutrient uptake response to increased fertilization can be conceptually described by cur vi linear relationships depicting phases of nutrient deficiency, sufficiency, luxury consumption, and toxicity to rationalize fertilizer prescriptions and improve nutrient diagnosis. We validated this model to determine optimum nitrogen storage of young black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). Container seedlings were supplied with a mixed nitrogenphosphoruspotassium (NPK) fertilizer at rates ranging from 0 to 80 mg N/seedling and reared in a greenhouse for one growing season. Plant growth and nutritional parameters of the plants exhibited classic responses of N deficiency, luxury consumption, and toxicity that were corroborated by vector diagnosis and appeared consistent with the conceptual model. Seedling biomass production was maximized at sufficiency (30 mg N/seedling), whereas N content of tissues peaked at the optimum loading rate (64 mg N/seedling). Toxicity occurred at the 80 mg N/seedling dose rate that increased plant N concentration (5%) but reduced growth (17%) and N content (14%) relative to the optimum level. Plant N content was raised 150% by optimum loading, exemplifying the effectiveness of this practice for building internal N reserves prior to planting. The newly validated model will help refine fertilizer recommendations and nutrient diagnosis for other species or cultural systems.
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Bakiyaraj, R., T. Mahakavi, and L. Baskaran. "Chromium Toxicity in Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr." International Letters of Natural Sciences 9 (February 2014): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.9.66.
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Chromium is one of the most common toxic metals present in the environment that induces various toxic effects in plants. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of chromium on germination percentage, seedling growth, chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ and proline content of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. The seedlings were treated with different concentrations of control, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g kg-1 of chromium. The parameters such as germination percentage, root and shoot length, seedling fresh weight dry weight, chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ and proline content of leaves were measured. Our results indicated that a significant inhibitory effect was observed at all levels of chromium compared to control. Increasing the concentration of chromium to 1.00 g kg-1 showed a significant decrease in seed germination, shoot and root length, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ content of plant. While proline, catalase and peroxidase contents were increased by increasing Cr concentration. It was also noted that accumulation of chromium in the roots was much higher than the shoots of the seedlings under treatment.
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Cumming, Jonathan R., and Leonard H. Weinstein. "Nitrogen source effects on Al toxicity in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings. I. Growth and nutrition." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 12 (1990): 2644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-334.
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Previous studies indicated that the association of Pisolithus tinctorius with pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedling roots prevented Al toxicity from developing when seedlings were exposed to 200 μM Al in sand culture. The ectomycorrhizal fungus reduced seedling Al uptake and maintained P nutrition when seedlings were cultured on one-quarter strength Johnson's solution containing 3.5 and 0.5 mM [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. To broaden the scope of these findings, nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings were grown on one-quarter strength Johnson's solution modified to contain [Formula: see text], NH4NO3, or [Formula: see text]. Seedlings were exposed to 0 or 200 μM Al for 6 weeks. Reductions in seedling height growth rate and final shoot weight in response to Al occurred in nonmycorrhizal seedlings grown with [Formula: see text]. Root weights were consistently reduced by Al under all N-source combinations. Increasing proportions of [Formula: see text], in the nutrient solution increased cation accumulation in roots and shoots and depressed tissue anion concentrations. The coprecipitation of Al and Pi in roots of Al-treated seedlings further limited P availability in this treatment. Mycorrhizal infection maintained growth and foliar P levels under Al exposure, suggesting that Al-induced P limitation was a critical factor in nonmycorrhizal seedlings grown on primarily [Formula: see text]-based nutrient solutions. Key words: Pinus rigida, ectomycorrhizal, aluminium toxicity, nitrogen source.
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Nosko, Peter, and Kenneth A. Kershaw. "The influence of pH on the toxicity of a low concentration of aluminum to white spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 7 (1992): 1488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-186.
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Week-old white spruce seedlings were grown for 7 days at pH 4.5, 3.9, 3.65, or 3.5 using a continuous flow system to deliver experimental solutions. At each pH, seedlings received either no aluminum or 10 μM Al, a concentration 2 – 3 orders of magnitude lower than the reported minimum Al concentrations required to induce toxicity symptoms in seedlings of a variety of tree species. In – Al treatments, root elongation was reduced at pH 3.9 and root dry weight was reduced at pH 3.5, compared with seedlings grown at pH 4.5. Exposure to 10 μM Al caused further reduction of root growth, the magnitude of which increased as pH decreased. This suggests that seedling root growth was affected by the increased proportion of the total Al existing as phytotoxic Al3+ at lower pH values or by an interaction of Al3+ and H+. Neither pH nor Al affected shoot growth. Both acidity and Al could limit natural regeneration of white spruce by preventing seedling establishment. Key words: aluminum toxicity, soil acidity, forest decline, white spruce, Picea glauca, forest regeneration.
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Duke, N. C., K. A. Burns, and O. Dalhaus. "EFFECTS OF OILS AND DISPERSED-OILS ON MANGROVE SEEDLINGS IN PLANTHOUSE EXPERIMENTS: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS TWO MONTHS AFTER OIL TREATMENTS." APPEA Journal 38, no. 1 (1998): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97039.
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The effects of oil and dispersed-oil treatments on mangrove seedlings, grown in artificial tidal systems in tropical north-eastern Australia, were assessed two months after application. Seedling mortality was used as a measure of treatment toxicity. All oils and dispersed-oils were toxic to mangrove seedlings although the effect of Bunker C was quite low. Overall, oils and dispersed-oils were ordered by increasing toxicity: Bunker C fuel, Arabian Light crude, Gippsland Light crude, Thevenard crude, and Woodside condensate. Toxicity of oils correlated with viscosity, where low toxicity of the heavy fuel oil (3 per cent mortality) stood in marked contrast with high levels of mortality scored for very light crude oils, Thevenard (73 per cent) and Woodside (85 percent). Mangrove species were ordered by their overall increased vulnerability to oils and dispersed-oils as, Ceriops spp., Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculatum. As expected, higher doses (2.0 L/m2) showed an overall increase of 30 per cent mortality compared with lower doses (0.2 L/m2). However, values for each grouping of seedlings varied widely, indicating possible synergistic effects of different environmental factors. Despite this, at least one other pattern was evident. Dispersed-oil treatments were usually less toxic to mangrove seedlings than undispersed oils, particularly for high doses. This result needs to be further assessed, but it is of interest that added dispersant did not usually result in increased seedling mortality. We will re-evaluate all findings once experiments are completed.
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Kaya, Demir, Suay Bayramin, Gamze Kaya, and Oguzhan Uzun. "Seed vigor and ion toxicity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings produced by various seed sizes under NaCl stress." Archives of Biological Sciences 63, no. 3 (2011): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1103723k.
