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1
Utami, Sri, and Agus Ismanto. "SERANGAN HAMA DEFOLIATOR PADA BIBIT TANAMAN KEHUTANAN." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 1, no. 2 (2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2016.1.2.97.
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One of the efforts to support the success of forest plantation development is the availability of quality seeds (free from pests and diseases and have the ability to grow good). Defoliator pests is one of the problems frequently encountered pest attack seedlings in the nursery. Defoliator pest attacks will result in the failure of seedlings. The study was conducted at Modern Nursery located in the Sukamoro Village, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province from February to May 2013. The purpose of the study was to analize the pest which attacks some seedlings e.g. Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), kayu bawang (Dysoxylum molissimum) and tembesu (Fagraea fragans) respectively 1 month old. The results showed that Arthroschista hilaralis is defoliator pests that attack several seedlings. A. hilaralis pest attacks Jabon begin observation two week with the percentage and intensity of attack by 40% and 30,39% respectively. The pest attacks continue to rise to observations in fourth week with a severity of 100%. The percentage and intensity of pests on kayu bawang seedling 68,72% and 40,66% respectively. On the seedlings tembesu, percentages and intensity of pest attacks 5,83% and 3,88% respectively, which is found in the observation of the 4th week. This showed that A. hilaralis is one of the pests that have a preference to eat in addition to its main host plant Jabon. Therefore, the presence of pests defoliator A. hilaralis on a scale nurseries should be anticipated. Management required appropriate controls in preventing these pests so that forestry plant breeding activities are carried out within the framework of the provision of seeds for planting in a broader scale having success.
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Zeni, Syafa’atul Aulia, Normela Rachmawati, and Adistina Fitriani. "FREKUENSI DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA PENYAKIT PADA BIBIT MERSAWA (Anisoptera marginata Korth. ) DI PERSEMAIAN BP2LHK BANJARBARU KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 4, no. 2 (2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v4i2.3345.
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Intensity and Frequency of pests disease is comparison quantity of objects be invaded and whole observed objects in percent. The intensity of pests and diseases is the level be ivaded or the level of plants damage caused by isects, fungi, bacteria or viruses that started by qualitatively or quantitalively. Pests are all animals that can be damage the trees or forest stands and forest products, plant disease is a modification or deviation in one or more parts of the physiological process and make loss of coordination in the plants.This research do in BP2LHK nursery Banjarbaru South Kalimantan from July until Semptember 2019. The method used is scoring method by determining be invaded score on mersawa seedling. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of pest and disease attacks on mersawa seedlings (Anisoptera marginata Korth) of 95.46%. The intensity of pests and diseases in the seeds of mersawa (Anisoptera marginata Korth.) of 37.9%. The level of pest damage to mersawa seedlings ranged 25,0–50,0 % include in the medium category. Keywords: Mersawa; Frequency and intensit; Pest and disease
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Gogo, Elisha O., Mwanarusi Saidi, Francis M. Itulya, Thibaud Martin, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Microclimate Modification Using Eco-friendly Nets for High-quality Tomato Transplant Production by Small-scale Farmers in East Africa." HortTechnology 22, no. 3 (2012): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.3.292.
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Unfavorable environmental conditions, pests, and viral diseases are among the major factors that contribute to poor growth and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings in tropical areas. Improving crop microclimate and excluding insects that transmit viruses may improve transplant quality and yield in production fields. This study was carried out in two seasons at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field of Egerton University in Njoro, Kenya, to investigate the effects of agricultural nets herein called eco-friendly nets (EFNs) on germination and performance of tomato seedlings. Tomato seeds were either raised in the open or under a permanent fine mesh net (0.4-mm pore diameter). Eco-friendly net covers modified the microclimate resulting in significantly higher day temperatures and relative humidity, compared with the open treatment. Nets increased temperature and relative humidity by 14.8% and 10.4%, respectively. Starting seeds under a net advanced seedling emergence by 2 days and resulted in higher emergence percentage, thicker stem diameter, more leaves, and faster growth leading to early maturity of seedlings and readiness for transplanting. Netting improved root development by increasing root quantity and length. Stomatal conductance (gS) and estimates of chlorophyll content were higher in seedlings under net covering compared with those in the noncovered control treatment. Insect pests and diseases were also reduced under net covering. The use of the net in the production of tomato transplants presented a 36.5% reduction in the cost of seeds, through improved emergence and reduced pest damage. All other factors held constant, healthy and quality transplants obtained under a net covering also translate into better field performance; hence, increasing economic returns for commercial transplants growers, as well as for tomato farmers. Results of this study suggest that EFNs can be customized not only for their effective improvement on growth and quality of tomato transplants but also for their pest and disease management in the nursery alone or as a component of integrated pest and disease management.
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Šņepste, Ilze, Baiba Krivmane, Vilnis Šķipars, Astra Zaluma, and Dainis E. Ruņģis. "Induction of Defense Responses in Pinus sylvestris Seedlings by Methyl Jasmonate and Response to Heterobasidion annosum and Lophodermium seditiosum Inoculation." Forests 12, no. 5 (2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050628.
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The induction of defense responses in Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was investigated in three experiments. Two different MeJA application methods were tested, and induction of defense responses was assayed by seedling inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. and Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley and Millar. In the first experiment, five-year-old P. sylvestris ramets of one clone were directly treated with MeJA, followed by inoculation with H. annosum. In the second experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by direct spraying and vaporization, and inoculation with H. annosum was done using a slightly modified protocol. In the third experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by vaporization and inoculated with L. seditiosum. Direct application of MeJA induced seedling mortality, and in some cases, decreased resistance to inoculation with H. annosum. Application of MeJA by vaporization was less stressful for seedlings, and resulted in increased resistance to both H. annosum and L. seditiosum. In addition, an unforeseen Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) and Hylobius abietis L. infestation provided anecdotal evidence of the efficacy of MeJA in inducing resistance to insect pests as well. Further studies are required on the induction of resistance to additional diseases and pests. Induced resistance could be used as a possible protective mechanism for Scots pine seedlings prior to planting during reforestation of stands to increase vitality and survival.
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Prahodsky, Sergei, Valery Kaplich, and Dmitry Voitka. "Protection of Scots Pine Planting Stock and Forest Plantations against Diseases and Pests in Belarus." Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, no. 3 (2018): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0020.
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Abstract The aim of this research is the monitoring of diseases of Scots pine in the plantings and forest stands in the Republic of Belarus depending on the species composition of pests, their biology and the effectiveness of various methods of plant protection. Significant loss of plants for planting is associated with the spread of pathogens causing damage to seedlings, mainly from the genus Fusarium, Alternaria and Botrytis. The most abundant pests of Scots pine are Coleoptera and Lepidoptera groups representing 16 and 8 species, accordingly. Numerous species represent Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae and Tortricidae family. The main components of an effective system of measures, as an integral part of the technology of growing of planting material of Scots pine in containers, are pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicides, stimulating the growth and development of seedlings. The elaborated system of protective measures of forest plantations is based on the prevalence, phenology of pests, estimation of phytopathogenic load, monitoring of diseases and seasonal climatic conditions.
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Dhena, Emanuel Randy, and Yustina Maria Silvia Wonga Puu. "INVENTARISASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI HAMA DAN PENYAKIT UTAMA TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)." AGRICA 4, no. 2 (2020): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v4i2.461.
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This research was carried out in order to understand the main types of pests and diseases that affect corn, which types are most dominant and to understand the severity of these main diseases in corn. Observation of variables involved the identification of pests and diseases that attacked corn plants, the diversity of these pests and diseases as well as the intensity of the damage caused by these pests and diseases. The results of this research showed that the main type of pest and disease that attacks corn are, among others: seedling flies (Atherigonasp), grasshoppers (Oxyasp), corn stalk drillers (Ostrineafurnacalis) and leaf rust. The most dominant type of pest or disease were grasshoppers (Oxyasp) which attacked plant leaves. The seriousness of an attack by a pest or disease was found to be important in the seedling phase, there are many variations in between species of corn and also developed with the age of the corn. At 12 days after planting, the incidence of insect attack was0.2% and at 33 days and 54 days after planting it was 0.32-0.47%. Whereas for disease, when observed at 33 and 54 days after planting, the average incidence of disease attack was 0.05-0.23%. Also, when observed at 61 days and 75 days, the incidence of attack rose to 0.32-40%.
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Effendi, Kurniawan, Abdul Munif, and I. Wayan Winasa. "Survey of Rice Pests, Diseases and Natural Enemies on “Upsus” Program in Karawang District, West Java Province." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 24, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.50365.
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"Upsus" (Special Efforts) Program is a program to increase crop production and productivity to support the acceleration of food self-sufficiency held by the government. The targets are to increase the planting index (IP) by 0.5 and productivity by 0.3 ton/ha/Harvested Dry Grain (HDG). Increased productivity has not been reached optimally. This research aimed to determine the number/types of the dominant pests and natural enemies, and pests and diseases attack rates in the wetland rice plantation "Upsus" Program in Karawang District. Direct observation was carried out on four stages of plant development, in the nursery stage (10–14 days after sowing) 200–300 m², seedlings stage (10–20 days after planting), vegetative stage (5–6 weeks after planting), and reproductive stage (1–2 weeks after flowering) respectively within an area of 2000 m². Twenty samples were observed in the nursery stage and 50 samples in the following stages. The dominant pests and diseases found were Nilaparvata lugens, Leptocarisa oratorius, Schirpophaga incertulas, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Scotinophara coarctata, Mythimna separata, bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas. oryzae pv. oryzae), blast (Pyricularia grisea) and narrow brown spot (Cercospora oryzae). The recorded dominant natural enemies were Cyrtorhinus sp., Paederus sp., Tetragnatha sp., and Pardosa pseudoannulata. S. incertulas showed the highest attack intensity and the highest disease severity was found in bacterial leaf blight. The largest population of dominant pests and natural enemies was found in the generative stage. The high application of pesticides affected the population of pests, natural enemies, and the level of pest and disease attacks.
