Academic literature on the topic 'Seedlings – Diseases and pests'
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Journal articles on the topic "Seedlings – Diseases and pests"
1
Utami, Sri, and Agus Ismanto. "SERANGAN HAMA DEFOLIATOR PADA BIBIT TANAMAN KEHUTANAN." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 1, no. 2 (2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2016.1.2.97.
Full textAbstract:
One of the efforts to support the success of forest plantation development is the availability of quality seeds (free from pests and diseases and have the ability to grow good). Defoliator pests is one of the problems frequently encountered pest attack seedlings in the nursery. Defoliator pest attacks will result in the failure of seedlings. The study was conducted at Modern Nursery located in the Sukamoro Village, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province from February to May 2013. The purpose of the study was to analize the pest which attacks some seedlings e.g. Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), kayu bawang (Dysoxylum molissimum) and tembesu (Fagraea fragans) respectively 1 month old. The results showed that Arthroschista hilaralis is defoliator pests that attack several seedlings. A. hilaralis pest attacks Jabon begin observation two week with the percentage and intensity of attack by 40% and 30,39% respectively. The pest attacks continue to rise to observations in fourth week with a severity of 100%. The percentage and intensity of pests on kayu bawang seedling 68,72% and 40,66% respectively. On the seedlings tembesu, percentages and intensity of pest attacks 5,83% and 3,88% respectively, which is found in the observation of the 4th week. This showed that A. hilaralis is one of the pests that have a preference to eat in addition to its main host plant Jabon. Therefore, the presence of pests defoliator A. hilaralis on a scale nurseries should be anticipated. Management required appropriate controls in preventing these pests so that forestry plant breeding activities are carried out within the framework of the provision of seeds for planting in a broader scale having success.
2
Zeni, Syafa’atul Aulia, Normela Rachmawati, and Adistina Fitriani. "FREKUENSI DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA PENYAKIT PADA BIBIT MERSAWA (Anisoptera marginata Korth. ) DI PERSEMAIAN BP2LHK BANJARBARU KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 4, no. 2 (2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v4i2.3345.
Full textAbstract:
Intensity and Frequency of pests disease is comparison quantity of objects be invaded and whole observed objects in percent. The intensity of pests and diseases is the level be ivaded or the level of plants damage caused by isects, fungi, bacteria or viruses that started by qualitatively or quantitalively. Pests are all animals that can be damage the trees or forest stands and forest products, plant disease is a modification or deviation in one or more parts of the physiological process and make loss of coordination in the plants.This research do in BP2LHK nursery Banjarbaru South Kalimantan from July until Semptember 2019. The method used is scoring method by determining be invaded score on mersawa seedling. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of pest and disease attacks on mersawa seedlings (Anisoptera marginata Korth) of 95.46%. The intensity of pests and diseases in the seeds of mersawa (Anisoptera marginata Korth.) of 37.9%. The level of pest damage to mersawa seedlings ranged 25,0–50,0 % include in the medium category. Keywords: Mersawa; Frequency and intensit; Pest and disease
3
Gogo, Elisha O., Mwanarusi Saidi, Francis M. Itulya, Thibaud Martin, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Microclimate Modification Using Eco-friendly Nets for High-quality Tomato Transplant Production by Small-scale Farmers in East Africa." HortTechnology 22, no. 3 (2012): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.3.292.
Full textAbstract:
Unfavorable environmental conditions, pests, and viral diseases are among the major factors that contribute to poor growth and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings in tropical areas. Improving crop microclimate and excluding insects that transmit viruses may improve transplant quality and yield in production fields. This study was carried out in two seasons at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field of Egerton University in Njoro, Kenya, to investigate the effects of agricultural nets herein called eco-friendly nets (EFNs) on germination and performance of tomato seedlings. Tomato seeds were either raised in the open or under a permanent fine mesh net (0.4-mm pore diameter). Eco-friendly net covers modified the microclimate resulting in significantly higher day temperatures and relative humidity, compared with the open treatment. Nets increased temperature and relative humidity by 14.8% and 10.4%, respectively. Starting seeds under a net advanced seedling emergence by 2 days and resulted in higher emergence percentage, thicker stem diameter, more leaves, and faster growth leading to early maturity of seedlings and readiness for transplanting. Netting improved root development by increasing root quantity and length. Stomatal conductance (gS) and estimates of chlorophyll content were higher in seedlings under net covering compared with those in the noncovered control treatment. Insect pests and diseases were also reduced under net covering. The use of the net in the production of tomato transplants presented a 36.5% reduction in the cost of seeds, through improved emergence and reduced pest damage. All other factors held constant, healthy and quality transplants obtained under a net covering also translate into better field performance; hence, increasing economic returns for commercial transplants growers, as well as for tomato farmers. Results of this study suggest that EFNs can be customized not only for their effective improvement on growth and quality of tomato transplants but also for their pest and disease management in the nursery alone or as a component of integrated pest and disease management.
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Šņepste, Ilze, Baiba Krivmane, Vilnis Šķipars, Astra Zaluma, and Dainis E. Ruņģis. "Induction of Defense Responses in Pinus sylvestris Seedlings by Methyl Jasmonate and Response to Heterobasidion annosum and Lophodermium seditiosum Inoculation." Forests 12, no. 5 (2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050628.
Full textAbstract:
The induction of defense responses in Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was investigated in three experiments. Two different MeJA application methods were tested, and induction of defense responses was assayed by seedling inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. and Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley and Millar. In the first experiment, five-year-old P. sylvestris ramets of one clone were directly treated with MeJA, followed by inoculation with H. annosum. In the second experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by direct spraying and vaporization, and inoculation with H. annosum was done using a slightly modified protocol. In the third experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by vaporization and inoculated with L. seditiosum. Direct application of MeJA induced seedling mortality, and in some cases, decreased resistance to inoculation with H. annosum. Application of MeJA by vaporization was less stressful for seedlings, and resulted in increased resistance to both H. annosum and L. seditiosum. In addition, an unforeseen Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) and Hylobius abietis L. infestation provided anecdotal evidence of the efficacy of MeJA in inducing resistance to insect pests as well. Further studies are required on the induction of resistance to additional diseases and pests. Induced resistance could be used as a possible protective mechanism for Scots pine seedlings prior to planting during reforestation of stands to increase vitality and survival.
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Prahodsky, Sergei, Valery Kaplich, and Dmitry Voitka. "Protection of Scots Pine Planting Stock and Forest Plantations against Diseases and Pests in Belarus." Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, no. 3 (2018): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this research is the monitoring of diseases of Scots pine in the plantings and forest stands in the Republic of Belarus depending on the species composition of pests, their biology and the effectiveness of various methods of plant protection. Significant loss of plants for planting is associated with the spread of pathogens causing damage to seedlings, mainly from the genus Fusarium, Alternaria and Botrytis. The most abundant pests of Scots pine are Coleoptera and Lepidoptera groups representing 16 and 8 species, accordingly. Numerous species represent Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae and Tortricidae family. The main components of an effective system of measures, as an integral part of the technology of growing of planting material of Scots pine in containers, are pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicides, stimulating the growth and development of seedlings. The elaborated system of protective measures of forest plantations is based on the prevalence, phenology of pests, estimation of phytopathogenic load, monitoring of diseases and seasonal climatic conditions.
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Dhena, Emanuel Randy, and Yustina Maria Silvia Wonga Puu. "INVENTARISASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI HAMA DAN PENYAKIT UTAMA TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)." AGRICA 4, no. 2 (2020): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v4i2.461.
Full textAbstract:
This research was carried out in order to understand the main types of pests and diseases that affect corn, which types are most dominant and to understand the severity of these main diseases in corn. Observation of variables involved the identification of pests and diseases that attacked corn plants, the diversity of these pests and diseases as well as the intensity of the damage caused by these pests and diseases. The results of this research showed that the main type of pest and disease that attacks corn are, among others: seedling flies (Atherigonasp), grasshoppers (Oxyasp), corn stalk drillers (Ostrineafurnacalis) and leaf rust. The most dominant type of pest or disease were grasshoppers (Oxyasp) which attacked plant leaves. The seriousness of an attack by a pest or disease was found to be important in the seedling phase, there are many variations in between species of corn and also developed with the age of the corn. At 12 days after planting, the incidence of insect attack was0.2% and at 33 days and 54 days after planting it was 0.32-0.47%. Whereas for disease, when observed at 33 and 54 days after planting, the average incidence of disease attack was 0.05-0.23%. Also, when observed at 61 days and 75 days, the incidence of attack rose to 0.32-40%.
