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1
Gwynne-Evans, David. "The dispersal paradox : can lowland granivorous mice also disperse the seeds they devour?" Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24830.
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The relationship between two rodent species and the Cape Reed (Willdenowia incurvata) were examined. Many studies have focussed on the role of rodents as predators of plant seeds. However, it seems that certain rodents may actually perform a crucial role in the dispersal of plants. Experiments to uncover the dispersal mechanism were carried out. Also examined is the role of the appendages present on the Restio seeds, possibly as energy-rich rewards for dispersal for the rodents. It was found that the Restio may be dependent on seed-dispersing rodents, although this mutualism is not so important in fragmented habitats.
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Davis, Shavaughn. "Endozoochory in the subtropical thicket: comparing effects of species with different digestive systems on seed fate." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/494.
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Endozoochory is an important form of seed dispersal and as such plays a fundamental role in plant population and community ecology. This is especially true in the Subtropical Thicket biome where many plant species are adapted for endozoochory. Endozoochorous seed dispersal is carried out by a wide range of thicket fauna, but changes in the faunal assemblage associated with transformed thicket threatens to disrupt the process of endozoochorous seed dispersal and in turn the regeneration dynamics of thicket plants. Outside of conservation areas, indigenous seed dispersers are often replaced by domestic species, such as goats, which are hypothesized to differ in their seed dispersal efficiencies. The dispersal efficiencies of important thicket seed dispersers that occur in transformed and untransformed thicket were therefore investigated. The influence of gut morphologyphysiology on seed gut passage time, seed mortality and germination in animal species representing different digestive models was measured, as well as the role of black-backed jackal in thicket plant seed dispersal. Black-backed jackal were found to disperse the seeds of few thicket plant species and are therefore not considered important thicket seed dispersers under the climatic conditions prevailing during the study. The average gut passage time of seeds was found to differ significantly between birds and mammals, but not between elephants (hindgut fermentor), goats (ruminant) and pigs (omnivore, foregut fermentor) as was expected considering the differences in their digestive morphology. A significantly shorter gut passage of large seeds compared with small seeds was observed in goats, due to the regurgitation of larger seeds. Seed regurgitation in ruminants may prove to be an important factor contributing to their quality as seed dispersers in transformed thicket. The mortality of seeds was significantly higher in goats than in elephants, probably due to the efficient digestion associated with ruminants. The effect of gut passage on seed germination was not consistent and varied between animal species and across different thicket plant species. It was concluded that seed dispersers that occur in transformed and untransformed thicket differ in their seed dispersal efficiency due, in part, to differences in the nature of their digestive tracts. This has important implications for the process of seed dispersal in thicket, and the rehabilitation of degraded thicket vegetation.
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Holmes, Rachel Jayne. "The predation and dispersal of weed seeds by birds." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397825.
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Hewitt, Nina. "Plant dispersal and colonization in fragmented forest systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ43425.pdf.
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Jones, Mary Beatrix. "Likelihood inference for parametric models of dispersal /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8934.
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Chung, Pik-shan. "Post-dispersal seed predation by rats in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3617564X.
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Wotton, Debra Mary. "Consequences of dispersal failure: kereru and large seeds in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2509.
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The decline of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) may limit dispersal of large-seeded plants in New Zealand, but the consequences of this are unknown. I determined kereru disperser effectiveness by modelling seed dispersal distances (using seed retention times and movement patterns). Mean seed retention time was significantly longer for larger-seeded species, ranging from 37-181 minutes. Wild radiotracked kereru were sedentary, remaining at one location for up to 5.25 hours. The mean flight distance was 77 m and the maximum was 1, 457 m. Estimated mean seed dispersal distances for tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa), puriri (Vitex lucens), and fivefinger (Pseudopanax arboreus) were 95, 98, and 61 m respectively. Kereru dispersed 66-87% of ingested seeds away from the parent tree, with 79-88% of seeds dispersed <100 m and < 1% dispersed over 1,000 m. In a field seed-fate experiment, "pre-human" conditions (cleaned seeds, low density, away from parent, and protected from mammals) increased survival compared to "post-human" conditions (whole fruits, high density, under parent, not protected) for both taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi; 15% vs. 2% survival to one year respectively) and karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus; 60% vs. 11% to two years, respectively). Fruit diameter varied considerably within karaka, taraire, and tawa, although theoretically not enough for them to be swallowed by other birds. Nevertheless, other birds are reported to occasionally take fruits of nearly all large-seeded species. Small tawa seeds produced smaller seedlings in the glasshouse; therefore selection of only smaller seeds by alternative dispersers may negatively affect tawa recruitment. Kereru are generally not gape-limited, and fruit size preferences were independent of mean fruit size. Kereru provide effective dispersal by moving most seeds away from the parent, and enhancing seed and seedling survival. Therefore, both dispersal failure and introduced mammals negatively affect the regeneration of large-seeded trees in New Zealand.
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Grasty, Monica R. "Let the Seeds Fall Where They May: Investigating the Effect of Landscape Features on Fine-Scale Seed Dispersal." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4001.
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Seed dispersal is a crucial ecological and evolutionary process that allows plants to colonize sites and expand their ranges, while also reducing inbreeding depression and facilitating the spread of adaptive genetic variation. However, our fundamental understanding of seed dispersal is limited due to the difficulty of directly observing dispersal events. In recent years, genetic marker methods have furthered our understanding of colonization and range expansion due to seed dispersal. Most investigations focus on regional scales of dispersal, due to low levels of variation in the chloroplast genome (cpDNA), which can serve as an indirect measure of seed dispersal. Here, I employ a whole-genome assay of cpDNA variation in Plagiobothrys nothofulvus to resolve variation due to patterns of seed dispersal within a 400x400 meter section of the Whetstone Savanna Preserve in Central Point, OR, USA. Whetstone is characterized by a mosaic of habitat types, including vernal pools, hummocks of dry prairie, and large Ceanothus cuneatus bushes, as well as a network of vole runways. Plagiobothrys nothofulvus grows in dense patches on hummocks within this prairie.
I found evidence of limited seed dispersal in P. nothofulvus, indicated by strong genetic structure over distances of less than 100 meters. There was little evidence that geographic distance predicts genetic distance; environmental features have a stronger influence on dispersal. Habitat preference was the strongest predictor of genetic variation in P. nothofulvus, indicating that it may be a habitat specialist in this prairie. Flower density also accounted for a significant portion of dispersal, which may be a consequence of the annual life history of P. nothofulvus resulting in seasonal turnover and lack of competition with adult plants. Least-cost-path analysis indicated that seeds are secondarily dispersed by small mammals along vole runways. Overall, I found significant evidence that landscape features influence dispersal, even at a very fine spatial scale.
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Loayza, Andrea Patricia. "Closing the seed dispersal loop for Guettarda viburnoides (Rub.) connecting patterns of avian seed dispersal with population growth in a neotropical savanna /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2009. http://etd.umsl.edu/r3701.
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Silva, Vanessa Mariano da. "O papel da limitação de sementes e da limitação no estabelecimento no recrutamento de plantas do cerrado." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8368.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Plant recruitment can be constrained by seed and establishment limitation and these processes can affect community species composition and diversity. In Neotropical savannas the relative importance of these processes for plant regeneration are unclear because of the scarcity of studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of seed and establishment limitation to plant recruitment on cerrado savanna in Itirapina, southeast Brazil (22°12´S, 47°52´W). We spread 49 seed traps in a 0.64-ha plot and monitored seed rain monthly for a year, and also conducted seed addition experiments. Seed production presented a peak in rainy season, with zoochoric and anemochoric species producing seeds mainly in rainy and dry season respectively. Our study indicates a strong influence of seed limitation on recruitment, with most seed rain species presenting seed limitation values higher than 65%. Only 23% of woody species in the plot had at least one seed trapped. Seed and source limitation was negative related to adult abundance, indicating that the increase of seed sources enhances the number of suitable sites reached by seeds. There was no relation between seed, source and dispersal limitation and plant life form, dispersal syndrome and seed mass. Seed addition was unable to increase seedling regeneration in the four species tested, which presented high values of establishment limitation. Our study shows that Neotropical savanna plants recruitment is restricted by seed and establishment limitation and highlights the role of seed production and dispersal to colonization of new sites.