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Bobushkina, S. V., A. O. Senkov,, and D. H. Fayzulin. "Practice on growing of forest containerized seedlings applicable to the greenhouse complexes of the Arkhangelsk region." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 4, no. 4 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-4-1-16.
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The need to develop and implement innovative forms of reforestation to obtain highly productive tree stands actualize the topic of the article. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze foreign experience and research on the production of softwood containerized planting stock for reforestation and compare it with the practice of greenhouse complexes in the Arkhangelsk region. We used the international bibliographic and abstract database «Scopus», which indexes scientific journals, materials from conferences and publications to search for information. A review of publications has been completed over more than a 20-year period (1999-2019). The world experience study and the results of studies on the cultivation of forest containerized seedlings, in particular, Finland, Sweden, Norway, countries similar in terms of the growth of woody vegetation and the range of tree species to the conditions of the European north of Russia made it possible to highlight current research directions. The treatment of seedlings with a short or long light day; frost resistance of the seedlings; influence of drought, excessive moisture; issues of seedling storage; diseases, pests of seedlings and control of them, as well as problems of selection and seed production; seed quality and their impact on plant growth; influence of cultivation technology and types of planting stock on the effectiveness of planting refers to them. The use of foreign plants for growing ball-rooted planting stock implies a similar technology for the production of forest seedlings in our region. However, climatic features and the availability of various consumables, such as peat, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., necessitate the adaptation of Scandinavian technologies to local conditions and the development of additional techniques. One of the main production tasks is the achievement of standard indicators by seedlings. It is not always possible to achieve the desired results in harsh taiga conditions, therefore it is necessary to use foreign experience in growing ball-rooted planting stock, which allows to increase the production of standard seedlings without compromising their quality. This is a whole range of measures, including work on breeding and seed production, the formation of a plant substrate, lighting, moisture, observing the temperature regime, storage of seedlings, combating diseases and pests, etc., which ultimately are the components of the success of artificial reforestation
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Purba, Endang Christine, and Bambang S. Purwoko. "TEKNIK PEMBIBITAN, PEMUPUKAN, DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOMODITI JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) DI KECAMATAN SIMPANG EMPAT DAN KECAMATAN PAYUNG, KABUPATEN KARO, SUMATRA UTARA, INDONESIA." Pro-Life 6, no. 1 (2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/pro-life.v6i1.940.
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Citrus is one of the horticultural commodities that has been a focus of development in 2018. Citrus is the fourth largest commodity in the percentage of Indonesia fruit production in 2014. In 2014, citrus fruit production in Indonesia was 1,785,256 tons or around 9.01% of national fruit production. Karo Regency is a citrus production center in North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura (2015) the production of citrus commodities was 173.921 tons (53,30%). In 2014, there were 3,150,060 productive citrus trees with a harvested area of 7,875 ha and a production of 500,243 tons in North Sumatra. One of the varieties grown by farmers in Karo Regency is Siam. High productivity of siam is certainly also influenced by seedlings, fertilization and controlling the pests. To determine this, research has been conducted on farmers in Simpang Empat and Payung Districts, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. To get quality Siam seeds, farmers in two research locations used Japansche citroen plants as rootstock because they were resistant to disease and drought. Fertilization of siam uses inorganic fertilizer as much as 3-4 months, while organic fertilizer as much as 10 months. The control of pests of siam citrus is done mechanically and chemically. Pests and diseases that usually attack siam are Bractocera spp, black lice, fruit borers, fungus and powdery mildew.
 Keywords: cultivation, seedling, fertilizer, pest, productivity, orange, Citrus nobilis
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Ondieki, Joseph Atanga, Peter Sirmah, and Joseph Hitimana. "Incidence of Pests and Diseases in Tree Nurseries and Plantations in Kimondi Forest, Nandi County, Kenya." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 3, no. 1 (2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.3.1.287.
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Increasing demand for wood is putting pressure on forest resources that are equally under threat from insect pests and diseases. Reported average annual forest loss stands at 0.2% globally, 0.8% in Africa, and 1.6% in Kenya. To meet the increasing demand for forest products in Kenya, the government and private sector have established plantations of non-native tree species dominated by Eucalyptus species, Cupressus lusitanica, and Pinus patula. To ensure successful forest plantation establishment and management schemes, there is a need for sufficient knowledge and understanding of tree growth conditions and threats including pests and diseases. This study aimed at determining the incidence of plantation and tree nurseries in Kimondi Forest, Kenya. Tree plantations were mapped into 2.5 Ha rectangular portion transects parallel to the forest roads. In randomly selected portions, observations were carried out for disease and pest signs and symptoms on various tree parts (leaves, stem, roots, fruits, and twigs). In the tree nurseries, 3 m × 1 m rectangular quadrants were placed on seedling beds and similar observations were made. Collected data indicated a high incidence of nursery seedling pests (5.3 % leaves and 5.1% stems) on Eucalyptus species and least on P. patula (2.4% leaves and 3% stems). Higher incidence of plantation pests (35.0% leaves of Eucalyptus sps.) and least on P. patula stems (1.2%) were recorded. On the other hand, twelve (12.0%) of C. lusitanica and (1.8%) Eucalyptus species plantation twigs were infested by pests. A high incidence of nursery seedling disease (9.8%) was observed on C. lusitanica leaves and least on P. patula stems (3.6%). Higher incidence of plantation diseases (32 %) on leaves of Eucalyptus sps. and least on C. lusitanica stem (1.4%) was recorded. In both tree nurseries and plantations, roots and fruits remained free from pests and disease. Major tree pests and diseases identified in Kimondi forests include (Human, wildlife, livestock, Cinara cupressi, Gonipterus scutellatus, Pinus pini, and Leptocybe invasa) and (damping-off, Fusarium wilt, Botryosphaeria canker, cypress canker, and Mycosphaerella spp.) respectively. These results suggest a need for regular monitoring and intervention measures to control pest and disease infestation in the Kimondi forest.
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Puspitasari, Qanti, and Hardiyanto. "Dynamics of Mango Seedlings and Mango Varieties: A Case Study of Nurseries in Mango Production Center in Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036041.
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Mango is a favorite tropical fruit in both domestic and international markets. Due to its features that are relatively easy to grow and more resistant to pests and diseases, the success rate of producing the seedlings is higher compared to the other perennial fruit plants. Despite of these advantages, the sector is still facing several constrains. One of them is the low rate of certified seedling used that may affects the productivity of mango trees. Limited availability of superior certified mango seedlings that is faced by mango nurseries is suspected as one of the cause. This paper aims to describe the dynamic that occurs in mango nursery sector in one of mango production centres in West Java. The data was collected through survey of 260 nurseries in 2016 and was part of Indohort project research; a collaboration between Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Iindonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development (ICHORD), and the University of Adelaide. The results showed that: (1) Only 7% of the total number of nurseries has a formal certification for seedlings that are produced, (2) in average, mango nurseries produce less mango seedlings in 2016 compared to 2011; (3) mango nursery’s specialization rate decreased from 32% in 2011 to 19% in 2016, (4) the share of Harumanis (mango variety that is most preferred in Indonesia) seedlings production per nursery, decreased from 89% in 2011 to 65% in 2016; (4) Further improvement related to mango seedlings marketting chain needs to be done to create a better mango seedling market structure along the chain.
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Vdovenko, Serhii, Pavlo Shvydkyi, and Oleh Zatolochnyi. "INFLUENCE OF SEEDS AGE ON BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF SWEET PEPPER UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE RIGHT-BANK OF UKRAINE." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-3-10.
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Sweet pepper takes one of the main places in the human diet among all vegetable plants. By the content of healthy vitamins, sweet pepper fruits have a better effect on the absorption of food than greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes, and therefore sweet pepper is in great demand among consumers. The difference in the biometric and physiological parameters of sweet pepper of different age seedlings depends on the duration of growing seedlings. For the study, a sweet pepper variety of domestic selection Aphrodite was used. At the same time, biometric determinations were carried out over the sweet pepper plant: seedling height, stem diameter before planting, plant mass. The observation method monitored the onset of phenological phases of plant growth and development, and a laboratory method was used to determine biometric parameters. The appearance of the first leaf was established with clear control of the microclimate parameters and the provision of an appropriate irrigation regime. The formation of the first leaf was observed on the 7th day after emergence. It was proved that the formation of subsequent leaves, the growth of vegetative mass depended significantly on the age of the seedlings: the higher the seedling age, the more real leaves formed, due to the accumulation of dry matter in the leaves and the corresponding nutritional and temperature conditions. At the time of planting seedlings in open ground, at a constant place of vegetation, the plants were characterized by the presence of 4-6 real leaves, the height of the seedlings was 12-15 cm with a total weight of 10-12 g, there were no damage by pests and diseases on the surface of the leaves. As a result of different age of seedlings, studies have established that with a decrease in the age of seedlings, a tendency to delay flowering and fruiting was observed. The age of seedlings directly affects the budding of plants. So, in the variant where the seedlings are 60 days old, the period of budding was observed for 56 days, which was observed 1 day earlier than the control variant. Seedlings of sweet pepper aged 50 and 70 days passed into the budding phase for 57 days. However, seedlings aged 40 days showed a tendency to delay the onset of plant budding. It has been established that the height of the plant before planting ranged from 14.7 cm to 18.6 cm. The highest rate of plant growth has been distinquished in the variant where the seedlings were 70 days old. When using the seedling age of 70 days, the test value was 2 controls more than the control index. The option using 60 day old sweet pepper seedlings was characterized by slightly low leaf numbers. The experiments established that when using seedlings with an age of 40 days, the plants were characterized by the smallest number of leaves on the plant. The age of seedlings and biometric indicators depend on the growing conditions, the timely passage of the photosynthesis process, the provision of nutrients, water. When using the seedling age of 60-70 days, the biometric indicators of seedlings, namely the height of the plants, the number of glosses, the mass of the plant significantly exceeds the biometric indicators of seedlings with an age of 50 or 40 days. Keywords: sweet pepper, Aphrodite variety, seedling age, biometrics, vegetation, Right-Bank forest-steppe.
