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1
Utami, Sri, and Agus Ismanto. "SERANGAN HAMA DEFOLIATOR PADA BIBIT TANAMAN KEHUTANAN." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 1, no. 2 (2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2016.1.2.97.
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One of the efforts to support the success of forest plantation development is the availability of quality seeds (free from pests and diseases and have the ability to grow good). Defoliator pests is one of the problems frequently encountered pest attack seedlings in the nursery. Defoliator pest attacks will result in the failure of seedlings. The study was conducted at Modern Nursery located in the Sukamoro Village, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province from February to May 2013. The purpose of the study was to analize the pest which attacks some seedlings e.g. Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), kayu bawang (Dysoxylum molissimum) and tembesu (Fagraea fragans) respectively 1 month old. The results showed that Arthroschista hilaralis is defoliator pests that attack several seedlings. A. hilaralis pest attacks Jabon begin observation two week with the percentage and intensity of attack by 40% and 30,39% respectively. The pest attacks continue to rise to observations in fourth week with a severity of 100%. The percentage and intensity of pests on kayu bawang seedling 68,72% and 40,66% respectively. On the seedlings tembesu, percentages and intensity of pest attacks 5,83% and 3,88% respectively, which is found in the observation of the 4th week. This showed that A. hilaralis is one of the pests that have a preference to eat in addition to its main host plant Jabon. Therefore, the presence of pests defoliator A. hilaralis on a scale nurseries should be anticipated. Management required appropriate controls in preventing these pests so that forestry plant breeding activities are carried out within the framework of the provision of seeds for planting in a broader scale having success.
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Gogo, Elisha O., Mwanarusi Saidi, Francis M. Itulya, Thibaud Martin, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Microclimate Modification Using Eco-friendly Nets for High-quality Tomato Transplant Production by Small-scale Farmers in East Africa." HortTechnology 22, no. 3 (2012): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.3.292.
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Unfavorable environmental conditions, pests, and viral diseases are among the major factors that contribute to poor growth and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings in tropical areas. Improving crop microclimate and excluding insects that transmit viruses may improve transplant quality and yield in production fields. This study was carried out in two seasons at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field of Egerton University in Njoro, Kenya, to investigate the effects of agricultural nets herein called eco-friendly nets (EFNs) on germination and performance of tomato seedlings. Tomato seeds were either raised in the open or under a permanent fine mesh net (0.4-mm pore diameter). Eco-friendly net covers modified the microclimate resulting in significantly higher day temperatures and relative humidity, compared with the open treatment. Nets increased temperature and relative humidity by 14.8% and 10.4%, respectively. Starting seeds under a net advanced seedling emergence by 2 days and resulted in higher emergence percentage, thicker stem diameter, more leaves, and faster growth leading to early maturity of seedlings and readiness for transplanting. Netting improved root development by increasing root quantity and length. Stomatal conductance (gS) and estimates of chlorophyll content were higher in seedlings under net covering compared with those in the noncovered control treatment. Insect pests and diseases were also reduced under net covering. The use of the net in the production of tomato transplants presented a 36.5% reduction in the cost of seeds, through improved emergence and reduced pest damage. All other factors held constant, healthy and quality transplants obtained under a net covering also translate into better field performance; hence, increasing economic returns for commercial transplants growers, as well as for tomato farmers. Results of this study suggest that EFNs can be customized not only for their effective improvement on growth and quality of tomato transplants but also for their pest and disease management in the nursery alone or as a component of integrated pest and disease management.
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Purba, Endang Christine, and Bambang S. Purwoko. "TEKNIK PEMBIBITAN, PEMUPUKAN, DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOMODITI JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) DI KECAMATAN SIMPANG EMPAT DAN KECAMATAN PAYUNG, KABUPATEN KARO, SUMATRA UTARA, INDONESIA." Pro-Life 6, no. 1 (2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/pro-life.v6i1.940.
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Citrus is one of the horticultural commodities that has been a focus of development in 2018. Citrus is the fourth largest commodity in the percentage of Indonesia fruit production in 2014. In 2014, citrus fruit production in Indonesia was 1,785,256 tons or around 9.01% of national fruit production. Karo Regency is a citrus production center in North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura (2015) the production of citrus commodities was 173.921 tons (53,30%). In 2014, there were 3,150,060 productive citrus trees with a harvested area of 7,875 ha and a production of 500,243 tons in North Sumatra. One of the varieties grown by farmers in Karo Regency is Siam. High productivity of siam is certainly also influenced by seedlings, fertilization and controlling the pests. To determine this, research has been conducted on farmers in Simpang Empat and Payung Districts, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. To get quality Siam seeds, farmers in two research locations used Japansche citroen plants as rootstock because they were resistant to disease and drought. Fertilization of siam uses inorganic fertilizer as much as 3-4 months, while organic fertilizer as much as 10 months. The control of pests of siam citrus is done mechanically and chemically. Pests and diseases that usually attack siam are Bractocera spp, black lice, fruit borers, fungus and powdery mildew.
 Keywords: cultivation, seedling, fertilizer, pest, productivity, orange, Citrus nobilis
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Bobushkina, S. V., A. O. Senkov,, and D. H. Fayzulin. "Practice on growing of forest containerized seedlings applicable to the greenhouse complexes of the Arkhangelsk region." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 4, no. 4 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-4-1-16.
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The need to develop and implement innovative forms of reforestation to obtain highly productive tree stands actualize the topic of the article. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze foreign experience and research on the production of softwood containerized planting stock for reforestation and compare it with the practice of greenhouse complexes in the Arkhangelsk region. We used the international bibliographic and abstract database «Scopus», which indexes scientific journals, materials from conferences and publications to search for information. A review of publications has been completed over more than a 20-year period (1999-2019). The world experience study and the results of studies on the cultivation of forest containerized seedlings, in particular, Finland, Sweden, Norway, countries similar in terms of the growth of woody vegetation and the range of tree species to the conditions of the European north of Russia made it possible to highlight current research directions. The treatment of seedlings with a short or long light day; frost resistance of the seedlings; influence of drought, excessive moisture; issues of seedling storage; diseases, pests of seedlings and control of them, as well as problems of selection and seed production; seed quality and their impact on plant growth; influence of cultivation technology and types of planting stock on the effectiveness of planting refers to them. The use of foreign plants for growing ball-rooted planting stock implies a similar technology for the production of forest seedlings in our region. However, climatic features and the availability of various consumables, such as peat, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., necessitate the adaptation of Scandinavian technologies to local conditions and the development of additional techniques. One of the main production tasks is the achievement of standard indicators by seedlings. It is not always possible to achieve the desired results in harsh taiga conditions, therefore it is necessary to use foreign experience in growing ball-rooted planting stock, which allows to increase the production of standard seedlings without compromising their quality. This is a whole range of measures, including work on breeding and seed production, the formation of a plant substrate, lighting, moisture, observing the temperature regime, storage of seedlings, combating diseases and pests, etc., which ultimately are the components of the success of artificial reforestation
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Ondieki, Joseph Atanga, Peter Sirmah, and Joseph Hitimana. "Incidence of Pests and Diseases in Tree Nurseries and Plantations in Kimondi Forest, Nandi County, Kenya." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 3, no. 1 (2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.3.1.287.
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Increasing demand for wood is putting pressure on forest resources that are equally under threat from insect pests and diseases. Reported average annual forest loss stands at 0.2% globally, 0.8% in Africa, and 1.6% in Kenya. To meet the increasing demand for forest products in Kenya, the government and private sector have established plantations of non-native tree species dominated by Eucalyptus species, Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus patula. To ensure successful forest plantation establishment and management schemes, there is a need for sufficient knowledge and understanding of tree growth conditions and threats including pests and diseases. This study aimed at determining the incidence of plantation and tree nurseries in Kimondi Forest, Kenya. Tree plantations were mapped into 2.5 Ha rectangular portion transects parallel to the forest roads. In randomly selected portions, observations were carried out for disease and pest signs and symptoms on various tree parts (leaves, stem, roots, fruits, and twigs). In the tree nurseries, 3 m × 1 m rectangular quadrants were placed on seedling beds and similar observations were made. Collected data indicated a high incidence of nursery seedling pests (5.3 % leaves and 5.1% stems) on Eucalyptus species and least on P. patula (2.4% leaves and 3% stems). Higher incidence of plantation pests (35.0% leaves of Eucalyptus sps.) and least on P. patula stems (1.2%) were recorded. On the other hand, twelve (12.0%) of C. lusitanica and (1.8%) Eucalyptus species plantation twigs were infested by pests. A high incidence of nursery seedling disease (9.8%) was observed on C. lusitanica leaves and least on P. patula stems (3.6%). Higher incidence of plantation diseases (32 %) on leaves of Eucalyptus sps. and least on C. lusitanica stem (1.4%) was recorded. In both tree nurseries and plantations, roots and fruits remained free from pests and disease. Major tree pests and diseases identified in Kimondi forests include (Human, wildlife, livestock, Cinara cupressi, Gonipterus scutellatus, Pinus pini, and Leptocybe invasa) and (damping-off, Fusarium wilt, Botryosphaeria canker, cypress canker, and Mycosphaerella spp.) respectively. These results suggest a need for regular monitoring and intervention measures to control pest and disease infestation in the Kimondi forest.
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Vdovenko, Serhii, Pavlo Shvydkyi, and Oleh Zatolochnyi. "INFLUENCE OF SEEDS AGE ON BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF SWEET PEPPER UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE RIGHT-BANK OF UKRAINE." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-3-10.