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Effendi, Kurniawan, Abdul Munif, and I. Wayan Winasa. "Survey of Rice Pests, Diseases and Natural Enemies on “Upsus” Program in Karawang District, West Java Province." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 24, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.50365.
Full textAbstract:
"Upsus" (Special Efforts) Program is a program to increase crop production and productivity to support the acceleration of food self-sufficiency held by the government. The targets are to increase the planting index (IP) by 0.5 and productivity by 0.3 ton/ha/Harvested Dry Grain (HDG). Increased productivity has not been reached optimally. This research aimed to determine the number/types of the dominant pests and natural enemies, and pests and diseases attack rates in the wetland rice plantation "Upsus" Program in Karawang District. Direct observation was carried out on four stages of plant development, in the nursery stage (10–14 days after sowing) 200–300 m², seedlings stage (10–20 days after planting), vegetative stage (5–6 weeks after planting), and reproductive stage (1–2 weeks after flowering) respectively within an area of 2000 m². Twenty samples were observed in the nursery stage and 50 samples in the following stages. The dominant pests and diseases found were Nilaparvata lugens, Leptocarisa oratorius, Schirpophaga incertulas, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Scotinophara coarctata, Mythimna separata, bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas. oryzae pv. oryzae), blast (Pyricularia grisea) and narrow brown spot (Cercospora oryzae). The recorded dominant natural enemies were Cyrtorhinus sp., Paederus sp., Tetragnatha sp., and Pardosa pseudoannulata. S. incertulas showed the highest attack intensity and the highest disease severity was found in bacterial leaf blight. The largest population of dominant pests and natural enemies was found in the generative stage. The high application of pesticides affected the population of pests, natural enemies, and the level of pest and disease attacks.
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Bobushkina, S. V., A. O. Senkov,, and D. H. Fayzulin. "Practice on growing of forest containerized seedlings applicable to the greenhouse complexes of the Arkhangelsk region." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 4, no. 4 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-4-1-16.
Full textAbstract:
The need to develop and implement innovative forms of reforestation to obtain highly productive tree stands actualize the topic of the article. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze foreign experience and research on the production of softwood containerized planting stock for reforestation and compare it with the practice of greenhouse complexes in the Arkhangelsk region. We used the international bibliographic and abstract database «Scopus», which indexes scientific journals, materials from conferences and publications to search for information. A review of publications has been completed over more than a 20-year period (1999-2019). The world experience study and the results of studies on the cultivation of forest containerized seedlings, in particular, Finland, Sweden, Norway, countries similar in terms of the growth of woody vegetation and the range of tree species to the conditions of the European north of Russia made it possible to highlight current research directions. The treatment of seedlings with a short or long light day; frost resistance of the seedlings; influence of drought, excessive moisture; issues of seedling storage; diseases, pests of seedlings and control of them, as well as problems of selection and seed production; seed quality and their impact on plant growth; influence of cultivation technology and types of planting stock on the effectiveness of planting refers to them. The use of foreign plants for growing ball-rooted planting stock implies a similar technology for the production of forest seedlings in our region. However, climatic features and the availability of various consumables, such as peat, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., necessitate the adaptation of Scandinavian technologies to local conditions and the development of additional techniques. One of the main production tasks is the achievement of standard indicators by seedlings. It is not always possible to achieve the desired results in harsh taiga conditions, therefore it is necessary to use foreign experience in growing ball-rooted planting stock, which allows to increase the production of standard seedlings without compromising their quality. This is a whole range of measures, including work on breeding and seed production, the formation of a plant substrate, lighting, moisture, observing the temperature regime, storage of seedlings, combating diseases and pests, etc., which ultimately are the components of the success of artificial reforestation
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Purba, Endang Christine, and Bambang S. Purwoko. "TEKNIK PEMBIBITAN, PEMUPUKAN, DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOMODITI JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) DI KECAMATAN SIMPANG EMPAT DAN KECAMATAN PAYUNG, KABUPATEN KARO, SUMATRA UTARA, INDONESIA." Pro-Life 6, no. 1 (2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/pro-life.v6i1.940.
Full textAbstract:
Citrus is one of the horticultural commodities that has been a focus of development in 2018. Citrus is the fourth largest commodity in the percentage of Indonesia fruit production in 2014. In 2014, citrus fruit production in Indonesia was 1,785,256 tons or around 9.01% of national fruit production. Karo Regency is a citrus production center in North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura (2015) the production of citrus commodities was 173.921 tons (53,30%). In 2014, there were 3,150,060 productive citrus trees with a harvested area of 7,875 ha and a production of 500,243 tons in North Sumatra. One of the varieties grown by farmers in Karo Regency is Siam. High productivity of siam is certainly also influenced by seedlings, fertilization and controlling the pests. To determine this, research has been conducted on farmers in Simpang Empat and Payung Districts, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. To get quality Siam seeds, farmers in two research locations used Japansche citroen plants as rootstock because they were resistant to disease and drought. Fertilization of siam uses inorganic fertilizer as much as 3-4 months, while organic fertilizer as much as 10 months. The control of pests of siam citrus is done mechanically and chemically. Pests and diseases that usually attack siam are Bractocera spp, black lice, fruit borers, fungus and powdery mildew.
 Keywords: cultivation, seedling, fertilizer, pest, productivity, orange, Citrus nobilis
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Ondieki, Joseph Atanga, Peter Sirmah, and Joseph Hitimana. "Incidence of Pests and Diseases in Tree Nurseries and Plantations in Kimondi Forest, Nandi County, Kenya." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 3, no. 1 (2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.3.1.287.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing demand for wood is putting pressure on forest resources that are equally under threat from insect pests and diseases. Reported average annual forest loss stands at 0.2% globally, 0.8% in Africa, and 1.6% in Kenya. To meet the increasing demand for forest products in Kenya, the government and private sector have established plantations of non-native tree species dominated by Eucalyptus species, Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus patula. To ensure successful forest plantation establishment and management schemes, there is a need for sufficient knowledge and understanding of tree growth conditions and threats including pests and diseases. This study aimed at determining the incidence of plantation and tree nurseries in Kimondi Forest, Kenya. Tree plantations were mapped into 2.5 Ha rectangular portion transects parallel to the forest roads. In randomly selected portions, observations were carried out for disease and pest signs and symptoms on various tree parts (leaves, stem, roots, fruits, and twigs). In the tree nurseries, 3 m × 1 m rectangular quadrants were placed on seedling beds and similar observations were made. Collected data indicated a high incidence of nursery seedling pests (5.3 % leaves and 5.1% stems) on Eucalyptus species and least on P. patula (2.4% leaves and 3% stems). Higher incidence of plantation pests (35.0% leaves of Eucalyptus sps.) and least on P. patula stems (1.2%) were recorded. On the other hand, twelve (12.0%) of C. lusitanica and (1.8%) Eucalyptus species plantation twigs were infested by pests. A high incidence of nursery seedling disease (9.8%) was observed on C. lusitanica leaves and least on P. patula stems (3.6%). Higher incidence of plantation diseases (32 %) on leaves of Eucalyptus sps. and least on C. lusitanica stem (1.4%) was recorded. In both tree nurseries and plantations, roots and fruits remained free from pests and disease. Major tree pests and diseases identified in Kimondi forests include (Human, wildlife, livestock, Cinara cupressi, Gonipterus scutellatus, Pinus pini, and Leptocybe invasa) and (damping-off, Fusarium wilt, Botryosphaeria canker, cypress canker, and Mycosphaerella spp.) respectively. These results suggest a need for regular monitoring and intervention measures to control pest and disease infestation in the Kimondi forest.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seedlings – Diseases and pests"
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Sitole, Phumeza. "Investigating the role of mycorrhizal fungi and associated bacteria in promoting growth of citrus seedlings." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013033.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa is the world's second largest exporter of fresh citrus and is ranked 14th in citrus production. Fungal pathogens such as Phytophthora and Pythium cause economic losses as a result of root rot and brown rot. Mycorrhizal fungi are specialized members of the fungal community forming a mutualistic relationship with plant roots. Mycorrhizal fungal structures are known to associate with other soil microorganisms and these may contribute to improved plant growth. A diverse group of bacteria that interact with the mycorrhizal fungi are known as Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria (MHB). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza and associated bacteria isolated from spores and determine whether they had any plant growth promoting potential. A total of 19 bacteria were isolated from arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and were molecularly identified as belonging to several Bacillus, Micrococcus, Onchrobactrum and Staphylococcus sp. All bacterial isolates were tested for plant growth promotion abilities. One Bacillus isolate was able to solubilise phosphate. Four isolates Micrococcus sp, Micrococcus leteus, Ochrobacterum sp and Ochrobacterum antropi were able to produce Indole Acetic Acid and three isolates showed potential to reduce growth of Phytophthora nicotianae, P. citrocola and P. citrophthora in in vitro plate cultures. Further tests using culture supernatants of the Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp and Bacillus cereus confirmed their ability to inhibit or reduce growth of the three Phytophthora species in a 96 well bioassay. Bacillus sp and Bacillus cereus were able to inhibit Phytophthora spp by 95 to 100 % and Micrococcus spp was able to decrease pathogen growth by 60 to 94 %. These bacterial isolates were further evaluated for plant growth promoting abilities on citrus rough lemon seedlings alone or in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. Bacterial and mycorrhizal inoculants influence the increase in shoot and root biomass. Bacillus cereus in combination with mycorrhizal inoculum significantly increased seedling shoot to root ratio while root biomass was significantly increased with mycorrhizal inoculation. Due to the short duration of the trial mycorrhizal colonisation could not be assessed. It is evident that selected combinations of bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi could promote citrus seedling growth and potentially improve seedling health. Further studies under nursery conditions are recommended.