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Radicevic, Sanja, Radosav Cerovic, Ivana Glisic, and Zaklina Karaklajic-Stajic. "Promising sour cherry hybrids (Prunus cerasus L.) developed at Fruit Research Institute Cacak." Genetika 42, no. 2 (2010): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1002299r.
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At Fruit Research Institute in Cacak, major objectives of the work on breeding new sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars are high cropping, large, high-quality fruits and resistance to causal agents of diseases and pests. As a result of the planned hybridization, more than 10,000 hybrid seedlings have been developed from about 40 cultivars within more than 110 parental combinations, among which are 'Cacanski rubin' ('Shasse Morello' x 'K?r?ser Weichsel') and 'Sumadinka' ('K?r?ser Weichsel' x 'Heimanns Konserven Weichsel') which have been named and released. Ten-year study of 11 hybrids, selected from the population of about 3,000 hybrid seedlings, gave four hybrids which have been singled out as elite (III/23, III/31, II/40 i XII/57). These hybrids are currently under procedure of being released as new cultivars. The paper presents two-year results of the study of ripening time, pomological properties, biochemical composition of fruits, and field resistance to causal agents of diseases and pests attacking the above named genotypes which were compared to standard cultivar 'Heimanns Konserven Weichsel'. In the studied hybrids, fruit weight, soluble solids content and sugars content were higher than in standard cultivar. In addition, they exhibit substantial field resistance to causal agents of brown rot (Monilinia laxa /Ader et Ruhl./ Honey ex Whetz.), cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm.) v. Arx.), shot-hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum (L?v.) Aderh.) and cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) attack.
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Shneyder, E. Yu, E. V. Karimova, Yu A. Shneyder, and Yu N. Prikhodko. "Quarantine and particularly dangerous bacteria, phytoplasmas and viruses that pose a risk to the viticulture in Russian Federation." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-2-41-51.
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The Russian Federation imports large quantities of planting and grafting material of grapes, including from countries where dangerous harmful organisms are spread to vineyards. Plant protection specialists in this industry, as well as grape producers, must understand the possible risk associated with the danger of the entry of quarantine disease pathogens into the Russian Federation and the potential damage if infected plant material is imported. Studies have been carried out by the staff of All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center to assess the phytosanitary risk of pests associated with the import of seedlings, stocks and grape cuttings. Based on these studies, the list of pests for the vine that have quarantine status and potentially quarantine status for the Russian Federation, in particular bacterioses, phytoplasmas and viral diseases has been established. This article describes the main diseases that affect grapes and are included in the Unified List of Quarantine Pests of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as potentially dangerous viral diseases that are not currently included, but planned for inclusion in the Unified List, which pose a serious threat if they penetrate to the territory of the Russian Federation. From quarantine pathogens, grapes are affected by grape bacteriosis (Pierce disease of grapevine) (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.), bacterial blight of grapevine (Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos) Willems et al.), Flavescence dorée of grapevine (Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis), from the planned inclusion grapes are affected by red spotting of grape leaves (Grapevine red blotch-associated virus), marbling of grape leaves (Grapevine vein clearing virus) and discoloration of the leaves of Roditis grape (Grapevine Roditis leaf discoloration-associated virus). The article considers the biological peculiarities of pathogens, ways of their possible penetration and spread on the territory of the cultivation of grape in the Russian Federation, host plants of quarantine and dangerous pests, the main symptoms of diseases on plants, possible vectors, damage caused by quarantine pests in the countries of spreading, diagnostic methods, as well as areas of possible harmfulness for the Russian Federation.
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Gairhe, Biwek, Ramdas Kanissery, and Brent Sellers. "Citrus Nursery Production Guide, Chapter 8: Stock Plant and Tree Production: c) Weed Management in Citrus Nurseries." EDIS 2019, no. 5 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1344-2019.
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All citrus nursery stock in Florida is raised in enclosed greenhouses. It is not uncommon for weeds to grow in containers, where they compete with citrus seedlings, and on greenhouse floors, where they can harbor pests and diseases. This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department provides descriptions of a few commonly found weeds in citrus nurseries and good weed management practices. Written by Biwek Gairhe, Ramdas Kanissery, and Brent Sellers, this article is chapter 8c of the forthcoming Citrus Nursery Production Guide. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1344
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Tonessia, Charlotte Dolou, Francis Eric Soumahin, Boye Mambé Auguste Denise, Niangoran Yate Atse Toussaint, Djabla Jean Marc, and Zoh Olivia Dominique et Kouadio Yatty Ju. "Diseases and Pests Associated to Tomato Cultivation in the Locality of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire)." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 9 (December 3, 2018): 1546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v9i0.7935.
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This study aims at identifying the major tomato pests and diseases in the locality of Daloa. To achieve this goal, surveys were conducted among tomato farmers in the city, the outskirts and the villages of Daloa. They consisted in questioning farmers about their identity, the cropping practices and the problems encountered in the practice of tomato cultivation. Then another step consisted in monitoring tomato farms for observing diseases and pests associated to tomato. The results of the study showed that tomato cultivation is concentrated in rural areas and is carried out by men with a very low level of education. The most cultivated varieties are petromech and cobra because of their resistance to certain pests. Several tomato diseases have been identified, however the most significant were seedling damping-off (Pythium sp, Fusarium sp, Rhizoctonia solani), plant wilting (Fusarium oxyporum and Ralstonia solanacerum), fruit anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.), apical necrosis and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.). The main pests observed on tomato in the locality were Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera), Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera), Dysdercus sp. (Hemiptera). This study provides a pathway from which further studies including mapping the different diseases could be conducted so as to better monitor and protect tomato cultivation.
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Yulin, Han, Ha Huiquan, Xin Huipu, Zhao Pengxiang, and Shi Xinwei. "STUDIES ON SOILLESS RAISING OF SEEDLING OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 664f—664. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.664f.
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni was hydroponically raised on the matrices of sand or slag and sprinkled periodically with three different nutrient solutions (BD, KO, Knop) respectively. The conventional raising method of Hailin state farm was used as the control. The results showed that the seedlings grown on the matrix of sand and sprinkled with Knop nutrient solution were stronger with well-developed root systems, obvious spindle-shaped root tubers, and less plant diseases, no insect pests, and weeds, which was significantly better than the control method in respect to the root length, root fresh weight, stem height, shoot fresh weight, and number of leaves, and significantly better than other treatments in respect to the root length, root fresh weight and stem height. This raising method is worth extending.
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ORISAJO, Samuel Bukola, and Kayode Babatunde ADEJOBI. "Fertilizer application enhances establishment of cacao seedlings in plant-parasitic nematodes infected soil." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 2 (2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.1136.
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<p>Low soil fertility, pests and diseases are major problems of growth and establishment of cacao seedlings on the field. Cocoa production increases by new plantings and rehabilitation of moribund farms, but a build-up of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) causing dieback and declining soil fertility has discouraged many farmers, leading to a reduction in crop productivity. In this study, the potentials of some organic wastes as fertilizers and their effects on establishment of cacao seedlings in PPN infected soils was investigated at Ibadan and Owena of Southwestern Nigeria. Goat dung (GD), organic fertilizer (OF), organo-mineral fertilizers (OMF) and NPK 15:15:15 were applied at 200, 400 and 600 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, to cacao seedlings one month after transplanting, while unfertilized served as control. Results from the experiments showed a significant increase in percentage survival of cacao seedlings under organic fertilizers at Ibadan and Owena compared to NPK and control even at the lowest rate of 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> 3 years after transplanting. The incorporation of GD, OF and OMF significantly reduced the population densities of PPN compared to control. Therefore, GD, OF and OMF at 200 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> are recommended for soil application to enhance the field establishment of cacao seedlings in the soil infected with PPN.</p>
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Syvertsen, Jim, and Yoseph Levy. "Salinity Interactions with Other Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Citrus." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (2005): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0100.
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Multiple stresses almost always have synergistic effects on plants. In citrus, there are direct and indirect interactions between salinity and other physical abiotic stresses like poor soil drainage, drought, irradiance, leaf temperature, and atmospheric evaporative demand. In addition, salinity interacts with biotic pests and diseases including root rot (Phytophthora spp.), nematodes, and mycorrhizae. Improving tree water relations through optimum irrigation/drainage management, maintaining nutrient balances, and decreasing evaporative demand can alleviate salt injury and decrease toxic ion accumulation. Irrigation with high salinity water not only can have direct effects on root pathogens, but salinity can also predispose citrus rootstocks to attack by root rot and nematodes. Rootstocks known to be tolerant to root rot and nematode pests can become more susceptible when irrigated with high salinity water. In addition, nematodes and mycorrhizae can affect the salt tolerance of citrus roots and may increase chloride (Cl-) uptake. Not all effects of salinity are negative, however, as moderate salinity stress can reduce physiological activity and growth, allowing citrus seedlings to survive cold stress, and can even enhance flowering after the salinity stress is relieved.
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Ćirković-Mitrović, Tatjana, Vladan Popović, Ljiljana Brašanac-Bosanac, Ljubinko Rakonjac, and Aleksandar Lučić. "The effect of application of different nutrition preparations on height increment of walnut (Juglans regia L.) seedlings." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 65-66 (2012): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1265073q.