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Sweet pepper takes one of the main places in the human diet among all vegetable plants. By the content of healthy vitamins, sweet pepper fruits have a better effect on the absorption of food than greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes, and therefore sweet pepper is in great demand among consumers. The difference in the biometric and physiological parameters of sweet pepper of different age seedlings depends on the duration of growing seedlings. For the study, a sweet pepper variety of domestic selection Aphrodite was used. At the same time, biometric determinations were carried out over the sweet pepper plant: seedling height, stem diameter before planting, plant mass. The observation method monitored the onset of phenological phases of plant growth and development, and a laboratory method was used to determine biometric parameters. The appearance of the first leaf was established with clear control of the microclimate parameters and the provision of an appropriate irrigation regime. The formation of the first leaf was observed on the 7th day after emergence. It was proved that the formation of subsequent leaves, the growth of vegetative mass depended significantly on the age of the seedlings: the higher the seedling age, the more real leaves formed, due to the accumulation of dry matter in the leaves and the corresponding nutritional and temperature conditions. At the time of planting seedlings in open ground, at a constant place of vegetation, the plants were characterized by the presence of 4-6 real leaves, the height of the seedlings was 12-15 cm with a total weight of 10-12 g, there were no damage by pests and diseases on the surface of the leaves. As a result of different age of seedlings, studies have established that with a decrease in the age of seedlings, a tendency to delay flowering and fruiting was observed. The age of seedlings directly affects the budding of plants. So, in the variant where the seedlings are 60 days old, the period of budding was observed for 56 days, which was observed 1 day earlier than the control variant. Seedlings of sweet pepper aged 50 and 70 days passed into the budding phase for 57 days. However, seedlings aged 40 days showed a tendency to delay the onset of plant budding. It has been established that the height of the plant before planting ranged from 14.7 cm to 18.6 cm. The highest rate of plant growth has been distinquished in the variant where the seedlings were 70 days old. When using the seedling age of 70 days, the test value was 2 controls more than the control index. The option using 60 day old sweet pepper seedlings was characterized by slightly low leaf numbers. The experiments established that when using seedlings with an age of 40 days, the plants were characterized by the smallest number of leaves on the plant. The age of seedlings and biometric indicators depend on the growing conditions, the timely passage of the photosynthesis process, the provision of nutrients, water. When using the seedling age of 60-70 days, the biometric indicators of seedlings, namely the height of the plants, the number of glosses, the mass of the plant significantly exceeds the biometric indicators of seedlings with an age of 50 or 40 days. Keywords: sweet pepper, Aphrodite variety, seedling age, biometrics, vegetation, Right-Bank forest-steppe.
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Yulin, Han, Ha Huiquan, Xin Huipu, Zhao Pengxiang, and Shi Xinwei. "STUDIES ON SOILLESS RAISING OF SEEDLING OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 664f—664. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.664f.
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni was hydroponically raised on the matrices of sand or slag and sprinkled periodically with three different nutrient solutions (BD, KO, Knop) respectively. The conventional raising method of Hailin state farm was used as the control. The results showed that the seedlings grown on the matrix of sand and sprinkled with Knop nutrient solution were stronger with well-developed root systems, obvious spindle-shaped root tubers, and less plant diseases, no insect pests, and weeds, which was significantly better than the control method in respect to the root length, root fresh weight, stem height, shoot fresh weight, and number of leaves, and significantly better than other treatments in respect to the root length, root fresh weight and stem height. This raising method is worth extending.
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ORISAJO, Samuel Bukola, and Kayode Babatunde ADEJOBI. "Fertilizer application enhances establishment of cacao seedlings in plant-parasitic nematodes infected soil." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 2 (2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.1136.
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<p>Low soil fertility, pests and diseases are major problems of growth and establishment of cacao seedlings on the field. Cocoa production increases by new plantings and rehabilitation of moribund farms, but a build-up of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) causing dieback and declining soil fertility has discouraged many farmers, leading to a reduction in crop productivity. In this study, the potentials of some organic wastes as fertilizers and their effects on establishment of cacao seedlings in PPN infected soils was investigated at Ibadan and Owena of Southwestern Nigeria. Goat dung (GD), organic fertilizer (OF), organo-mineral fertilizers (OMF) and NPK 15:15:15 were applied at 200, 400 and 600 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, to cacao seedlings one month after transplanting, while unfertilized served as control. Results from the experiments showed a significant increase in percentage survival of cacao seedlings under organic fertilizers at Ibadan and Owena compared to NPK and control even at the lowest rate of 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> 3 years after transplanting. The incorporation of GD, OF and OMF significantly reduced the population densities of PPN compared to control. Therefore, GD, OF and OMF at 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> are recommended for soil application to enhance the field establishment of cacao seedlings in the soil infected with PPN.</p>
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Fraedrich, Stephen W., and L. David Dwinell. "An Evaluation of Dazomet Incorporation Methods on Soilborne Organisms and Pine Seedling Production in Southern Nurseries." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 1 (2003): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.1.41.
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Abstract The use of dazomet as a fall and spring fumigant for pine seedling production and control of soilborne pests was evaluated at two southern nurseries. Dazomet was applied at low (280–325 kg/ha) and high (493–560 kg/ha) rates and incorporated with a rototiller or spading machine. Comparisons were made with methyl bromide/chloropicrin (MBC) fumigation and nonfumigated control treatments. Dazomet incorporation method had no effect on seedling density at either nursery, and often did not affect seedling morphological characteristics. At the Georgia (GA) nursery, seedling density and morphological characteristics did not differ among fumigant treatments except in the spring study area where shoot weight was greater in the MBC treatment than the dazomet or nonfumigated control treatments. In the fall study area at the North Carolina (NC) nursery, seedling density was greater in the high-rate dazomet treatment than the nonfumigated control. Seedlings were generally larger in MBC and dazomet treatments than the control. Seedling density and morphological characteristics did not differ among fumigation treatments in the spring study area. Fumigation with MBC or dazomet generally reduced the percentage of roots withPythium andFusarium spp. compared to controls at the GA nursery and the fall fumigation area in the NC nursery. Plant parasitic nematodes were found infrequently at both nurseries and did not differ among treatments. Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) was the major problem at the GA nursery and was effectively controlled only with MBC. Compared to the MBC treatment, the abundance of soilborne fungi and the association of certain types ofTrichoderma with roots was often lower in the dazomet treatments. The importance of these differences for long term seedling production and management of soilborne diseases is not known at this time. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):41–51.
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Cuomo, Arlette S., Steven E. Newman, Hassan H. Nassar, and Ronald J. Harkrader. "Controlling Rhizoctonia solani using Quartenary Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 700e—700. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.700e.
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There are many naturally occurring substances that have the potential to be adapted to modern pest control chemistry. Azadirachtin, an insect growth regulator, is one such naturally occurring compound that has been widely accepted in insect pest management. Quartenary benzophenanthridine alkaloids (QBAs) are known to be effective in the control of crop-damaging fungal diseases. QBAs can be isolated from plants in the Papaveraceae. Extracts of Macleaya cordata, a species rich in QBAs, were formulated for drench application to Cucumis sativa `White Wonder' seedlings. The seedlings were grown in a peat-lite medium using 10-cm plastic pots and inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani. Test formulations were prepared with and without QBAs and applied at 75, 150, and 300 ppm QBAs as a 100 ml/pot drench. The QBA formulations that provided effective control of Rhizoctonia solani lost 20% or fewer seedlings compared to the formulation without QBA, which lost more than 60% of the seedlings. Treated plants were evaluated confirming Rhizoctonia solani infection.
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Farias-Larios, J., and A. Michel-Rosales. "Sustainable Production of Honeydew and Muskmelon in Western Mexico." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 495d—495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.495d.
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In Western Mexico, melon production depends on high-input systems to maximize yield and product quality. Tillage, plasticulture, fumigation with methyl bromide, and fertigation, are the principal management practices in these systems. However, at present several problems has been found: pests as sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), aphids (Myzus and Aphis), leafminer (Liryomiza sativae); diseases as Fusarium, Verticilium, and Pseudoperenospora, and weeds demand high pesticide utilization and labor. There is a growing demand for alternative cultural practices, with an emphasis on reducing off-farm input labor and chemicals. Our research is based on use of organic mulches, such as: rice straw, mature maize leaves, banana leaves, sugarcane bagasse, coconut leaves, and living mulches with annual legume cover crop in melons with crop rotation, such as: Canavalia, Stilozobium, Crotalaria, and Clitoria species. Also, inoculations with mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi for honeydew and cantaloupe melon seedlings production are been assayed in greenhouse conditions for a transplant system. The use of life barriers with sorghum, marigold, and other aromatic native plants in conjunction with a colored yellow systems traps for monitoring pests is being studied as well. While that the pest control is based in commercial formulations of Beauveria bassiana for biological control. The first results of this research show that the Glomus intraradices, G. fasciculatum, G. etunicatum, and G. mosseae reached 38.5%, 33.5%, 27.0%, and 31.0% of root infection levels, respectively. Honeydew melons production with rice and corn straw mulches shows an beneficial effect with 113.30 and 111.20 kg/plot of 10 m2 compared with bare soil with 100.20 kg. The proposed system likely also lowers production cost and is applicable to small- and large-scale melon production.
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Melnichuk, F. S., S. A. Alekseeva, and O. V. Hordiienko. "PROTECTION OF POTATO CROPS AGAIST PESTS." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201901-166.
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The Colorado potato beetles and aphids are especially harmful pests for potato crops in the conditions of Kyiv region. So, on the 10th day after mass rebirth of the Colorado potato beetle larvae, potato plants on untreated by insecticide plots were completely destroyed by this phytophagus. Preplanting insecticide treatment of potato tubers provided high effectiveness against the Colorado potato beetle prior to the mass rebirth and development of larvae and reduced their density of population and harmfulness. The highest efficacy (93.2-95.2%) against these pests was noted in variants with Prestige, 290 FS, Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS and Celest Top 312.5 FS.
 Common scab, dry rot and Rhizoctonia solani were prevailed among the diseases of potato tubers. The greatest effectiveness against the common scab was provided by Prestige, 290 FS. Thus, the infestation of potato tubers by common scab in the variant with application of the Prestige, 290 FS was almost twice lower compared to control. Preparation Celest Top 312.5 FS provided a reduction of dry rot in almost 3 times, and Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS leads to reduction of infestation by Rhizoctonia solani in 4 times, respectively. The treatment of tubers is a reliable protection of potato plants against damage by the Colorado potato beetles and lesion diseases, that made it possible to obtain tuber yields at a level of 24.4-27.4 t per ha.