O recrutamento de plantas pode ser restringido pelas limitações de sementes e no estabelecimento, os quais afetam a composição e diversidade de uma comunidade. Em savanas neotropicais a importância relativa desses processos ainda não é clara em decorrência da falta de estudos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a importância das limitações de sementes e no estabelecimento para o recrutamento de uma comunidade de cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. Foram posicionados 49 coletores de sementes em uma parcela de 0,64 ha e a chuva de sementes foi monitorada mensalmente durante um ano. Além disso, foram realizados experimentos de adição de sementes. A produção de sementes apresentou um pico durante a estação chuvosa, sendo que as espécies zoocóricas produziram principalmente durante a estação chuvosa e as anomocóricas, durante a estação seca. Houve uma influência significativa da limitação de sementes no recrutamento, sendo que a maioria das espécies presentes na chuva de sementes apresentou valores dessa limitação maiores que 65%. Apenas 23% das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas presentes na parcela tiveram, pelo menos, uma semente coletada. As limitações de sementes e na fonte apresentaram uma relação negativa com o número de adultos, indicando que o aumento de fontes de sementes eleva o número de locais atingidos por sementes. Não houve relação entre limitações de sementes, na fonte e na dispersão com forma de vida, síndrome de dispersão e peso da semente. A adição de sementes não aumentou a regeneração de plântulas das quatro espécies testadas, as quais apresentaram valores elevados de limitação no estabelecimento. O presente estudo indica que o recrutamento de plantas de savanas neotropicais é restringido pelas limitações de sementes e no estabelecimento e ressalta a importância da produção e dispersão de sementes para a colonização de novos locais.
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Knight, Richard Spencer, and Richard Spencer Knight. "Aspects of plant dispersal in the southwestern Cape with particular reference to the roles of birds as dispersal agents." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23272.
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The dispersal of plants with particular attention to the roles birds play as dispersal agents was studied in the southwestern Cape, South Africa from 1983 to 1985. The research was organized as ten inter-related studies, each with an independent data base. Each chapter focused on a different scale of plant dispersal processes ranging from regional assemblages of plant species to individual species. At the largest scale, the seven vegetation types commonly occurring in the southwestern Cape were examined for incidence of vertebrate-dispersed plants. Coastal Thicket and Afromontane Forest were found to be the richest in these species. The colonization of vertebrate-dispersed plants was examined in an artificially cleared area of Mountain Fynbos vegetation. Enhanced densities of vertebrate-dispersed species were found in areas where perches had been provided. The seasonal availability of vertebrate-dispersed species was found to be most continuous in Coastal Thicket vegetation. Fruit displays of vertebrate-dispersed indigenous plants were found to vary from those that were sporadic and inconspicuous, to those that were conspicuous and predictable, whereas those of alien plants were usually large and conspicuous. Avian use of these fleshy fruits in Coastal Thicket was examined and found to be proportional to their availability. A study of fruit presentation in relation to leaf number and stem thickness suggested that sessile, stem attached fruits have fewer local leaves at time of ripening than fruits which are presented in panicles. This may enhance accessibility and conspicuousness of stem attached fruits for dispersal by birds. Four autecological studies tested certain predictions arising from models developed to describe fruit/frugivore interactions. The dispersal of the alien Acacia cyclops seeds by the indigenous Black Korhaan Eupodotis afra suggested that successful fruit/frugivore relationships are not necessarily the product of reciprocal evolution. The study on Chrysanthemoides monilifera found that efficient dispersal systems are not limited to plants producing small quantities of lipid-rich fruits and to dispersal by obligate frugivores. The abiotic dispersal of Quercus robur was found to be efficient in relation to vertebrate-dispersal. The study on Protasparagus aethiopicus found that the morphology of fleshy fruits may also reflect attempts to overcome the effects of non-dispersing seed predators. 1It is concluded that a gradient from a predictable to unpredictable fruit availability provides a better basis for studying fruit/frugivore interactions than the coevolutionary models. previously presented.
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Garcia, Emilio. "Chuva de sementes em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidua em Campinas, SP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316276.
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Orientador: Wesley Rodrigues SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A região de Campinas foi descrita como uma das áreas mais devastadas do estado. Dessa forma, a Mata Santa Genebra, uma das maiores reservas urbanas do mundo, apresenta grande importância, não apenas acadêmica, mas para o município em geral. A elaboração de um plano de manejo e de recuperação florestal torna-se cada vez mais necessária nesse tipo de fragmento, sendo que o estudo da dinâmica da chuva de sementes serve como um importante subsídio na elaboração desse plano. Assim, o presente projeto tem como objetivo principal avaliar se há diferenças na chuva de sementes entre as diferentes fisionomias vegetais nessa mata. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há diferenças significativas entre a abundância e a diversidade de sementes em diferentes escalas. As áreas de borda de mata e a área que sofreu um incêndio recente apresentam abundâncias e diversidades de sementes significativamente menores do que os valores encontrados no interior da floresta (área mais preservada) e no brejo. Essas diferenças podem ser explicadas de três maneiras. A primeira leva em consideração os fatores microclimáticos decorrentes da proximidade dessas áreas a uma matriz diferente (cana de açúcar). Nessas áreas há a possibilidade de uma maior incidência de ventos e de luminosidade, que poderiam em ultima instancia influenciar negativamente a abundância e a diversidade de plantas nessas áreas. Por este ponto de vista a chuva de sementes seria apenas um reflexo da comunidade vegetal. A segunda explicação possível é que estes mesmos fatores microclimáticos podem influenciar negativamente as interações mutualísticas entre as plantas e seus dispersores. Essas áreas são teoricamente mais desprotegidas contra ventos e predadores. A terceira explicação esta mais ligada a área queimada, diversos autores discutem que após uma queimada a área entra em um processo sucessional semelhante a abertura de uma clareira. Em um dos estágios sucessionais, é prevista uma maior abundância de arbustos, trepadeiras e gramíneas. Se considerarmos que a área queimada ainda esta em um estágio sucessional inicial podemos esperar que a diversidade e a abundância de sementes do extrato arbustivo arbóreo seja significativamente menor do que os encontrados para uma área em estágio sucessional mais avançado (interior da mata). Outro dado importante nos mostra que os efeitos microclimáticos a 3m da estrada que circunda a mata podem resultar numa redução ainda maior na abundância e na riqueza sementes em relação a uma faixa um pouco mais interna (10 ¿ 25m). Quando mudamos de escala encontramos outras diferenças. Ao compararmos áreas de borda que sofreram uma estratégia de manejo (limpeza de trepadeiras e gramíneas, plantio de espécies de árvores nativas) com áreas de borda intocadas, não encontramos diferenças significativas nem para abundância de sementes nem para a diversidade de sementes, isso nos mostra que pelo menos do ponto de vista da chuva de sementes a estratégia de manejo ainda não foi eficiente. Nosso trabalho mostrou, que do ponto de vista da chuva de sementes, a situação da Mata Santa Genebra é extremamente preocupante. Além de poucas sementes chegarem ao solo nas áreas de borda e queimada, a abundância média de sementes por metro quadrado chegando ao solo da mata como um todo é significativamente menor do que o encontrado em outros fragmentos florestais. O nosso trabalho torna-se assim um importante subsídio para a elaboração de estratégias de manejo eficientes e longo prazo para a manutenção de um dos maiores e mais importantes fragmentos florestais urbanos do país
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
13
Nystrand, Ove. "Post-dispersal predation on conifer seeds and juvenile seedlings in boreal forest /." Umeå : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5345-3.gif.
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Hollander, Jennifer L. "Evolution of three seed dispersal mechanisms in North American Ephedra." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3289452.
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Butler, Donald William. "Seed dispersal syndromes and the distribution of woody plants in South-East Queensland's vine-forests /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17701.pdf.
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Gibbs, Delaney. "The Secondary Dispersal of Perennial Forest Herb Seeds by Scatter-Hoarding Rodents inSoutheastern Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1628772109390926.
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Weir, Jacqueline E. S. "Patterns of seed dispersal by flying frugivores in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30075658.
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Zaniratto, Cristiane Patricia 1978. "Padrões espaciais e temporais da chuva de sementes zoocóricas em um mosaico de restauração de Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316270.