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Providing of quality planting material which takes root well after planting, resistant to diseases, pests, stress (drought, extreme temperature, etc.) and grows well in cultures is one of the strategic and preferential tasks of modern forestry. Walnut is a fruit tree important as a founder of various varieties and hybrids, and as a rootstock for high-yielding varieties. It is also of great importance because of high nutritional value of fruit and high quality of stem. For that reason this species has to be introduced into the existing ecosystem and used for afforestation of different habitats. The paper presents results of research on the effect of the controlled decomposing fertilizer Osmocote Exact®, mineral NPK fertilizer Florin 2 and microbiological preparation Bactofil® B 10 on height increment of walnut seedlings. Data analysis was performed by relevant procedures using statistical software packages (SPSS Statistics 17.0). Comparative analysis of height increment of seedlings treated with these preparations and height increment of untreated seedlings, as well as a simple way of application of these preparations by adding them to the substrate, will show the justification of direct application of these types of fertilizers and microbiological preparation in mass production of high quality planting material.
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Melnichuk, F. S., S. A. Alekseeva, and O. V. Hordiienko. "PROTECTION OF POTATO CROPS AGAIST PESTS." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201901-166.
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The Colorado potato beetles and aphids are especially harmful pests for potato crops in the conditions of Kyiv region. So, on the 10th day after mass rebirth of the Colorado potato beetle larvae, potato plants on untreated by insecticide plots were completely destroyed by this phytophagus. Preplanting insecticide treatment of potato tubers provided high effectiveness against the Colorado potato beetle prior to the mass rebirth and development of larvae and reduced their density of population and harmfulness. The highest efficacy (93.2-95.2%) against these pests was noted in variants with Prestige, 290 FS, Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS and Celest Top 312.5 FS.
 Common scab, dry rot and Rhizoctonia solani were prevailed among the diseases of potato tubers. The greatest effectiveness against the common scab was provided by Prestige, 290 FS. Thus, the infestation of potato tubers by common scab in the variant with application of the Prestige, 290 FS was almost twice lower compared to control. Preparation Celest Top 312.5 FS provided a reduction of dry rot in almost 3 times, and Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS leads to reduction of infestation by Rhizoctonia solani in 4 times, respectively. The treatment of tubers is a reliable protection of potato plants against damage by the Colorado potato beetles and lesion diseases, that made it possible to obtain tuber yields at a level of 24.4-27.4 t per ha.
 However, preplanting treatment of planting material with insecticides is not always able to provide the protection of potato seedlings against damage by Colorado beetles. The mass reproduction of these pests occurs after planting of tubers and emerging of stalks at high air temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to provide additionally spraying of plants. Typically, the insecticides used in recommended rates have a long period of protective action, which eliminates the need for further treatments on vegetative plants. The anti-resistant effect of this treatment is associated with the use of the neonicotinoids class insecticides (eg, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin), that have different mechanism of action compared to pyrethroids. Under such conditions, it is important to search, investigate and introduce modern, effective insecticides into agricultural production. For this purpose the research on the preparations from separate classes of chemical compounds with various toxic properties was conducted.
 The most effective against the larvae of Colorado potato beetles were insecticides Confidor, 20% SC, Calypso, 48% SC and Engeo 24.7% SC when spraying potato plantings. Duration of their protection was prolonged for two weeks after the application of insecticides. The maximum technical efficiency was reached as 99.5% (Confidor, 20% SC), 99.2% (Calypso, 48% SC) and 99.3% (Engeo 24.7% SC) on the third day after application. Other insecticides such as Mospilan, 20% SP and Actara, 24% WG (96.2-97.0%) provided somewhat lower the mortality rate of these phytophages.
 The highest and prolonged effect against aphids was obtained by spraying potato plantings with the preparations Engeo 24.7% SC and Confidor, 20% SC, the efficiency of which reached 98.2% and 93.1%, that decreased the number of aphids in almost 60 times, compared with the control. Spraying potato plantings with insecticides according to the recommended rates of application allows obtaining the yield of tubers at the level of 25,6-28,2 t per ha.
 
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Upadhyaya, Hari D., Mani Vetriventhan, Abdullah M. Asiri, et al. "Multi-Trait Diverse Germplasm Sources from Mini Core Collection for Sorghum Improvement." Agriculture 9, no. 6 (2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060121.
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Sorghum is a multipurpose crop cultivated in over 100 countries, but its productivity is constrained by several biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, sorghum improvement programs largely focus on developing high-yielding cultivars with multiple traits including stress resistance, bioenergy and nutritional quality. This study was undertaken to meet breeders’ needs to develop such cultivars and identify diverse germplasm sources with multiple traits. The 242 sorghum mini core accessions were evaluated for agronomic traits (yield, maturity, 100-seed weight) in two post-rainy seasons under optimally irrigated and drought conditions and identified 21 accessions as a sources for agronomic traits. The evaluation of mini core revealed 70 accessions resistant to biotic stress, 12 to abiotic stress, 13 for bioenergy traits and 27 for nutritional traits. The 13,390 single nucleotide polymorphism markers on mini core were used to identify genetically diverse accessions with desirable agronomic traits: IS 23684 (nutrition traits, diseases, insect pests), IS 1212 (earliness, nutrition traits, drought, seedling vigor, diseases), IS 5094 (yield, drought, diseases, insect pests), IS 473 (earliness, diseases), IS 4698 (yield, Brix %, insect pests) and IS 23891 (greater seed weight, yield, Brix %, drought, diseases). These are useful genetic resources that meet breeders needs to develop agronomically superior sorghum cultivars with desirable combinations of multiple traits and a broad genetic base.
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SORA, Dorin. "Establishment of Technological Stages for Obtaining Some Grafted Tomato Seedlings (Dutch Scion × Romanian Rootstocks)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 76, no. 1 (2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2018.0020.
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The tomatoes are valuable vegetables, with highest share in Romanian crops from protected spaces. The grafting is a vegetative multiplication method that induces or improves some qualities of the plants (vigor, resistance to soil diseases and pests, resistance to abiotic factors, quantity and quality of fruit production). The research aim has been to establish the technological stages for producing of Dutch scion and Romanian rootstock seedlings from Solanum lycopersicum L. species, to obtain some compatible phenotypes for grafting. This research has been conducted in a greenhouse of the Horting Institute Bucharest. The experience was carried out on a tomato cultivar collection consisting from a Dutch scion (‘Abellus’ F1 hybrid) and three Romanian rootstocks (‘L542’, ‘L543’, ‘L544’). The scion and rootstock diameters have been correlated for manual grafting, cutting at 45 degrees and using the method of splice in silicone tube. The technological stages for obtaining grafted tomatoes have been established for the researched genotypes. These tomato combinations have been compatible for vegetable crops in protected spaces in the south area of Romania.
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Kawengian, Trifly ,., Juliana Ruth Mandey, and Nordy Fritsgerald Lucky Waney. "CURAHAN TENAGA KERJA PADA USAHATANI PADI DI DESA LOWIAN KECAMATAN MAESAAN." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 15, no. 3 (2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.15.3.2019.25772.
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This study aims to determine the time allocation of labor in rice farming. The study was conducted in Lowian Village, Maesaan SubDistrict, South Minahasa Regency. Data collection is done by survey method. The number of samples of rice farmers is determined as many as 20 farmers. Determination of the sample is done by simple random sampling. Data analysis was performed descriptively in form of tables and verbal descriptions. The types of paddy farming activities studied include land management activities, nursery seedlings, planting, weeding, fertilizing, eradicating pests and diseases, harvesting, transporting and drying or dry in the sun activities. The average amount of time allocation of labor in one hectare of paddy farming is 136 HOK (Workers' Day). The most labor-intensive activities were planting and harvesting activities, respectively 33.5 HOK (26.4%) and 32.1 HOK (25.1%). The least labor-intensive activity in transportation activities was 3.1 HOK (2.5%) and seedling nursery activities were 4.5 HOK (3.5%). Land management activities 97.15 percent use animal power and 2.85 percent use tractors. Other activities fully use human labor. The amount of time allocation of male laborers was 78.375 HOK (66.56%) and the total flow of female labor was 39.375 HOK (33.44%). The types of activities undertaken by women are seedling activities, planting, weeding and paddy drying or dry in the sun. *eprm*
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Farias-Larios, J., and A. Michel-Rosales. "Sustainable Production of Honeydew and Muskmelon in Western Mexico." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 495d—495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.495d.
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In Western Mexico, melon production depends on high-input systems to maximize yield and product quality. Tillage, plasticulture, fumigation with methyl bromide, and fertigation, are the principal management practices in these systems. However, at present several problems has been found: pests as sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), aphids (Myzus and Aphis), leafminer (Liryomiza sativae); diseases as Fusarium, Verticilium, and Pseudoperenospora, and weeds demand high pesticide utilization and labor. There is a growing demand for alternative cultural practices, with an emphasis on reducing off-farm input labor and chemicals. Our research is based on use of organic mulches, such as: rice straw, mature maize leaves, banana leaves, sugarcane bagasse, coconut leaves, and living mulches with annual legume cover crop in melons with crop rotation, such as: Canavalia, Stilozobium, Crotalaria, and Clitoria species. Also, inoculations with mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi for honeydew and cantaloupe melon seedlings production are been assayed in greenhouse conditions for a transplant system. The use of life barriers with sorghum, marigold, and other aromatic native plants in conjunction with a colored yellow systems traps for monitoring pests is being studied as well. While that the pest control is based in commercial formulations of Beauveria bassiana for biological control. The first results of this research show that the Glomus intraradices, G. fasciculatum, G. etunicatum, and G. mosseae reached 38.5%, 33.5%, 27.0%, and 31.0% of root infection levels, respectively. Honeydew melons production with rice and corn straw mulches shows an beneficial effect with 113.30 and 111.20 kg/plot of 10 m2 compared with bare soil with 100.20 kg. The proposed system likely also lowers production cost and is applicable to small- and large-scale melon production.