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Safflower is an important oilseed crop and is largely grown for edible oil production in low moisture or saltaffected soils of Turkey. The objective of the study was to find out the quality of seeds with different sized seeds, and the effects of seed size (3, 4 and 5 mm) and NaCl stresses at electrical conductivities of 5, 10, 20 and 30 dS m-1 on the germination and early seedling growth of the safflower cultivar Din?er. Our results show that heavier one-thousand-seed weight (70.5 g) and higher hull percentage (52.9 %) were obtained from large seeds while the oil content and water uptake of small seeds was higher than that of medium or large seeds. Germination percentage, germination time, root length, shoot length, and seedling fresh and dry weight showed size-dependent responses of the seeds to salt stress. In general, medium-sized (4 mm) seeds germinated more rapidly compared to small and large seeds against all levels of salt stress; however, the highest germination percentage and most vigorous seedling growth was recorded from large seeds after 10 days incubation. The inhibitory effect of NaCl levels was exhibited a drastic effect on seedling growth. Increased NaCl resulted in an increase in the Na+ and Cl- content of the seedlings produced by all seed sizes, while the K+ content was not changed. However, the seedlings from small seeds had the highest Na+ and Cl- content of all measured NaCl levels. It was concluded that large seeds produced vigorous seedling growth due to a lower ion accumulation under NaCl stress. Consequently, large seeds could be used for successful stand establishment in contrast to their slow germination performance if the cultivation of safflower on saline soils is required.
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Aitken, RL, RA Stephenson, and EC Gallagher. "Effect of lime application to strongly acidic soils on the growth of macadamia seedlings." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 3 (1990): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900421.
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Glasshouse experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of soil pH on macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) seedlings and to examine seedling growth in relation to soil chemical properties in acidic soils. In one experiment, in which 13 rates of CaCO3 (0 to the equivalent of 12 000 kg/ha) were applied to a strongly acidic (pH 3.9, 1:5 in water) sandy loam, optimum seedling growth was obtained in the pH range 4.0-5.9. A second experiment, in which seedlings were grown in each of 3 strongly acidic soils amended with various rates of CaCO3, also showed that macadamia seedlings could grow satisfactorily at pH values of 4.0 (2 soils) and 4.5 (1 soil). Increased seedling growth on 2 soils (silty clay loam, experiment 1; sandy loam, experiment 2) treated with lime was due to amelioration of aluminium and/or manganese toxicity and not to the alleviation of calcium deficiency. The results indicate that soil pH measurement alone would not be a good indicator of seedling growth. In some soils, seedling growth was optimum at pH 3.9, whereas at pH 4.0 in another soil, growth was well below the maximum which was attained at pH 4.5. The significant (P<0.05) growth reductions that occurred on all soils limed to pH values >6.0 were attributed to induced micronutrient deficiencies.
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McQuattie, Carolyn J., and George A. Schier. "Response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings to manganese." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 3 (2000): 456–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-229.
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Long-term research in north-central Pennsylvania has revealed high levels (>2000 ppm) of foliar Mn in seedlings and overstory sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.). To determine thresholds for sensitivity of sugar maple to Mn, 4-week-old seedlings growing in sand were irrigated for 8 weeks with nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing 0.1 (control), 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg Mn/L. Seedling mortality occurred at 40 (92%) and 80 (100%) mg Mn/L. At lower Mn, seedling dry mass decreased with increasing Mn concentrations; root growth was inhibited more than shoot growth. Foliar concentrations of all mineral nutrients except P were significantly reduced by Mn. Symptoms of Mn toxicity included chlorosis and necrosis in leaves, darkened root tips, and loosening of outer cortical cells in roots. Cellular symptoms observed in Mn-treated seedlings (5 mg/L and higher) included irregularities in cell shape, increased vacuolation, and swollen mitochondria in root meristems; leaves showed discrete electron-dense areas in chloroplast thylakoid membranes, increased starch in mesophyll cells, and collapse of phloem in midveins. Investigation of potential Mn toxicity will require simulated field conditions to fully evaluate interactions with other factors.
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Issam, Saidi, Nasri Nawel, and Chtourou Yassine. "Selenium Alleviates the Arsenic Toxicity in Sunflower Seedling." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 3, no. 3 (2015): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2015/17243.
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Petrovic, Gordana, Dusica Jovicic, Zorica Nikolic, et al. "Comparative study of drought and salt stress effects on germination and seedling growth of pea." Genetika 48, no. 1 (2016): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601373p.
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Seed germination is first critical and the most sensitive stage in the life cycle of plants compromise the seedlings establishment. Salt and drought tolerance testing in initial stages of plant development is of vital importance, because the seed with more rapid germination under salt or water deficit conditions may be expected to achieve a rapid seedling establishment, resulting in higher yields. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pea seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited by the salt toxicity and osmotic effect during the seedling development, and also identification of the sensitive seedling growth parameters in response to those stresses. Based on the obtained results, pea has been presented to be more tolerant to salt than water stress during germination and early embryo growth. Investigated cultivars showed greater susceptibility to both abiotic stresses when it comes growth parameters compared to seed germination.
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Hilton, James L., and Parthasarathy Pillai. "Thioproline Protection of Crops Against Herbicide Toxicity." Weed Technology 2, no. 1 (1988): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00030128.
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Thioproline (L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) partially protects sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘DK 42Y’] seedlings against the herbicides tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] in controlled environment chambers. Thioproline alone inhibits plant growth at concentrations above 10−5M. Its phytotoxicity is intermediate between the two herbicide antidotes OTC (L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) and flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate]. The two thiazolidine antidotes increased thiol content of excised corn (Zea maysL. ‘DK T 1100’) seedling roots whereas thiol content was decreased by the two herbicides. While thioproline or OTC partially offset tridiphane-induced decreases in thiol content, none of the antidotes effectively circumvented the reduced thiol content resulting from alachlor treatment.
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Jia, Kai, Cunyao Yan, Huizhuan Yan, and Jie Gao. "Physiological Responses of Turnip (Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa) Seedlings to Salt Stress." HortScience 55, no. 10 (2020): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15187-20.
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Turnip (Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa) is a type of root vegetable belonging to the Brassica subspecies of Cruciferae. Salt stress is one of the main abiotic stresses that causes water deficit, ion toxicity, and metabolic imbalance in plants, seriously limiting plant growth and crop yield. Two commercial turnip cultivars, Wenzhoupancai and Qiamagu, were used to evaluate the seed germination and physiological responses of turnip seedlings to salt stress. NaCl was used to simulate salt stress. Parameters of seed germination, seedling growth, osmoregulation substances content, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and other physiological parameters of turnip seedlings were measured after 7 days of salt stress. The results showed that salt stress reduced the seed germination rate, and that the seeds of ‘Wenzhoupancai’ were more sensitive to salt stress. Salt stress inhibited the growth of turnip seedlings. With the increased NaCl concentration, the seedling dry weight, seedling fresh weight, and seedling length of turnip decreased gradually. Under the salt stress treatment, the osmotic regulatory substances and antioxidant enzyme activity in the seedlings of turnip increased significantly. The chlorophyll content increased at a lower NaCl level, but it decreased when the level of NaCl was higher. Growth parameters of turnip seedlings had significant negative correlations with the reactive oxygen content, osmoregulation substances, and antioxidant enzyme activities, but they had positive correlations with chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content. These results indicated that salt stress-induced oxidative stress in turnip is mainly counteracted by enzymatic defense systems.