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Orientador: Wesley Rodrigues SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A degradação em florestas tropicais afeta as relações mutualísticas entre plantas e frugívoros, o que é refletido na chuva de sementes. Devido ao comportamento alimentar e à alta capacidade de deslocamento, aves e morcegos frugívoros são importantes agentes no processo de restauração, pois transportam propágulos de fontes bem preservadas para áreas impactadas. Este trabalho avaliou a chuva de sementes zoocóricas em um mosaico fisionômico de restauração de Mata Atlântica no estado de São Paulo, considerando a contribuição de aves e morcegos, bem como a influência de fatores ambientais sobre a chuva de sementes. As sementes foram analisadas quanto ao sistema de dispersão (ornitocóricas e quiropterocóricas), grupo sucessional (pioneiras e não pioneiras) e origem (espécies do plantio e colonizadoras). Também foi comparada a chuva de sementes entre áreas com diferentes fisionomias. A estação chuvosa apresentou maior abundância e riqueza de propágulos, indicando uma maior disponibilidade de recursos para a fauna durante esse período. As variáveis ambientais não explicaram a abundância total de sementes, a abundância de sementes quiropterocóricas e a abundância de sementes pioneiras. Esses resultados foram influenciados por algumas espécies amplamente coletadas em todos os pontos de amostragem, o que dificultou a formação de um padrão. A abundância de sementes ornitocóricas foi explicada por uma relação positiva com a densidade de plantas zoocóricas, sugerindo que essas espécies constitui um fator de atração importante para a avifauna. A abundância de sementes não pioneiras foi relacionada negativamente à abertura de dossel e positivamente à densidade de sub-bosque. A riqueza total e a riqueza de sementes ornitocóricas relacionaram-se negativamente à abertura de dossel. As riquezas de sementes quiropterocóricas, pioneiras e não pioneiras foram relacionadas negativamente à abertura de dossel e positivamente à densidade de sub-bosque. As fisionomias em estágio avançado de regeneração apresentaram maior riqueza na chuva de sementes, embora a abundância não tenha diferido entre as áreas. Tais resultados sugerem que a complexidade estrutural do ambiente um é um fator importante para a chuva de sementes, atraindo mais dispersores. Registrou-se maior abundância e riqueza de espécies ornitocóricas, o que mostra que a avifauna contribui mais para a recuperação da área. As espécies pioneiras também foram mais abundantes e mais ricas. A baixa dispersão de sementes não pioneiras é preocupante, pois indica que dispersores de médio e grande porte não frequentam a maior parte da área de estudo, atrasando o processo de regeneração natural. As espécies colonizadoras apresentaram maior riqueza, embora não tenha havido diferença entre a abundância de espécies colonizadoras e do plantio. Esse resultado mostra que, ao longo dos anos, houve um fluxo de sementes de áreas fontes para as áreas em processo de regeneração. A análise da chuva de sementes na área de estudo permite concluir que a regeneração está ocorrendo espontaneamente, pois o transporte de diásporos existe em todo o mosaico de restauração, entretanto, a maior riqueza e abundância de espécies pioneiras mostram a necessidade de ações de manejo para acelerar a colonização por frugívoros de médio e grande porte, incrementando a chuva de sementes local
Abstract: The degradation of tropical forests affects the mutualistic interaction between plants and frugivores, with reflexes in seed rain. Due to their feeding behavior and high capacity of displacement, birds and bats are important agents in restoration process, because they carry the seeds from well-preserved sources to degraded ones. This work evaluated the zoochorous seed rain in a restoration physiognomic mosaic of Atlantic Forest in São Paulo state, considering the birds and bats contribution, as well the influence of environmental factors on the seed rain. Seeds were analyzed according to their dispersal system (dispersed by birds or bats), successional group (pioneer and non-pioneer) and origin (planted and colonizing species). The seed rain between physiognomies is also compared. The abundance and richness of seeds were higher in the rainy season, which points to a high resource availability to fauna in this period. The environmental variables did not explain the overall abundance, the abundance of chiropterochorous seeds and the abundance of pioneer seeds. These results were influenced by some species largely collected in all sampling points, which made difficult a pattern. The abundance of ornitochorous seeds was explained by density of zoochorous plants, suggesting that these species are an important attraction factor for birds. The abundance of non-pioneer seeds was negatively related to canopy opening and positively related to understory density. The overall richness and the richness of ornitochorous seeds were negatively related to canopy opening. The richness of chiropterochorous, pioneer and non-pioneer seeds were negatively related to canopy opening and positively related to understory density. The physiognomies under advanced regeneration stages had higher seed richness, although the abundance did not differ between areas. These results show that the structural complexity of environment is an important factor to seed rain, by attracting more dispersers. There was a higher abundance and richness of ornitochorous seeds, which shows that birds contributed more to forest recovery. Pioneer species are also more abundant and richer. The low dispersion of non-pioneer seeds is worrying, once suggests that medium and big size dispersers don¿t occur in the most of the study area, delaying the natural restoration process. Colonizing species were richer, although the abundance between colonizing and planted seeds species did not differ. It shows that there was a seed flow from source areas to restored ones over the years. The seed rain analysis allows the conclusion that restoration is occurring spontaneously in the studied area, since transportation of seeds are occurring across all the restoration mosaic. However, the high richness and abundance of pioneer species points to the necessity of management actions in order to accelerate the colonization by medium and large size frugivorous, improving the local seed rain
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestra em Ecologia
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Wan, Pak-ho. "The role of Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata) and Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica) in seed dispersal in Hong Kong, China." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42664664.
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Chung, Pik-shan, and 鍾碧珊. "Post-dispersal seed predation by rats in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3617564X.
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Mogollones, Barrera Sol C. "Seed dispersal, seedling emergence and bird community structure in a human-modified landscape mosaic in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202126.
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Muldrow, Milton. "Breaking barriers of regeneration examining the effectiveness of bird perches in facilitiating seed dispersal in a tropical dry forest /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2007. http://etd.umsl.edu/r2301.
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The entire thesis text is included in the thesisfinalFINAL_(2).doc file; the title page, table of contents, and figures and illustrations list are included in the coverpages_(2).doc file. Title from title page of Word Document (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 1, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-27).
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von, Behren Christa. "Composition and Dispersal Dynamics of Vegetation Communities in Urban Riparian Forests." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4409.
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In urban riparian areas, vegetation composition may be affected by urban land use changes at both the stream reach and the watershed scale. Moreover, the mechanisms by which seeds disperse may be affected both by reduction in seed sources due to vegetation removal and by the urban stream syndrome that produces flashier hydrographs and incised channels. I hypothesized that vegetation communities with high cover of native and hydrophilic species would be found in watersheds with high forest cover, while more limited cover of these species would be found in highly developed watersheds. Additionally, to examine the dispersal mechanisms contributing to these patterns, I hypothesized that 1) more seeds would be deposited in riparian areas by water than by wind; 2) the number of seeds deposited by streams would decrease as watershed urbanization increased; and 3) seeds deposited in the most urbanized sites would be primarily from species with traits favoring deposition by water, including large seed size and presence of a dispersal appendage.
To investigate relationships between urban land cover types and riparian vegetation, I surveyed 30 randomly-selected riparian forests in the Portland-Vancouver metro area and related vegetation assemblages to watershed land cover. Vegetation was mapped to the nearest 1cm along three transects in each site. Land cover was characterized both within a 500m buffer around each site, and within the entire watershed. Relationships between land cover and vegetation assemblages were investigated using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and classification trees. To investigate the effect of watershed urbanization intensity on riparian seed deposition, I collected seeds deposited in nine riparian sites along a gradient of watershed total impervious area (TIA). I used a stratified-random approach to select sites. In each site, wind-deposited seeds were collected in funnel traps three times, and water-deposited seeds were collected in turf traps four times, over a 15-month period, spanning both wet and dry seasons.
Consistent with my first hypothesis, communities dominated by native understory species were found exclusively in watersheds that were at least 15% forested by evergreen canopy. These findings suggest that native understory communities can persist in urban areas if adequate surrounding forest cover is maintained. Regarding my second major hypothesis, significantly more seeds were deposited by water than by wind (p < 0.05; mean of 155 seeds per turf trap; mean of 30 seeds per funnel trap). For shrubs, for species primarily dispersed by animals, and for species under 15m tall, hydrochory significantly increased delivery to riparian areas over the background seed delivery rate measured in funnel traps. There was a significant reduction in the number of seeds deposited by streams as TIA increased (adjusted R² = 0.74; p < 0.01). Deposition of shade-tolerant seeds decreased significantly, while deposition of non-native seeds increased significantly (p < 0.05) with watershed TIA and with development within 500m from the site, likely due to alterations of seed source pools of these species.
Findings indicate that in an urban setting, small streams have the capacity to act as dispersal vectors, connecting fragmented populations that may otherwise be seedlimited. Riparian forests with diverse understory assemblages maintained by ongoing seed deposition may persist in urban areas with sufficient watershed forest, as well as with low development cover, in both the whole watershed and the near-stream area. Total seed deposition by streams, as well as deposition of shade-tolerant species, can be expected to decrease with increased watershed development. Results suggest that passive approaches to restoration of riparian forest understories in urban watersheds will only likely be successful with sufficiently high forest cover and with restricted development.
