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Academic literature on the topic 'Seeds – Dispersal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Seeds – Dispersal"
1
Baker, F. A., and D. W. French. "Dispersal of Arceuthobiumpusillum seeds." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 1 (1986): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-001.
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Seed dispersal of Arceuthobiumpusillum Peck on Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. was studied at two locations in Minnesota from 1974–1980. Seed dispersal began as early as August 23 and was observed as late as September 27. Most seeds were dispersed in the mornings between 0400 and 0900. The mean annual distance of dispersal ranged from 1.0 to 2.3 m. The density of seeds trapped on the plots ranged from 4.2 to 16.7 seeds/m2. At both locations, the number of seeds trapped outside the stand decreased logarithmically with distance from the source trees. Within stands, seeds were more frequently trapped 1–4 m from source trees than under them. Most seed dispersal occurred 1-3 days after rain. Seeds were dispersed normally on 23 of 30 days when minimum temperatures were less than 0 °C. Fruit abortion was noted on four occasions. Insects were not found to carry dwarf mistletoe seeds.
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Roxburgh, Lizanne. "The effect of gut processing on the quality of mistletoe seed dispersal." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 3 (2007): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004014.
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Disperser effectiveness is the contribution that a disperser makes to the future reproduction of a plant (Schupp 1993), and it has two components: quality and quantity of dispersal. Quantity of dispersal is a function of the number of visits that a disperser makes to a fruiting plant and the number of seeds that are dispersed during each visit. Quality of dispersal is a function of the treatment that a seed receives from its disperser and the site that the seed is finally deposited in. The quality of seed dispersal of the mistletoe Phragmanthera dschallensis (Engl.) M.G. Gilbert (Loranthaceae) by frugivorous birds was examined in this study.
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Stevenson, Pablo, and Adriana Guzmán. "Seed dispersal, habitat selection and movement patterns in the Amazonian tortoise, Geochelone denticulata." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 4 (2008): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808786230442.
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AbstractThe Amazonian tortoise Geochelone denticulata may play an important role in forest dynamics due to its highly frugivorous diet, ability to disperse viable seeds, and predilection for resting in forest gaps for thermoregulation. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the species' effectiveness as a seed disperser. We measured dispersal quantity (abundance of seeds in feces, frequency of droppings, and population density of the disperser) and dispersal quality (movement patterns, habitat use, germination rates of dispersed seeds, and recruitment probabilities of seedlings) in a SW Amazonian forest, in Peru. Population density was calculated by mark-recapture and line-transect methods. Eight individuals were radio-tracked to monitor habitat use. Diet was described from fecal samples, which were washed to count seeds and for germination experiments. Seedling survival in different environmental conditions was monitored for three plant species. Population densities with mark-recapture estimates (0.15-0.31 individuals/ha) were much higher than with line transects estimates (0.0025 individuals/ha). Diet included fruit of 55 different plant species. Dispersed seeds had high germination rates (average 76%). In spite of their low activity, we documented long seed dispersal distances (average 89.6 m). Tortoises showed a marked preference for the open-canopy swampy forest, where long term recruitment was not favorable for seedlings of the species examined. However, the high solar radiation in this forest type promoted survival of pioneer seedlings in the short term. In conclusion, while G. denticulata did not perform a very efficient role in terms of the quantity of seed dispersal, the species can be considered efficient in many aspects of dispersal quality.
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Pairon, Marie, Mathieu Jonard, and Anne-Laure Jacquemart. "Modeling seed dispersal of black cherry, an invasive forest tree: how microsatellites may help?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 6 (2006): 1385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-018.
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We used empirical models and three dispersal functions (Weibull, lognormal and 2Dt) to model seed distributions derived from the black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) understorey of a pine-dominated stand. Two different approaches were used to disentangle the overlapping seed shadows: the traditional inverse modeling approach and the genetic approach that uses microsatellite markers to assign a dispersed seed to its maternal parent. The distinction was made between the seeds passively dispersed by gravity (fruits with mesocarp) and those dispersed by birds (fruits without mesocarp). Our main objectives were to compare the three dispersal functions and assess the differences between the two approaches used. The functions performed equally well, but the lognormal function often showed a better data correlation. The best dispersal curves obtained by both traditional and genetic approaches were quite similar for the seeds dispersed by gravity, and 95% of these seeds were predicted to fall 5 and 3 m away from the parent tree for the traditional and genetic approaches, respectively. Differences were more important for the seeds dispersed by birds. The traditional approach predicted a lower number of seeds near the parent plant and a higher dispersal distance. Microsatellites provided accurate information on individual dispersal events and led to a better insight into the dispersal process.
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Barroso, Judit, Dionisio Andújar, Carolina San Martín, César Fernández-Quintanilla, and José Dorado. "Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Seed Dispersal in Corn Crops under Mediterranean Conditions." Weed Science 60, no. 1 (2012): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00099.1.
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Natural dissemination of johnsongrass seeds as well as the effect of combine harvesting on this process were studied in corn fields. The estimation of natural dispersal was carried out by two different methods, collecting seeds throughout the season using seed traps and sampling soil–surface seed abundance before harvest using a vacuum device. Both methods showed the same dispersal pattern. A minimum of 84.6% was dispersed in the first 2 m from the focus and a maximum of 1.6% was dispersed beyond the first 5 m. An average of 76.3% of these dispersed seeds were lost or buried after shedding but before harvest. Seed dispersal by the combine harvester was estimated from the difference between soil–surface seed abundance in the same sites pre and postharvest. Although the quantity of seeds dispersed by the combine was similar to those dispersed by natural factors, dispersal distances were significantly higher. Around 90% of the dispersed seeds were found in the first 5 m forward and backward of the combine direction from the infestation source, and 1.6% of the seeds were found beyond 22 m forward and 10 m backward of the combine direction from the infestation source. A large proportion of the seeds dispersed were dormant or not viable. It is concluded that the major role of sexual reproduction in johnsongrass population dynamics may be to spread the risks, promoting dispersal in time and space.