 However, preplanting treatment of planting material with insecticides is not always able to provide the protection of potato seedlings against damage by Colorado beetles. The mass reproduction of these pests occurs after planting of tubers and emerging of stalks at high air temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to provide additionally spraying of plants. Typically, the insecticides used in recommended rates have a long period of protective action, which eliminates the need for further treatments on vegetative plants. The anti-resistant effect of this treatment is associated with the use of the neonicotinoids class insecticides (eg, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin), that have different mechanism of action compared to pyrethroids. Under such conditions, it is important to search, investigate and introduce modern, effective insecticides into agricultural production. For this purpose the research on the preparations from separate classes of chemical compounds with various toxic properties was conducted.
 The most effective against the larvae of Colorado potato beetles were insecticides Confidor, 20% SC, Calypso, 48% SC and Engeo 24.7% SC when spraying potato plantings. Duration of their protection was prolonged for two weeks after the application of insecticides. The maximum technical efficiency was reached as 99.5% (Confidor, 20% SC), 99.2% (Calypso, 48% SC) and 99.3% (Engeo 24.7% SC) on the third day after application. Other insecticides such as Mospilan, 20% SP and Actara, 24% WG (96.2-97.0%) provided somewhat lower the mortality rate of these phytophages.
 The highest and prolonged effect against aphids was obtained by spraying potato plantings with the preparations Engeo 24.7% SC and Confidor, 20% SC, the efficiency of which reached 98.2% and 93.1%, that decreased the number of aphids in almost 60 times, compared with the control. Spraying potato plantings with insecticides according to the recommended rates of application allows obtaining the yield of tubers at the level of 25,6-28,2 t per ha.
 
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Rodriguez-Salamanca, L. M., T. B. Enzenbacher, M. L. Derie, et al. "First Report of Colletotrichum coccodes Causing Leaf and Neck Anthracnose on Onions (Allium cepa) in Michigan and the United States." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (2012): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0022-pdn.
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In July of 2010, dry, oval lesions, each with a salmon-colored center and bleached overall appearance, were observed on the leaves and neck of onions plants growing in production fields of Newaygo, Ottawa, Kent, and Ionia counties, Michigan. Acervuli and setae that are characteristic of Colletotrichum spp. were observed with a dissecting microscope, and elliptical conidia (8 to 23 × 3 to 12 μm) with attenuated ends were observed with a compound microscope. Symptomatic tissues were excised and cultured onto potato dextrose agar amended with 30 and 100 ppm of rifampicin and ampicillin, respectively. The cultures produced pale salmon-colored sporulation after growing for 5 days at 22 ± 2°C and black microsclerotia after 2 weeks. Six isolates were confirmed as C. coccodes based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and a 1-kb intron of the glutamine synthase gene (GS) (2). Sequences were submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ682644 and JQ682645 for ITS and GS, respectively). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on two- to three-leaved ‘Stanley’ and ‘Cortland’ onion seedlings. Prior to inoculation, seedlings were enclosed in clear plastic bags overnight to provide high relative humidity. The bags were removed, and seedlings were sprayed inoculated with a C. coccodes conidial suspension (5 × 105 conidia/ml and 25 ml/plant) in sterile double-distilled water. Control seedlings were sprayed with sterile double-distilled water. Tween (0.01%) was added to the conidial suspension and the water. Plants were enclosed in bags for 72 h postinoculation and incubated in growth chambers at 28°C day/23°C night with a 12-h photoperiod. Sunken, oval lesions were observed on the foliage of the onion seedlings inoculated with C. coccodes 4 days postinoculation. Lesions coalesced and foliage collapsed 7 days postinoculation. Control plants remained asymptomatic. When five leaf samples per replication were detached and incubated in a moist chamber for 3 days at 21 ± 2°C, abundant acervuli and setae were observed on the symptomatic tissue but not on control tissue. C. coccodes was consistently recovered from the onion seedling lesions. Six different Colletotrichum spp. have been reported to cause diseases on onions worldwide (1,4). C. circinans, which causes smudge, is an occasional onion pathogen in Michigan, while C. gloeosporioides has only been reported to be infecting onions in Georgia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. coccodes infecting and causing disease in onions plants. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , August 6, 2010. (2) J. C. Guerber et al. Mycologia 95:872. 2003. (3) C. Nischwitz et al. Plant Dis. 92:974. 2008. (4) H. F. Schwartz, and K. S. Mohan. Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases and Pests, 2nd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1995.
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Windasari, Lily, Meitini Wahyuni Proborini, and Made Ria Defiani. "BIOKONTROL ENDOMIKORIZA TERHADAP JAMUR Curvularia sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)." SIMBIOSIS 7, no. 2 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2019.v07.i02.p03.
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In Indonesia, production of corn are used for fodder (55%), food (30%), and seed (15%). The growth of corn plants is limited by the presence of pests, weeds, and plant diseases. Curvularia sp. causing leaf spot and could decrease corn production. Use of mycorrhiza can be used as a biological agent in preventing pathogens outbreaks. Isolates of Curvularia sp. fungal was sprayed on corn seed. This research was conducted in laboratorium and green house. Corn seedlings were grown on sterile soil media (control), mycorrhizal treatments (100g of mycorrhizal + Curvularia sp., 200g of mycorrhizal + Curvularia sp., 300g of mycorrhizal + Curvularia sp.) and Curvularia sp. The observed variables were plant height, number of leaves, rate of disease progression, fresh weight and dry weight of plant canopy. The results showed that application of 100g inoculum tend to increase plant growth to 26-27% and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization to 58,66% thereof can decrease pathogen infection on plant at 28 day after planting.
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Antonenko, V. V., A. V. Zubkov, and S. N. Kruchina. "Peculiarities of the phytosanitary state of pome fruits in industrial horticulture." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 60, no. 1 (2020): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-60-159-168.
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Data were obtained on the basis of the results of research carried out on the territory of the educational and experimental farm of the Timiryazev State Agrarian University, in Moscow during 2018-2019. As a result of the surveys, the most dangerous diseases and pests of pome crops on the territory of this farm were established. The most resistant apple and pear varieties to major diseases have been identified. Peculiarities of development of alternariosis on pear are described, the harmfulness of the disease on pear and apple seedlings is noted. A possible role in the transfer of alternariosis infection from garden-protective plantations and weed vegetation to fruit trees was noted. A possible role has been established in the transport of septoriosis, powdery dew infection from dicotyledonous weeds plants. The peculiarities of the spread of infection under the influence of wind direction are noted. The results and peculiarities of the application of various methods of scaring birds in the orchard are presented. As a result of route surveys the most harmful weed plants have been identified. The possibility of using herbicides of different mechanism of action in fruit gardens for weed control has been studied. High efficiency and relative safety of application of herbicides of contact action in nursery fields, operational orchards and for control of piglets on fruit trees are shown. Recommendations are given for the use of soil and systemic herbicides of soil in seedlings beds, the first and second fields of the nursery, as well as in the process of production of large-scale planting material and operational orchards of fruit crops. The safety of the herbicides in question is established when used in accordance with the recommended methods of use.
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Zhang, Yao, Xingyuan Wang, Sibo Liang, et al. "Fermentation Optimization, Fungistatic Effects and Tomato Growth Promotion of Four Biocontrol Bacterial Strains." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070686.
Full textAbstract:
Tomato is a widely cultivated crop that is important for its nutritional value and genetic diversity. Tomato production is seriously challenged by pests and diseases, among which tomato gray mold and leaf mold are particularly serious. Biological control is one of the most preferred methods for disease management in tomato production. At present, the fungi used to control tomato gray mold are mainly Trichoderma and yeast. Bacillus and actinomycetes are the most effective microorganisms for controlling tomato leaf mold. Tomato gray mold and leaf mold often occur at the same time during the production process, yet there are fewer strains for controlling both diseases at the same time. Biocontrol bacteria Pseudomonas azotoformans WXCDD51, Bacillus sp. WXCDD105, Bacillus subtilis BS and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS WY-1, which were isolated and screened in the previous stage, can prevent both tomato gray mold and leaf mold. Here, we optimized liquid fermentation for the four biocontrol bacterial strains together. We obtained the best fermentation medium formula and fermentation conditions for the four biocontrol bacteria. The broad-spectrum properties of the four biocontrol bacteria were tested, and, on this basis, compound strains were constructed. The control effect of single and compound strains on tomato gray mold and leaf mold was evaluated. Their potential effects on the growth of tomato seeds and seedlings were also studied. This research provides a foundation for the development and use of compound bacteria for growth promotion and disease management in tomato production.
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Ferreira, Luiz Leonardo, Paulo Ricardo Viana de Carvalho, Marilaine de Sá Fernandes, Jonathan Goulart Silva, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, and Francine Lautenchleger. "Neural network and canonical interrelationships for the physiological aspects of soybean seedlings: effects of seed treatment." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 6 (March 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.r116.v6.2020.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this work was to analyze the performance of soybean seedlings in different seed treatments, with multivariate profiles and canonical interrelationships. The experiment was conducted in the county of Mineiros-GO. The soil was classified as a Quartzarenic Neosol. The experimental design used was a randomized block in a 5x4 factorial, corresponding to the seed treatments (WAT, CRU, FIP, FOR and STA) in 4 soybean cultivars (Bônus, Ultra, Extra and BKS7830), in 4 repetitions. Before sowing, pre-plant burndown was performed. The fertilizer used was 450 kg ha -1 of fertilizer 05-25-15 applied in the furrow and in a single dose next to the seeding. During the conduct of the experiment, the control of pests, diseases and weeds were carried out as they became necessary, respecting good practices and integrated management. The data obtained were submitted to the assumptions of the statistical model, verifying the normality and homogeneity of the residual variances, as well as the additivity of the model. Uni and multivariate tools were applied. The analyzes were performed on Rbio from R and Genes interfaces. The interaction of soybean cultivars and types of seed treatment led to variations in all analyzes evaluated in soybean seedlings. The best performances were found among the BRS 7380RR cultivars that expressed the highest shoot fresh mass when subjected to seed treatment with Cruiser, whereas the greatest root length was expressed in cultivar Ultra in the Fortenza seed treatment.