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Brodie, Jedediah Farrell. "Effects of seed dispersal by gibbons, sambar, and muntjac on Choerospondias axillaris and the disruption of this mutualism by wildlife poaching." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01042008-112243/.
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Rother, Débora Cristina [UNESP]. "Chuva de sementes e estabelecimento de plântulas em ambientes com bambus na Mata Atlântica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87870.
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rother_dc_me_rcla.pdf: 880592 bytes, checksum: 63ebac83ba6dcb09cddf42b5445e1892 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho teve como objetivos verificar como variam a chuva de sementes e o estabelecimento de plântulas entre ambientes colonizados (B) e não colonizados (SB) pelo bambu Guadua tagoara na floresta Atlântica do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, Sete Barras - SP. Foram utilizados 40 coletores e 40 parcelas de 1m2 em cada ambiente com monitoramento mensal no período de um ano. SB apresentou 38,71% mais sementes que B, maior riqueza, menor diversidade e equidade. Os ambientes mostraram uma alta similaridade no número de espécies de sementes em comum e com abundâncias semelhantes. SB apresentou maior média de sementes/mês e maior média de sementes/espécie. A densidade absoluta de sementes por coletor não variou entre ambientes, entretanto variou entre meses. Em relação às plântulas, B apresentou maior abundância, maior densidade, maior riqueza, maior dominância de Euterpe edulis, entretanto menor diversidade e equidade que SB. Os dois ambientes se apresentaram com baixa similaridade na composição e na abundância de plântulas por espécie. Em B houve maior média de plântulas/mês enquanto a média de plântulas/espécie foi semelhante entre ambientes. A densidade absoluta de plântulas de E. edulis variou entre meses e ambientes, com maior número em B. Para as demais espécies a diferença se deu entre ambientes e meses, porém maior número em SB. Quando analisadas todas as plântulas em conjunto houve diferença entre meses e ambientes. Maior média de plântulas emergiram e morreram no ambiente com bambu a cada mês. A taxa de sobrevivência variou segundo o tipo de ambiente e ao longo do ano. Nos dois ambientes E. edulis foi a única espécie que não apresentou qualquer tipo de limitação demográfica...
This project aim to evaluate how the seed rain and the seedling establishment varied between environments with (B) and without (WB) the bamboo Guadua tagoara in the Atlantic forest of Carlos Botelho State Park, Sete Barras - SP. Forty traps and forty plots of 1m2 were placed within each patch type during one year of monthly monitoring. We recorded higher richness and more seeds in WB than in B, nonetheless, diversity and equitability were lower. Both environments showed high similarity in composition and abundance of seeds per specie. The average of seeds per month and seeds per specie was higher in WB. Also, the absolute density of seeds per trap varied predictable in time but there was not difference between B and WB. In respect to seedlings, B environment showed higher abundance, density, richness and dominance of Euterpe edulis, although diversity and equitability were lower than in WB. We found low similarity between B and WB environments in seedlings composition and abundance per specie. The average of seedlings per month was higher in B while the average of seedlings per specie was similar. The absolute density of E. edulis and other species seedlings varied in time in both environments, showing more seedlings density of the former in B and more seedlings density of the later in WB. When all species were analyzed together, seedling density was different between environments and months. The average of seedlings that emerged and died was higher in B environment. The survival rate varied between environments and in time. We found that E. edulis was the only specie that did not show any demographic limitations between environments. Seed rain did not vary between environments in relation to the specie composition as much as in the seed quantity... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Suarez, Marisol Rios 1987. "Estrutura espacial e variação temporal da chuva de sementes ornitocóricas em uma floresta ombrófila densa de terras baixas." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315901.
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Orientador: Flavio Antonio Maës dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Nas florestas tropicais, cerca de 90% dos frutos produzidos são consumidos principalmente por aves, consideradas o principal agente dispersor nos trópicos. Portanto, aves exercem uma grande influência na dinâmica e estrutura das populações vegetais. A manutenção das comunidades de aves frugívoras depende da disponibilidade de recursos, que pode ser avaliada através da chuva de sementes. A chuva de sementes constitui a comunidade de diásporos (i.e unidades funcionais de dispersão, como sementes e frutos) que são liberados no ambiente. Além disso, permite conhecer a quantidade e identidade dos frutos que são produzidos e utilizados como recurso alimentar por animais frugívoros. Dessa forma, é possível acompanhar a sazonalidade e disponibilidade de recursos nas florestas. A produção de frutos pode ser afetada por fatores climáticos, como a precipitação, e ocasionar uma variação na chuva de sementes e também na disponibilidade de alimento. Dado que a forma como as aves distribuem as sementes nas florestas parece ser não indiscriminada, a distribuição das sementes dispersas também pode ser avaliada por meio da chuva de sementes. A identificação de locais com alta deposição de sementes permite evidenciar não só a preferência de habitat que podem apresentar os animais frugívoros, mais também avaliar o potencial de regeneração das florestas e predizer possíveis "hotspots" de recrutamento de novos indivíduos para as populações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura espacial e temporal da chuva de sementes ornitocóricas dispersas por aves e aquelas que caem da planta parental em duas áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa de Terras Baixas no sudeste do Brasil. Foi utilizada a chuva de sementes coletada por Martins (2011) durante dois anos em duas parcelas de 1 ha instaladas na Floresta Ombrófila Densa de Terras Baixas (50m - 100m) no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Em 2013 foram separados e quantificados todos os diásporos ornitocóricos (consumidos e não consumidos) em cada coletor. Caracterizamos a chuva de sementes ornitocóricas descrevendo variações temporais na abundância de sementes, composição e riqueza de espécies. Por último, utilizamos técnicas de análise espacial para avaliar o padrão de distribuição da chuva de sementes. Os padrões de sazonalidade e variação temporal na chuva de sementes foram similares entre as duas parcelas. O número de sementes em cada parcela foi maior no período úmido e a riqueza de espécies não apresentou sazonalidade ao longo do tempo. Porém a composição de espécies na chuva de sementes foi diferente entre as parcelas. Houve diferenças no padrão de distribuição das sementes ornitocóricas entre as duas parcelas e ao longo do tempo. Assim, a chuva de sementes foi majoritariamente agregada e os locais de chegada das sementes não foram consistentes no tempo. Este estudo mostra que a disponibilidade de alimento para as aves frugívoras é constante o ano todo, devido à presença de espécies importantes que frutificam na época seca tornando-se fundamentais para a manutenção das comunidades de aves. Nossos resultados também mostram que o padrão de distribuição das sementes ornitocóricas é dependente de contexto e varia entre áreas e também ao longo do tempo, o que tem importantes implicações na previsibilidade de "hotspots" para o recrutamento de novos indivíduos na comunidade
Abstract: In tropical forests, about 90% of fruits produced are mainly consumed by birds, considered the main dispersal agent in the tropics. Therefore, birds have a major influence on the dynamics and structure of plant populations. The maintenance of frugivores bird communities depends on the availability of resources, which can be assessed by seed rain. The seed rain is the diasporas community (i.e. functional dispersion units such as seeds and fruits) that is released into the environment. In addition, allows knowing the amount and identity of the fruits that are produced and used as a food resource for frugivores animals. Thus, it is possible to follow the seasonality and availability of resources in the forests. Fruit production can be affected by climatic factors such as rainfall, and cause a variation in seed rain and also in food availability. Due to the way that birds distribute the seeds in forests seems not indiscriminately. The distribution of the dispersed seeds can also be evaluated by their seed rain. Therefore, the identification of areas with high seed deposition allows highlight not only the habitat preferences by the frugivores animals, but also allow to assess the potential for regeneration of forests and predict potential "hotspots" of recruitment of new individuals to populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal structure of ornitocorics seed rain dispersed by birds and those that fall directly from the parent plant in two areas of the Lowlands Atlantic rain forest in southeastern Brazil. Was used the seed rain collected by Martins (2011) for two years in two plots of 1 ha installed in the Lowlands dense rain forest (50m - 100m) in the State Park of Serra do Mar. In 2013 were separated and quantified all ornitocorics diasporas (consumed and not consumed) in each seed-trap. We characterize the ornirocorcs seed rain describing temporal variations in the abundance of seeds, composition and species richness. Finally, spatial analysis techniques used to evaluate the distribution pattern of the rain seeds. Seasonality patterns and temporal variation in seed rain were similar between the two plots. The number of seeds in each plot was higher in the wet season and species richness did not show seasonality over time. However, the species composition of seed rain was different between plots. There were differences in the distribution pattern of seed rain between the two plots over time. Thus, the seed rain was mostly aggregated and seed deposition sites were not consistent in time. This study shows that the availability of food for frugivores birds is constant throughout the year, due to the presence of key species that fruit in the dry season making it essential for the maintenance of bird communities. Our results also show that the pattern of distribution of ornitocorics seed rain is context dependent and varies between areas, and also over time, which has important implications for the predictability of "hotspots" for the recruitment of new individuals in the community
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestra em Ecologia
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Bologna, Audrey. "Impact of spatio-temporal availability of myrmecochorous seeds on the dispersal activity of Myrmica rubra ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/242886.