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Tobe, Kazuo, Xiaoming Li, and Kenji Omasa. "Effects of five different salts on seed germination and seedling growth of Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae)." Seed Science Research 14, no. 4 (2004): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004188.
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Saline soils contain multiple types of salt, each of which may exert a different effect on seed germination and seedling growth of plants. The effects of five types of salt on the initial growth of Haloxylon ammodendron, a shrub found on both saline and non-saline areas in deserts of China, were investigated. Seeds were incubated at 20°;C in the dark in a solution (0 to –5.1 MPa) of a salt (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4 or MgSO4) or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000, or in a salt (NaCl or MgCl2) or PEG solution containing a low concentration of CaCl2. Seed germination, seedling growth and cation (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+) contents of seedlings were examined. Each salt had a different effect on seed germination, seedling growth and influx and outflux of cations in the seedlings. In both NaCl and MgCl2 treatments, the addition of low concentrations of CaCl2 favoured seed germination and seedling growth, and reduced K+ outflux from seedlings, but caused no appreciable decrease in the influx of Na+ or Mg2+ into seedlings. Marked abnormalities in seedlings were found only in treatments with Mg2+ salts, but these effects were completely alleviated by a low concentration of Ca2+ (Ca2+/Mg2+ = 0.012). The different responses of the initial growth in H. ammodendron to different isotonic salt solutions were attributed to differences among salt components in membrane permeability, toxicity and effects on functions of the plasma membrane and/or the cell wall.
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JITĂREANU, Alexandra, Gabriela TĂTĂRÎNGĂ, Ana-Maria ZBANCIOC, and Ursula STĂNESCU. "Toxicity of Some Cinnamic Acid Derivatives to Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39, no. 2 (2011): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha3927183.
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Cinnamic acid derivatives are an important class of biologically active compounds, playing an important role in the plants’ development, but may also present a wide range of actions: antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflamatory, antitumoral. The present study investigated the toxicity of ten cinnamic acid derivatives on Phaseolus vulgaris, this being the first step in evaluating their pharmacotoxicological potential (usually, plant toxicity tests are used for ecotoxicity assessment, but they can also provide some useful general information about the toxic potential of a pharmaceutical substance to living organisms). The bean seeds were exposed to three different concentrations of each substance (28.6 μg/cm2, 57.3 μg/cm2, 114.6 μg/cm2). All the tests were conducted in Petri dishes, using an artificial substrate (Whatman filter paper) impregnated with the investigated compounds. The analyzed elements were seedling length, root length, percentage of seeds that developed into seedlings, fresh seedling weight and the total polyphenols content. The tested compounds showed phytotoxic effects, inhibiting the growth of the plants and the biosynthesis of polyphenols as compared to the control. The substances with high logP values showed greater phytotoxic potential, but to establish an exact correlation between hydrophobicity and toxicity of the molecules a QSAR analysis must be further done.
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Jeromini, Tatiane Sanches, Givanildo Zildo Silva, Cibele Chalita Martins, and Francisco Guilhien Gomes Júnior. "Seed and seedling morphology of Bauhinia scandens L." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 6 (2021): 3107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3107.
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Bauhinia scandens has potential importance as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Researchers have isolated and identified 1-O-alkylglycerol in the leaves of the B. scandens plant, and established antitumor properties using the Brine Shrimp toxicity test, an internationally accepted bioassay. Although this species has high potential, little is known about the viability of seedling production and the morphology of these plants, particularly in terms of seed characteristics and initial stages of germination. The objective of this study was to characterize the seed morphology, germination, and seedlings of B. scandens. Seed water content, weight, and coloration were evaluated. This study also included a description of seed biometrics, external and internal structures, germination, and seedling morphology. Internal seed morphology was evaluated by the anatomical sectioning and X-ray methods. The morphology data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and germination data were determined using Cramér’s V. B. scandens seeds have a coloration ranging from very dark grayish-red to dark reddish-brown, flat oblong shapes, and rounded bases and apexes with full or slightly undulating margins. Healthy seedlings are produced mainly by seeds with well-formed internal structures. The reddish petiole of the seedling leaves is a taxonomic character for B. scandens identification. The non-domestication and genetic variability of this species reflect on the seed and seedling color and size variation.
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Yang, Yong‐Hua, Shan‐Min Chen, Zhe Chen, et al. "Silicon effects on aluminum toxicity to mungbean seedling growth." Journal of Plant Nutrition 22, no. 4-5 (1999): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169909365664.
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Abdullahi, Bilkisu A., Xiao‐Gang Gu, Qing‐Lei Gan, and Yong‐Hua Yang. "Brassinolide Amelioration of Aluminum Toxicity in Mungbean Seedling Growth." Journal of Plant Nutrition 26, no. 9 (2002): 1725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pln-120023278.
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Mester, Thomas C., and Douglas D. Buhler. "Effect of Planting Depth on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Seedling Development and Response to Cyanazine." Weed Science 38, no. 1 (1990): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056071.
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Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber to determine the effects of planting depth on the developmental sequence of velvetleaf seedlings and the effect of cyanazine placement relative to velvetleaf planting depth on cyanazine toxicity. Velvetleaf seedling emergence was delayed when seeds were planted 6 cm deep compared to the 2- and 4-cm planting depths. Lateral roots did not appear until after the cotyledons had emerged and expanded. This was followed by secondary root emergence from the primary root which occurred before adventitious roots appeared from the hypocotyl for the 2- and 4-cm planting depths. The first true leaf did not unfold until after the secondary root system was well developed. The quantity of adventitious roots on the hypocotyl increased with increasing planting depth. Velvetleaf adventitious roots appeared to be involved in cyanazine toxicity when cyanazine was placed above the seed. Increasing planting depth increased the proportion of seedling absorptive tissue above compared to below the seed. This resulted in increased cyanazine exposure for the deeper planted velvetleaf seeds when herbicide was placed above the seed.
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Rawat, Manoj Kumar, and Rajendra Prasad Meena. "Evaluating antimutagenic effects of vitaminâ€C and Lâ€cysteine alone and in combination towards sodium azideâ€induced toxicity in Trigonella foenum†graecum L." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 3, no. 3 (2013): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.3(3).p127-130.
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Antimutagenicity of vitaminâ€C (ascorbic acid) and Lâ€cysteine (amino acid) was determined against the mutagenicity of sodium azide (NaN3; pH 6.0) in Trigonella foenumâ€graecum L. Toxicity to seed germination and seedling growth were taken as as the parameters. Sodium azide (mutagenic agent) induces inhibitory effects on the seed germination and causes formation of abnormal seedlings significantly with increasing concentrations. Sodium azide mutagenized seeds of T. foenumâ€graecum postâ€treated with four different aqueous concentrations of vitaminâ€C (0.0005M, 0.0010M, 0.0015M and 0.0100M) and Lâ€cysteine (0.0005M, 0.0010M, 0.0015M and 0.0100M), exhibited antimutagenic activity by way of promotory effects on seed germination as well as on seedling growth as compared to contol. Lâ€cystein was found to be more potent as antimutagen (antitoxic) than vitaminâ€C.