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French, Robert John. "Leaf senescence and water stress in wheat seedlings /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf875.pdf.
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Lewis, Katherine JoAnn. "Studies on the spread of Verticicladiella procera by soil-borne and insect-borne propagules." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91132.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were undertaken to determine the dispersal mechanisms of Verticicladiella procera Kendrick, the causal agent of Procera Root Disease (PRD).
Propagule germinability in artificially infested soil decrease rapidly under natural and controlled conditions. Colonization of seedlings in artificially infested soil was rare and symptoms were not displayed by colonized seedlings.
Natural populations of V. procera were closely associated with colonized root tissue. Colonization of field planted seedlings was related to proximity to root collars of diseased trees and insect activity on the seedlings.
Insects (Coleoptera) contaminated with V. procera were found in plantations both with and without PRD. The percent of weevils and bark beetles contaminated with V. procera was 64 and 0.76 respectively. Verticicladiella procera was transmitted to white pine bolts in the field and under controlled conditions following visitation by contaminated insects. Verticicladiella procera was associated with larval galleries and frass in trap bolts and was observed fruiting in insect galleries in root systems of diseased trees.
This evidence suggests that transmission by insects, especially weevils, is the more important mechanism for dispersal and that soil-borne propagules have a minor role in pathogen spread.<br>M.S.
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Spies, Christoffel F. J. (Christoffel Frederik Jakobus). "The inoculum ecology of Botrytis cinerea in Rooibos nurseries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20943.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the most important foliar disease of rooibos
seedlings. Although the disease is primarily controlled with applications of fungicides, the
improvement of cultural methods of disease management should lessen this dependence on
chemical control. Such improvements would, however, not be possible without knowledge of
the inoculum sources and dispersal of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate
the inoculum ecology of B. cinerea in rooibos nurseries in order to identify primary sources of
inoculum and to improve the environmentally friendly management of the disease.
The study was conducted in four nurseries over two production seasons (March to July
2003 and 2004). Levels of airborne inoculum of B. cinerea were monitored on a monthly basis
inside and around the nurseries with spore traps. Samples of plant material and organic debris
were taken in the corresponding areas to determine the incidence of plant material infected by
the pathogen and the incidences of grey mould in the nurseries were recorded. Low numbers
of B. cinerea colonies were observed on the spore traps. Similar levels of airborne inoculum
were observed inside and around the nurseries. The incidence of plant material yielding B.
cinerea was higher outside the nurseries than inside, indicating the importance of such
materials as potential sources of inoculum. Since patterns of airborne inoculum observed in
this study confirmed reports of the local dispersal of B. cinerea, the removal of possible hosts
outside the nurseries could aid in the management of grey mould in rooibos nurseries.
Resistance to dicarboximide fungicides is a genetically stable trait in B. cinerea, and
therefore has the potential to be used as a phenotypic marker. This marker can be used to gain
knowledge on the dispersal of B. cinerea inoculum inside and outside rooibos nurseries.
Isolates of B. cinerea collected from the air and from plant material in and around four rooibos
nurseries were assessed for resistance to iprodione at 1 and 3 μg/ml a.i. Some of the isolates
showed resistance to iprodione at 1 μg/ml a.i. However, none of the isolates showed resistance
at 3 μg/ml a.i. iprodione. The initial incidence of dicarboximide-resistance at the nurseries was
slightly higher than expected. As the season progressed, the incidence of iprodione-resistant
isolates decreased towards May, after which an increase was observed towards July. A
relatively high percentage of isolates collected outside the nurseries was found to be dicarboximide-resistant. Two of the nurseries had a significant higher incidence of resistant
isolates on plant material collected inside, than on plant material collected outside the nursery.
However, when looking at resistance levels of airborne isolates, no significant differences were
found in the incidence of resistant isolates sampled inside and outside the four nurseries. The
data indicated the importance of organic debris and seed-borne infections in the survival and
dispersal of dicarboximide-resistant isolates of the pathogen.
With the current emphasis on organic agriculture the knowledge gained in this study
presents valuable possibilities of improving the cultural management of grey mould in rooibos
nurseries.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vaalvrot, veroorsaak deur Botrytis cinerea, is die belangrikste bo-grondse siekte van
rooibossaailinge. Alhoewel die beheer van die siekte hoofsaaklik op die gebruik van
fungisiede berus, behoort die verbetering van verbouingspraktyke hierdie afhanklikheid van
chemiese beheer te verminder. Sulke verbeteringe sal egter slegs moontlik wees indien
voldoende kennis van die inokulumbronne en verspreiding van die patogeen beskikbaar is. Die
doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die inokulum ekologie van B. cinerea in rooibos kwekerye
te ondersoek sodat primêre inokulumbronne opgespoor en omgewingsvriendelike
siektebestuurspraktyke verbeter kan word.
Die ondersoek is in vier kwekerye oor twee produksie seisoene (Maart tot Julie 2003 en
2004) uitgevoer. Vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum van B. cinerea is op ’n maandelikse basis
met behulp van spoorvangers binne en buite die kwekerye gemonitor. Monsters van
plantmateriaal en organiese materiaal is in ooreenstemmende areas geneem om die voorkoms
van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal vas te stel en die voorkoms van vaalvrot in die
kwekerye is aangeteken. Min B. cinerea kolonies is op die spoorvangers waargeneem.
Soortgelyke vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum is binne en buite die kwekerye waargeneem.
Die hoër voorkoms van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye as binne,
dui op die belang van sulke materiaal as potensiële inokulumbronne. Aangesien die patrone
van luggedraagde inokulum, soos waargeneem in hierdie ondersoek, ander berigte van B.
cinerea se beperkte verspreidingsvermoë bevestig, kan die verwydering van moontlike
alternatiewe gashere buite die kwekerye die bestuur van die siekte binne die kwekerye
verbeter.
Weerstand teen dikarboksimied fungisiede is ’n geneties-stabiele kenmerk in B. cinerea
en het daarom potensiaal om as ’n fenotipiese merker gebruik te word. Hierdie merker kan
gebruik word om kennis aangaande die verspreiding van B. cinerea in en om rooibos kwekerye
in te samel. Botrytis cinerea isolate in lug en op plantmateriaal in en om vier rooibos
kwekerye is gedurende 2003 en 2004 versamel. Die isolate is vir weerstandbiedendheid teen
iprodioon by konsentrasies van 1 en 3 μg/ml aktiewe bestandeel (a.b.) getoets. Isolate met
weerstand teen 1 μg/ml a.b. iprodioon is waargeneem, maar nie teen 3 μg/ml nie. Die aanvanklike voorkoms van dikarboksimiedweerstand by die kwekerye was hoër as verwag.
Hierdie vlak het egter gedaal met die verloop van die seisoen tot in Mei, waarna ’n toename tot
in Julie waargeneem is. Die persentasie dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate buite die
kwekerye was relatief hoog. In twee van die kwekerye was die voorkoms van
weerstandbiedende isolate op plantmateriaal in die kwekerye betekenisvol hoër as op
plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye. Daar was egter geen betekenisvolle verskille in die
voorkoms van luggedraagde weerstandbiedende isolate nie, ongeag van die kwekery of posisie.