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MAHMUD, YUSMAR, CINDY ROMANTIS, and SYUKRIA IKHSAN ZAM. "EFEKTIVITAS Trichoderma virens DALAM MENGENDALIKAN Ganoderma boninense DI PRE NURSERY KELAPA SAWIT PADA MEDIUM GAMBUT." Jurnal Agroteknologi 11, no. 1 (2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v11i1.8751.
Full textAbstract:
Palm oil production in Riau continues to increase from year to year. The increase in palm oil production still has obstacles caused by pests and diseases, among others caused by pathogenic fungi, Ganoderma boninense, this fungus causes root rot disease. Control of stem rot disease is needed appropriate techniques, especially controls that are environmentally friendly. One of the uses of biological agents, such as Trichoderma, especially Trichoderma virens. This study aims to obtain a dose of Trichoderma virens that is effective in controlling Ganoderma boninense in oil palm pre nursery on peat medium. This research was conducted at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of the State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. This research was conducted in December 2018 - March 2019. This research was a field experiment (experiment) using a Non Factorial Completely Randomized Design (RAL) by conducting Trichoderma virens test on oil palm seeds with various doses where each treatment was repeated 6 times there are 30 experimental units. The results showed that the parameters observed were macroscopic and microscopic fungi ,in-vitro test, speed of infection, intensity of disease attack, plant height, stem diameter and root root ratio. The results showed that Trichoderma virens fungi can reduce the intensity of fungal disease attack Ganoderma boninense given Trichoderma virens increased the growth of stem diameter of oil palm seedlings.
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Safarov, R. M., and G. V. Eremin. "Selection of scion/stock combinations of russian plum for intensive cultivation technologies." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 61 (August 3, 2020): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-61-142-152.
Full textAbstract:
The basis of modern industrial plantings of Russian plum are intensive technologies with the placement of 1000 to 8000 trees per hectare. For the formation of such agrocenoses, seedlings of varieties grafted on adaptive, weak-growing clonal rootstocks are used, which are more effective in comparison with vigorous seed seedlings. Today, one of the important tasks of modern horticulture is to improve the assortment, increase its adaptability based on the selection of compatible clonal rootstocks of different growth strengths of local breeding and the selection of the most productive scion/stock combinations. Of relevance to the southern zone of fruit growing, the question of using scion/stock combinations of the intensive type, combining complex resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, giving stable high yield of trees, good taste and canning qualities of the fruits and their transportability, as well as being resistant to diseases and pests. The work, сonducted on Krymsk Experimental Breeding Ststion –VIR Branch (Krymsk, Krasnodar Territory), presents the results of studies evaluating the economically valuable traits of varieties and rootstocks of Russian plum. It was established that grafted trees of the Globus and Kubanskaya Cometa varieties on a medium-sized clonal rootstock Kuban 86 with a planting pattern (5.0×3.0 m) over the years of research exceeded the control and plant tested clonal rootstocks (average yield 24.3 kg per tree, and 23.5, and the average mass of the fruit 51.5 and 37.2 g). On the dwarf rootstock (5.0×1.5 m), the best scion/ stock combinations were the combinations Globus/VVA 1 and Kubanskaya Cometa/VVA 1. Based on biological and economic estimates for the complex of economically valuable traits, the most valuable plum rootstocks and rootstocks were identified Russian. Practical recommendations are given to manufacturers to create effective plum gardens in this area.
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Foroughbakhch Pournavab, Rahim, Elly Bacópulos Mejía, Adalberto Benavides Mendoza, Lidia Salas Cruz, and Maginot Ngangyo Heya. "Ultraviolet Radiation Effect on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Common Species from Northeastern Mexico." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (2019): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060269.
Full textAbstract:
Light is the only key factor essential for plant growth, and ultraviolet (UV) rays, the harmful part of solar radiation, have the ability to decrease the metabolic rate in photosynthesis, causing deterioration in their growth. Accurate handling of the ultraviolet light that reaches the crops allows the improvement of different aspects of production, such as the shape and color of the plants, the precocity of the crops, and an improvement in the control of pests and diseases. The present study was carried out with the purpose of studying the responses in terms of germination and growth of four plant species—Glycine max, Triticum aestivum, Helianthus annuus, and Pinus maximartinezii—exposed to different doses of UV-C and UV-B radiation, for evaluation through the standard germination and accelerated aging tests, registering the germination rate (GR) and vigor (V), the number of normal seedlings (NS), and the average lengths of radicle (ALR) and plumule (ALP). Seeds treated with UV-C radiation showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between treatments (doses) and species, both in the standard germination and accelerated aging tests for the ALR and ALP variables. Seeds of G. max showed low sensitivity in both tests, with the dose 43.20 kJ/m2/day. The seeds of H. annuus and P. maximartinezii showed high sensitivity in both tests under UV-C radiation, with the doses 8.64 kJ/m2/day and 0.864 kJ/m2/day, respectively. Both tests under UV-B radiation showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) between species and treatments in the variables NS and ALP, with the minimum dose (T2).
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Stinson, A. M., N. K. Zidack, G. A. Strobel, and B. J. Jacobsen. "Mycofumigation with Muscodor albus and Muscodor roseus for Control of Seedling Diseases of Sugar Beet and Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant." Plant Disease 87, no. 11 (2003): 1349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.11.1349.
Full textAbstract:
Mycofumigation is the use of antimicrobial volatiles produced by fungi such as Muscodor albusitalic and M. roseus for the control of other organisms. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) stand establishment was increased and disease severity decreased by mycofumigation with M. roseus and M. albus in autoclaved soil infested with Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, or Aphanomyces cochlioides. Eggplant seedlings (Solanum melongena L.) transplanted into autoclaved soil infested with Verticillium dahliae and mycofumigated with M. albus and M. roseus had significantly less disease (P < 0.05) after 4 and 5 weeks compared with nonmycofumigated Verticillium-infested soil. The effect of formulation on efficacy of mycofumigation with M. roseus was tested using potato dextrose agar strips, alginate capsules, ground barley, pesta granules, and stabileze granules. The stabileze and ground barley formulations of M. roseus resulted in the best control of P. ultimum damping-off. The best control of A. cochlioides damping-off was with the stabileze formulation, and the stabileze, ground barley, and agar strip formulations provided similar control of R. solani damping-off. In soil infested with P. ultimum, mycofumigation with M. albus stabileze formulation resulted in stand establishment similar to that in the autoclaved soil. Mycofumigation was ineffective in controlling Fusarium wilt of sugar beet. Neither M. albus nor M. roseus affected sugar beet or eggplant growth or appearance except in the stabileze formulation, where stunting was noticed. Mycofumigation with M. albus and M. roseus shows promise for control of soilborne diseases caused by P. ultimum, A. cochlioides, R. solani, and V. dahliae.
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Sudiarta, I. Putu. "PERANAN PESTISIDA BOTANI DALAM MENDUKUNG PERTANIAN ORGANIK." AGRICA 3, no. 1 (2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v3i1.494.
Full textAbstract:
Until recently the use of synthetic pesticides to control pest and plant diseases proved effective, but on the other hand, the excessive use of synthetic pesticides cause many negative effects, such as the development of pest and disease resistance, second pest explosion, death of natural enemies and pesticide residues in food and environment. One alternative that can be done to solve this problem is the use of botanical pesticides. Botanical pesticides are compounds produced as a plant defence response to disturbances and stimulation. These compounds generally are of secondary metabolites that have many functions, such as growth hormones (Auxin, gibberellins and cytokinins), anti-fungal or anti-bacterial, antibiotics, and toxic to animals and insects. The advantage of botanical pesticides is that they have toxicity similar to synthetic pesticides, but the botanical pesticides can be used to support sustainable organic agriculture. Experiments in the utilization of botanical pesticides to control plant pest have been carried out. One example application is the use of botanical insecticides from “Brotowali” leaf extract (Tinospora crispa) to control the diamond black caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage plants. In addition, the use of ‘basil’ oil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) has a real impact in population control of the fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). In addition to pest control, botanical pesticides are also reported to effectively control plant diseases. Use of ‘galangal’ (Alpinia galanga) and papaya (Carica papaya) has a high ability to inhibit the growth of Ceratocystis sp. On PDA and fruits. The combination of ‘betel’ leaf extract (Piper betle) and ‘galangal’ (A galanga) can suppress the growth of banan wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum and / or the Ralstonia solanacearum. The use of ‘galangal’ (A. Galanga) extract with a concentration of 5%, can also inhibit the growth of stem rot disease (F. oxisporum) on vanilla seedlings. In addition, the use of ‘betel’ ieaf P. Bettle in the field can suppress black rot disease on cocoa pods (cocoa black pd disease)
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Viotti, G., M. A. Carmona, M. Scandiani, A. N. Formento, and A. Luque. "First Report of Ascochyta rabiei Causing Ascochyta Blight of Chickpea in Argentina." Plant Disease 96, no. 9 (2012): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-12-0153-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
In November 2011, lesions similar to those reported for Ascochyta blight (1) were observed on Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) plants growing in three commercial fields located at Río Primero and Río Segundo (Cordoba Province) and Lobería (Buenos Aires Province), Argentina. Disease incidence (percentage of plants affected) was 100% in all fields surveyed. Plants showed leaves, petioles, stems, and pods with brown lesions. Symptoms on leaves and pods were circular to oval (2 to 14 mm) while in the stems the lesions were elongated (2 to 30 mm). Seeds appeared small and shriveled with brown discoloration. Morphology of the fungi was examined on infected tissues. Numerous black pycnidia measuring 94.6 to 217.9 μm (145.9 ± 28.8 μm), arranged in concentric rings, were observed within of all the lesions. Conidia were predominantly aseptate, straight, hyaline with blunt ends, and measured 9.3 to 12.9 (11.3 ± 1.12) × 3.3 to 5.0 μm (4.2 ± 0.51). Morphological characteristics of the pathogen were similar to those described for Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labrousse (teleomorph Didymella rabiei (Kovacheski) v. Arx (= Mycosphaerella rabiei Kovacheski)) (2). Fungus from infected leaf tissues was isolated on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on seedlings of the susceptible cultivar by spraying leaves of each of 100 seedling plants with 10 ml of a conidial suspension (2 × 104 conidia/ml) of the isolated pathogen with a handheld atomizer. Plants were covered with plastic bags and placed in a growing chamber at 20 to 25°C for 3 days. The plastic bags were removed and the plants were maintained in high humidity at the same temperature. Noninoculated plants were used as controls. After 5 days, all inoculated plants showed typical symptoms. Foliar and stem lesions symptoms were similar to those originally observed in the field. Control plants remained healthy. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by isolating A. rabiei from inoculated plants. The colonies and the morphology of conidia were the same as those of the original isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. rabiei infecting chickpeas in Argentina. The outbreak of Ascochyta blight in Argentina is of concern because of its severity and the possibility that the pathogen was introduced on seed. This report underscores the need for further research on effective management programs for Ascochyta blight. References: (1) B. Bayaa and W. Chen. Compendium of Chickpea and Lentil Diseases and Pests The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2011. (2) E. Punithalingam and P. Holliday. Page 337 in: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1972.