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Zhang, Hao, Li Jiang, Mohsin Tanveer, Jinbiao Ma, Zhenyong Zhao, and Lei Wang. "Indexes of Radicle are Sensitive and Effective for Assessing Copper and Zinc Tolerance in Germinating Seeds of Suaeda salsa." Agriculture 10, no. 10 (2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100445.
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Euhalophytes, such as Suaeda salsa, are ideal candidates to remediate heavy metal-polluted saline soils. However, the metal tolerance ability of dimorphic seeds and subsequent seedlings is largely unknown. This study investigated the tolerance of S. salsa seeds to different concentrations of Cu2+ (0–300 mM) and Zn2+ (0–300 mM) during germination and seedling growth stages. Results showed that dimorphic seeds of S. salsa had high metal tolerance during germination, and even germinated under 300 mM Cu and Zn treatments. However, seedling growth was more sensitive to metal solutions and radicle growth was almost completely inhibited by Cu at 10 mM, and by Zn at 50 mM. Germinating seeds and seedlings of S. salsa had a higher metal toxicity threshold of Zn than that of Cu. In all indexes, indexes of radicle were the most sensitive and effective indicator of metal tolerance. Seeds of S. salsa germinated successfully and seedlings survived under high Zn and Cu stress. The results suggest that S. salsa could be sown directly in heavy metal-contaminated soils for phytoremediation.
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Chakravarty, P., and L. Chatarpaul. "The effects of Velpar L (hexazinone) on seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis of Pinusresinosa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 7 (1988): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-139.
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We investigated the effects of Velpar L (hexazinone) on ectomycorrhizal (Laccarialaccata) and nonmycorrhizal Pinusresinosa seedlings in the greenhouse and in the field. In both greenhouse and field studies, seedling growth was reduced by Velpar L at 1, 2, and 4 kg/ha application rates in the short term (2 months' exposure) with significant recovery occurring afterwards. Seedling mortality occurred only with herbicide treatments and was higher in the greenhouse than in the field. The 4 kg/ha Velpar L treatment caused the highest mortality and toxicity was most pronounced in the mycorrhizal (Laccarialaccata inoculated) seedlings. In both experiments mycorrhizal infection was significantly reduced by 2 and 4 kg/ha Velpar L treatments during the 0- to 2-month and 2- to 6-month exposure periods, with significant recovery occurring in the latter. Although seedlings not infected with Laccarialaccata became mycorrhizal through unidentified indigenous species, their infection rates were also affected by Velpar L at all levels during the 0- to 2-month period and at the 2 and 4 kg/ha levels after 2–6 months of exposure to the herbicide.
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Tome Yamamoto, Cláudia Jaqueline, Mariana Bassanezi Gasparim, Nelson Barbosa Machado-Neto, and Ceci Castilho Custodio. "Early Seedling Growth as a Tool to Assess the Tolerance of Urochloa brizantha Cultivars to Free Aluminium." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 7 (2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p67.
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In this study we aimed to evaluate changes in germination, early seedling growth, and some biochemical parameters in Urochloa brizantha cultivars (Basilisk, Marandu, MG4, MG5, BRS Piatã, and Xaraés) subjected to five levels of free aluminium toxicity (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mmolc dm³ Al³+), and to verify the selection efficiency of aluminium tolerant cultivars. In the germination assay, lots were submitted to germination under simulated stress conditions in the laboratory, to quantify root protrusion, number of normal seedlings, shoot and root length, and dry mass. In the early seedling growth assay, evaluations were done on the seventh day after subjecting seedlings to aluminium stress conditions. Relative growth rate of length, and dry mass of shoots and roots, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and concentrations of proline, total antioxidants (TEAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated. During the seedling study period, up to 14 days after sowing, the most tolerant cultivar maintained root growth in aluminium stress conditions, while the most susceptible cultivar reduced root growth, and developed proportionally more shoots, as shoot growth depends on seed reserves. The germination assay indicated interference of the initial seed quality with increasing Al3+ concentrations. The results indicate that the early seedling growth assay, which excluded germination effects, and used the measurement of root attributes, is appropriate for the discrimination of Al3+ tolerant genotypes. The Marandu cultivar was the most similar to the Al3+ tolerance standard Basilisk cultivar.
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Zhang, Zhong-Wei, Yi-Ying Dong, Ling-Yang Feng, et al. "Selenium Enhances Cadmium Accumulation Capability in Two Mustard Family Species—Brassica napus and B. juncea." Plants 9, no. 7 (2020): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070904.
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Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is a Cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator. However, high-level Cd at the early seedling stage seriously arrests the growth of rape, which limits its applications. Brassica juncea had higher Cd accumulation capacity, but its biomass was lower, also limiting its applications. Previous studies have confirmed that Selenium (Se) can alleviate Cd toxicity. However, the regulatory mechanism of Se in different valence states of Cd accumulation was unclear. In this study, we investigated the ameliorating effects of three Se valence states, Na2SeO4 [Se(VI)], Na2SeO3 [Se(IV)] and Se-Met [Se(II)], to Cd toxicity by physiological and biochemical approaches in hydroponically-cultured Brassica juncea and Brassica napus seedlings. Although Se treatments slightly inhibited seedling Cd concentration, it tripled or quadrupled the Cd accumulation level per plant, because dry weight increased about four times more with Se and Cd application than with Cd treatment alone. Among the different valence states of Se, Se(II) had the most marked effect on reducing Cd toxicity as evidenced by decreased growth inhibition and Cd content. The application of Se(II) was effective in reducing Cd-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation, and promoted the antioxidant enzyme activity and photosynthesis of both Brassica species. In addition, Se(II) treatment increased the concentrations of Cd in the cell wall and soluble fractions, but the Cd concentration in the organelle part was reduced.
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Kasmiyati, Sri, Santosa S, Irfan Dwidja Priyambada, Kumala Dewi, and Rintawati Sandradewi. "Perkecambahan Biji Dan Pertumbuhan Kecambah Varietas Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Pada Cekaman Krom Heksavalen." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 17, no. 1 (2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.17.1.41-54.
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In contrast to other toxic trace metals, Cr has received little attention. Since valence level of chromium determines its toxicity, chromium is categorized as unique heavy metal. Chromium hexavalent (Cr6+) has the biggest toxicity among other valence levels. Seed germination and seedling growth are sensitive to heavy metal stresses. This research aimed to find out the responses of seed germination and seedling growth of 12 sorghum varieties toward Cr6+. Seed germination and seedling growth experiment was done on 12 sorghum varieties (Badik, UPCA-1, Keris, Keris M3, hegari Genjah, Gambela, Selayer, Sangkur, Mandau, Batari, Kawali, dan Numbu), planted in petridishes with Cr6+ treatment in form of chromate (K2CrO4) and dichromate (K2Cr2O7) compounds with 0, 50 and 500 mg of Cr/l concentration for a week. The parameters measured were the number of seeds germinate each day; the length of radicle and plumule, and fresh and dry weight at the end of experiment. The results showed that higher concentration of Cr6+ both in form of dichromate and chromate, significantly decreased the length of radicle and plumule, fresh and dry weight, and SVI (seedling vigor index) value. However, index germination (GI) value and percentage of germination of the 12 varieties sorgum significantly increased in the treatment of 50 mg Cr/l Cr6+ in form of dichromate and chromate. The treatment of dichromate compound showed bigger effect than chromate toward variables of seed germination and seedling growth of sorghum. It was noticed that 12 sorghum varieties possessed an integrated complex of adaptation to cope with the range of form of compound and concentration of Cr6+. Based on the responses of seed germination and seedling growth, Kawali, Hegari, Keris, Keris M3, Mandau, and Selayer varieties was more susceptible toward Cr6+ toxicity, and Sangkur, Selayer, Batari, and Numbu was more tolerant than other varieties. Keywords : chromate, dichromate, Sorghum bicolor, seedling, hexavalent chromium
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Hilton, James L., and Parthasarathy Pillai. "L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Protection Against Tridiphane Toxicity." Weed Science 34, no. 5 (1986): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067667.