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Moses, Kara L., and Stuart Semple. "Primary seed dispersal by the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) in the Manombo forest, south-east Madagascar." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 5 (2011): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000198.
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Abstract:Seed dispersal is a pivotal ecological process but remains poorly understood on Madagascar, where lemurs are key dispersers. The black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) possesses many behavioural and ecological attributes potentially conducive to effective seed dispersal, but no studies have investigated dispersal patterns in this species. This 3-mo study quantified aspects of the primary seed dispersal patterns generated by two Varecia variegata groups (7 individuals). Feeding and ranging behaviour was quantified using behavioural observation (345.6 h), dispersal quantity and seed identity was determined by faecal analysis, and 10-wk germination trials tested effects of gut passage on germination of four species. Individual lemurs dispersed an estimated 104 seeds d−1, of 40 species. Most seeds were large (>10 mm); the largest was 42 mm long. Gut passage was rapid (mean 4.4 h) and generally increased germination speed and success. Mean and maximum inferred dispersal distances were 180 and 506 m respectively; low compared with many anthropoids, but possibly typical of lemurs. Though limited by a short study period, results suggest that the ruffed lemur is an effective disperser of seeds and possibly a critical disperser of large-seeded species which other frugivores cannot swallow. Loss of large-bodied seed dispersers such as Varecia variegata may have far-reaching ecological consequences including impacts on forest structure and dynamics.
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Chapman, Colin A. "Primate Seed Dispersal: The Fate of Dispersed Seeds." Biotropica 21, no. 2 (1989): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388705.
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Sahley, Catherine Teresa, Klauss Cervantes, Edith Salas, Diego Paredes, Victor Pacheco, and Alfonso Alonso. "Primary seed dispersal by a sigmodontine rodent assemblage in a Peruvian montane forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 2 (2016): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000043.
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Abstract:We examined quantity and quality components of primary seed dispersal for an assemblage of sigmodontine rodents in a high-elevation montane tropical forest in Peru. We collected faecal samples from 134 individuals belonging to seven rodent species from the subfamily Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae) over a 2-y period. We conducted seed viability tests for seeds found in faecal samples. We identified seeds from eight plant families (Bromeliaceae, Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Ericaceae, Melastomatacae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae), nine genera and 13 morphospecies. The most abundant seeds belonged toGaultheriasp. 1 (46% of total) andMiconiasp. 1 (31% of total), while the most viable seeds belonged toGreigiasp. (84% viability) andGuatteriasp. (80% viability). We utilized relative rodent abundance, seed species diversity, seed abundance and seed viability per rodent species to calculate an index of rodent disperser effectiveness, and found thatThomasomys kalinowskiiwas the most effective disperser, followed byAkodon torques,Calomys sorellus,Thomasomys oreas,Oligoryzomys andinusandMicroryzomys minutus. Plant genera dispersed by sigmodontine rodents overlapped more with bird- and terrestrial-mammal-dispersed plants than with bat-dispersed plants. Future neotropical seed dispersal studies should consider small rodents as potential seed-dispersers, especially in tropical habitats where small-seeded, berry-forming shrubs and trees are present.
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Dorp, D. van, W. P. M. van den Hoek, and C. Daleboudt. "Seed dispersal capacity of six perennial grassland species measured in a wind tunnel at varying wind speed and height." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 12 (1996): 1956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-234.
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The dispersal capacity of six perennial grassland species with different seed aerodynamic attributes was assessed in a wind tunnel. The selected species have difficulty in recolonizing restored ecosystems because of a poor dispersal of seeds. The variation in dispersal distances of seeds within and between species was assessed by releasing seeds at varying wind speeds and release heights, and expressed as 1st percentile, mode, and 99th percentile values. Dispersal distances of long-range dispersed seeds (99th percentile values) increased exponentially with wind speed. At wind speeds of 14 m/s, predicted maximum distances are 10–15 m for small and relatively heavy spherical seeds and 20–30 m for large and relatively light cylindrical or disk-like seeds. In the study area, wind gusts > 10 m/s at plant height occur at least annually, and plants of the selected species live up to several decades. This suggests a great potential for long-range dispersal during the lifetime of a plant. Plants may gain wider dispersal of seeds by increasing the release height (e.g., taller infructescences) and by requiring stronger winds to release seeds (e.g., dispersal in autumn and winter). Keywords: dispersal, wind tunnel, seeds, perennial, wind gust.
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Kankam, Bright Obeng, and William Oduro. "Frugivores and fruit removal ofAntiaris toxicaria(Moraceae) at Bia Biosphere Reserve, Ghana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 2 (2009): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409005835.
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In tropical forests, most individual fruit-bearing trees depend on frugivores for seed dispersal (Howe & Smallwood 1982, Wilson 1992). Seed dispersal enhances germination potential, provides an opportunity for seeds to escape predation under the parent plants, and reduces seedling numbers under parent trees (Şekercioğluet al. 2004). The way frugivores handle seeds and process them may influence the seed fate of many plants (Janzen 1971). The quantity of seeds dispersed and the quality of dispersal provided by frugivores impact plant fitness (Herrera & Jordano 1981). Schupp (1993) defined the effectiveness of seed dispersal by frugivores as an empirical measure of quantity of seeds dispersed and quality of dispersal from the parent plant to a suitable microsite. Seed dispersal by frugivores increases the chances for seedling survival away from the vicinity of the parent plant because in tropical forests seed predation is concentrated under adult trees that prevent seedlings from establishing near parent trees (Howe & Miriti 2004).