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Ismail, Ade Ilham. "Pengelolaan Agroforestry Berbasis Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana) dan Pendapatan Petani di Kecamatan Mallawa." Jurnal Hutan dan Masyarakat 11, no. 2 (2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/jhm.v11i2.7996.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to determine the management system, composition and income of candlenut-based agroforestry systems in three villages in the Mallawa District. This research was conducted in May - July 2019 in Batu Putih Village, Tellumpanuae Village, Samaenre Village, Mallawa District. The method used is purposive sampling with respondents, namely farmers who have ≥0.1 ha of land area. The number of plots made was 15 plots to determine the volume of wood and the number of respondents interviewed was 30 to determine the form of management. The data that has been collected is processed and analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed that the management of coffee-based agroforestry systems was initiated by clearing land from grass or shrubs, followed by spacing, then sources of seedlings obtained from government assistance and planting and maintenance which included weeding, pruning, fertilizing and pest control and diseases which then end with harvesting activities. The average for income in the Batu Putih Village of Rp. 24,372,359 -/ha/year, in the Village of Tellumpanue Rp. 27,875,042, -/ha/year, and the Samaenre Village in the amount of Rp. 22,985,365, -/ha/year.
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Flay, Casey. "New Zealand Plant Protection Society / Zespri Kiwifruit Scholarship." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.229.
Full textAbstract:
Production of Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) is a billion- dollar industry in New Zealand that is threatened by various pests and diseases. Armoured scale insects, leafroller insects and a disease caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) all cause economic loss to the kiwifruit industry because of the damage they inflict and the market access restrictions imposed if their presence is detected. Examining the available kiwifruit germplasm pool for resistance to the armoured scale insect (Hemiberlesia lataniae) was identified as
 a promising first step towards introgression of resistance into future kiwifruit cultivars. To integrate resistance alleles into current and future breeding programmes efficiently, robust markers linked to resistance genes need to be identified.
 Casey Flay, recipient of the NZPPS/Zespri Kiwifruit Scholarship, is a PhD student at Massey University. In the first year of his PhD, Casey studied H. lataniae scale resistance markers in a small family of A. chinensis var. chinensis from breeding populations at the New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research. Markers were identified for this population that were associated with phenotype and were validated in a related population. To test these markers in a diverse background, four families made from a cross of wild-sourced material was phenotyped. All the seedlings resulting from crossing resistant parents with a tolerant parents were resistant to H. lataniae. However, further work is required to backcross resistant progeny with susceptible parents before marker information can be associated with phenotype. Ongoing work includes studying H. lataniae resistance as well as resistance to the brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) in a large kiwifruit population which is segregating for resistance to both H. lataniae and C. obliquana. Loci responsible for each type of resistance will be identified and a detailed quantitative trait locus (QTL) map generated. This process will allow markers to be developed to target these QTLs, enabling them to be robust tools for resistance breeding. Casey will also study the effects of Psa on the kiwifruit germplasm collection at Plant & Food Research. Selection mapping will be used to assess alleles that are removed from the germplasm population as a consequence of Psa infection. Results of this work will provide information on the sections of the kiwifruit genome that confer tolerance or susceptibility to Psa, enabling breeders to enhance breeding
 for resistance to Psa.
 Breeding for resistance to biotic threats that are currently targeted by chemical sprays is a reasonable move toward a healthier, cheaper and more environmentally friendly form of food production. This will benefit organic producers and conventional producers alike by reducing market access issues, decreasing the need for pest control, and decreasing the real and perceived risks associated with spray residues, resulting in increased market appeal and economic returns.
 This one-off NZPPS/Zespri Kiwifruit Scholarship was possible thanks to Zespri. It was funded by the proceeds of a symposium on Psa held in Palmerston North in 2016 run jointly by Zespri and the New Zealand Plant Protection Society.
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Bacon, Catherine G., and David B. South. "Chemicals for Control of Common Insect and Mite Pests in Southern Pine Nurseries." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (1989): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.112.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Several pests of agricultural crops can cause low-level and occasionally catastrophic damage in southern pine nurseries. Although cultural control methods can help prevent or minimize pest damage, chemical control methods are sometimes needed. To effectively control these pests, nurserymanagers need up-to-date information on the rates and costs of the pesticides that are legal for use on trees. Pesticides currently labeled for controlling eight common pests of pine seedlings are listed along with their approximate costs. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):112-116.
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Prahodsky, Sergei, Valery Kaplich, and Dmitry Voitka. "Protection of Scots Pine Planting Stock and Forest Plantations against Diseases and Pests in Belarus." Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, no. 3 (2018): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this research is the monitoring of diseases of Scots pine in the plantings and forest stands in the Republic of Belarus depending on the species composition of pests, their biology and the effectiveness of various methods of plant protection. Significant loss of plants for planting is associated with the spread of pathogens causing damage to seedlings, mainly from the genus Fusarium, Alternaria and Botrytis. The most abundant pests of Scots pine are Coleoptera and Lepidoptera groups representing 16 and 8 species, accordingly. Numerous species represent Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae and Tortricidae family. The main components of an effective system of measures, as an integral part of the technology of growing of planting material of Scots pine in containers, are pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicides, stimulating the growth and development of seedlings. The elaborated system of protective measures of forest plantations is based on the prevalence, phenology of pests, estimation of phytopathogenic load, monitoring of diseases and seasonal climatic conditions.
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Sulaiman, R., S. S. Thanarajoo, J. Kadir, and G. Vadamalai. "First Report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Stem Canker of Jatropha curcas in Malaysia." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (2012): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-11-0482-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is an important biofuel crop worldwide. Although it has been reported to be resistant to pests and diseases (1), stem cankers have been observed on this plant at several locations in Peninsular Malaysia since early February 2008. Necrotic lesions on branches appear as scars with vascular discoloration in the tissue below the lesion. The affected area is brownish and sunken in appearance. Disease incidence of these symptomatic nonwoody plants can reach up to 80% in a plantation. Forty-eight samples of symptomatic branches collected from six locations (University Farm, Setiu, Gemenceh, Pulau Carey, Port Dickson, and Kuala Selangor) were surface sterilized in 10% bleach, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, air dried on filter paper, and plated on water agar. After 4 days, fungal colonies on the agar were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C. Twenty-seven single-spore fungal cultures obtained from all locations produced white, aerial mycelium that became dull gray after a week in culture. Pycnidia from 30-day-old pure cultures produced dark brown, oval conidia that were two celled, thin walled, and oval shape with longitudinal striations. The average size of the conidia was 23.63 × 12.72 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.86. On the basis of conidial morphology, these cultures were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae. To confirm the identity of the isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with ITS1/ITS4 primers and sequenced. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. HM466951, HM466953, HM466957, GU228527, HM466959, and GU219983). Sequences from the 27 isolates were 99 to 100% identical to two L. theobromae accessions in GenBank (Nos. HM008598 and HM999905). Hence, both morphological and molecular characteristics confirmed the isolates as L. theobromae. Pathogenicity tests were performed in the glasshouse with 2-month-old J. curcas seedlings. Each plant was wound inoculated by removing the bark on a branch to a depth of 2 mm with a 10-mm cork borer. Inoculation was conducted by inserting a 10-mm-diameter PDA plug of mycelium into the wound and wrapping the inoculation site with wetted, cotton wool and Parafilm. Control plants were treated with plugs of sterile PDA. Each isolate had four replicates and two controls. After 6 days of incubation, all inoculated plants produced sunken, necrotic lesions with vascular discoloration. Leaves were wilted and yellow above the point of inoculation on branches. The control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from lesions on inoculated branches. L. theobromae has been reported to cause cankers and dieback in a wide range of hosts and is common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem canker associated with L. theobromae on J. curcas in Malaysia. References: (1) S. Chitra and S. K. Dhyani. Curr. Sci. 91:162, 2006. (2) S. Mohali et al. For. Pathol. 35:385, 2005. (3) E. Punithalingam. Page 519 in: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK. 1976.
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Zeni, Syafa’atul Aulia, Normela Rachmawati, and Adistina Fitriani. "FREKUENSI DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA PENYAKIT PADA BIBIT MERSAWA (Anisoptera marginata Korth. ) DI PERSEMAIAN BP2LHK BANJARBARU KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 4, no. 2 (2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v4i2.3345.