Die data dui op die belang van organiese materiaal en saadgedraagde infeksies in die oorlewing
en verspreiding van dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate van die patogeen.
Met die huidige klem op organiese landbou bied die inligting wat in hierdie ondersoek
versamel is moontlike praktyke wat geïmplementeer kan word om die beheer van vaalvrot in
kwekerye met behulp van verbouingspraktyke te verbeter.
5
Wessels, Andries Bernardus. "Genetic characterization and fungicide resistance profiles of Botrytis cinerea in rooibos nurseries and pear orchards in the Western Cape of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20070.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. [teleomorph Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel] causes
serious losses of over 200 crops worldwide, including rooibos seedlings and pears. This
pathogen is characterized by morphological, physiological and genetic diversity. The genetic
diversity and population structure have not been investigated for B. cinerea populations in
South Africa. Botrytis cinerea collected from rooibos seedlings and in pear orchards in the
Western Cape of South Africa were investigated in the present study. The study was done
with the aid of microsatellite markers, the amplification of mating type alleles MAT1-1 and
MAT1-2 and determination of resistance towards various fungicides. Population dynamics
was inferred and a similar picture emerged in both production systems.
Botrytis cinerea annually causes severe losses of rooibos seedlings (Aspalathus
linearis) in nurseries situated in the Clanwilliam region. Sampling was done in five nurseries
and the cryptic species status of the isolates obtained was determined through restriction
enzyme digestion of the Bc-hch gene. All but one (206 out of 207) of the isolates belonged to
Group II or B. cinerea ‘sensu stricto’. Analysis of the B. cinerea Group II population, using
seven microsatellite loci, was performed to assess the genetic population structure. Total
gene diversity (H) was high, with a mean of 0.67. Two of the nurseries populations’ sample
sizes were severely limited after clone correction, yet 100 genotypes were discerned among
the 206 isolates genotyped. The percentage of maximal genotypic diversity (G) ranged
between 16 and 68 for the five populations, with a total value of 17 for the 100 genotypes.
One genotype, represented by 27 clones, was isolated from four nurseries. Relatively low but
significant population differentiation was observed in total between nurseries (mean FST =
0.030, P = 0.001). The distribution of mating types MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 differed significantly
from the ratio of 1:1 for the total population plus two of the nurseries’ populations. Three
nursery populations had an equal mating type distribution. The index of association (IA)
analyses suggests that the populations are asexually reproducing. Analysis of molecular
variance (AMOVA) indicated that 97% of the total genetic variation is distributed within
subpopulations. Fungicide resistance frequency against iprodione for 198 of the genotyped
isolates displayed highly varying levels of resistance amongst the five nurseries. The mean
total incidence of resistance towards iprodione was 43%, ranging from 0% to 81% for the five
nurseries. Baseline sensitivity towards pyrimethanil yielded an average EC50 value of 0.096
mg/L.
Botrytis cinerea isolates were collected from pear blossoms (Pyrus communis) in four
orchards. Two orchards in the Ceres area and two in the Grabouw area were sampled from.
A total of 181 isolates were collected from the four orchards. Incidence of blossom infection
in the orchards ranged from 3% to 17%. Overall, there was a high incidence of isolates that
had only the Boty transposable element (74%) compared to those harbouring both (Boty and
Flipper), simultaneously (transposa, 24%). One isolate examined had the Flipper element only. Cryptic species status according to restriction enzyme digestion of the Bc-hch gene
indicated that all the isolates belonged to Group II or B. cinerea ‘sensu stricto’. Analysis of
the Group II population, through the use of seven microsatellite loci, was performed to
assess the genetic population structure. Total gene diversity (H) was high, with a mean of
0.69 across all populations. Although two of the subpopulations displayed a high clonal
proportion, overall 91 genotypes were discerned among the 181 isolates. The percentage of
maximal genotypic diversity (G) ranged between 18 and 33 for the four populations, with a
total value of 14 for the 91 genotypes. One genotype, represented by 27 clones, was isolated
from all orchards. Moderate, but significant population differentiation was present in total
among orchards (mean FST = 0.118, P = 0.001). The distribution of the mating types, MAT1-1
and MAT1-2, did not differ significantly from a 1:1 ratio for the total population as well as the
subpopulations. Index of association (IA) analyses, on the other hand, suggests that the
populations reproduce asexually. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that
88% of the total genetic variation is distributed within subpopulations, 9% between
subpopulations and only 3% between production areas. Fungicide resistance frequency
against fenhexamid, iprodione and benomyl varied, with the highest levels of resistance
present against benomyl and low levels of resistance seen towards iprodione and
fenhexamid.
In conclusion, this study has shown that there exist within the studied populations of
B. cinerea, obtained from rooibos nurseries and pear orchards, an adaptive capacity to
overcome current means of control. The use of population genetics to further our
understanding of how plant pathogens interact and spread throughout a given environment is
of cardinal importance in aiding the development of sustainable and integrated management
strategies. Knowledge of the dispersal of B. cinerea in the two studied cropping systems has
shed light on the inherent risk that it poses, and this together with knowledge of the levels of
resistance that occurs should serve as an early warning to help divert possible loss of control
in future.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. [teleomorf Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel] veroorsaak
ernstige verliese van meer as 200 gewasse wêreldwyd, insluitende rooibossaailinge en pere.
Hierdie patogeen word deur morfologiese, fisiologiese, asook genetiese diversiteit
gekenmerk. Die genetiese diversiteit en populasie-struktuur van B. cinerea populasies wat in
Suid-Afrika voorkom, is nog nie ondersoek nie. Botrytis cinerea verkryg vanaf
rooibossaailinge en in peerboorde in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika is ondersoek. Hierdie
studie is met behulp van mikrosatellietmerkers, amplifikasie van die twee paringstipe gene
(MAT1-1 en MAT1-2), asook die bepaling van weerstandsvlakke teenoor verskeie
swamdoders, uitgevoer. Populasie-dinamika is afgelei en ‘n soortgelyke tendens is in beide
produksie-sisteme waargeneem.
Botrytis cinerea veroorsaak jaarliks ernstige verliese van rooibossaailinge
(Aspalathus linearis) in kwekerye in die Clanwilliam-area. Monsters is in vyf kwekerye
versamel en die kriptiese spesiestatus van die verkrygde isolate is deur restriksie-ensiemvertering
van die Bc-hch geen bepaal. Almal behalwe een (206 uit 207) isolaat het aan
Groep II of B. cinerea ‘sensu stricto’ behoort. Analise van die B. cinerea Groep II populasie,
deur middel van sewe mikrosatellietmerkers, is uitgevoer om die genetiese populasiestruktuur
te bepaal. Totale geendiversiteit (H) was hoog, met ‘n gemiddelde van 0.67.
Alhoewel twee van die kwekerye se monstergrootte erg ingeperk is ná kloonverwydering, is
daar nogtans 100 genotipes onder die 206 isolate wat geïsoleer is, waargeneem. Die
persentasie van maksimale genotipiese diversiteit (G) het tussen 16 en 68, vir die vyf
populasies, gewissel, met ‘n totaal van 17 vir die 100 genotipes. Een genotipe,
verteenwoordig deur 27 klone, is uit vier kwekerye geïsoleer. Relatief lae dog
noemenswaardige populasie-differensiasie is in totaal tussen kwekerye waargeneem (gem.
FST = 0.030, P = 0.001). Die verspreiding van die twee paringstipes (MAT1-1 en MAT1-2) het
beduidend verskil van ‘n 1:1 verhouding vir die totale populasie, asook twee van die
kwekerye se populasies. Die drie oorblywende kwekerye se populasies het egter ‘n gelyke
verdeling van die twee paringstipes getoon. Die indeks van assosiasie (IA) analises toon dat
die populasies ongeslagtelik voortplant. Analise van molekulêre variasie (AMOVA) het
aangedui dat 97% van die totale genetiese variasie binne die subpopulasies versprei is.
Hoogs variërende vlakke van weerstand tussen die vyf kwekerye teenoor die swamdoder
iprodioon, is vir die 198 isolate wat getoets is, gevind. Die totale gemiddelde frekwensie van
weerstand teenoor iprodioon was 43%, wat tussen 0% en 81% vir die vyf kwekerye gevarieer
het. Fondasie-vlak-sensitiwiteit vir pyrimethanil het ‘n gemiddelde EC50 waarde van 0.096
mg/L opgelewer.