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Fraedrich, Stephen W., and L. David Dwinell. "An Evaluation of Dazomet Incorporation Methods on Soilborne Organisms and Pine Seedling Production in Southern Nurseries." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 1 (2003): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.1.41.
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Abstract The use of dazomet as a fall and spring fumigant for pine seedling production and control of soilborne pests was evaluated at two southern nurseries. Dazomet was applied at low (280–325 kg/ha) and high (493–560 kg/ha) rates and incorporated with a rototiller or spading machine. Comparisons were made with methyl bromide/chloropicrin (MBC) fumigation and nonfumigated control treatments. Dazomet incorporation method had no effect on seedling density at either nursery, and often did not affect seedling morphological characteristics. At the Georgia (GA) nursery, seedling density and morphological characteristics did not differ among fumigant treatments except in the spring study area where shoot weight was greater in the MBC treatment than the dazomet or nonfumigated control treatments. In the fall study area at the North Carolina (NC) nursery, seedling density was greater in the high-rate dazomet treatment than the nonfumigated control. Seedlings were generally larger in MBC and dazomet treatments than the control. Seedling density and morphological characteristics did not differ among fumigation treatments in the spring study area. Fumigation with MBC or dazomet generally reduced the percentage of roots withPythium andFusarium spp. compared to controls at the GA nursery and the fall fumigation area in the NC nursery. Plant parasitic nematodes were found infrequently at both nurseries and did not differ among treatments. Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) was the major problem at the GA nursery and was effectively controlled only with MBC. Compared to the MBC treatment, the abundance of soilborne fungi and the association of certain types ofTrichoderma with roots was often lower in the dazomet treatments. The importance of these differences for long term seedling production and management of soilborne diseases is not known at this time. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):41–51.
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Shevchenko, Yu P., I. T. Ushakova, E. L. Kurbakov, L. V. Bespalko, and V. A. Kharchenko. "ASPARAGUS (ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L.) – VEGETABLE CULTURE OF THE FUTURE." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (December 4, 2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-5-47-50.
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The historical reference of Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus officinalis L.), its species composition and practical use is given. Biological and agrotechnical features of culture, the most common diseases and pests are presented. Grades and methods of selection work. Sexual type of asparagus, perennial varieties and the ability of plants to vegetative propagation are important factors in asparagus breeding. The following methods are used in asparagus selection: hybridization; formation of male varieties via self-pollination of bisexual flowers found on male plants; utilization of the heterosis effect the formation of homozygous inbred-lines; production of tetraploid forms by exposure of colchicine to asparagus seedlings. Selection can be done either on individual plants or using multiple approach. Improvement of selection may be achieved using several parameters: plant yield, the mass of seedlings; plant height of the most developed shoot; the number of shoots. This allows to discard undesirable forms at early stages. Laboratory of green vegetables, spicy-flavoring and flower crops of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center possesses the collection nursery of 7 samples of Asparagus officinalis: K-25, K-28, K-41, K-46, Mary Washington Bruswick, Paradise. The latter are used for Asparagus selection with the aim to retain economically valuable traits.
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Doltu, Madalina, Dorin Sora, and Veronica Tanasa. "Obtaining of Grafted Planting Material at Some Romanian Tomatoes." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 73, no. 2 (2016): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12266.
Full textAbstract:
The tomatoes have highest share in Romanian crops from protected spaces (greenhouses, solariums). The grafting is an agronomical technique that induces or improves some qualities of the tomato cultivars (resistance to soil diseases and pests, resistance to abiotic factors, quantity and quality of fruit production). The research was aimed the establishing of the technological stages for producing of scion and rootstock seedlings from L. esculentum species, to obtain compatible phenotype when is grafted. The observations of this research were conducted on Department of Horticultural Cultures in Protected Spaces from Horting Institute Bucharest. The experience was carry out on a cultivar collection consisting from L. esculentum plants: scions (‘Siriana’–F1 hybrid and ‘Buzău 1600’– variety), creations from the germplasm bank of Research and Development Station for Vegetable Growing Buzău Romania (VDRS Buzău) and rootstock (‘Groundforce’–F1 hybrid). The plant diameters were correlated for a grafting by the annexation method, cutting at 45 degrees. The grafting was performed successfully. The technological steps have achieved phenotypic compatibility of the symbiotes when was the grafting by annexation. The technology for producing of scion and rootstock seedlings at these Romanian tomatoes (‘Siriana’ and ‘Buzău’ 1600) was established for the crops in protected spaces in south area of Romania.
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Cuomo, Arlette S., Steven E. Newman, Hassan H. Nassar, and Ronald J. Harkrader. "Controlling Rhizoctonia solani using Quartenary Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 700e—700. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.700e.
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There are many naturally occurring substances that have the potential to be adapted to modern pest control chemistry. Azadirachtin, an insect growth regulator, is one such naturally occurring compound that has been widely accepted in insect pest management. Quartenary benzophenanthridine alkaloids (QBAs) are known to be effective in the control of crop-damaging fungal diseases. QBAs can be isolated from plants in the Papaveraceae. Extracts of Macleaya cordata, a species rich in QBAs, were formulated for drench application to Cucumis sativa `White Wonder' seedlings. The seedlings were grown in a peat-lite medium using 10-cm plastic pots and inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani. Test formulations were prepared with and without QBAs and applied at 75, 150, and 300 ppm QBAs as a 100 ml/pot drench. The QBA formulations that provided effective control of Rhizoctonia solani lost 20% or fewer seedlings compared to the formulation without QBA, which lost more than 60% of the seedlings. Treated plants were evaluated confirming Rhizoctonia solani infection.
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Rodriguez-Salamanca, L. M., T. B. Enzenbacher, M. L. Derie, et al. "First Report of Colletotrichum coccodes Causing Leaf and Neck Anthracnose on Onions (Allium cepa) in Michigan and the United States." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (2012): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0022-pdn.
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In July of 2010, dry, oval lesions, each with a salmon-colored center and bleached overall appearance, were observed on the leaves and neck of onions plants growing in production fields of Newaygo, Ottawa, Kent, and Ionia counties, Michigan. Acervuli and setae that are characteristic of Colletotrichum spp. were observed with a dissecting microscope, and elliptical conidia (8 to 23 × 3 to 12 μm) with attenuated ends were observed with a compound microscope. Symptomatic tissues were excised and cultured onto potato dextrose agar amended with 30 and 100 ppm of rifampicin and ampicillin, respectively. The cultures produced pale salmon-colored sporulation after growing for 5 days at 22 ± 2°C and black microsclerotia after 2 weeks. Six isolates were confirmed as C. coccodes based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and a 1-kb intron of the glutamine synthase gene (GS) (2). Sequences were submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ682644 and JQ682645 for ITS and GS, respectively). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on two- to three-leaved ‘Stanley’ and ‘Cortland’ onion seedlings. Prior to inoculation, seedlings were enclosed in clear plastic bags overnight to provide high relative humidity. The bags were removed, and seedlings were sprayed inoculated with a C. coccodes conidial suspension (5 × 105 conidia/ml and 25 ml/plant) in sterile double-distilled water. Control seedlings were sprayed with sterile double-distilled water. Tween (0.01%) was added to the conidial suspension and the water. Plants were enclosed in bags for 72 h postinoculation and incubated in growth chambers at 28°C day/23°C night with a 12-h photoperiod. Sunken, oval lesions were observed on the foliage of the onion seedlings inoculated with C. coccodes 4 days postinoculation. Lesions coalesced and foliage collapsed 7 days postinoculation. Control plants remained asymptomatic. When five leaf samples per replication were detached and incubated in a moist chamber for 3 days at 21 ± 2°C, abundant acervuli and setae were observed on the symptomatic tissue but not on control tissue. C. coccodes was consistently recovered from the onion seedling lesions. Six different Colletotrichum spp. have been reported to cause diseases on onions worldwide (1,4). C. circinans, which causes smudge, is an occasional onion pathogen in Michigan, while C. gloeosporioides has only been reported to be infecting onions in Georgia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. coccodes infecting and causing disease in onions plants. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , August 6, 2010. (2) J. C. Guerber et al. Mycologia 95:872. 2003. (3) C. Nischwitz et al. Plant Dis. 92:974. 2008. (4) H. F. Schwartz, and K. S. Mohan. Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases and Pests, 2nd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1995.
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Windasari, Lily, Meitini Wahyuni Proborini, and Made Ria Defiani. "BIOKONTROL ENDOMIKORIZA TERHADAP JAMUR Curvularia sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)." SIMBIOSIS 7, no. 2 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2019.v07.i02.p03.
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In Indonesia, production of corn are used for fodder (55%), food (30%), and seed (15%). The growth of corn plants is limited by the presence of pests, weeds, and plant diseases. Curvularia sp. causing leaf spot and could decrease corn production. Use of mycorrhiza can be used as a biological agent in preventing pathogens outbreaks. Isolates of Curvularia sp. fungal was sprayed on corn seed. This research was conducted in laboratorium and green house. Corn seedlings were grown on sterile soil media (control), mycorrhizal treatments (100g of mycorrhizal + Curvularia sp., 200g of mycorrhizal + Curvularia sp., 300g of mycorrhizal + Curvularia sp.) and Curvularia sp. The observed variables were plant height, number of leaves, rate of disease progression, fresh weight and dry weight of plant canopy. The results showed that application of 100g inoculum tend to increase plant growth to 26-27% and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization to 58,66% thereof can decrease pathogen infection on plant at 28 day after planting.
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Ferreira, Luiz Leonardo, Paulo Ricardo Viana de Carvalho, Marilaine de Sá Fernandes, Jonathan Goulart Silva, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, and Francine Lautenchleger. "Neural network and canonical interrelationships for the physiological aspects of soybean seedlings: effects of seed treatment." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 6 (March 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.r116.v6.2020.