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Tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane] inhibited growth of seedling corn (Zea maysL. ‘DK T 1100’), wheat (Triticum aesetivumL. ‘Arthur’), and sorghum (Sorghum vulgarePers. ‘DK 42Y’) in growth chamber experiments. These inhibitions were partially circumvented by simultaneous treatment with OTC (L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid). Tridiphane, atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], and OTC each increased levels of low molecular weight thiols (glutathione) in intact roots of treated corn seedlings, but only OTC did in excised roots. Tridiphane and atrazine caused a decrease in thiol content of excised roots. Tridiphane treatments reduced the amount of glutathioneS-transferase activity extractable from corn roots, and this reduction was circumvented partially by OTC applied in combination with tridiphane. These data present evidence that tridiphane interference with cysteine or glutathione metabolism can be reversed by increasing cellular content of cysteine.
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Schier, George A. "Response of red spruce and balsam fir seedlings to aluminum toxicity in nutrient solutions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 1 (1985): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-007.
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Red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) were grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L aluminum (Al) at pH 3.8. Seedlings died only when placed directly in solutions containing Al without first being conditioned to growth in a hydroponic system. In preconditioned seedlings, no evidence of Al injury was noted in the tops of seedlings at any level of Al, except for small reductions in shoot growth. Aluminum toxicity symptoms in roots, however, were well developed, though spruce showed less tolerance than fir. Inhibition of root growth in both species was first evident at 50 mg/L Al, root lengths decreasing with increasing concentrations of Al. Spruce seedlings at Al concentrations of 100 mg/L and higher were characterized by thickened, stunted, dark brown roots. Root deterioration was caused by Al-induced destruction of epidermal and cortical cells. Although root elongation was severely restricted in spruce and fir, root dry weight was not significantly reduced. Aluminum decreased seedling uptake of most mineral elements; manganese, magnesium, and zinc were affected most and boron and phosphorus least.
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Salifu, K. Francis, Michael A. Nicodemus, Douglass F. Jacobs, and Anthony S. Davis. "Evaluating Chemical Indices of Growing Media for Nursery Production of Quercus rubra Seedlings." HortScience 41, no. 5 (2006): 1342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1342.
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We evaluated suitability of chemical indices of three media formulations or substrates (A, B, and C) consisting of composted pine bark, coconut coir pith, sphagnum peatmoss, processed bark ash, and perlite in varied proportions for growing northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings. These substrates were ranked according to their ability to promote seedling growth. The low-yielding substrate (A) was devoid of pine bark and perlite and the medium-yielding substrate (B) contained no peatmoss or processed bark ash. The high-yielding substrate (C) contained all components. Additionally, we tested plant response to high nitrogen (N) fertilization on each substrate. Media EC, pH, and total dissolved solids measured at transplanting explained 68%, 43%, and 66%, respectively, of the variation in plant dry weight and 39%, 54%, and 46%, respectively, of the variation in shoot height. Vector diagnosis effectively ranked nutritional limitations on seedling growth as N > P > K. High N fertilization highlighted element deficiency in seedlings grown on substrate A, but resulted in element toxicity and antagonistic interactions in plants established on substrates B and C, respectively.
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Picchioni, G. A., S. Miyamoto, and J. B. Storey. "Growth and Boron Uptake of Five Pecan Cultivar Seedlings." HortScience 26, no. 4 (1991): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.4.386.
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Growth and B uptake of five pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] seedling cultivars were evaluated in two greenhouse experiments. Seedlings were exposed for 7 to 8 months to various B-containing irrigation solutions. In one study, the growth of `Apache', `Riverside', and `Burkett' seedlings declined significantly with a 5.0-mg B/liter application that provided 12.3 mg B/liter in the soil saturation extract. In the second study, B application of 2.5 mg·1iter-1 (6.4 mg·liter-1 in the saturation extract) reduced growth of `Western' and Wichita' seedlings. Seedling sources differed in susceptibility to B applications. `Apache' and `Wichita' seedlings were the more sensitive cultivars in the experiments. Leaf B concentrations increased linearly with concentrations in the saturation extract (r = 0.96 to 0.99), but did not depend on the cultivar. Boron toxicity (leaf interveinal chlorosis and tip necrosis) occurred within several weeks following B application of 1.25 to 2.5 mg·liter-1 (2.8 to 6.6 mg·liter-1 in the saturation extract, depending on cultivar). Three months later, chlorotic areas became necrotic in leaves containing >900 mg B/kg dry weight. Severe necrosis and some defoliation occurred when B concentrations were increased further. Leaves with no injury contained ≤325 mg B/kg.
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Liu, Xiaoming, Yao Meng, Shi Wei, and Wanrong Gu. "Exogenous Hemin Confers Cadmium Tolerance by Decreasing Cadmium Accumulation and Modulating Water Status and Matter Accumulation in Maize Seedlings." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (2021): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040739.
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Cadmium (Cd) contamination harms plant growth and human health. The application of hemin (ferroprotoporphyrin IX) can effectively relieve abiotic stresses in plants. This work investigates the effects of hemin on alleviating Cd toxicity and enhancing Cd tolerance in maize seedlings. In this study, maize seedlings were cultivated in nutrient solutions, with a combination of CdCl2 (464 μmol L−1) and hemin (100 μmol L−1). We measured plant growth status, water status, Cd concentration, and Cd distribution in maize seedlings. The results indicated that Cd stress increased Cd accumulation in plants and inhibited plant growth. However, hemin alleviated the growth inhibition and improved water balance, root morphology, and root vitality under Cd stress. Additionally, hemin increased 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), total phenolic content, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity to enhance tolerance to Cd stress. Hemin reduced Cd concentration, the translocation factor (TF), and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) in maize seedlings under Cd stress. Furthermore, hemin increased Cd concentrations in the cell wall and the soluble fraction of seedling roots, which helped reduce Cd transport from root to shoot. In summary, exogenous hemin could be used for alleviating adverse impacts on maize seedling induced by Cd stress.
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Cumming, Jonathan R. "Nitrogen source effects on Al toxicity in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings. II. Nitrate reduction and NO3− uptake." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 12 (1990): 2653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-335.