Botrytis cinerea isolate is ook vanuit peerbloeisels (Pyrus communis L.) vanuit vier
boorde versamel, twee uit elk van die Ceres- en Grabouw-areas. In totaal is 181 isolate vanuit die vier boorde versamel. Die frekwensie van bloeiselinfeksie het tussen 3% en 17%
gewissel. Oor die algemeen was daar ‘n hoë frekwensie van isolate wat slegs die Boty
transponeerbare element teenwoordig gehad het (74%) in vergelyking met dié wat
tegelykertyd beide (Boty en Flipper) teenwoordig gehad het. Een isolaat het slegs die Flipper
element gehad. Bepaling van die kriptiese spesiestatus met behulp van restriksie-ensiemvertering
van die Bc-hch geen het aangedui dat alle versamelde isolate tot Groep II of B.
cinerea ‘sensu stricto’ behoort het. Analise van die Groep II populasie, deur middel van sewe
mikrosatellietmerkers, is uitgevoer om genetiese populasie-struktuur te bepaal. Totale
geendiversiteit (H) was hoog, met ‘n gemiddelde van 0.69 oor alle populasies. Alhoewel twee
subpopulasies ‘n hoë klonale fraksie getoon het, is 91 genotipes tussen die 181 isolate wat
verkry is, onderskei. Die persentasie van maksimale genotipiese diversiteit (G) het tussen 18
en 33 vir die vier populasies gewissel, met ‘n totale waarde van 14 vir die 91 genotipes. Een
genotipe, verteenwoordig deur 27 klone, was in al vier boorde teenwoordig. Gematigde dog
beduidende populasie differensiasie was in totaal tussen boorde teenwoordig (gem. FST =
0.118, P = 0.001). Die verspreiding van die paringstipes (MAT1-1 en MAT1-2) het nie
betekenisvol van ‘n 1:1 verhouding vir die totale populasie, insluitende die subpopulasies,
verskil nie. Indeks van assosiasie (IA) analises het egter aangedui dat die populasies
ongeslagtelik voortplant. Analise van molekulêre variasie (AMOVA) het aangedui dat 88%
van die totale genetiese variasie in subpopulasies te vinde was, 9% tussen subpopulasies en
slegs 3% tussen produksie-areas. Frekwensie van swamdoder weerstandbiedendheid vir
fenhexamid, iprodioon en benomyl het gewissel, met die hoogste vlakke teenoor benomyl
waargeneem, maar baie lae vlakke teenoor fenhexamid en iprodioon.
Samevattend het hierdie studie getoon dat die populasies van B. cinerea wat in
hierdie twee produksie-sisteme, op rooibossaailinge en in peer boorde, ondersoek is, ‘n
aanpasbaarheid toon om huidige metodes van beheer te oorkom. Die gebruik van populasiegenetika
as ‘n hulpmiddel om ons kennis van patogeen-interaksies en -verspreiding te
verbreed, is van kardinale belang in die ontwikkeling van geïntegreerde en volhoubare
beheermaatreëls. Kennis van die verspreiding van B. cinerea in die bestudeerde
gewasproduksiestelsels, werp lig op die inherente risiko wat dié patogeen inhou. Dít, tesame
met kennis van die weerstandsvlakke wat voorkom, kan as ‘n vroegtydige waarskuwing dien
ten einde moontlike verlies van beheer in die toekoms te help teenwerk.
6
Terry, Alan J. "Control of pests and diseases." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505965.
Full text
7
George, Adrienne. "Cataloguing Diseases and Pests in Captive Corals." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3115.
Full textAbstract:
Stony corals (Order Scleractinia) are susceptible to a variety of diseases, which can occur from abiotic or biotic factors, or a combination of both. Public aquaria provide opportunities to study coral disease. Because coral mucus is the first line of defense against disease, the Biolog EcoplateTM is a useful tool to detect differences in microbial assemblages in the surface mucopolysaccharide (mucus) layer when comparing healthy and diseased corals. Histological examination is essential to document structural changes in coral tissue in response to diseases. This study identifies and characterizes diseases in captive corals through visual recognition, characterization of carbon utilization by microbial assemblages in coral mucus samples, and histological examination. In March 2010, surveys were sent to public aquaria throughout the United States that house corals. If the survey was returned indicating that the aquarium had diseased coral specimens present, sample kits were sent to the aquarium to acquire photographs, mucus samples for microbial carbon utilization analysis, and tissue samples for histological examination. Eighteen aquaria participated in the survey and 25 sets of samples were provided. The gross lesions from diseased samples fit into six categories: discoloration associated with darkening of the tissue or with color loss (bleaching), growth anomalies, and tissue loss associated with pests, with brown jelly, or with no obvious cause. Seven categories of possible contributing factors were reported: addition of inadequately quarantined corals to the tank, damage during transport, change of location, manual stress, and variations in light, salinity, or temperature. Introduction of inadequately quarantined specimens was the most common possible contributing factor to pest introduction. Significant differences in carbon source utilization were found between tank-water samples and mucus from both healthy and diseased areas of sampled corals. Although mucus samples from healthy and diseased samples did not differ in carbon source utilization overall, D-mannitol was used by 52% of microbial assemblages from mucus from diseased areas compared with only 17% of microbial assemblages from healthy mucus samples. Histologically, the most commonly observed features across all samples were healthy zooxanthellae, endolithic organisms, and nematocysts, all of which are normal features that can be influenced by stress factors. Brown granular material and ciliates were found associated with some anomalies, primarily the three categories of tissue loss. The presence of dense aggregates of zooxanthellate-engorged ciliates in corals afflicted with brown jelly was highly similar to histological observations of brown band syndrome, previously described from natural coral reefs.
8
Denman, Sandra. "Botryosphaeria diseases of proteaceae." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52721.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation (PhD (Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fungi belonging to the genus Botryosphaeria are heterotrophic micromycetes that can be
pathogens on woody plants. They cause serious, and in some cases devastating losses to
crops through leaf necrosis, stem cankers and plant death. The Proteaceae cut-flower
industry in South Africa accounts for 70% of the national cut-flower enterprise.
Botryosphaeria diseases are a major impediment to production and trade of Proteaceae
and there is an urgent need to investigate the etiology, epidemiology and control of these
diseases. Losses of one of the most important proteas, P. magnifica, amount to 50% or
more, locally. The main aims of this study were therefore to establish the etiology and
aspects of epidemiology of Botryosphaeria stem cankers on P. magnifica and other
Proteaceae, and to investigate methods of disease control.
Although there is a vast body of information pertaining to this fungus, which was
reviewed in Chapter 1, there is relatively little information available on Botryosphaeria
on Proteaceae. The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria requires thorough review, and
molecular techniques need to be employed to resolve species identities.
In Chapter 2, it was found that Phyllachora proteae, a leaf pathogen of proteas,
produced a Fusicoccum anamorph, which is described as F. proteae. A sphaeropsis-like
synanamorph was associated with F. proteae and a new combination for P. proteae is
proposed in Botryosphaeria, as B. proteae.
The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria is in disarray at both the generic and the specific
level. In Chapter 3 the taxonomic history of Botryosphaeria is reviewed, and the genus
circumscribed and distinguished from other morphologically similar genera. Although
several anamorph genera have been linked to Botryosphaeria, based on morphological
observations and phylogenetic analysis of lTS rDNA sequence data, two anamorph
genera are now recognised, those with pigmented conidia (Diplodia), and those with
hyaline conidia (Fusicoccum). Botryosphaeria proteae should thus be excluded from
Botryosphaeria.
Several pathogenic Botryosphaeria spp. have an endophytic phase within their
hosts. They are therefore imported unwittingly into other countries where they may pose
a risk to agriculture and indigenous vegetation. The current global distribution of Botryosphaeria spp. associated with Proteaceae is clarified and a key to these taxa
associated with Proteaceae is provided in Chapter 4. Five Botryosphaeria spp. are
associated with cut-flower Proteaceae worldwide viz. B. lute a, B. obtusa, B. protearum,
B. proteae and B. rib is. B. protearum is described as a new species.
A thorough understanding of disease epidemiology is essential to effect a
reduction of losses. In Chapter 5, I show that on P. magnifica, lesions caused by
Botryosphaeria protearum, which lead to the formation of stem cankers, are initiated in
the mid-rib vein or margin of leaves. Koch's postulates were satisfied and it was found
that the number of lesions that developed from artificial inoculations correlated with
starch levels present in leaves at the time of inoculation.