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Une interaction mutualiste peut être définie comme un échange de services, qu’ils soient trophiques ou non, entre individus d’espèces différentes. La myrmécochorie est un mutualisme dans lequel les fourmis récoltent des graines portant un appendice charnu appelé élaïosome (le tout formant une diaspore), les ramènent jusqu’au nid où l’élaïosome est détaché et consommé. La graine, restée intacte, est alors rejetée du nid où elle pourra rester ou être re-dispersée par un autre vecteur avant de germer. Dans ce contexte, le comportement de récolte des fourmis envers les diaspores est décisif pour leur dispersion. Divers traits tels que la morphologie, la composition chimique et la phénologie des graines myrmécochores influencent l’efficacité de leur dispersion par les fourmis. Néanmoins, la disponibilité spatio-temporelle de ces graines est un trait dont l’influence sur le comportement des fourmis reste peu connue.Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence de la disponibilité spatiale − en termes d’abondance − des diaspores de Chelidonium majus sur leur récolte et leur dispersion par les fourmis Myrmica rubra. Alors que les ouvrières exploitent la totalité d’un petit agrégat de diaspores, seule la moitié d’un large agrégat est exploité. Ceci suggère que la myrmécochorie stricte est efficace pour des plantes produisant peu de graines tandis qu’une libération massive de diaspores nécessite des modes de dispersion complémentaires. Concernant la disponibilité temporelle, des expositions successives à une même espèce de graines (V. odorata ou C. majus) conduisent à une diminution de l’intensité de leur récolte voire à une complète extinction de ce processus dans le cas de V. odorata. En effet, face à ces dernières, l’extinction de la réponse des fourmis persiste pendant au moins deux mois. Elle apparait également plus rapidement que pour les graines de C. majus et concerne toutes les étapes du processus de myrmécochorie puisque un ratio croissant de graines de V. odorata sont rejetées encore pourvues de leur élaiosome. Cette différence dans le comportement de récolte et dans son évolution temporelle ne semble pas liée à un bénéfice différentiel retiré de la consommation des élaïosomes provenant de ces deux espèces de graines myrmécochores. Par ailleurs, les larves semblent jouer un rôle de régulateurs de la récolte des diaspores de V. odorata et donc dans le phénomène d’extinction. L’ensemble des résultats présentés dans cette thèse met en évidence le caractère dynamique de cette interaction plante-fourmis, dont l’issue et la stabilité varie selon l’espèce considérée et la disponibilité spatio-temporelle des diaspores.Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Au, Yuet-ying Angel, and 歐月瑩. "Patterns of seed deposition in the upland landscape of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37690012.
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Wan, Pak-ho, and 溫柏豪. "The role of Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata) and Small IndianCivet (Viverricula indica) in seed dispersal in Hong Kong, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664664.
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Rother, Débora Cristina. "Chuva de sementes e estabelecimento de plântulas em ambientes com bambus na Mata Atlântica /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87870.
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivos verificar como variam a chuva de sementes e o estabelecimento de plântulas entre ambientes colonizados (B) e não colonizados (SB) pelo bambu Guadua tagoara na floresta Atlântica do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, Sete Barras - SP. Foram utilizados 40 coletores e 40 parcelas de 1m2 em cada ambiente com monitoramento mensal no período de um ano. SB apresentou 38,71% mais sementes que B, maior riqueza, menor diversidade e equidade. Os ambientes mostraram uma alta similaridade no número de espécies de sementes em comum e com abundâncias semelhantes. SB apresentou maior média de sementes/mês e maior média de sementes/espécie. A densidade absoluta de sementes por coletor não variou entre ambientes, entretanto variou entre meses. Em relação às plântulas, B apresentou maior abundância, maior densidade, maior riqueza, maior dominância de Euterpe edulis, entretanto menor diversidade e equidade que SB. Os dois ambientes se apresentaram com baixa similaridade na composição e na abundância de plântulas por espécie. Em B houve maior média de plântulas/mês enquanto a média de plântulas/espécie foi semelhante entre ambientes. A densidade absoluta de plântulas de E. edulis variou entre meses e ambientes, com maior número em B. Para as demais espécies a diferença se deu entre ambientes e meses, porém maior número em SB. Quando analisadas todas as plântulas em conjunto houve diferença entre meses e ambientes. Maior média de plântulas emergiram e morreram no ambiente com bambu a cada mês. A taxa de sobrevivência variou segundo o tipo de ambiente e ao longo do ano. Nos dois ambientes E. edulis foi a única espécie que não apresentou qualquer tipo de limitação demográfica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: This project aim to evaluate how the seed rain and the seedling establishment varied between environments with (B) and without (WB) the bamboo Guadua tagoara in the Atlantic forest of Carlos Botelho State Park, Sete Barras - SP. Forty traps and forty plots of 1m2 were placed within each patch type during one year of monthly monitoring. We recorded higher richness and more seeds in WB than in B, nonetheless, diversity and equitability were lower. Both environments showed high similarity in composition and abundance of seeds per specie. The average of seeds per month and seeds per specie was higher in WB. Also, the absolute density of seeds per trap varied predictable in time but there was not difference between B and WB. In respect to seedlings, B environment showed higher abundance, density, richness and dominance of Euterpe edulis, although diversity and equitability were lower than in WB. We found low similarity between B and WB environments in seedlings composition and abundance per specie. The average of seedlings per month was higher in B while the average of seedlings per specie was similar. The absolute density of E. edulis and other species seedlings varied in time in both environments, showing more seedlings density of the former in B and more seedlings density of the later in WB. When all species were analyzed together, seedling density was different between environments and months. The average of seedlings that emerged and died was higher in B environment. The survival rate varied between environments and in time. We found that E. edulis was the only specie that did not show any demographic limitations between environments. Seed rain did not vary between environments in relation to the specie composition as much as in the seed quantity... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Orientador: Marco Aurélio Pizo Ferreira
Coorientador: Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues
Banca: Sergius Gandolfi
Banca: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues
Mestre
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Shiponeni, Ndafuda Nangula. "Dispersal of seeds as a constraint in revegetation of old fields in Renosterveld vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53396.
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Thesis (MScFor )--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Species-rich Renosterveld vegetation does not return to old agricultural fields even after many years (10-20) of abandonment. In most cases the fields are slowly taken over by non-indigenous species, particularly alien pasture grasses and African lawn grass. While poor survival of indigenous seedlings due to competition, grazing or any other establishment constraints, might explain the failure of natural vegetation to colonise old fields, here I am testing the hypothesis that recolonisation by indigenous plant species is limited by seed dispersal. I have quantified changes in seed density with distance from the natural vegetation into old fields using seed traps and soil seed bank assessment. I have also looked at seed dispersal in the dung of large herbivores. Shrubs (with the exception of Eytropappus rhinocerotis) were poorly represented in the seed rain indicating that they might be seed limited. Dicerothamnus rinocerotis (a dominant shrub in Renosterveld) and certain geophytes (that were recovered in the soil bank) have proven that seed dispersal is not the primary constraint to their return to ploughed fields. Dicerothamnus rinocerotis produces a large number of seeds that are dispersed long distances into the old field and a number of geophytes were well represented in the soil bank. Large herbivores are dispersing a lot of herbaceous forbs in their dung but make very little contribution to the dispersal of indigenous tussock grass and shrubs. Seeds of indigenous Renosterveld tussock grasses (e.g Tribolium hispidum) were restricted to the edge of the natural vegetation. My research has shown that some indigenous seeds, particularly those dispersed in wind and through large mammals, do reach the old ploughed field. I therefore conclude that seed dispersal is not the primary constraint to the natural recovery of populations of some indigenous plant species on old fields, but may limit recovery of certain indigenous geophytes, grasses and shrubs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Spesie-ryke Renosterveld plantegroei hervestig nie op ou landerye nie, selfs ná baie jare (l0-20) van verlating. Oor die algemeen word hierdie grond stadig oorgeneem deur uitheemse spesies, veral uitheemse weidingsgrasse en kweekgras. Terwyl swak oorlewing van inheemse saailinge as gevolg van kompetisie, weiding of enige ander vestigingsbeperkinge, die mislukte vestiging van natuurlike plantegroei op ou benutte grond kan verduidelik, toets ek hier die hipotese dat hervestiging deur inheemse plantspesies deur saadverspreiding beperk word. Ek het veranderinge in saaddigtheid oor afstand vanaf die natuurlike plantegroei na ou landerye gekwantifiseer, deur gebruik te maak van saadopvangsvalle en sand saadbank beraminge. Ek het ook gekyk na saadverspreiding in die mis van groot herbivore. Struike (behalwe Eytropappus rhinocerotis) was swak verteenwoordig in die "saadreën", wat mag toon dat struike saadbeperk is. Eytropappus rhinocerotis ('n dominante struik in Renosterveld) en sekere geofiete (wat in die saadbank gevind is) het bewys dat saadverspreiding nie die hoofbeperking is vir hulle terugkeer na geploegde lande nie. Eytropappus rhinocerotis produseer 'n groot hoeveelheid saad wat oor groot afstande oor die ou landerye versprei word en 'n aantal geofiete was goed verteenwoordig in die saadbank. Groot herbivore versprei 'n groot hoeveelheid kruidagtige forbe in hulle mis, maar maak 'n baie klein bydrae tot die verspreiding van inheemse polgras en struike. Saad van inheemse Renosterveld polgrasse (bv. Tribolium hispidum) was beperk tot die some van die natuurlike plantegroei. My navorsing het getoon dat sommige inheemse saad, veral dié wat deur die wind en deur groot herbivore versprei word, wel die ou geploegde landerye bereik. Ek maak dus die gevolgtrekking dat saadverspreiding nie die hoofbeperking is vir die natuurlike herstel van populasies van sommige inheemse plantspesies op ou landerye nie, maar mag die herstel van sekere inheemse geofiete, grasse en struike beperk.