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The objective of this work was to analyze the performance of soybean seedlings in different seed treatments, with multivariate profiles and canonical interrelationships. The experiment was conducted in the county of Mineiros-GO. The soil was classified as a Quartzarenic Neosol. The experimental design used was a randomized block in a 5x4 factorial, corresponding to the seed treatments (WAT, CRU, FIP, FOR and STA) in 4 soybean cultivars (Bônus, Ultra, Extra and BKS7830), in 4 repetitions. Before sowing, pre-plant burndown was performed. The fertilizer used was 450 kg ha -1 of fertilizer 05-25-15 applied in the furrow and in a single dose next to the seeding. During the conduct of the experiment, the control of pests, diseases and weeds were carried out as they became necessary, respecting good practices and integrated management. The data obtained were submitted to the assumptions of the statistical model, verifying the normality and homogeneity of the residual variances, as well as the additivity of the model. Uni and multivariate tools were applied. The analyzes were performed on Rbio from R and Genes interfaces. The interaction of soybean cultivars and types of seed treatment led to variations in all analyzes evaluated in soybean seedlings. The best performances were found among the BRS 7380RR cultivars that expressed the highest shoot fresh mass when subjected to seed treatment with Cruiser, whereas the greatest root length was expressed in cultivar Ultra in the Fortenza seed treatment.
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Kousik, Chandrasekar S., Amnon Levi, Kai-Shu Ling, and W. Patrick Wechter. "Potential Sources of Resistance to Cucurbit Powdery Mildew in U.S. Plant Introductions of Bottle Gourd." HortScience 43, no. 5 (2008): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1359.
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Powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) can cause severe damage to cucurbit crops grown in open fields and greenhouses. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the United States in grafting watermelon plants onto various cucurbit rootstocks. Bottle gourd plants (Lagenaria siceraria) are being used throughout the world as rootstocks for grafting watermelon. Although gourd plants are beneficial, they may still be susceptible hosts to various soilborne and foliar diseases. Bottle gourd plant introductions (PI) resistant to diseases and pests can be a valuable source of germplasm in rootstock breeding programs. We evaluated 234 U.S. PIs of L. siceraria for tolerance to powdery mildew in two greenhouse tests. Young seedlings were inoculated by dusting powdery mildew spores of melon race 1 on the cotyledons. Plants were rated 2 weeks after inoculation using a 1 to 9 scale of increasing disease severity. Although none of the L. siceraria PIs were immune to powdery mildew, several PIs had significantly lower levels of powdery mildew severity compared with susceptible watermelon cultivar Mickey Lee. The experiment was repeated with 26 select PIs on whole seedlings and cotyledon disks. Significant variability in the level of resistance to powdery mildew on plants within PI was observed. Moderate resistance in several PIs to powdery mildew was confirmed. PI 271353 had consistently lower ratings in the various tests and can be considered the most resistant to P. xanthii race 1 among the L. siceraria accessions evaluated in this study. A few other PIs with moderate resistance to powdery mildew included PI 271357, PI 381840, and PI 273663. These results suggest that novel sources of resistance could be developed by careful selection and screening of several of the PIs with moderate resistance described in our study.
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Antonenko, V. V., A. V. Zubkov, and S. N. Kruchina. "Peculiarities of the phytosanitary state of pome fruits in industrial horticulture." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 60, no. 1 (2020): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-60-159-168.
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Data were obtained on the basis of the results of research carried out on the territory of the educational and experimental farm of the Timiryazev State Agrarian University, in Moscow during 2018-2019. As a result of the surveys, the most dangerous diseases and pests of pome crops on the territory of this farm were established. The most resistant apple and pear varieties to major diseases have been identified. Peculiarities of development of alternariosis on pear are described, the harmfulness of the disease on pear and apple seedlings is noted. A possible role in the transfer of alternariosis infection from garden-protective plantations and weed vegetation to fruit trees was noted. A possible role has been established in the transport of septoriosis, powdery dew infection from dicotyledonous weeds plants. The peculiarities of the spread of infection under the influence of wind direction are noted. The results and peculiarities of the application of various methods of scaring birds in the orchard are presented. As a result of route surveys the most harmful weed plants have been identified. The possibility of using herbicides of different mechanism of action in fruit gardens for weed control has been studied. High efficiency and relative safety of application of herbicides of contact action in nursery fields, operational orchards and for control of piglets on fruit trees are shown. Recommendations are given for the use of soil and systemic herbicides of soil in seedlings beds, the first and second fields of the nursery, as well as in the process of production of large-scale planting material and operational orchards of fruit crops. The safety of the herbicides in question is established when used in accordance with the recommended methods of use.
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Simanungkalit, Ferlando Jubelito. "IbM Rice Farmers Empowerment Using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) in District Namorambe." Journal of Saintech Transfer 2, no. 1 (2019): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jst.v2i1.965.
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IbM Rice Farmers Empowerment Using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) in District Namorambe was held in Namorambe and Cinta Rakyat Village involving two partners who work as rice farmers. The problems of Mitra 1 in Namorambe Village are (a) number of seeds used 40-50 kg / ha, (b) seed age 20-25 days, (c) planting range 15x15 cm, (e) number of planting plants 4-5 seedlings (f) artificial fertilizer 400kg urea / ha + 150kg SP-36 / ha + 150kg KCl / ha, (g) watering elevation 20-25 cm. The problems of Mitra 2 in Cinta Rakyat Village are (a) the remaining rice straw is not processed, (b) the haystack becomes the pest of rats and fungi, (c) the soil hardens and quickly dries, (d) the straw is burned. IbM program is implemented using participatory approach, training, extension method and descriptive approach method. Impact of empowerment at Mitra 1 has been able to carry out the manufacture of paddy field plot of SRI method with production of 875 kg / 1000 m² (8.75 tons / ha); an increase in production of about 3.45 tons / ha or equivalent to 65.09%. Impact of empowerment at Mitra 2 that has been able to produce organic fertilizer from the remaining straw; has been able to manage the remaining rice straw to prevent pests and diseases; not burn the rest of the straw; and able to utilize organic fertilizer to enrich the soil.
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Stroganova, K., and I. Shanin. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE USED METHODS OF FOREST RESTORATION OF GREEN ZONES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 8, no. 2 (2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2020-8-2-24-29.
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The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of methods for restoring forest areas lost due to forest fires, illegal logging. The most relevant methods of reforestation measures for the reproduction of green zones in Russia have been identified, taking into account the reasons for the negative impact and the relationship of tree and shrub plantations with the nature of recreation. A comparative analysis of the methods of reforestation used in the formation and reconstruction of forestry areas is presented. The study determined that the most effective method for restoring forest areas is artificial reforestation. Today, most of the forest area is restored using traditional methods, including natural methods. It should be noted that regular forest fires have a detrimental effect on forestry and the country's ecology as a whole; here it is necessary to use the most effective methods aimed at accelerating the renewal of forest resources. The use of the artificial method of reforestation allows the use of seedlings both with an open root system and with a closed one, which are more resistant to various pests and diseases.
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Dogadina, Marina. "The role of biologic techniques in improving the life state of flowering shrubs." BIO Web of Conferences 25 (2020): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202505007.
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The key to the normal growth and development of flowering shrubs is to provide optimal living conditions in the juvenile period. Obtaining high-quality planting material in a nursery using biologized techniques is a fundamental component of their future resistance to a complex of abiotic and biotic factors. The use of vermicompost (6 t / ha) as a fertilizer base and biologically active substances contributed to the production of high-quality seedlings. The applied biologic techniques contributed to the improvement of the growth and development of flowering shrubs, which influenced the reduction of damage by pests and diseases, the formation of healthy, decorative and attractive plants. Based on the analysis of the vital state, we ranked flowering shrubs according to their prospects for use in landscape design of the territory of urban ecosystems. Promising species for landscaping urban ecosystems in terms of a set of indicators are: Berberis thunbergii DC., Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.), Lonicera caprifolium L., Physocarpus opulifolius L., Philadelphus coronaries L., Sorbaria sorbifolia L., Syringa velutina L. и Weigela florida DC.
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Costa, Estevam M., Bruno M. Nunes, Matheus V. A. Ventura, et al. "Physiological Effects of Insecticides and Fungicide, Applied in the Treatment of Seeds, on the Germination and Vigor of Soybean Seeds." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 4 (2019): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p318.
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The initial protection of plants through the use of insecticides and fungicides has been shown to be efficient for a good management of pests and diseases, however the molecules used in seed treatment have demonstrated a physiological effect on germination and initial vegetative development. The present work had as objective the evaluation of the physiological effect caused by two insecticides and a fungicide on the germination and vigor of the seeds. A randomized block design with six treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were: T1-water; T2-Rocks&reg; insecticide; T3-Insecticide Cruiser 350 FS&reg;; T4-Maxim XL&reg; fungicide; T5-Rocks&reg; + Maxim XL&reg; and T5-Cruiser 350 FS&reg; + Maxim XL&reg;. The application of the treatments was performed according to the manufacturers&rsquo; recommendations and the percentage of germination of the seeds was evaluated, on paper and sand roll substrates, the rate of emergence, the total length of seedlings, the electrical conductivity of the imbibition and aging solution accelerated, with a later pattern of germination. The data were submitted to Analysis of Variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences for all variables except paper germination. The treatments that received the application of the Maxim XL fungicide demonstrated superiority, both in the evaluation of germination in sand substrate, and in the vigor evaluations of seeds and seedlings, while the treatments that received application of Rocks insecticide were inferior to the other.
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Казахмедов, Рамидин Эфендиевич, Альберт Халидович Агаханов, Тамила Имираслановна Абдуллаева, and Владимир Александрович Волынкин. "New promising hybrid forms of wine direction selected by Dagestan Breeding Experimental Station for Viticulture and Vegeculture." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 2(112) (June 18, 2020): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.47.59.003.