In Chapter 6 it is shown that B. protearum exists as an endophyte in leaves of P.
magnifica in naturally occurring as well as cultivated plants. In natural stands of proteas
stem cankers are rare, but in cultivated plantations the incidence is high. Nutritional
analyses indicate that higher levels of nitrogen occur in leaves of cultivated plants in
spring, which could enhance disease development. High levels of sodium in the leaves of
wild plants may restrict disease development.
The severe economic losses caused by B. protearum make the search for
improved methods of disease control essential. Fungicide applications form an important
component of an integrated approach to disease management. In Chapter 7, in vitro tests
demonstrate that tebuconazole, benomyl, prochloraz me, iprodione and fenarimol reduce
the mycelial growth of B. protearum effectively. In the field there was a 25-85%
reduction in the occurrence of stem cankers by applying fungicides or sanitation pruning.
The best control was achieved by using benomyl, bitertanol, fenarimol, iprodione,
prochloraz manganese chloride alternated with mancozeb and tebuconazole
prophylactically. If sanitation pruning is combined with regular applications of
fungicides, disease can be combated.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mikrofungi wat tot die genus Botryosphaeria behoort, is heterotrofiese organismes, wat
patogenies op houtagtige plante kan wees. Hulle veroorsaak ernstige, en in sommige
gevalle, verwoestende verliese, deur blaarnekrose, stamkankers en plantafsterwing. Die
Proteaceae snyblom-industrie in Suid-Afrika maak 70% van die nasionale snyblomindustrie
uit. Botryosphaeria siektes is 'n belangrike struikelblok in die produksie en
handeldryf van Proteaceae, en daar is 'n ernstige behoefte om die etiologie,
epidemiologie en beheer van siektes te ondersoek. Verliese van een van die belangrikste
proteas, P. magnifica, beloop plaaslik 50% of meer. Die hoof doelstellings van hierdie
studie was dus om die etiologie en epidemiologie van Botryosphaeria stamkankers op P.
magnifica en ander Proteaceae vas te stel en metodes van siektebeheer te ondersoek.
Hoewel daar 'n wye hoeveelheid inligting rakende die swam bestaan, wat in
Hoofstuk I hersien is, is daar relatief min inligting oor Botryosphaeria op Proteaceae
beskikbaar. Die taksonomie van Botryosphaeria benodig deeglike hersiening, en
molekulêre tegnieke word benodig om spesie-identiteite op te klaar.
In Hoofstuk 2 is gevind dat Phyllachora proteae, 'n blaarpatogeen van proteas, 'n
Fusicoccum anamorf produseer, wat as F. proteae beskryf word. 'n Sphaeropsis-agtige
synanamorf is met F. proteae geassosieer en 'n nuwe kombinasie vir P. proteae is as B.
proteae in Botryosphaeria voorgestel.
Die taksonomie van Botryosphaeria is, beide op die genus- as die spesievlak, in
wanorde. In Hoofstuk 3 word die taksonomiese geskiedenis van Botryosphaeria hersien,
en die genus word omskryf en van ander morfologies soortgelyke genera onderskei.
Hoewel verskeie anamorf genera al met Botryosphaeria op grond van morfologiese
waarnemings en filogenetiese analise van ITS rDNA volgorde data verbind is, word twee
anamorf genera nou herken, dié met gepigmenteerde konidia (Diplodia), en dié met
deurskynende konidia (Fusicoccum). Botryosphaeria proteae moet dus van
Botryosphaeria uitgesluit word.
Verskeie patogeniese Botryosphaeria spp. het 'n endofitiese fase in hul
lewenssiklus. Hulle word dus onwetend in ander lande ingevoer waar hulle 'n gevaar vir
landbou en inheemse plantegroei kan inhou. Die huidige wêreldverspreiding van Botryosphaeria spp. wat met Proteaceae geassosieer word is opgeklaar, en in Hoofstuk 4
word 'n sleutel tot die taksa wat met Proteaceae geassosieer word verskaf. Vyf
Botryosphaeria spp. word met snyblom Proteaceae wêreldwyd geassosieer, naamlik B.
lutea, B. protearum, B. proteae, B. ribis en B. obtusa. B. protearum word as 'n nuwe
spesie beskryf.
'n Deeglike kennis van siekte-epidemiologie is noodsaaklik ten einde verliese te
verminder. In Hoofstuk 5 dui ek aan dat letsels wat lei tot stamkankers, veroorsaak deur
Botryosphaeria protearum op P. magnifica, in die hoofnerf of rant van blare ontstaan.
Koch se postulate is uitgevoer en daar is vasgestel dat die aantal letsels wat vanuit
kunsmatige inokulasies ontwikkel het korreleer met die styselvlakke teenwoordig in die
blare ten tye van die inokulasie.
In Hoofstuk 6 word getoon dat B. protearum as 'n endofiet in die blare van P.
magnifica. In natuurlike standplase van proteas is stamkankers skaars, maar in verboude
plantasies is die voorkoms hoog. Voedingsanalises dui aan dat hoër vlakke van stikstof
in die blare van verboude plante in die lente voorkom, wat siekte-ontwikkeling moontlik
kan bevorder. Hoë vlakke van natrium in die blare van natuurlike plante mag siekteontwikkeling
beperk.
Die ernstige ekonomiese verliese wat deur B. protearum veroorsaak word, maak
die soektog na verbeterde metodes van siektebeheer noodsaaklik. Fungisiedtoedienings
maak 'n belangrike deel uit van 'n geïntegreerde benadering tot siektebeheer. In
Hoofstuk 7 dui in vitro toetse aan dat tebuconazole, benomyl, prochloraz me, iprodione
en fenarimol die miseliumgroei van B. protearum effektief verminder. 'n Vermindering
van 25-85% is aangetoon in die voorkoms van stamkankers in die veld, deur die
toediening van fungisiedes en sanitasiesnoei. Die beste beheer is verkry deur die
voorkomende toediening van benomyl, bitertanol, fenarimol, iprodione en prochloraz
manganese chloride, afgewissel met mancozeb en tebuconazole, op plante in die veld.
Indien sanitasiesnoei met gereelde toedienings van fungisiedes gekombineer word, kan
die siekte bekamp word.
9
Lubbe, Carolien M. "Colletotrichum diseases of Proteaceae." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53732.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis consists of four chapters that present research findings on Colletotrichum
diseases associated with Proteaceae worldwide. The first chapter is a review of literature
regarding the taxonomy and histology of Colletotrichum species associated with Proteaceae. The
literature is not restricted to Proteaceae hosts, as information regarding Colletotrichum on
Proteaceae is very limited.
In chapter two, Colletotrichum spp. associated with proteaceous hosts growing in various
parts of the world were identified based on morphology, sequence data of the internal transcribed
spacer region (ITS-I, ITS-2), the 5.8S gene, and partial sequences of the B-tubulin gene. Four
species of Colletotrichum were associated with Proteaceae. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was
isolated from Protea cynaroides cultivated in South Africa and Zimbabwe and from a
Leucospermum sp. in Portugal, but is known to occur worldwide on numerous hosts. A recently
described species, C. boninense, was associated with Zimbabwean and Australian Proteaceae, but
also occurred on a Eucalyptus sp. in South Africa. This represents a major geographical and host
extension for the species, and a description of the African strains is provided. Colletotrichum
crassipes was represented by a single isolate obtained from a Dryandra plant in Madeira.
Colletotrichum acutatum was isolated from Protea and Leucadendron in South Africa as well as
from other proteaceous hosts occurring elsewhere. Colletotrichum acutatum f. sp. hakea was
isolated from Hakea in South Africa. In chapter three, pathogenicity of these Colletotrichum species to certain proteas was
established, relative aggressiveness of the different species tested and host response to them were
compared as well as the effect that wounding had on host response. From the results obtained it
is concluded that C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides are the primary pathogens associated with
Colletotrichum leaf necrosis, and C. acutatum is the main cause of anthracnose and stem necrosis
of Proteaceae in South Africa.