Full textAbstract:
Intensity and Frequency of pests disease is comparison quantity of objects be invaded and whole observed objects in percent. The intensity of pests and diseases is the level be ivaded or the level of plants damage caused by isects, fungi, bacteria or viruses that started by qualitatively or quantitalively. Pests are all animals that can be damage the trees or forest stands and forest products, plant disease is a modification or deviation in one or more parts of the physiological process and make loss of coordination in the plants.This research do in BP2LHK nursery Banjarbaru South Kalimantan from July until Semptember 2019. The method used is scoring method by determining be invaded score on mersawa seedling. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of pest and disease attacks on mersawa seedlings (Anisoptera marginata Korth) of 95.46%. The intensity of pests and diseases in the seeds of mersawa (Anisoptera marginata Korth.) of 37.9%. The level of pest damage to mersawa seedlings ranged 25,0–50,0 % include in the medium category. Keywords: Mersawa; Frequency and intensit; Pest and disease
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Bayu, Marida Santi Yudha Ika, Yusmani Prayogo, and Gatut Wahyu Anggoro Susanto. "INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL MUNGBEAN PESTS AND DISEASES." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 22, no. 1 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v22n1.2021.p8-16.
Full textAbstract:
The main constraints to increase mungbean production in Indonesia are pests and diseases. The application of integrated biological agents can improve the efficacy of controlling the mungbean pests and diseases. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of integrated biological agents to suppress mungbean pests and diseases. This field research was conducted from May to July 2018 using a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: T1 = Trichol + NSP, T2 = Trichol + SlNPV, T3 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV, T4 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas, T5 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas + GE, T6 = chemical pesticides, and T7 = control. The results showed that the highest efficacy occurred in T4 and T5 treatments which saved the yield loss from major pests and diseases attack, and did not differ significantly with chemical pesticides (T6). Treatments T4 was able to reduce the development of soil borne diseases by 3% and suppress Spodoptera litura attack by 9.8% as compared to chemical treatment. T4 was also more efficient than T5 because it uses less biological agents. The advantage of biological agents is compatible if they were used together with predators such as Oxyopes sp., Paederus sp. and Coccinella sp; and also Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. parasitoids. On the other hand, the chemical pesticides (T6) killed all existing natural enemies. Therefore, T4 could be recommended for controlling mungbean pests and diseases.
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Liu, J., H. D. Luo, W. Z. Tan, and L. Hu. "First Report of a Leaf Spot on Conyza sumatrensis Caused by Phoma macrostoma in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 1 (2012): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0228.
Full textAbstract:
Conyza sumatrensis (Asteraceae), an annual or biennial plant, is native to North and South America. It is an invasive, noxious weed that is widespread in southern and southeastern China. It invades farm land and causes great losses to dry land crops, including wheat, corn, and beans. It also reduces biological diversity by crowding out native plants in the infested areas (3,4). During a search for fungal pathogens that could serve as potential biological control agents of C. sumatrensis, a leaf spot disease was observed in 2010 in Chongqing, China. An isolate (SMBC22) of a highly virulent fungus was obtained from diseased leaves. Pathogenicity tests were performed by placing 6-mm-diameter mycelial disks of 7-day-old potato dextrose agar (PDA) cultures of SMBC22 on leaves of 15 healthy greenhouse-grown plants of C. sumatrensis; the same number of control plants was treated with sterile PDA disks. Treated plants were covered with plastic bags for 24 h and maintained in a growth chamber with daily average temperatures of 24 to 26°C, continuous light (3,100 lux), and high relative humidity (>90%). Lesions similar to those observed in the field were first obvious on the SMBC22-inoculated leaves 3 days after inoculation. Symptoms became severe 7 to 9 days after inoculation. Control plants remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated and diseased leaves and it was morphologically the same as SMBC22. The pathogenicity test was conducted three times. A survey of 10 southern and southeastern Chinese provinces revealed that the disease was widespread and it attacked leaves and stems of seedlings and mature plants of C. sumatrensis. Lesions on leaves were initially small, circular, and water soaked. The typical lesion was ovoid or fusiform, dark brown, and surrounded by a yellow halo. The spots coalesced to form large lesions and plants were often completely blighted. Fungal colonies of SMBC22 on PDA plates were initially white and turned dark gray. Colonies were circular with smooth edges with obvious rings of pycnidia on the surface. Aerial hyphae were short and dense. Pycnidia, black and immersed or semi-immersed in the medium, were visible after 12 days of incubation. Pycnidia were 72 to 140 μm in diameter. Conidia were produced in the pycnidia and were hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoidal, and 4.4 to 6.1 × 1.6 to 2.2 μm. To confirm identification of the fungus, genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia of a 7-day-old culture on PDA at 25°C (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS5. The gene sequence was 524 bp long and registered in NCBI GenBank (No. HQ645974). BLAST analysis showed that the current sequence had 99% homology to an isolate of Phoma macrostoma (DQ 404792) from Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle) in Canada and reported to cause chlorotic symptoms on that host plant (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. macrostoma causing disease on C. sumatrensis in China. P. macrostoma, thought of as a biocontrol agent of broadleaf weeds in Canada, has been patented in the United States. The current isolate of P. macrostoma is considered as a potential biocontrol agent of C. sumatrensis. References: (1) P. R. Graupner et al. J. Nat. Prod. 66:1558, 2004. (2) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycoscience 42:135, 2001. (3) W. Z. Tan et al. Page 177 in: Manual of Emergency Control Technology Invasive Pests in China. G. L. Zhang, ed. Science Press, Beijing, 2010. (4) C. Wang et al. J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 28:90, 2010.
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Ambele, Chaba F., Sunday Ekesi, Hervé D. B. Bisseleua, et al. "Entomopathogenic Fungi as Endophytes for Biological Control of Subterranean Termite Pests Attacking Cocoa Seedlings." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 3 (2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6030126.
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This study was conducted in the scope of developing a sustainable effective approach against subterranean termite pests using entomopathogenic and endophytic fungus-based biopesticides. Termites, Odontotermes spp. workers, were tested for their susceptibility to 15 entomopathogenic fungal isolates through the direct spraying of conidia suspensions at 1 × 108 conidia/mL. In general, all the isolates screened were pathogenic, with 100% mortality 4–7 days post-inoculation. However, the most virulent isolates were Metarhizium brunneum Cb15-III; the M. anisopliae isolates ICIPE 30 and ICIPE 60; Hypocrea lixii F3ST1; and the Beauveria bassiana isolates ICIPE 279, ICIPE 706 and ICIPE 662. These isolates were further tested for their endophytic colonization of cocoa seedlings using seed soaking, soil drench and foliar spray at 1 × 108 conidia/mL. The colonization of the plant tissues by the fungi was determined using a culture-based technique. Only the B. bassiana isolates ICIPE 706 and ICIPE 279, and H. lixii F3ST1 colonized the cocoa seedlings, with varied colonization rates among isolates and inoculation methods. Three naturally occurring endophytes—Trichoderma asperellum, Fusarium solani and F. redolens—were also isolated from the cocoa seedling tissues. These findings suggest that cocoa seedlings are conducive to endophytic fungal growth either occurring naturally or from artificial inoculation Our findings could possibly lead to an innovative approach to the management of herbivory and subterranean termite pests in cocoa agroforests.
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Visutsak, Porawat. "Ontology-Based Semantic Retrieval for Durian Pests and Diseases Control System." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 11, no. 1 (2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.1.1019.
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In Southeast Asia, durian is affectionately called the king of fruit. Durian is the most popular crop planted in eastern and southern of Thailand. The total crop is around 600,000 tons per year; among this, 500,000 tons of the total production were exported worldwide. In Thailand, the knowledge of durian production is based on experience from generation to generation, especially the knowledge of durian pests and diseases control. This paper presents the ontology knowledge based for durian pests and diseases retrieval system. The major contributions of the system consist of 1) the stored knowledge of durian pests and diseases and 2) the diagnosis of durian diseases and the suggestions for the treatments. The ontology knowledge consists of 8 main classes: 1) diseases, 2) pests, 3) cultivars, 4) symptoms of bunch, 5) leaf area symptoms, 6) symptoms of the branches and trunk, 7) symptoms of fruit, and 8) symptoms of root and growth. The experimental results yielded 100% of precision, 88.33% of recall, and 93.8% of overall performance.
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Wada, Akaamaa C. "Some Important Diseases and Pests of Sugarcane in Nigeria and Their Control." Outlook on Agriculture 26, no. 2 (1997): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709702600207.
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Sugarcane smut (Ustilagoscitaminea), red rot (Glomerellatucumanensis), sugarcane leaf blast (Paraphaeosphaeriamichotil). sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and Curvularia leaf spot are the prevalent diseases of sugarcane in Nigeria today. Sugarcane pests of economic importance include the stemborers, termites and nematodes. These diseases and pests can be managed by cultural and chemical methods pending the development of resistant varieties. The problems caused to sugarcane growers in some states of Nigeria by these diseases and pests, and some palliative measures which are used to contain them, are discussed.
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Заикин, Б. А., Г. Л. Белов, and В. Н. Зейрук. "Joint use of potato tuber protectants with Agrostimul plant growth regulator." Kartofel` i ovoshi, no. 8() (August 7, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25630/pav.2020.88.89.005.