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Kohrn, Brendan F. "An Efficient Pipeline for Assaying Whole-Genome Plastid Variation for Population Genetics and Phylogeography." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4007.
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Tracking seed dispersal using traditional, direct measurement approaches is difficult and generally underestimates dispersal distances. Variation in chloroplast haplotypes (cpDNA) offers a way to trace past seed dispersal and to make inferences about factors contributing to present patterns of dispersal. Although cpDNA generally has low levels of intraspecific variation, this can be overcome by assaying the whole chloroplast genome. Whole-genome sequencing is more expensive, but resources can be conserved by pooling samples. Unfortunately, haplotype associations among SNPs are lost in pooled samples and treating SNP frequencies as independent estimates of variation provides biased estimates of genetic distance. I have developed an application, CallHap, that uses a least-squares algorithm to evaluate the fit between observed and predicted SNP frequencies from pooled samples based on network topology, thus enabling pooling for chloroplast sequencing for large-scale studies of chloroplast genomic variation. This method was tested using artificially-constructed test networks and pools, and pooled samples of Lasthenia californica (California goldfields) from Whetstone Prairie, in Southern Oregon, USA. In test networks, CallHap reliably recovered network topologies and haplotype frequencies. Overall, the CallHap pipeline allows for the efficient use of resources for estimation of genetic distance for studies using non-recombining, whole-genome haplotypes, such as intra-specific variation in chloroplast, mitochondrial, bacterial, or viral DNA.
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Flint, Gillian F. "Landscape genetics of Alnus glutinosa across contrasting spatial scales in a natural river system." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23243.
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The genetic diversity and genetic structure of populations, and the processes shaping gene flow within and between populations, are influenced by the landscapes they occur within. Within terrestrial landscapes, rivers and their riparian habitat are among the most dynamic, diverse and complex of landscapes and their linear structure appears as an interlinking feature across large landscapes. This thesis took a landscape genetics approach to examine the influence of river landscape features on Alnus glutinosa populations, a widespread keystone tree species of European riparian ecosystems. By accounting for the differing dispersal mechanisms of A. glutinosa (wind and water), landscape effects on seed- and pollen-mediated gene flow, genetic diversity, demographic and genetic structure were identified at different spatial scales of a large UK river catchment. Widespread gene flow within and between A. glutinosa populations was identified with no apparent limitation of wind-mediated pollen dispersal. Hydrochorous dispersal of seed between populations was evident, and found to increase genetic connectivity between riparian populations; however an isolation by distance effect was identified between populations located further apart from each other. No pattern of genetic diversity was found, with high levels of genetic diversity identified at all spatial and temporal scales. At the river-catchment scale no genetic clustering was observed, either within or between the six rivers studied. Demographic structuring within A. glutinosa populations was evident, and correlated with distance from the main river channel. Interactions between seed dispersal, hydrological disturbance, colonisation, and historical influences are discussed in relation to fine-scale spatial genetic structure between A. glutinosa sapling and adult generations. Central to the landscape genetics approach taken in this thesis was the incorporation of key A. glutinosa life history attributes. By incorporating gene flow analyses, species ecology and landscape features, the research presented here furthers our understanding of riverine landscape influences on their riparian populations at different spatial scales and can be used to inform management principles.
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Gross-Camp, Nicole D. "Dispersion of large-seeded tree species by two forest primates primate seed handling, microhabitat variability, and post-dispersal seed fate /." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1233073947.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Feb. 19, 2009). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England 2008"--The title page. Advisor: Beth A. Kaplin, Ph. D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-123).
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Arias-LeClaire, Harold. "Pre-dispersal seed predation by weevils (Curculio spp.): The role of host-specificity, resource availability and environmental factors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665549.
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Pre-dispersal seed predation (PDSP, hereafter) significantly reduces plant reproductive output. The negative effects on plant fitness have triggered the development of different strategies to protect the seeds and/or reduce the impact of PDSP. These strategies, in turn, have promoted insect trophic specialization by means of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. The close relationship between specialist insects and their host plants conditions insect community assemblage and population dynamics. Specialization would favour multi-species co-occurrence according to the Competitive Exclusion Principle, as different species cannot use the same limited resources. At the same time, specificity makes these species strongly dependent on a particular trophic resource, so that host plant population dynamics may lead to bottom-up forces influencing insect numbers. In this Thesis, I have studied the consequences of trophic specialization on species assemblage and demography in the most prevalent pre-dispersal predators of oak Quercus spp., chestnuts Castanea sativa and hazelnut Corylus avellana seeds, namely the weevils of the genus Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Using DNA barcoding I could identify larvae infesting the seeds to the species level and hence assess resource partitioning among Curculio spp. in oak-hazelnut mixed forests. These forests were distributed along a latitudinal gradient in which the degree of overlap in the timing of seeding between the two species differed. The results showed that there was a strict host-based segregation, as the species found in hazelnuts was never recorded on oak acorns and vice versa. Contrary to other studies, segregation of seed parasites was not driven by seed size, as the seeds of both plants were large enough to host the larvae of any species. Rather, co-existence was more likely modulated by the combination of time partitioning, and probably by dissimilarities in dispersal-dormancy strategies among weevils. The timing of oogenesis differs among Curculio spp. and does the timing of seeding between oaks and hazelnuts. Early maturing hazelnuts are thus exploited only by Curculio nucum, as its eggs mature earlier too. Such specialization on a patchily distributed host plant conditioned its population genetics, as gene-flow between populations showed restrictions undetected in the other Curculio spp. that fed on the widespread oaks. Regarding the bottom-up effects of food availability on insect numbers we assessed that, as expected, irregular seed crops (masting) conditions weevil population dynamics and certainly help reducing acorn predation in Mediterranean oaks. However, we found that the effects of rainfall stochasticity on the success of weevil emergence from the soil (i.e. rain is needed to soften the soil) contributed to decrease seed predation in a similar magnitude to masting. The present Thesis stresses the need of introducing the time/phenology component (i. e. egg maturation, timing of seeding) to assess the mechanisms underlying host plant-specialist insect associations. Also, it shows that, despite their specificity, other environmental variables apart from food availability condition weevil numbers. This result must be considered in further studies on the significance of oak masting as a strategy to reduce pre-dispersal seed predation. Lastly, the results provide an insight into the potential consequences of Global Change on the communities of these specialist insects linked to oaks. The populations of a narrow specialist like the hazelnut feeding C. nucum will be very vulnerable to forest fragmentation, which will reduce more severely inter-population gene-flow and lead to population bottlenecks. In turn, climate change (e.g. temperature rising, rainfall decrease) could disrupt the matching phenologies of insects and their host plants and reduce insect population size.La depredación de semillas predispersión (PDSP, de aquí en adelante) reduce significativamente el desempeño reproductivo de las plantas. Los efectos negativos han desencadenado el desarrollo de diferentes estrategias para proteger las semillas y/o reducir el impacto de PDSP. Estas estrategias, han promovido la especialización trófica de insectos a través de adaptaciones morfológicas, fisiológicas y de comportamiento. La estrecha relación entre los insectos especialistas y sus plantas hospedantes condiciona el ensamblaje de las comunidades de insectos y la dinámica poblacional. La especialización favorecería la coexistencia de múltiples especies de acuerdo con el Principio de Exclusión Competitiva, ya que estas no pueden usar los mismos recursos limitados. Al mismo tiempo, la especificidad hace que estas especies dependan fuertemente de un recurso trófico particular, de modo que la dinámica poblacional de plantas hospedadoras puede conllevar a que las fuerzas “bottom-up” influyan en el número de insectos. En esta Tesis, he estudiado las consecuencias de la especialización trófica en el ensamblaje de especies y la demografía en los depredadores pre-dispersión más prevalentes de Quercus spp., castañas Castanea sativa y avellanas Corylus avellana, principalmente los gorgojos del género Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Usando técnicas de secuenciación de ADN pude identificar las larvas