A histological study was performed in chapter four in response to the findings from the
previous chapter. The behaviour of two C. acutatum isolates (one originating from Protea and
the other from Hakea, C. acuataum f.sp. hakea) was studied on inoculated Protea leaf surfaces
using light and scanning electron microscopy. Colletotrichum acutatum from Protea formed
melanised appressoria on the leaf surface, whereas C. acutatum from Hakea formed very low
numbers of both melanised and unmelanised appressoria. Most of the appressoria formed by C.
acutatum from Protea were formed on the cell junctions and on the periclinal walls of the
epidermal cells. From this study it is clear that C. acutatum f. sp. hakea is not a pathogen of
Protea. Consequently the current use of this isolate as a biological control agent of Hakea in
South Africa poses no threat to indigenous Protea species. Colletotrichum acutatum from Protea
(although closely related to C. acutatum f. sp. hakea), is a pathogen of Protea, which was
confirmed by histological observations.
In conclusion, the present study has shown that several species of Colletotrichum are
associated with diseased Proteaceae. These species differed in their pathogenicity and
aggressiveness when inoculated onto certain protea cultivars. These differences could be
partially explained by examining the behaviour of C. acutatum on the leaf surface. It is clear, however, that the distribution of the different species, their aggressrveness on different
Proteaceae and their modes of infection needs to be investigated further. This work provides a
basis for future research on the long-term effective management of these pathogens in fynbos
production.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bestaan uit vier hoofstukke wat handeloor navorsing van Colletotrichum
siektes van Proteaceae wêreldwyd. Die eerste hoofstuk is 'n oorsig van literatuur rakende die
taksonomie en histologie van die Colletotrichum spesies wat met Proteaceae geassosieer
word. Die literatuur oorsig is nie beperk tot die Proteaceae nie aangesien baie min inligting
rakende Colletotrichum op Proteaceae bestaan.
In die tweede hoofstuk word die Colletotrichum spesies wat met proteas in verskeie dele
van die wêreld geassosieer word, op grond van morfologie, DNS volgorde data van die
interne getranskribeerde spasieerder area ("ITS-I, ITS-2"), die 5.8S geen, en gedeeltelike
DNS volgordes van die B-tubulin geen geïdentifiseer. Vier Colletotrichum spesies is met die
Proteaceae geassosieer. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is geïsoleer vanaf Protea cynaroides
wat in Suid-Afrika en Zimbabwe gekweek is en vanaf 'n Leucospermum sp. in Portugal, maar
is bekend op verskeie gashere wêreldwyd. 'n Spesie wat onlangs beskryf is, C. boninense, is
met Zimbabwiese en Australiaanse Proteaceae geassosieer, maar kom ook op 'n Eucalyptus
sp. in Suid-Afrika voor. Dit is 'n groot uitbreiding van die geografiese voorkoms en
gasheerreeks van hierdie spesie en 'n beskrywing van die Afrikaanse rasse word gegee.
Colletotrichum crassipes is verteenwoordig deur 'n enkele isolaat wat vanaf 'n Dryandra
plant in Madeira verkry is. Colletotrichum acutatum is vanaf Protea en Leucadendron in
Suid-Afrika asook vanaf ander proteas wat elders voorkom, geïsoleer. Colletotrichum
acutatum f. sp. hakea is vanaf Hakea in Suid-Afrika geïsoleer. In hoofstuk drie is die patogenisiteit van hierdie Colletotrichum spesies teenoor sekere
proteas getoets, die relatiewe aggressiwiteit van die verskillende spesies is vergelyk, asook die
gasheer se reaksie teenoor die spesies en die effek wat verwonding op die gasheer gehad het.
Daar kan afgelei word vanaf die resultate dat C. acutatum en C. gloeosporioides die primêre
patogene is wat met Colletotrichum blaarnekrose geassosieer word, en dat C. acutatum die
hoof oorsaak is van antraknose en lootnekrose van Proteaceae in Suid-Afrika.
'n Histologiese studie is in hoofstuk vier uitgevoer in reaksie op die bevindings van die
vorige hoofstuk. Die gedrag van twee C. acutatum isolate (een vanaf Protea en die ander
vanaf Hakea, C. acutatum f.sp. hakea) op die oppervlaktes van geïnokuleerde Protea blare is
bestudeer deur gebruik te maak van lig- en skandeer-elektronmikroskopie. Colletotrichum
acutatum vanaf Protea vorm gemelaniseerde appressoria op die blaaroppervlak, terwyl C.
acutatum vanaf Hakea klein hoeveelhede van beide gemelaniseerde en ongemelaniseerde
appressoria vorm. Meeste van die appressoria wat deur C. acutatum vanaf Protea gevorm
word, vorm op die aanhegtingspunte tussen selle en op die periklinale wande van die
epidermale selle. Vanuit hierdie studie is dit duidelik dat C. acutatum f. sp. hakea nie 'n
patogeen van Protea is nie. Gevolglik hou die huidige gebruik van hierdie isolaat as
biologiese beheer agent van Hakea in Suid-Afrika geen gevaar in vir inheemse Protea spesies
nie. Colletotrichum acutatum vanaf Protea (alhoewel dit naverwant is aan C. acutatum f. sp.
hakea) is 'n patogeen van Protea en hierdie stelling is ook bevestig deur histologiese
waarnemmgs.
Ter samevatting het hierdie studie getoon dat verskeie Colletotrichum spesies
geassosieer word met siektes van Proteaceae. Hierdie spesies het van mekaar verskil rakende
patogenisiteit en aggressiwiteit nadat hulle op sekere protea kultivars geïnokuleer is. Hierdie verskille kon gedeeltelik verklaar word deur die gedrag van C. acutatum op die
blaaroppervlaktes van verskillende protea kultivars. Dit is duidelik dat die verspreiding van
die verskillende spesies, hulle aggressiwiteit op verskillende Proteaceae en hul infeksie
metodes verder ondersoek moet word. Hierdie studie verskaf 'n basis vir toekomstige
navorsing rakende lang-termyn effektiewe bestuur van hierdie patogene in fynbos
aanplantings.
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Noronha, Christine M. (Christine Mary). "Effects of density and host plant type on fecundity and survival of Delia radicum (Bouché), D. Antiqua (Meigen) and D. Platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41017.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition, host plant, and prior host plant experience on fecundity, rate of oviposition and mortality of adults and larval survival of Delia radicum Bouche (Cabbage Maggot (CM)), D. antiqua Meigen (Onion Maggot (OM)), and D. platura Meigen (Seed Corn Maggot (SCM)), were studied on cabbage, onion and bean plants.<br>An optimum density for maximum fecundity per female was observed when the four experimental densities were compared. This optimum density was higher on host than on non-host plants. CM females were host specific and did not oviposit on non-host plants. Rates of oviposition and mortality over a 30-day period were calculated for each density. The rate of oviposition was slower at higher densities on host plants for CM, OM and SCM. The rate of mortality increased at the highest density for CM (cabbage), OM (bean) and SCM (cabbage), but remained unaffected for OM on onion and cabbage and for SCM on onion and bean, when densities were compared. For OM, a delay in the rate of oviposition and mortality on cabbage (non-host plant) when compared with onion (host plant), suggests that cabbage was not as readily accepted as an oviposition site. Interspecific competition experiments at six density ratio's of SCM:OM indicated increased fecundity, or an increase in the rate of oviposition for OM, at the lower densities when single and mixed species were compared. For SCM no effects on fecundity were recorded, but the rate of oviposition was slower and rate of mortality faster at the lowest density in the presence of OM. Similar studies with SCM and CM showed no such effects of competition.<br>Host plant exposure of SCM females during the pre-oviposition period resulted in a delay in initial acceptance of subsequent host plants as oviposition sites. This happened only when females were exposed to a secondary host during the pre-oviposition period. Once oviposition began, host discrimination ceased and a switch in oviposition sites to the preferred host did not alter the rate of oviposition. In CM, the rate of larval development increased at density 6 (optimum density). Above this density a decrease in the rate of development and a significant reduction in pupal weight was observed. Time required for fly emergence was not affected by increasing larval densities.
Books on the topic "Seedlings – Diseases and pests"
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Duddles, Ralph E. Controlling vole damage to conifer seedlings. Oregon State University Extension Service, 1992.
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2
Ward, Kenneth E. Susceptibility of potted sweetgum seedlings to insect herbivore damage as influenced by fertilization. Southern Research Station, 2004.
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Lantz, Clark W. Benomyl improves storability and brown spot resistance of longleaf pine seedlings. Southern Region, USDA Forest Service, 1988.
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DeCalesta, David S. Controlling pocket gopher damage to conifer seedlings. Extension Service, Oregon State University, 1987.