Full textAbstract:
Протравливание семенного материала картофеля защитно-стимулирующими препаратами – одно из важнейших мероприятий в технологии его защиты. На картофеле в качестве протравителей используют препараты с фунгицидным спектром или комбинированные препараты фунгицидного и инсектицидного действия, которые снижают инфекционный потенциал патогенов на клубнях при посадке, подавляют развитие инфекции, препятствуют поражению подземных и наземных частей растения в период всходов. Инсектицидные компоненты комбинированных препаратов эффективно уничтожают почвообитающих, листогрызущих и сосущих насекомых в период вегетации. Протравливание клубней позволяет сократить количество обработок в вегетационный период против вредителей и болезней. При этом используют высококонцентрированные суспензии препаратов. Это увеличивает риск негативного влияния обработок на ростки клубня и вызывает задержку в появлении всходов. Цель исследований: изучение регулятора роста растений АгроСтимул в качестве протектанта депрессивного действия протравителей клубней картофеля. Полевые исследования проводили в 2017–2018 годах. Для обработки клубней перед посадкой использовали: Престиж («Байер»), Престижитатор («АГРОРУСХИМ»), КС (140 г/л имдаклоприда + 150 г/л пенцикурона) – 1 л/т, Селест Топ, КС (262,5 г/л тиметоксама + 25 г/л флудиоксонила + 25 г/л дифеноконазола) – 0,4 л/т и их комбинации с регулятором роста растений АгроСтимул – 20 мл/т, действующее вещество которого дигидрокварцетин. Это природное вещество выделено из смолы пихты и лиственницы и обладает биоцидным действием. Исследования проводили в Люберецком (экспериментальная база «Коренево», ВНИИКХ) и Дмитровском (д. Саввино) районах Московской области. В вариантах с АгроСтимулом 100%-ная всхожесть наступала на 3–5 дней раньше, чем у эталона и на 1–2 дня раньше, чем в контроле. Товарная урожайность комбинаций с АгроСтимулом была выше на 17,8–24,5% контроля и на 7,8–20,2%, чем у эталонного варианта. Etching of potato seed material with protective and stimulating preparations is one of the most important measures in the technology of its protection. On potatoes, as protectants, drugs with a fungicidal spectrum or combined preparations of fungicidal and insecticidal action are used, which reduce the infectious potential of pathogens on tubers during planting, suppress the development of infection, and prevent the defeat of underground and ground parts of the plant during germination. Insecticidal components of combined preparations effectively destroy soil-dwelling, leaf-eating and sucking insects during the growing season. Etching of tubers reduces the number of treatments during the growing season against pests and diseases. In this case, highly concentrated suspensions of drugs are used. This increases the risk of negative effects of treatments on tuber sprouts and causes a delay in the emergence of seedlings. The purpose of research: to study the growth regulator of plants of Agrostimul as a protectant of depressive action of potato tuber protectants. Field research was conducted in 2017–2018. For the treatment of tubers before planting used: prestige (Bayer), prestige (Agroruskhim), CS (140 g/l imdacloprid + 150 g/l pencicuron) – 1 l/t, Tselest Top, CS (262.5 g/l thymetoxam + 25 g/l fludioxonyl + 25 g/l diphenoconazole) – 0.4 l/t and their combinations with the plant growth regulator Agrostimul – 20 ml/t, active substance – dihydroquarcetin. This natural substance is isolated from the resin of fir and larch has a biocidal effect. The research was conducted in Lyubertsy (experimental base «Korenevo», ARRIPF) and Dmitrov (Savvino village) districts of the Moscow region. In variants with 100% Agrostimul, germination occurred 3–5 days earlier than the standard and 1–2 days earlier than the control. The commodity yield of combinations with agro Incentive was higher by 17,8–24,5% of control and by 7,8–20,2% of reference variants.
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Chhetri, Vivek Thapa, Resham G.C., Sanup Chaudhary, Sachin Timilsina, and Subash Gautam. "Pests, pathogens, pathogenic diseases, and diseases control strategies of sal (Shorea robusta) in Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 2 (2021): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.0602013.
Full textAbstract:
Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the most indispensable species in Nepal, both ecologically and economically. This paper aims to provide updated guidance for the management and protection of this species in the future from various pests and pathogens. We reviewed 38 articles from Google Scholar and Research gate with keywords "Shorea robusta”, “Hoplocerambyx spinicornis”, “Polyporus shoreae”, “Heart rot”. S. robusta has the most insect fauna among the forest tree species. Out of the 346 insects reported on S. robusta, around 155 species of insects are associated with living trees. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis is the most destructive insect pest, wreaking havoc on S. robusta. Polyporous shoreae is the main cause of root rot in S. robusta, and spreads through root contact or root grafting. Heart rot in S. robusta is caused by the fungi Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Fomes caryophylli, and F. fastuosus. During the harvesting of S. robusta, the majority of the tree was observed to be faulty, resulting in a large amount of waste wood. The best way to determine the pathogen's "Achilles' heel" is to consider its life cycle. The Nepalese famous saying "prevention is better than cure" may be applicable in the management of S. robusta insect pests and pathogens. The current paper critically addresses these issues and argues the need for an improvised package of activities for insect pests, pathogens, prevention, and their control.
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Ftayeh, R., A. von Tiedemann, B. Koopmann, K. Rudolph, and M. Abu-Ghorrah. "First Record of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Causing Canker of Tomato Plants in Syria." Plant Disease 92, no. 4 (2008): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0649c.
Full textAbstract:
Between March and mid April of 2007, several extensive surveys for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis were carried out among greenhouses in the coastal strip provinces of the Mediterranean Sea in north-west Syria (Latakia and Tartous), where a large proportion of Syrian fresh-market tomatoes are produced. This bacterium causes bacterial canker of tomato and is considered an A2 quarantine pathogen by the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). It is currently present in all major tomato-production areas in the EPPO region (4), but has not been previously reported in Syria. The survey revealed typical canker symptoms in 7% of 150 inspected greenhouses that contained cvs. Dima, Huda, and Astona. These symptoms included stunting, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins, wilting and defoliation of whole plants, and vascular discoloration. The disease incidence in such greenhouses was estimated at 15% at the time of the survey. Diseased plants were surface sterilized and homogenized in sterile water. Serial dilutions were plated on nutrient glucose agar. Suspected colonies were further purified by repeated restreaking on new agar plates. All 10 of the suspected strains obtained from different locations were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on the basis of the following observations: bacterial cells of all strains had a coryneform shape, were nonmotile, gram positive according to Gram's reaction test with 3% KOH (2), oxidase-negative, and caused hypersensitive reactions on leaves of Mirabilis jalaba (1) within 24 h. PCR assays were conducted with the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-specific primer set PSA-4/R (3) and template DNA prepared from in-vitro-grown bacteria with the MasterPure Gram Positive DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI). The expected 270-bp amplicon was observed for both reference strains as well as the Syrian strains. Pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by artificial inoculation of 6-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Lyconorma). Inoculation was performed by stabbing the stem with a sterile needle through a drop (~35 μl) of bacterial suspension (~108 CFU/ml in 0.01 M MgSO4) placed in the axil of the second or third true leaf. Three tomato seedlings were inoculated with each strain. Control plants were inoculated with sterile 0.01 M MgSO4. Symptoms including lateral wilt of leaflets, stem lesions, and wilting of whole plants were observed within 10 to 15 days after inoculation, except for the negative control. To fulfill Koch's postulates, reisolation and reidentification of the pathogen was conducted as previously described. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the occurrence of bacterial canker of tomato in Syria. References: (1) R. D. Gitaitis. Plant Dis. 74:58, 1990. (2) T. J. Gregersen. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5:123, 1978. (3) K. H. Pastrik and F. A. Rainey. J. Phytopathol. 147:687, 1999. (4) I. M. Smith and L. M. F. Charles, eds. Map 253 in: Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe. EPPO/CABI, 1998.
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Jacob, Jens, Grant R. Singleton, and Lyn A. Hinds. "Fertility control of rodent pests." Wildlife Research 35, no. 6 (2008): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07129.
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Ricefield rats (Rattus argentiventer) in south-east Asian rice fields and house mice (Mus domesticus) in Australian grain fields are major pest species. They cause damage before and after harvest and carry zoonotic diseases. For both species, management techniques have been pursued using the approach of immunocontraceptive vaccination. We review results from a series of enclosure and field studies conducted with these species to assess the effects of fertility control in small rodents. In the experiments, fertility control was simulated by tubal ligation, ovariectomy or progesterone treatment. A once-off sterilisation of 50–75% of enclosed founder females considerably reduced reproductive output of ricefield rat populations until the end of the reproductive period. In house mice, similar success was achieved when a sterility level of 67% of female founders and offspring was maintained. Repeated antifertility treatments are required because of the much longer breeding period of house mice versus ricefield rats. Comparing the results of enclosure trials with the outcome of simulation models suggests that partial compensation of treatment effects can occur through enhanced reproduction of the remaining fertile females and improved survival of juveniles. However, such compensatory effects as well as behavioural consequences of sterility in field populations are not likely to prevent the management effect at the population level. The challenge for effective fertility control of small rodents in the field is the wide-scale delivery of an antifertility treatment to founders at the beginning of the breeding season and to fertile immigrants that are recruited into the population, which otherwise contribute to the reproductive output at the population level. Future research efforts should focus on species-specific techniques and on agents that can be effectively delivered via bait.
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Zhang, Wenming, and Alan K. Watson. "Efficacy ofExserohilum monocerasfor the control ofEchinochloaspecies in rice (Oryza sativa)." Weed Science 45, no. 1 (1997): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500092602.
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Efficacy of an indigenous fungus,Exserohilum monoceras, for the control of 3Echinochloaspecies was evaluated and compared under both regulated greenhouse and screenhouse (field plots netted with 2 layers of metal mesh screening to exclude vertebrate pests) conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, an inoculum dose of 2.5 × 107conidia m−2killed all seedlings of both barnyardgrass andE. glabrescens, whereas an inoculum dose of 5.0 × 107conidia m−2was required to obtain 100% mortality of junglerice seedlings. The 1.5-leaf stage of all 3Echinochloaspecies was the most susceptible. Increasing inoculum density increased weed control efficacy on younger or olderEchinochloaseedlings. The highest level of control was observed forE. glabrescens, less for barnyardgrass, and least for junglerice. Under screenhouse conditions,Exserohilum monocerascaused more than 90% mortality ofEchinochloaspecies when the inoculum was formulated as an oil emulsion or when applied as a dry powder.
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Šņepste, Ilze, Baiba Krivmane, Vilnis Šķipars, Astra Zaluma, and Dainis E. Ruņģis. "Induction of Defense Responses in Pinus sylvestris Seedlings by Methyl Jasmonate and Response to Heterobasidion annosum and Lophodermium seditiosum Inoculation." Forests 12, no. 5 (2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050628.