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Nitrogen source utilization, mediated by the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius, may modulate Al toxicity in pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings. Nitrate reduction, occurring primarily in the roots of pitch pine seedlings, represents a critical metabolic pathway that may be directly sensitive to Al or indirectly affected by changes in NO3− availability associated with Al exposure or mycorrhizal infection. To investigate these possibilities, pitch pine seedlings were grown in sand culture with NO3−, NH4NO3, or NH4+ and exposed to 0 or 200 μM Al for 6 weeks. Foliar N concentrations, root nitrate reductase (NR) activity, and Al inhibition of NR activity were highly dependent on the proportion of NO3− of the nutrient solution. The association of Pisolithus tinctorius with seedling roots reduced both root and foliar NR activity compared with non-inoculated controls, suggesting that NO3− uptake and translocation to foliage was reduced by the symbiont. This was confirmed by using 36ClO3− to measure unidirectional plasma membrane NO3− fluxes. Mycorrhizal root tips absorbed 50% less NO3− than nonmycorrhizal root tips. Preferential use of NH4+ by ectomycorrhizal roots may thus result in reduced movement of Al into root tissue and amelioration of Al toxicity. Key words: Pinus rigida, ectomycorrhizae, aluminum toxicity, nitrogen source.
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Islam, Mohammad Rashedul, Mohammad Zashim Uddin, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman, et al. "Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and toxicological studies of Ghagra shak (Xanthium strumarium L.) growing in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 35, no. 3 (2010): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.3658.
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The present study describes the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and toxicological evaluations of Xanthium strumarium L. growing in Bangladesh. In toxicity evaluation on rats, the methanol extract of seedlings showed mortality, while both seedling and mature plant extracts raised the serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values and produced significant abnormalities in the histopathology of liver and kidney of rats. On the other hand, the aqueous soluble fraction of methanol extract of mature plant (LC50 = 0.352 µg/mL) and methanol crude extract of seedlings (LC50 = 0.656 µg/mL) demonstrated significant toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. A total of four compounds were purified and characterized as stigmasterol (1), 11-hydroxy-11-carboxy-4-oxo-1(5),2(Z)-xanthadien-12,8-olide (2), daucosterol (3) and lasidiol-10-anisate (4). The present study suggests that X. strumarium is toxic to animal.Keywords: Bangladesh; Ethnobotanical; Xanthium strumariumOnline: 8 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.3658Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 84-90
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Campbell, M. A., R. W. Medd, and J. F. Brown. "Phytotoxicity of metabolites produced by Pyrenophora semeniperda in liquid culture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 10 (2003): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02185.
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Pyrenophora semeniperda was shown to produce heat stable, biologically active metabolites under agitated liquid culture conditions. Using a seedling bioassay it was shown that filtrates harvested from P.�semeniperda cultures had a significant impact on coleoptile length of both wheat and Bromus diandrus, but had no effect on seed germination. The relative toxicity of filtrates derived from several isolates of P. semeniperda and infiltrated into wheat leaves was highly correlated with the virulence of these isolates. A comparison of metabolites harvested from P. semeniperda and Pyrenophora teres grown under the same cultural conditions revealed that P.�teres did not affect wheat coleoptile growth, but affected the coleoptile elongation of B. diandrus, although less than filtrates produced by P. semeniperda. Culture filtrates harvested after 6 days were toxic to wheat and B.�diandrus and toxicity was maximal in filtrates derived from cultures that were 12 days old. Culture filtrates diluted to 1 in 20 produced symptoms in wheat seedlings, but only undiluted or 5 × concentrated filtrates produced symptoms on B.�diandrus seedling leaves. Plants older than first node stage (Z 31) were significantly less sensitive to filtrate than younger plants. A degree of host selectivity to the metabolites was observed since leaves of Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuus, Lablab purpureus and Xanthium occidentale were unaffected by infiltrates.
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Karimi, Javad, and Sasan Mohsenzadeh. "Expression of some Genes in Response to Cadmium Stress in Triticum aestivum." International Letters of Natural Sciences 63 (May 2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.63.10.
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Heavy metal toxicity has become a universal threat to all life forms, including plants. The main purpose of this study was to identify the gene expression profiling of MAPK, Thioredoxin, and MnSOD genes in wheat seedlings as affected by cadmium treatment. For this experiment, the quantitative Real-Time PCR on RNA isolated from shoots of wheat exposed to CdCl2 at a concentration of 100 mg/L was used. Results showed that in wheat seedling that exposed to cadmium stress for six days of beginning constant cadmium stress, Thioredoxin gene expression showed a large rise compared with the control sample, MnSOD gene expression increased compared with non-treated wheat seedling at the same times, but unlike the Thioredoxin and MnSOD genes, MAPK gene expression has no significant changes. Of course, it is possible that other times of beginning treatments (instead of six days) cause a change in this gene expression.
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Schier, George A. "Germination and early growth of four pine species on soil treated with simulated acid rain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 10 (1987): 1190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-183.
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The effect of simulated rain solutions of pH 5.6, 4.0, or 3.0 [Formula: see text] on seed germination and early seedling growth of pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.), shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.), loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and eastern white pine (P. strobus L.) was observed in a growth chamber on unsterilized soil from the New Jersey Pine Barrens that had been treated for 1 year with the acid rain solutions. Damping-off caused the death of all seedlings in the pH 3.0 treatments. Autoclaving the soil controlled damping-off. However, chemical changes in the soil increased the solubilities of mineral elements, and at pH 3.0 Al toxicity inhibited root growth of pitch pine and shortleaf pine. In spite of suppressed root growth, seedling top growth was significantly greater at pH 3.0 than at less acid treatments possibly owing to greater inputs of N and increased availability of mineral nutrients.
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Dučić, Tanja, Jürgen Thieme, and Andrea Polle. "Phosphorus Compartmentalization on the Cellular Level of Douglas Fir Root as Affected by Mn Toxicity: A Synchrotron-Based FTIR Approach." Spectroscopy: An International Journal 27 (2012): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/374039.
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We investigated distribution of phosphorus under manganese toxicity in different tissues of 10 μm thin-root cross-section of Douglas fir (DF) (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings by using synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microscopy (SR-FTIR) as a chemically sensitive imaging method. Manganese is an essential micronutrient in all organisms but may become toxic when present in excess. We found previously that DF varietyglauca(DFG) and varietymenziesii(DFM) differed in phosphorus uptake, subcellular localization, transport and tissue allocation, as an effect of manganese toxicity. To address the role of P in seedling tolerance under Mn toxicity, we determined P allocation in different root tissues. In DFG, but not in DFV, the P concentration was kept at a constant level even under Mn toxicity. Earlier X-ray microanalysis showed Mn accumulation in epidermal and cortical cells of both varieties after Mn treatment, suggesting that the root endodermis was a barrier for Mn to protect the vascular system and shoot from high Mn, with possible role of P ameliorations. Here, we discuss the potential role of P in Mn compartmentalization and toxicity tolerance in two different varieties.
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Schier, George A. "Seedling growth and nutrient relationships in a New Jersey Pine Barrens soil treated with "acid rain"." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 1 (1986): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-023.