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В промышленных насаждениях Республики Дагестан нет сортов технического направления использования, выведенных на основе местных сортов и отвечающих требованиям современного, в т.ч. терруарного виноделия, а также обладающих устойчивостью к неблагоприятным условиям среды, болезням и вредителям. Цель работы - выведение генетически высокопродуктивных сортов винограда различного направления использования, устойчивых к грибным болезням и корневой форме филлоксеры, для возделывания в почвенно-климатических условиях юга России. В условиях Дагестана высокую адаптивность и урожайность проявляет сорт Первенец Магарача, который широко привлекается в селекционную программу скрещиваний станции как донор устойчивости. Исследования проводились на Ампелографической коллекции ДСОСВиО в 2013-2018 гг. В статье приводится агробиологическая и хозяйственно-технологическая оценка элитных сеянцев новой селекции, выведенных путем гибридизации аборигенных сортов и сорта Первенец Магарача как донора устойчивости к биотическим и абиотическим стрессорам. Выделенные элитные формы отличаются высокими показателями качества, биологической выносливостью в гибридном питомнике на сильном инфекционном фоне по филлоксере и болезням грибной этиологии. Использование сорта Первенец Магарача в селекции новых сортов с привлечением дагестанских аборигенных сортов позволяет получать генотипы с высокой устойчивостью к болезням и вредителям винограда в условиях Дагестана. Industrial plantations of Republic of Dagestan lack wine varieties breeded from local cultivars and meeting the requirements of modern, including terroir, winemaking, and resistant to adverse environmental conditions, diseases and pests. The purpose of this work is to develop genetically highly productive grape varieties resistant to fungal diseases and the root form of phylloxera for cultivation in the soil and climatic conditions of the South of Russia. In the conditions of Dagestan ‘Pervenets Magaracha’ grape variety shows high adaptability and productivity, and is widely involved in the breeding program of crossings of the Station as a donor of stability. Research was conducted on the Ampelographic collection of the Station in 2013-2018. The article presents agrobiological and economic-technological assessment of elite seedlings of new selection, bred by hybridization of local varieties and ‘Pervenets Magaracha’ variety as a donor of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The selected elite forms are characterized with high quality parameters, biological strength in a hybrid nursery with a strong infectious background for phylloxera and fungal diseases. The use of ‘Pervenets Magaracha’ variety in the selection of new varieties, involving Dagestani local varieties, allows us to obtain genotypes with high resistance to grape diseases and pests in the conditions of Dagestan.
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Vasilev, D., S. Malchev, and A. Zhivondov. "Preservation and study of old local forms of the so called “vineyard peach” (Prunus persica L.) in the Shumen region, Bulgaria." Agricultural Science and Technology 11, no. 3 (2019): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2019.03.035.
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Abstract. During the period 2015-2017, scientific expeditions were conducted in the region of the town Shumen, located in the north-eastern part of Bulgaria, mainly around the village Madara where the concentration of natural forms derived from seedlings is the greatest. The purpose is to discover and research old local forms of the so called “vineyard peach” and to preserve them for possible future inclusion in breeding programmes to create new cultivars using more extended genepool. As a result, three forms of “vineyard peach” were selected from the local populations. The fruits of the three local forms are small and with primitive taste qualities but fit for human consumption. Two of the forms have white fruit flesh and one is with green. Two of the peach forms have vigorous growth, but one of the forms with white fruit flesh is of weak vigour. The three forms are spontaneous natural products obtained through long-term seed propagation. The trees are old but vital and without visual damage by diseases and pests, regularly bear fruits and have good annual growth despite competition from weeds, bushes and trees.
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Bazyleva, N. A., A. L. Gulis, V. A. Beinia, and S. V. Tsekhanovich. "Morphobiological properties of Belarusian varieties of Korean chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coreanum)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 66, no. 3 (2021): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2021-66-3-339-344.
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The assortment of floral and ornamental plants is annually replenished with new varieties of perennial floral plants. The group of late summer and autumn flowering perennials is one of the most popular in landscaping. Korean chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum сoreanum) is one of the most promising crops for landscaping settlements in the Republic of Belarus, therefore, breeders of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus began to work with this group of small-flowered chrysanthemums.The article describes the results of breeding work, the purpose of which was to create local highly decorative varieties for our climatic zone. The method of free cross-pollination and subsequent selection from the obtained hybrid seedlings of the most promising forms were used in the work. The most significant features in the selection were the following: flowering time, winter hardiness, resistance to diseases and pests, as well as good vegetative reproduction. As a result, 4 domestic varieties of Korean chrysanthemum have successfully passed state variety testing and have been registered in the National List since 2020. Descriptions of these new varieties, their biometric parameters, decorative parameters and flowering times are provided.
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Susilawati, Susilawati, and Dina Naemah. "IDENTIFIKASI KESEHATAN BIBIT BALANGERAN (Shorea Balangeran K) DI PERSEMAIAN Health Identification of Balangeran (Shorea Balangeran K) seeds in nursery." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 6, no. 1 (2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v6i1.5108.
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Balangeran (Shorea balangeran Korth.) is a genuine type of peat swamp plant that has rapid growth so it has the potential to be developed in the framework of peat swamp forest development. The success of planting can not be separated from the provision of good quality seeds in the nursery. Pests and diseases are one of the critical success factors in the cultivation of this plants. This study aims to identify the causes and types of damage that attacked balangeran seedlings, analyzing pest and disease attacks on balangeran seedlings.The object of this research is balangeran seedlings that come from seed (generative) which has 6 months old in nursery Tumbang Nusa Central Kalimantan. The data were obtained through field observation by observing the sample of balangeran seed.The next data are processed according to standards and criteria of crop research results based on the standards and the codes of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). Based on the result of the research, from 220 seed balangeran that was observed 164 seeds (74,24%) are sick and 56 seeds (25,45%) are healthy. The intensity of total attack is about 74,54%, the intensity of pest attack is about 42,27% and disease attack intensity is 39,54% with highest attack severity 20-29%.Keywords: Enviromental Monitoring and Assessment; the health of the seed; BalangeranBalangeran (Shorea balangeran Korth./Burck) merupakan jenis asli tanaman rawa gambut yang memiliki pertumbuhan cepat sehingga memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan dalam rangka pembangunan hutan rawa gambut. Keberhasilan penanaman tidak terlepas dari pengadaan bibit berkualitas baik di persemaian. Hama dan penyakit tanaman merupakan salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan dalam budidaya tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab dan tipe kerusakan yang menyerang bibit balangeran, menganalisis serangan hama dan penyakit pada bibit balangeran. Objek penelitian ini adalah bibit balangeran yang berasal dari biji (generatif) yang telah berumur 6 bulan di persemaian Tumbang Nusa Kalimantan Tengah.Data diperoleh melalui observasi di lapangan dengan mengamati setiap bibit balangeran yang dijadikan sampel. Data selanjutnya diolah berdasarkan standar dan kriteriahasil penelitian tanaman menurut standar dan kodefikasi bukuEnvironmental MonitoringandAssessmentProgram (EMAP). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan dari 220 bibit balangeran yang diamati 164 bibit (74,24%) sakit dan 56 bibit (25,45%) sehat. Intensitas serangan keseluruhan sebanyak 74,54%, Intensitas serangan hama sebanyak 42,27% dan intensitas serangan penyakit sebanyak 39,54% dengan tingkat keparahan serangan tertinggi 20-29%.Kata Kunci:Monitor dan Penilaian Lingkungan; Kesehatan bibit;Balangeran
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Zhang, Yao, Xingyuan Wang, Sibo Liang, et al. "Fermentation Optimization, Fungistatic Effects and Tomato Growth Promotion of Four Biocontrol Bacterial Strains." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070686.
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Tomato is a widely cultivated crop that is important for its nutritional value and genetic diversity. Tomato production is seriously challenged by pests and diseases, among which tomato gray mold and leaf mold are particularly serious. Biological control is one of the most preferred methods for disease management in tomato production. At present, the fungi used to control tomato gray mold are mainly Trichoderma and yeast. Bacillus and actinomycetes are the most effective microorganisms for controlling tomato leaf mold. Tomato gray mold and leaf mold often occur at the same time during the production process, yet there are fewer strains for controlling both diseases at the same time. Biocontrol bacteria Pseudomonas azotoformans WXCDD51, Bacillus sp. WXCDD105, Bacillus subtilis BS and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS WY-1, which were isolated and screened in the previous stage, can prevent both tomato gray mold and leaf mold. Here, we optimized liquid fermentation for the four biocontrol bacterial strains together. We obtained the best fermentation medium formula and fermentation conditions for the four biocontrol bacteria. The broad-spectrum properties of the four biocontrol bacteria were tested, and, on this basis, compound strains were constructed. The control effect of single and compound strains on tomato gray mold and leaf mold was evaluated. Their potential effects on the growth of tomato seeds and seedlings were also studied. This research provides a foundation for the development and use of compound bacteria for growth promotion and disease management in tomato production.
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ZAMLJEN, Tilen, Ana SLATNAR, and Vesna ZUPANC. "Analiza fizikalnih lastnosti šotnega substrata." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 116, no. 2 (2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.116.2.1851.
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<p>Peat substrate is the main substrate for plant production, mainly for the cultivation of vegetable seedlings and ornamental plants. Peat has good water retention properties, low mass, low pH and is free from diseases and pests. The water retention properties are particularly important for optimizing irrigation and thus water consumption in plant production. We investigated the water retention properties of unused and used peat substrate and various mixtures with additives, as well as the occurrence of water repellency, as this influences water absorption into the substrate. Unused peat substrate and different mixtures retained between 3.4 % and 18.4 % more water than the used substrate. The daily water losses are lower for the used substrates that initially contain lower water content at full saturation. At tensions between 10 and 33 kPa, the unused peat substrate contained between 25 % and 32 % water. The wilting point (WP) for unused peat substrate (tension between 300 and 1500 kPa) was between 15 and 18 %. Peat substrate has a wide interval of field capacity and the transition from the field capacity to wilting point is fast (change in water content between 7 % and 10 %). After drying, the water repellency of both unused and used peat substrates increased.</p>
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Safarov, R. M., and G. V. Eremin. "Selection of scion/stock combinations of russian plum for intensive cultivation technologies." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 61 (August 3, 2020): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-61-142-152.