que parasitan las semillas a nivel de especie y, por lo tanto, evaluar la segregación de recursos entre especies de Curculio spp. en bosques mixtos de roble y avellana. Estos bosques se distribuyeron a lo largo de un gradiente latitudinal en el cual el grado de superposición de su distribución espacial difería entre las dos especies hospederas. Los resultados mostraron que hubo una estricta segregación basada en el hospedador, ya que la especie encontrada en avellanas nunca se registró en bellotas de roble y viceversa. Contrariamente a otros estudios, la segregación de los parásitos de las semillas no se debió al tamaño de la semilla, ya que las semillas de ambas plantas eran lo suficientemente grandes como para albergar las larvas de cualquier especie. Por el contrario, la coexistencia fue modulado con mayor probabilidad por la combinación de la partición de tiempo, y las diferencias en las estrategias de latencia y dispersión entre los gorgojos. El periodo de oogénesis de Curculio spp difiere con el periodo producción de semillas en robles y avellanas. Las avellanas de maduración temprana son explotadas solo por Curculio nucum, ya que sus huevos también maduran antes. Dicha especialización en una planta hospedera distribuida en forma dispersa condicionó su genética poblacional, ya que el flujo genético entre poblaciones mostró restricciones no detectadas en las otras especies de Curculio spp. que se alimentaban de los robles con distribución continua. Con respecto a los efectos “bottom-up” de la disponibilidad de alimentos sobre el número de insectos, evaluamos que, como era de esperar, la producción irregular de semillas (masting) condicionan la dinámica poblacional de los gorgojos y ciertamente contribuyen a reducir la depredación de las bellotas en los robles del Mediterráneo. Sin embargo, encontramos que los efectos de la estocasticidad de las lluvias sobre el éxito de la emergencia del gorgojo desde el suelo (la lluvia es necesaria para ablandar el suelo) contribuyeron a disminuir la depredación de semillas en una magnitud similar a la del masting. La presente Tesis enfatiza la necesidad de introducir el componente tiempo/fenología (es decir, la maduración del óvulo, el momento producción de semillas) para evaluar los mecanismos que subyacen a las asociaciones de insectos especialistas en plantas hospederas. Además, muestra que, a pesar de su especificidad, otras variables ambientales aparte de la disponibilidad de alimentos condicionan el número de gorgojos. Este resultado debe considerarse en estudios posteriores sobre la importancia de la producción irregular de semillas de roble como una estrategia para reducir la depredación de semillas pre-dispersión. Por último, los resultados proporcionan una idea de las posibles consecuencias del cambio global en las comunidades de estos insectos especializados vinculados a los robles. Las poblaciones de un especialista, como C. nucum que se alimenta de la avellana, será muy vulnerables a la fragmentación de los bosques, lo que reducirá el flujo genético entre las poblaciones y provocará cuellos de botella en la población. A su vez, el cambio climático (por ejemplo, aumento de la temperatura, disminución de las precipitaciones) podría alterar las coincidentes fenologías de los insectos y sus plantas hospederas y reducir el tamaño de la población de insectos.
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Camargo, Paulo Henrique Santos Araújo. "Importância relativa da dispersão primária e secundária de sementes." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8364.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Rodrigues, Suelen Barbosa Moraes. "Redes de interações entre aves frugívoras e plantas em uma área de Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8370.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Interactions plants-frugivores are key components in the complexity of forest communities and their modifications or losses can have profound implications for conservation. The study of the interactions networks has proven an important tool in understanding how communities respond to human disturbance. The aim of this study was to analyze the interactions networks between plants and birds as fruit consumers in Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. The research was conducted in Carlos Botelho State Park (PECB) and addressed three environments with different types of vegetation (open area, and initial successional stages and advanced). The interactions record was performed by direct observation using methods of transect, focal and assistance traps cameras. We evaluated the frequency of visits, number of interactions, nesting and connectance. The network is represented by 63 kinds of birds and 30 species of plants and showed a nested pattern (NODF = 33.63, p = 0) with a connectance low (13%). 255 interactions were observed in 1151 records frugivory. The species that contributed most to the organization's network were also the most important for community maintenance and alien species present in one of the rooms did not interfere in the interactions between native species.
As interações entre frugívoros e plantas são componentes fundamentais na complexidade das comunidades florestais e sua modificação ou perda podem trazer profundas implicações para a conservação. O estudo das redes de interações tem se mostrado importante ferramenta no entendimento de como as comunidades respondem às perturbações antrópicas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a rede de interações entre plantas e aves consumidoras de frutos em área de Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB) e abordou três ambientes com diferentes tipos de vegetação (área aberta, e de estágio sucessional inicial e avançado). O registro das interações foi realizado por observações diretas pelos métodos de transecto, focal e auxílio de câmeras traps. Foram avaliadas a frequência de visitas, número de interações, o aninhamento e a conectância. A rede foi representada por 63 espécies de aves e 30 espécies de plantas e apresentou um padrão aninhado (NODF = 33,63, p = 0), com uma baixa conectância (13%). Foram observadas 255 interações em 1151 registros de frugivoria. As espécies que mais contribuíram para a organização da rede também foram as mais importantes para a manutenção da comunidade e as espécies exóticas presentes em um dos ambientes não interferiram nas interações entre as espécies nativas.
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Ramos, Danielle Christine Tenório Leal 1988. "Efeito de árvores isoladas e da vegetação circunvizinha sobre a chuva de sementes em pastagem." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316272.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Wesley Rodrigues SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os recursos necessários à regeneração florestal frequentemente estão esgotados em áreas degradadas, onde a dispersão e o estabelecimento de plantas são limitados. Árvores isoladas assumem uma função importante nesses ambientes por promoverem a concentração da chuva de sementes e um microssítio favorável à germinação e estabelecimento de regenerantes nativos. Em estudo realizado em um pasto abandonado no sul do estado de São Paulo, investigamos os efeitos de características estruturais e funcionais de árvores isoladas e de suas circunvizinhanças na chuva de sementes. Para isso, instalamos coletores de sementes sob 50 árvores isoladas de diferentes espécies e síndromes de dispersão em um pasto aberto. Coletamos sob as copas das árvores uma alta densidade de sementes de, no mínimo, 47 espécies, maior do que a escassa chuva de sementes coletada em pasto aberto. A maioria das espécies de sementes possuía origem externa à área de trabalho. Tais resultados indicam o uso das árvores isoladas pelos dispersores para movimentação na paisagem. Com uso de modelos de equações estruturais, observamos que dentre altura, tamanho de copa e síndrome de dispersão das árvores focais e densidade da vegetação e abundância de plantas zoocóricas na circunvizinhança, apenas a primeira e a última tiveram efeito positivo significativo sobre a riqueza de sementes. Assim, apesar de não observarmos um efeito forte da síndrome de dispersão das árvores focais, nossos resultados demonstram a importância da disponibilidade de frutos para a intensidade da chuva de sementes. A importância relativa das características estruturais e funcionais da vegetação sobre a chuva de sementes descrita neste trabalho pode contribuir para o aprimoramento do manejo de áreas degradadas e conservação de florestas tropicais
Abstract: Necessary resources for forest regeneration are usually depleted in disturbed sites and seed dispersal and seedling establishment are limited. Isolated trees play a fundamental role in those sites by attracting dispersers and concentrating seed rain in micro sites favorable to native species establishment. Here we report the effect of trees and the vegetation's structure and function at their surroundings on the zoochorous seed rain promoted by frugivores in an abandoned pasture in Southeastern Brazil. We installed seed traps beneath 50 isolated trees of different species and dispersal syndromes. In one year, we collected a high seed density of, at least, 47 species underneath the isolated trees, and a scarce seed rain in the open field. The majority of the seed species was allochthonous in the study site, what points for the use of trees as stepping-stones in the landscape by dispersers. Structural equation modelingresulted that trees' canopy size and dispersal syndrome, vegetation cover, and number of surrounding zoochorous trees did not affect seed rain. Only trees' height and number of surrounding zoochorous shrubs and herbs positively affected seed rain richness. Therefore, despite isolated trees' dispersal syndrome was not determinant for seed rain, we concluded that fruits availability is crucial in intensifying it. The relative importance of vegetation structural and functional characteristics on seed rain we described in this study can potentially contribute to improve disturbed sites management and forest conservation
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestra em Ecologia
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Silva, Fernanda Ribeiro da 1978. "Redes mutualísticas na avaliação da restauração da Mata Atlântica = Mutualistic networks in evaluation of restoration in the Atlantic forest." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315538.