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The effects of simulated acid rain solutions on growth of pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.) seedlings in undisturbed soil cores from the New Jersey Pine Barrens were examined. Solutions of pH 5.6, 4.0, and 3.0 (SO42−–Cl−–NO3−, 4:2:1), totaling 1.4 times annual ambient precipitation, were applied directly to soil cores from the A horizon during a 1-year period. By varying photoperiod and diurnal temperature, two growing "seasons" with an intervening dormant period were simulated. Soil chemistry, soil leachate chemistry, seedling nutrition, and seedling growth were monitored. Seedling dry weight was significantly greater at pH 3.0 than at the less acid treatments. Foliar nutrient contents indicated that growth stimulation at pH 3.0 probably resulted because of increased availability of nitrogen and input of nutrient cations from acid-induced weathering of soil minerals. There were sharp increases in Ca and Mg leaching when the pH of the irrigating solution was lowered, but solution acidity had little effect on depletion of K. Declines in nutrient leaching during the experiment indicated that weatherable cations were becoming depleted. Although Al mobility was greatly accelerated by an increase in acid inputs, Al toxicity symptoms were not observed.
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Otie, Victoria, Idorenyin Udo, Yang Shao, et al. "Salinity Effects on Morpho-Physiological and Yield Traits of Soybean (Glycine max L.) as Mediated by Foliar Spray with Brassinolide." Plants 10, no. 3 (2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030541.
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Salinity episodes that are common in arid regions, characterized by dryland, are adversely affecting crop production worldwide. This study evaluated the effectiveness of brassinolide (BL) in ameliorating salinity stress imposed on soybean at four levels (control (1.10), 32.40, 60.60 and 86.30 mM/L NaCl) in factorial combination with six BL application frequency (control (BL0), application at seedling (BL1), flowering (BL2), podding (BL3), seedling + flowering (BL4) and seedling + flowering + podding (BL5)) stages. Plant growth attributes, seed yield, and N, P, K, Ca and Mg partitioning to leaves, stems and roots, as well as protein and seed-N concentrations, were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced by salinity stress. These trends were ascribed to considerable impairments in the photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetically active radiation, leaf stomatal conductance and relative water content in the leaves of seedlings under stress. The activity of peroxidase and superoxidase significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased with salinity. Foliar spray with BL significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the photosynthetic attributes, as well as nutrient partitioning, under stress, and alleviated ion toxicity by maintaining a favourable K+/Na+ ratio and decreasing oxidative damage. Foliar spray with brassinolide could sustain soybean growth and seed yield at salt concentrations up to 60.60 mM/L NaCl.
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Alamri, Saud A., Manzer H. Siddiqui, Mutahhar Y. Al-Khaishani, and Hayssam M. Ali. "Boron induces seed germination and seedling growth of Hordeum vulgare L. under Nacl stress." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 8 (March 1, 2018): 1224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v8i1.7116.
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Boron (B), an essential micronutrient, helps the plants to complete their life cycle successfully. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to study (1) the role of B in seed germination and seedling growth, (2) the toxicity effect of B in seed germination and seedling growth and (3) the role of B in tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. ‘Bakore’) to NaCl stress. Under NaCl stress and non-stress conditions, application of high levels of B (100 µM) decreased parameters of germination (G%, VI, GI and MGT), growth (RL, SL, RFW, SFW, RDW and SDW), except the accumulation of Pro and MDA in barley seedlings. Also, a fluorescence study reveals that production of ROS (H2O2 and O2 •—) and non-viable cells increased in roots of barley seedlings treated with NaCl and high dose of B. An alteration in anatomical structure of barley seedlings was observed with the application of NaCl and high dose of B. However, a low concentration of B (50 µM) proved best and increased all germination and growth traits of barley seedlings by increasing further accumulation of Pro. Also, 50 µM of B significantly increased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b and total Chl) and deceased formation of ROS and viable cells in roots. Therefore, concluded that sufficient dose of B could be beneficial for barley plant in improving the tolerance to NaCl stress.
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Lee, JiWeon, and Paul V. Nelson. "496 PB 178 AMMONIUM TOXICITY DURING PLUG SEEDLING GERMINATION AND PRODUCTION." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 502d—502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.502d.
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Tomato `Marglobe' seed were sown on germination paper in enclosed plastic dishes in a growth room Ammonium was more toxic when applied as the single salt, ammonium sulfate, than when applied as part of a complete Hoagland solution. The lowest toxic ammonium levels were for the single salt 1.5 mM and for the complete solution 4.5 mM. Symptoms included reduced length of primary and particularly lateral roots, reduced numbers of root hairs, and chlorosis, distortion, and slower development of cotyledons. Tomato `Marglobe' seedlings were also grown in 288 cell plug trays in a substrate of 3 sphagnum peat moss and 1 perlite containing no N, P, or K but amended with dolomitic limestone to pH 6.0 They were fertilized every third watering with 4 mM NH4 + NO3, 0.4 mM PO4, and 1.2 mM K from 15 to 28 days after sowing and at double this concentration from 29 to 42 days. A zero leaching percentage was practiced. Ammoniacal-N comprised 25, 50, or 75% of total N. There were no effects of ammonium on root or shoot weights, height or appearance of plants through this period. Plant growth was limited throughout this period by N stress in accordance. with commercial practice. After 42 days N stress was alleviated by again doubling the nutrient solution concentration and applying it with every watering. Ammonium toxicity developed with symptoms of shorter plant height, general chlorosis of lower leaves, and necrosis of the base of lower leaves.
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Carver, Brett F., William P. Inskeep, Nancy P. Wilson, and Robert L. Westerman. "Seedling Tolerance to Aluminum Toxicity in Hard Red Winter Wheat Germplasm." Crop Science 28, no. 3 (1988): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1988.0011183x002800030006x.
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Bless, Y., L. Ndlovu, A. Gokul, and M. Keyster. "Exogenous methylglyoxal alleviates zirconium toxicity in Brassica rapa L. seedling shoots." South African Journal of Botany 109 (March 2017): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.01.030.
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SORANA, IONESCU ŢOPA, SIMONA MIHĂILESCU, DANIELA STRAT, and IULIANA FLORENTINA GHEORGHE. "Effects of oil pollution on seed germination and seedling emergence toxicity." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 25, no. 1 (2020): 1194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/25.1/1194.1201.
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Peng, Han, Wu Geng, Wu Yong-quan, Li Mao-teng, Xiang Jun, and Yu Long-jiang. "Effect of heavy metal stress on emerging plants community constructions in wetland." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 10 (2010): 2459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.496.
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In this paper, we report the effects of heavy metals (HMs) (cadmium and mercury) on seed germination and seedling growth of Phragmites australis and Triarrhena sacchariflora, which are the two main typical emerging plants in Hongze Lake wetland. The results showed that there was a reduction in germination percentage, germination index and seedling length as HM concentration in the growing media increased for both treatments. The effect of HMs toxicity on seed germination and seedling growth of T. sacchariflora was more obvious than of P. australis. At the stage of seed germination, P. australis and T. sacchariflora were sensitive to Hg2 + and Cd2 + , respectively, and Hg2 + was more toxic than Cd2 + at the stage of seedling growth. The effect of HMs toxicity is not invariable during plant growth. Compared to the stage of seedling growth, P. australis and T. sacchariflora are more susceptible to HMs at the stage of seed germination. In addition, we calculated the ecological thresholds of P. australis to Cd and Hg are 19.32 and 1.08 mg kg−1, and that of T. sacchariflora to Cd is 4.62 mg kg−1 based on the lab simulation. The results also indicated that the species of P. australis is more tolerant than T. sacchariflora to the HMs and is a better candidate for restoration in Hongze Lake wetland ecosystem.