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James, Robert L. Studies of Fusarium associated with containerized conifer seedling diseases. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, 1985.
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Husted, Lynn Diane. Dieback of container-grown Douglas Fir seedlings. Forestry Canada, 1989.
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James, Robert L. Mortality of bareroot Colorado blue spruce seedlings, Montana State Nursery, Missoula. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 1987.
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James, Robert L. Containerized Engelmann spruce seedling diseases at the USDA Forest Service Nursery, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, 1985.
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James, Robert L. Mortality of containerized western larch seedlings at the Champion Timberlands Nursery, Plains, Montana. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, 1986.
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James, Robert L. Root disease of containerized conifer seedlings, Western Forest Systems Nursery, Lewiston, Idaho. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Seedlings – Diseases and pests"
1
Matthews, S., Alison A. Powell, and S. C. Spaeth. "Seedling vigour and susceptibility to diseases and pests." In World crops: Cool season food legumes. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2764-3_50.
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Rush, M. C., and R. W. Schneider. "Chemical Control of Seedling Diseases of Rice in Louisiana." In Pest Management in Rice. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0775-1_4.
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Laksono, N. D., U. Setiawati, F. Nur, et al. "Pests and diseases." In Nursery practices in oil palm: a manual. CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242140.0077.
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Thompson, Anthony Keith, and Ibok Oduro. "Diseases and pests." In Yams: botany, production and uses. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249279.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter describes the different diseases and pests that affect yams and various methods for their control. It particularly covers the following aspects: field fungal diseases; postharvest fungal diseases; specific fungal diseases; control of fungal diseases; bacterial diseases; viral diseases; physiological disorders; insect pests; and nematode pests.
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Sipes, Brent, and Koon-Hui Wang. "Pests, diseases and weeds." In Handbook of Pineapple Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118967355.ch4.
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Thompson, A. K., R. K. Prange, R. D. Bancroft, and T. Puttongsiri. "Pests, diseases and disorders." In Controlled atmosphere storage of fruit and vegetables. CABI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393739.0064.
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Lebot, V. "Cassava: pests and diseases." In Tropical root and tuber crops: cassava, sweet potato, yams and aroids. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243369.0073.
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Lebot, V. "Yams: pests and diseases." In Tropical root and tuber crops: cassava, sweet potato, yams and aroids. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243369.0293.
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Lebot, V. "Aroids: pests and diseases." In Tropical root and tuber crops: cassava, sweet potato, yams and aroids. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243369.0406.
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Sipes, B., and A. P. de Matos. "Pests, diseases and weeds." In The pineapple: botany, production and uses. CABI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393302.0269.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Seedlings – Diseases and pests"
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Munkvold, Gary P. "Managing Diseases and Pests with Seed Treatments." In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-893.
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Tumang, Gina S. "Pests and Diseases Identification in Mango using MATLAB." In 2019 5th International conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology (ICEAST). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceast.2019.8802579.
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Wang, Qiyao, Guiqing He, Feng Li, and Haixi Zhang. "A novel database for plant diseases and pests classification." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspcc50002.2020.9259502.
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Patel, Pruthvi P., and Dineshkumar B. Vaghela. "Crop Diseases and Pests Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecct.2019.8869510.
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Kulikov, M. A., A. N. Kulikova, and A. V. Goncharov. "Resistance of sunflower hybrids to herbicides, diseases, pests and weeds." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-158.
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Xiaopeng, Dai, and Li Donghui. "Research on Rice Pests and Diseases Warning Based on CBR." In 2013 Fifth International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2013.454.
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Alfarisy, Ahmad Arib, Quan Chen, and Minyi Guo. "Deep learning based classification for paddy pests & diseases recognition." In ICMAI '18: 2018 International Conference on Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3208788.3208795.
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Zhang, Ning, Zuochang Ye, and Yan Wang. "An End-to-end System for Pests and Diseases Identification." In IVSP '20: 2020 2nd International Conference on Image, Video and Signal Processing. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3388818.3389155.
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Shijie, Jia, Jia Peiyi, Hu Siping, and sLiu Haibo. "Automatic detection of tomato diseases and pests based on leaf images." In 2017 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac.2017.8243388.
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Materne, Ntihemuka, and Masahiro Inoue. "IoT Monitoring System for Early Detection of Agricultural Pests and Diseases." In 2018 12th South East Asian Technical University Consortium (SEATUC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seatuc.2018.8788860.
Full textReports on the topic "Seedlings – Diseases and pests"
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Solomon, J. D., T. D. Leininger, A. D. Wilson, R. L. Anderson, L. C. Thompson, and F. I. McCracken. Ash pests: a guide to major insects, diseases, air pollution injury, and chemical injury. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-096.
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Solomon, J. D., T. D. Leininger, A. D. Wilson, R. L. Anderson, L. C. Thompson, and F. I. McCracken. Ash pests: a guide to major insects, diseases, air pollution injury, and chemical injury. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-96.
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Kosiba, Alexandra, Emma Tait, Gene Desideraggio, Alyx Belisle, Clarke Cooper, and James Duncan. Threats to the Urban Forest: The potential economic impacts of invasive forest pests and diseases in the Northeast. Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Cooperative, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18125/8w9j42.
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A 40-Year Retrospective of APHIS, 1972–2012. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7204068.aphis.
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Since APHIS was formed in 1972, it has evolved into a multi-faceted Agency with responsibilities that include protecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health from foreign pests and diseases, regulating genetically engineered organisms, administering the Animal Welfare Act, and carrying out wildlife damage management activities. It has been 15 years since APHIS compiled a history of its mission and activities. This year, 2012, marks both the 40th anniversary of the Agency and the 150th anniversary of USDA, providing a unique opportunity to put that history in context. This retrospective briefly examines the history of animal and plant health regulation within USDA, assesses APHIS'
 development over four decades, includes biographies of the Agency’s Administrators, and provides snapshots of some of the milestone issues and events that define the Agency’s history and its accomplishments.
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Plant Protection and Quarantine: Helping U.S. Agriculture Thrive--Across the Country and Around the World, 2016 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207241.aphis.
Full textAbstract:
For Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) and our partners, 2016 was a year of remarkable successes. Not only did we eradicate 10 fruit fly outbreaks, but we also achieved 4 years with zero detections of pink bollworm, moving us one step closer to eradicating this pest from all commercial cotton-growing areas of the continental United States. And when the U.S. corn industry faced the first-ever detection of bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas vasicular pv vasculorum), we devised a practical and scientific approach to manage the disease and protect valuable export markets. Our most significant domestic accomplishment this year, however, was achieving one of our agency’s top 10 goals: eliminating the European grapevine moth (EGVM) from the United States. On the world stage, PPQ helped U.S. agriculture thrive in the global market-place. We worked closely with our international trading partners to develop and promote science-based standards, helping to create a safe, fair, and predictable agricultural trade system that minimizes the spread of invasive plant pests and diseases. We reached critical plant health agreements and resolved plant health barriers to trade, which sustained and expanded U.S. export markets valued at more than $4 billion. And, we helped U.S. producers meet foreign market access requirements and certified the health of more than 650,000 exports, securing economic opportunities for U.S. products abroad. These successes underscore how PPQ is working every day to keep U.S. agriculture healthy and profitable.
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Safeguarding through science: Center for Plant Health Science and Technology 2008 Accomplishments. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7296842.aphis.
Full textAbstract:
The Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) was designed and developed to support the regulatory decisions and operations of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program through methods development work, scientific investigation, analyses, and technology—all in an effort to safeguard U.S. agriculture and natural resources. This 2008 CPHST Annual Report is intended to offer an in-depth look at the status of its programs and the progress it has made toward the Center’s long-term strategic goals. One of CPHST’s most significant efforts in 2008 was to initiate efforts to improve the Center’s organizational transparency and overall responsiveness to the needs of its stakeholders. As a result of its focus in this area, CPHST is now developing a new workflow process that allows the customers to easily request and monitor projects and ensures that the highest priority projects are funded for successful delivery. This new system will allow CPHST to more dynamically identify the needs of the agency, more effectively allocate and utilize resources, and provide its customers timely information regarding a project’s status. Thus far, while still very much a work in progress, this new process is proving to be successful, and will continue to advance and expand the service to its customers and staff. The considerable and growing concern of homeland security and the management of critical issues drives CPHST to lead the methods development of science-based systems for prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. CPHST is recognized nationally and internationally for its leadership in scientific developments to battle plant pests and diseases.