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The induction of defense responses in Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was investigated in three experiments. Two different MeJA application methods were tested, and induction of defense responses was assayed by seedling inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. and Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley and Millar. In the first experiment, five-year-old P. sylvestris ramets of one clone were directly treated with MeJA, followed by inoculation with H. annosum. In the second experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by direct spraying and vaporization, and inoculation with H. annosum was done using a slightly modified protocol. In the third experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by vaporization and inoculated with L. seditiosum. Direct application of MeJA induced seedling mortality, and in some cases, decreased resistance to inoculation with H. annosum. Application of MeJA by vaporization was less stressful for seedlings, and resulted in increased resistance to both H. annosum and L. seditiosum. In addition, an unforeseen Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) and Hylobius abietis L. infestation provided anecdotal evidence of the efficacy of MeJA in inducing resistance to insect pests as well. Further studies are required on the induction of resistance to additional diseases and pests. Induced resistance could be used as a possible protective mechanism for Scots pine seedlings prior to planting during reforestation of stands to increase vitality and survival.
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Luo, She Zhou, and Cheng Wang. "Forest Pests and Diseases Forecasting Based on GIS." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2945.
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Geographic Information System (GIS) has been widely applied to the field of pest management, which provides the new ways and methods for integrated pest research, prevention and control. The main purpose of this study is to forecast and manage forest pests and diseases. For this purpose, I developed the forest pests diseases forecast system, by using ArcObjects (AO) and Visual Basic as the secondary development platform. The system is able to synthetically analyze and judge relevant data, such as weather forecast and tree species, according to the occurrence laws of the forest pests and diseases and the characteristics of biology. The system uses Markov chain and other methods to forecast the occurrence period, amount, scope and the degree of harm of pests and diseases. To validate the reliability of Markov chain model, the pests and diseases data of Liu'an City of Anhui Province, in China from 1975 to 2001, to be applied. The results show that the method used is reliable. The occurrence area and location of forest pests and diseases can be labelled and displayed on the electronic map with three-dimension.
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Effendi, Kurniawan, Abdul Munif, and I. Wayan Winasa. "Survey of Rice Pests, Diseases and Natural Enemies on “Upsus” Program in Karawang District, West Java Province." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 24, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.50365.
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"Upsus" (Special Efforts) Program is a program to increase crop production and productivity to support the acceleration of food self-sufficiency held by the government. The targets are to increase the planting index (IP) by 0.5 and productivity by 0.3 ton/ha/Harvested Dry Grain (HDG). Increased productivity has not been reached optimally. This research aimed to determine the number/types of the dominant pests and natural enemies, and pests and diseases attack rates in the wetland rice plantation "Upsus" Program in Karawang District. Direct observation was carried out on four stages of plant development, in the nursery stage (10–14 days after sowing) 200–300 m², seedlings stage (10–20 days after planting), vegetative stage (5–6 weeks after planting), and reproductive stage (1–2 weeks after flowering) respectively within an area of 2000 m². Twenty samples were observed in the nursery stage and 50 samples in the following stages. The dominant pests and diseases found were Nilaparvata lugens, Leptocarisa oratorius, Schirpophaga incertulas, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Scotinophara coarctata, Mythimna separata, bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas. oryzae pv. oryzae), blast (Pyricularia grisea) and narrow brown spot (Cercospora oryzae). The recorded dominant natural enemies were Cyrtorhinus sp., Paederus sp., Tetragnatha sp., and Pardosa pseudoannulata. S. incertulas showed the highest attack intensity and the highest disease severity was found in bacterial leaf blight. The largest population of dominant pests and natural enemies was found in the generative stage. The high application of pesticides affected the population of pests, natural enemies, and the level of pest and disease attacks.
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Gatehouse, Angharad M. R., Vaughan A. Hilder, and John A. Gatehouse. "Control of insect pests by plant genetic engineering." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, no. 3-4 (1992): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005492.
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Crop protection against pests and diseases is of prime importance and plays a major role in agricultural production both in the Developed and Developing parts of the world.Although chemical pesticides have been in use for a long time it is only since the Second World War that a very heavy and almost exclusive reliance has been placed upon their use. This, in many cases, has resulted in the rapid build-up of resistance by insect pests to such compounds, as is illustrated by the rapidly developed resistance to the organochloride insecticides by the cotton bollworm, Heliothis virescens. Indeed, there are many examples of resistance in a major pest being observed within the first year of field use (Metcalf 1986). In some cases the indiscriminate application of pesticides has exacerbated the problem of insect herbivory where elimination of a wide range of predatory species along with the primary pests has resulted in secondary pests becoming primary pests themselves with even more devastating effects (Heinrichs & Mochida 1983).
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Shyta, О. "The potato protection from major pests and diseases." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 1-2 (January 20, 2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.1-2.18-21.
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Goal. To study the effectiveness of pesticides in protecting potato plantations from major pests and diseases.
 Methods. Comparative, analytical and field.
 Results. The data of technical and economic efficiency of pesticides against the main pests and diseases of potatoes are given. It was noted that the most effective against the complex of pests were drugs from the group of neocotinoids, and against diseases — fungicides of systemic and systemic contact action of various classes of chemical compounds.
 Conclusions. The most common potato diseases during the growing season of the crop were Alternaria and blight, the development of which in 2016—2017. amounted to 12.6—36.4% and 10.6—48.6%, respectively. Two spraying of potatoes with fungicides ensured technical effectiveness against Alternaria — 26.4—64.8%, against late blight — 24.3—53.9%. The main disease of potato tubers in 2017—2018 there was a common scab, the proportion of which in the control was 15.6%, and in the variants with the use of disinfectants — 5.4—8.6% of the total mass of the infected tubers. Dry Fusarium rot in the variants of the experiment was 2.5—2.8%, in the control — 9.3%. The number of bastards damaged by wireworms in the control was 7.2%, in the variants with the use of insecticidal and insecticidal and fungicidal disinfectants — 1.0—2.2%. It was established that the treatment of tubers with insecticidal and insecticide antifungal preparations against the Colorado potato beetle was effective for 40—50 days after planting potatoes, and further it is necessary to additionally spray it with insecticide.
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Rahmawati, Dian, Samrin, Baharudin, and Warda. "Major pests and diseases of maize and availability of control technology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 484 (June 20, 2020): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/484/1/012105.
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de Boer, M. "PRODUCING BULBS AND PERENNIALS; SUSTAINABLE CONTROL OF DISEASES, PESTS AND WEEDS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 886 (January 2011): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.6.
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Li, Jinyang, Qingdao Huang, and Bing Liu. "An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests." International Journal of Biomathematics 13, no. 05 (2020): 2050037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524520500370.
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In this paper, epidemic diseases among pests are assumed to occur, so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests, and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops. Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enemies and infected pests to control pests, as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance, an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established. The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides, which well reflects its residual and delay effects. By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method, the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained. Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control. It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied, the better the result of the susceptible pests control is. From the sensitivity analysis, the key factors on the threshold are obtained. Finally, the strategies to control susceptible pests are given, including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.
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Wang, Yong Qing, Na Chong, Shi Yuan Wang, Lei Zhang, and Jing Feng Xiong. "Design of Diseases and Pests Therapeutic Instrument of Solar in Greenhouse." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.442.
Full textAbstract:
On account of pests and diseases in greenhouse, solar cells were used for energy. Ozone was generated by corona discharge during the day which used to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi in greenhouse. Use the phototaxis lure insects with blue-violet LED, high power electrical shock to kill flying insects in the evening. Thereby reduces crop diseases and pests and reduces pesticide use. Greenhouse diseases and pests therapeutic instrument of solar consist of power supply module, ozone generator module, high voltage pest control modules. Paper focuses on the principles of the design, tentative design, function test and measurement data analysis.
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Zhang, Yin’e, and Yong Ping Liu. "Identification of Navel Orange Diseases and Pests Based on the Fusion of DenseNet and Self-Attention Mechanism." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5436729.
Full textAbstract:
The prevention and control of navel orange pests and diseases is an important measure to ensure the yield of navel oranges. Aiming at the problems of slow speed, strong subjectivity, high requirements for professional knowledge required, and high identification costs in the identification methods of navel orange pests and diseases, this paper proposes a method based on DenseNet and attention. The power mechanism fusion (DCPSNET) identification method of navel orange diseases and pests improves the traditional deep dense network DenseNet model to realize accurate and efficient identification of navel orange diseases and pests. Due to the difficulty in collecting data of navel orange pests and diseases, this article uses image enhancement technology to expand. The experimental results show that, in the case of small samples, compared with the traditional model, the DCPSNET model can accurately identify different types of navel orange diseases and pests images and the accuracy of identifying six types of navel orange diseases and pests on the test set is as high as 96.90%. The method proposed in this paper has high recognition accuracy, realizes the intelligent recognition of navel orange diseases and pests, and also provides a way for high-precision recognition of small sample data sets.
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Alves, Viviane Sandra, Luis Francisco Angeli Alves, André Luis Pereira Fanti, and Marilia Souza Alves. "POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES FOR CONTROL OF THE ERVA-MATE PEST HEDYPATHES BETULINUS (KLUG, 1825) (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)." FLORESTA 47, no. 1 (2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v47i1.42965.
Full textAbstract:
The intensive exploitation of “erva mate” (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) (Aquifoliaceae) has favored the emergence of pests, including Hedypathes betulinus. We evaluated 18 isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Steinernema and Heterorhabditis genera for control of H. betulinus adults, and tested nematode in-vivo replication capacity in Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. We also evaluated the effect of adjuvants for foliar application, and the efficiency of nematode isolates selected in erva mate seedlings in the greenhouse via application to soil and plant shoots. The PI and CB40 isolates showed the hgh virulence (92.5% insect mortality by both). The PI isolate showed low productivity in G. mellonella larvae, thus only CB40 was used in subsequent tests. Only emulsified vegetable oil adjuvant was compatible with nematodes. Soil application of nematodes proved ineffective; however, shoot application on erva mate seedlings showed significant mortality (82.5%) after exposure to the CB40 isolate without adjuvant.