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Hayes, R. C., M. K. Conyers, G. D. Li, et al. "Spatial and temporal variation in soil Mn2+ concentrations and the impact of manganese toxicity on lucerne and subterranean clover seedlings." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12138.
Full textAbstract:
Spatial and temporal variation in soil Mn2+ was observed over a 12-month period at two field sites near Gerogery and Binalong in southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Three pot experiments were then conducted to emulate the range of soil Mn2+ concentrations observed in the field and to determine the effect of different concentrations on lucerne and subterranean clover seedling growth, as well as to determine the effect of heating a soil on pH and Mn2+ concentrations. Concentrations of soil Mn2+ in the surface 0.20 m varied at a given sampling date by up to 288% (2.5–9.7 µg/mL) and 183% (8.7–24.6 µg/mL) across the Gerogery and Binalong field sites, respectively. At both sites, the concentration of soil Mn2+ in a given plot also varied by up to 175% between sampling times. There was little consistency between sites for seasonal fluctuations of soil Mn2+, although in both instances, peaks occurred during months in which newly sown lucerne plants might be emerging in southern NSW. Pot experiments revealed that high concentrations of soil Mn2+ reduced lucerne seedling survival by 35%, and on seedlings that did survive, reduced shoot growth by 19% and taproot length by 39%. Elevated concentrations of soil Mn2+ also reduced subterranean clover seedling survival by up to 55% and taproot length by 25%, although there were few effects on subterranean clover in treatments other than those imposing the highest soil Mn2+ concentrations. The third pot experiment demonstrated that elevated soil temperatures led to increased soil pH and increased soil Mn2+ concentrations, attributable to a decrease in biological oxidation of soil Mn2+. This was in contrast to the commonly anticipated response of a decline in soil Mn2+concentrations as soil pH increased.
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Reggiani, R., A. Bertani, and S. Bozo. "The effect of salinity on early seedling growth of seeds of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (1995): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-029.
Full textAbstract:
We studied the effects of three salinity levels (50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) on the early seedling growth of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of Albanian origin characterized by different sensitivities to salt. Sodium accumulation was similar in seedlings of different cultivars and, in general, Na+ was confined to the root. Chloride accumulated at high levels in both the root and the shoot but least so in Daity. No appreciable differences were observed in K+ content. The most salt-tolerant cultivar showed a higher capacity for osmoregulation than the other two cultivars. Key words: Ion regulation, ion toxicity, osmoregulation, salinity, Triticum aestivum
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CHU, Xiuli, Xianyou LUO, and Zhichun ZHOU. "Exponential fertilization on red-seed tree (Ormosia hosiei) seedlings subjected to contrasting light conditions: Do we really need intensive nutrient loading?" Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 2 (2021): 12244. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212244.
Full textAbstract:
Exponential fertilization (EF) can feed seedlings with more nutrients than needed for growth and continuous lighting is expected to reduce the risk of loading at high application rate. In this study, red-seed tree (Ormosia hosiei Hemsley & E. H. Wilson) seedlings were raised by EF at a low rate of 160 mg nitrogen (N) plant-1 (conventional) (N-phosphorus [P]-potassium [K], 12-9-12) and a high rate of 600 mg N plant-1 (intensive), which was adapted from previous studies with large-pot-seedlings. Both fertilizer regimes were nested to either of two light spectra from high-pressure sodium (HPS) and light-emitting diode (LED) sources with three replicates for each combined treatment. Seedlings subjected to the conventional regime in the LED spectrum showed better growth and greater biomass accumulation with higher leaf N and P contents than other ones. In the conventional fertilizer regime, the LED spectrum also resulted in higher photosynthesis shown by more pigments and higher N synthesis than the HPS spectrum. The HPS spectrum strengthened P synthesis in the intensive regime. The antioxidative activity was stimulated by a high dose of EF, hence excessive toxicity was likely induced. We recommend using the normal rate of 160 mg N plant-1 for the culture of red-seed tree seedlings with LED lighting to promote seedling quality without causing excessive nutrient toxicity.
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Schier, George A., and Roy L. Patton. "Damping-off disease of pine seedlings on soils treated with simulated acidic rain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 5 (1995): 838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-091.
Full textAbstract:
Damping-off during seed germination and early seedling growth of Pinusrigida Mill., Pinusechinata Mill., Pinustaeda L., and Pinusstrobus L. were observed for 28 days on three New Jersey (U.S.A.) Pine Barrens soils (Atsion, Downer, Lakewood) treated with simulated acidic rain solutions of pH 4.2, 3.5, or 3.0 (SO42−:Cl−:NO3−, 2.2:1.4:1.0). The soils were sandy, highly acidic, and deficient in mineral nutrients. Treatment with rain solution was started 53 days before planting the pine seeds and continued during germination. Seedling emergence and seedling mortality were affected significantly by solution pH, soils, and species. Seedling emergence of all pine species on Atsion and Lakewood soils decreased with increasing solution acidity. On Downer soil seedling emergence was unaffected by solution acidity probably because the buffering action of the soil decreased the acidity of the rain solution. Seedling mortality of all species increased with increasing treatment acidity on all soils and was significantly higher on Atsion (100% at pH 3.0) than on the other soils. Although solution acidity significantly increased the concentration of Al in the soil solution, there was no evidence of Al toxicity. Two isolated fungal species, a Trichoderma and a Penicillium, significantly reduced seedling emergence and increased seedling mortality of P. rigida in sterile, acid-washed quartz sand; however, neither seedling emergence nor seedling mortality was affected significantly by solution acidity.
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Zeng, Kun, Yong Lai Xue, Xia Hong, Fang Ma, Chang Ri Han, and Dao Lin Du. "Genotoxicity of 1-1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids on Pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis) Using ISSR Markers." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.3.
Full textAbstract:
Ionic liquids (ILs) are one class of important industrial chemicals that may replace conventional organic solvents. Due to the solubility, the toxicity study of ILs focused on aquatic mediums. However, there is seldom research for the the toxicity on terrestrial organism. In this paper, we studied the toxicity of three imidazolium ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([Bmim][CL]), 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]), and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoroacetate ([Bmim][CF3COOH]) on seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker technique was applied to detect DNA damage induced by imidazolium ILs. The results showed that all of three ILs could inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi significantly at higher concentration (≥16 mM/L). At same concentration (1 mM/L and 4 mM/L), the genotoxicity of three ILs was following the trends: [Bmim][BF4]> [Bmim][CF3COOH]> [Bmim][CL]. It was concluded that ISSR assay offered a useful way to detect toxicity of ILs contamination on plant at low concentration even without transformation of physiological feature, such as germination and growth parameters and so on.