Full textAbstract:
The basis of modern industrial plantings of Russian plum are intensive technologies with the placement of 1000 to 8000 trees per hectare. For the formation of such agrocenoses, seedlings of varieties grafted on adaptive, weak-growing clonal rootstocks are used, which are more effective in comparison with vigorous seed seedlings. Today, one of the important tasks of modern horticulture is to improve the assortment, increase its adaptability based on the selection of compatible clonal rootstocks of different growth strengths of local breeding and the selection of the most productive scion/stock combinations. Of relevance to the southern zone of fruit growing, the question of using scion/stock combinations of the intensive type, combining complex resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, giving stable high yield of trees, good taste and canning qualities of the fruits and their transportability, as well as being resistant to diseases and pests. The work, сonducted on Krymsk Experimental Breeding Ststion –VIR Branch (Krymsk, Krasnodar Territory), presents the results of studies evaluating the economically valuable traits of varieties and rootstocks of Russian plum. It was established that grafted trees of the Globus and Kubanskaya Cometa varieties on a medium-sized clonal rootstock Kuban 86 with a planting pattern (5.0×3.0 m) over the years of research exceeded the control and plant tested clonal rootstocks (average yield 24.3 kg per tree, and 23.5, and the average mass of the fruit 51.5 and 37.2 g). On the dwarf rootstock (5.0×1.5 m), the best scion/ stock combinations were the combinations Globus/VVA 1 and Kubanskaya Cometa/VVA 1. Based on biological and economic estimates for the complex of economically valuable traits, the most valuable plum rootstocks and rootstocks were identified Russian. Practical recommendations are given to manufacturers to create effective plum gardens in this area.
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Rsaliyev, A. S., E. I. Gultyaeva, E. L. Shaydayuk, N. M. Kovalenko, R. A. Moldazhanova, and Z. U. Pahratdinova. "Chracteristic of perspective common spring wheat accessions for resistance to foliar diseases." Plant Biotechnology and Breeding 2, no. 2 (2019): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-6266-2019-2-14-23.
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Leaf and stem diseases (rusts and blotches) are harmful to spring wheat in all areas of its cultivation. The use of resistant varieties is an environmentally safe way of protection. The objective of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate leaf and stem disease resistance in 44 promising cultivars of soft spring wheat, as well as to identify Lr‑ and Sr‑genes in them. The accessions were obtained from the Kazakhstan‑Siberian Spring Wheat Improvement Network (KASIB) in 2017 and 2018. Wheat resistance to leaf and stem rust, to septoriosis and to tan spot was evaluated in field conditions in Southern Kazakhstan (infection plot at the Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems). Wheat seedlings resistance to septoriosis, leaf and stem rust was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The Lr and Sr genes were identified using a phytopathological test and molecular markers. Field studies resulted in selection of two lines, Lut. KS 14/09‑2 and SPCHS 69, with highly effective group resistance to rusts and blotches. By using molecular markers, the gene cluster Lr34/Sr57/Yr18/Pm38, Lr1 gene, and wheat‑rye translocation 1BL.1RS carrying genes Lr26/Sr31/Yr9/Pm8 were detected in Lut. KS 14/09‑2. A translocation from wheatgrass with highly effective genes of resistance to stem (Sr24) and leaf (Lr24) rusts, as well as 1AL.1RS translocation from rye with a complex of effective genes of resistance to fungous diseases and pests were detected in the line SPCHS 69. Eight wheat lines (Lut. 393/05, Lut. 2028, Lut. 261, Lut. 1103, Lut. 22‑17, Lut. 37‑17, line 4‑10‑16, Stepnaya 245) appeared to be resistant to Stagonospora nodorum blotch and tan spot; and four varieties (OmGAU‑100, Element 22, Stolypinskaya 2, and Silach) demonstrated resistance to leaf and stem rust. The molecular marker analysis showed moderate genetic diversity of the studied collection in terms of resistance genes. The genes Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr19/Sr25, Lr24/Sr24, Lr26/Sr31/Yr9/Pm8, Lr34/Sr57/Yr18/Pm38, Lr37/Sr38/Yr17, both separately and in different combinations, were detected in the tested accessions. The evaluated material may be recommended for the use in wheat breeding for disease resistance in Russia and in Kazakhstan.
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Fraedrich, Stephen W., and L. David Dwinell. "The effects of soil fumigation on pine seedling production, weeds, foliar and soil nutrients, and soilborne microorganisms at a south Georgia (U.S.A.) forest tree nursery." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 9 (2003): 1698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-084.
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Pine seedling production and pest problems were evaluated in plots fumigated with methyl bromide and nonfumigated plots over a 6-year period at a Georgia nursery. Fumigation increased bed densities for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in 1996 and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) in 1998; differences were not observed between treatments in other years. The root collar diameter, height, and root and shoot masses of loblolly pine seedlings were often greater in fumigated plots during the first 3 years. Morphological characteristics rarely differed between treatments for slash pine. The primary pest problem was nutsedge (Cyperus spp.); most other weeds were controlled with herbicides used operationally at the nursery. Plant-parasitic nematode populations did not increase over time and were not a problem. Although Fusarium and Pythium spp. were more common in soil and on roots in nonfumigated plots, evidence of disease was rare. Fumigation increased the abundance of and changed the composition of Trichoderma spp. in soil and on roots. Soil manganese and iron, and foliar manganese, phosphorus, and nitrogen were greater in the fumigation treatment in some years. A better understanding of the risks of soilborne diseases may facilitate the development of pest management programs that are more cost-effective.
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Mamle, Apetorgbor M., and Roux Jolanda. "Diseases of Plantation Forestry Trees in Southern Ghana." International Journal of Phytopathology 4, no. 1 (2015): 05–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.004.01.0908.
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Ghana is on the verge of exhausting its timber resources and has embarked on reforestation. However, the establishment of pure stands of high value indigenous tree species such as Odum (Milicia excelsa and M. regia), Mahogany (Khaya and Entandrophragma species) and Kokrodua (Pericopsis elata) were not successful as a result of insect pest and disease problems. These failures, together with the need to establish plantations partly account for the widespread planting of teak (Tectona grandis), cedrela (Cedrela odorata) and other introduced tree species. Disease outbreaks in Tectona grandis, Cedrela odorata and Ceiba pentandra have been observed with the expansion of plantation estates. A study was therefore conducted to identify key diseases occurring in tree plantations, determine their distribution and evaluate management strategies to contain them. Diseases encountered include root rot caused by Armillaria hemii on T. grandis and Cedrela odorata, leaf spot and dieback on Ceiba pentandra seedlings and saplings caused by Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, stem canker on Eucalyptus spp. caused by Botryosphaeria sp. and leaf blight caused by a Calonectria species. Management of these diseases will require training of foresters on tree health issues, quarantine and silvicultural practices and initiation of sound breeding and selection programmes.
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Suswati, Suswati, Sumihar Hutapea, and Asmah Indrawaty. "Empowerment of Farmer Community Group in Sampali Village Together with Students of Agriculture Faculty Medan Area University in Barangan Banana Plants Development with Tissue Culture Banana Seeds,Suckers and Applications of Mycorrhiza." Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal 2, no. 2 (2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birex.v2i2.868.
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Sampali Village is an agricultural area that is very suitable for banana planting. Various types of bananas found in the village include Barangan, Kepok, Molen, Raja and banana Nangka . Banana shoots from harvested mother plants are used for development in new areas. Banana seedlings from the suckers appear healthy, but often these suckers die after 1-2 months of planting in new areas. This is because these bananas have been infected with fungal pathogen wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporm f. sp cubense and Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis causes of blood diseases. Both of these pathogens are the main cause of the low quality of banana seeds. The use of low-quality banana seedlings (sapling sources), high pest and disease attacks are the factors causing the reduced amount of banana planting land which results in low banana production in Sampali Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency. Banana farmer groups in the village of Sampali have never used and planted banana seedlings that were propagated by tissue culture. The objectives of the activity were: 1. Socialization and practice of propagation of banana seedlings from sucker . Mycorrhizal inoculant application when planting seedlings in a polybag. To increase the knowledge of farmer group members and also the students of Agricukture Faculty,Universitas Medan Area the learning of banana propagation techniques is carried out in vitro at the Balai Benih Induk Hortikultura, Gedung Johor Medan . The method used to solve the above problems is the provision of material, the practice of making banana seedlings through the propagation of tillers and a visit to the Balai Benih Induk Hortikultura, Gedung Johor Medan. At the end of the activity, an increase in the knowledge and skills of participants in providing quality banana seeds is the source of banana propagation in the village Sampali
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Allison, M. F., K. W. Jaggard, and P. J. Last. "Effects of straw incorporation on the yield, nitrogen fertilizer and insecticide requirements of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 2 (1992): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068799.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYIncorporation of large amounts of straw (8–15 t/ha dry matter) into the soil had no effect on the incidence of soil pests and diseases or sugarbeet seedling population densities in experiments performed over three seasons (1984/85 to 1986/87) in Suffolk. Straw incorporation had no effect on sugar yield at the recommended rate of nitrogen fertilizer application, but the sugar yield and nitrogen uptake were reduced in one year by the incorporation of straw when the rate of applied nitrogen was low. It is probable that incorporating straw reduced the amount of nitrogen leached over the winter; however, the longer-term implications of straw incorporation remain to be assessed.