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Orientadores: Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Marco Aurélio Pizo FerreiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: As atividades humanas têm levado à perda de habitats e da biodiversidade na floresta Atlântica. A restauração ecológica é uma estratégia para a reconstrução desse bioma e deve incluir não só o restabelecimento das espécies, mas também das complexas interações e funções ecológicas que essas interações fornecem ao ecossistema. Um desses importantes processos é a dispersão de sementes realizada pelos animais frugívoros. A dispersão de sementes pode ser analisada numa abordagem de redes de interações, úteis no entendimento do funcionamento do ecossistema. Nós estudamos redes de dispersão de sementes em três áreas restauradas a 15, 25 e 57 anos atrás, escala temporal raramente estudada em estudos de restauração. Nós investigamos mudanças na estrutura das redes (aninhamento, modularidade e especialização da rede) em cada uma dessas comunidades ao longo do tempo de restauração. Embora o tamanho da rede e o número de interações tenham aumentado com a restauração, as espécies que compuseram a rede foram generalistas, sendo que os grandes frugívoros estiveram ausentes. Contrário a nossa expectativa, a riqueza de espécies foi maior na área de 25 anos, talvez devido ao plantio ter sido realizado com maior número de espécies. O aninhamento foi baixo nas três redes, sendo maior na área de idade intermediária. Entretanto a área mais antiga foi significativamente modular e apresentou alta especialização. Estes resultados sugerem que 57 anos após a restauração a complexidade das redes de interações mutualísticas aumentou, assim melhorando as funções ecossistêmicas na floresta Atlântica. Nós juntamos as três redes de dispersão de sementes restauradas em uma para identificar a contribuição individual das espécies na organização e funcionamento da rede, medidas pelo aninhamento, modularidade e força de interação. Através dessas abordagens apontamos as espécies e os grupos funcionais mais importantes para a resiliência e persistência das redes de dispersão de sementes e que devem ser priorizados nas ações de restauração da Mata Atlântica
Abstract: Human activities have lead to the loss of habitats and biodiversity in the Atlantic Rain Forest in Brazil. Ecological restoration aims to rebuild this biome and should include not only the reinstatement of species, but the reestablishment of complex ecological interactions and the ecological functions that they provide. One such function is seed dispersal, which is provided by the interactions between animal frugivores and plants. We studied seed dispersal networks in three different tropical forest sites restored 15, 25 and 57 years ago, temporal scales rarely observed in restoration studies. We investigated changes in network structure (nestedness, modularity and network specialization) in these communities over restoration time. Although network size and the number of interactions increased with time since restoration, the networks were composed of generalist birds, and the large frugivores remained absent. Contrary to our expectations though, species richness was highest in the 25 years old site maybe due the highest number of species used in the planting. Nestedness values were low in all three networks, but the highest nestedness was observed in the intermediate aged site. However, the oldest network was significantly modular and showed higher complementary specialization. These results suggest that, 57 years after restoration, the complexity of mutualistic interactions in seed dispersal networks has increased, this enhancing ecosystem function in the Atlantic forest. Furthermore, we merged all three networks in a big one to identify which are the most important species in terms of nerwork organization (modularity and nestedness) and interaction strength. Through this approach we point out species and their functional groups most important to persistence of seed dispersal networks. These species and their functional groups should be indicated to maximize the restoration in the Atlantic forest
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutora em Biologia Vegetal
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Vidal, Junior João de Deus. "Biogeografia do gênero Rauvolfia L. (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8355.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Rauvolfia L. is a pantropical genus with 70 species distributed throughout America, Africa and Asia, also being present in several remote islands like Hawaii and French Polynesia. Although having an estimated age of 34 million years, the genus has a wide distribution as a result of its remarkable dispersal capacity, given its distribution associated with water bodies and the fact that its fruits are a food source for many bird species, placing Rauvolfia as a highly interesting group for biogeographical studies. Based on this, we produced distribution maps for the 70 species of the genus from occurrence data obtained from herbarium sheets and revision articles, which were digitalized and georeferenced. Species with similar distribution patterns were grouped and their maps were produced and compared with maps of topography and hydrography. We analyzed this distribution together with the most recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the group to infer the distribution of ancestral nodes and to identify barriers in the distribution among sister groups. The phylogeny used was based on chloroplast markers, while divergence timing was estimated by molecular clock, calculated for the whole tribe Vinceae Duby in a parallel study. Softwares S-DIVA and VIP were used for biogeographical reconstructions, which were interpreted within the context of current biogeographical hypotheses. The genus Rauvolfia is mainly limited by climatic and geographic factors. Moreover, while some vicariance episodes were identified, much of the patterns observed for Rauvolfia present distribution were attributed to long-distance dispersal events, reinforcing the role of dispersal in current discussions about angiosperm biogeography.
Rauvolfia L. é um gênero pantropical, composto por 70 espécies distribuídas ao longo de América, África e Ásia, além de estar presente em diversas ilhas remotas como Havaí e Polinésia Francesa. Apesar de possuir uma idade estimada em 34 milhões de anos, o gênero apresenta uma distribuição ampla resultante de uma notável capacidade de dispersão, atribuída a sua distribuição associada a corpos d’água e ao fato de seus frutos serem uma fonte de alimentos para muitas espécies de pássaros, situando Rauvolfia como um grupo altamente interessante para estudos biogeográficos. Partindo deste princípio, nós produzimos mapas de distribuição para as 70 espécies do gênero a partir de dados de ocorrência obtidos de etiquetas de pranchas de herbários e de trabalhos de revisão, que foram digitalizados e georreferenciados. As espécies com padrões similares de distribuição foram agrupadas e seus mapas foram produzidos e comparados com mapas de relevo e hidrografia. Analisou-se então esta distribuição em conjunto com a mais recente hipótese filogenética para o grupo para se inferir a distribuição dos ramos ancestrais e localizar barreiras na distribuição de táxons irmãos. A filogenia utilizada foi baseada em marcadores cloroplastidiais, enquanto a datação foi estimada através de relógio molecular, inferida para toda a tribo Vinceae Duby em um estudo paralelo. Foram utilizados os softwares S-DIVA e VIP para as reconstruções biogeográficas, que foram interpretadas dentro do contexto de hipóteses biogeográficas atuais. O gênero Rauvolfia se apresentou delimitado principalmente por fatores climáticos e geográficos. Além disso, apesar da identificação de alguns episódios de vicariância, grande parte dos padrões observados para a distribuição atual de Rauvolfia foi atribuído a eventos de dispersão a longas distâncias, reforçando o papel desses eventos nas atuais discussões sobre biogeografia de Angiospermas.
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Grimaldi, Mariana Castanheira. "Fenologia de espécies ornitófilas e ornitocóricas em um trecho de Floreta Atlântica." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8361.
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Phenology of Atlantic Forest is still ongoing issue for environmental studies. The goal of our study was to analyze and evaluate the phenology of plants pollinated and dispersed by birds on a stretch of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, in Carlos Botelho State Park (PECB) ( 24 ° 06 ' 55'' , 24 º 14' 41'' S , 47 º 47 ' 18'' and 48 º 07' 17'' W), whose climate has no distinct seasons. We hypothesized that there would be more flowers and fruits in warm period, in every community, and that would be synchrony between individuals of the same guild, regardless of the life-form. We selected five transects totaling 3000 m2, in which were collected phenological data of plant community from October 2012 to December 2013. According plants showed reproductive phenology, these were marked and monitored monthly. The plants were identified and categorized by life forms and dispersal and pollination syndromes. We calculated the diameter at breast height (DBH) and basal area by measuring the circumference at breast height (PAP) of trees, shrubs and palms with reproductive phenological event and all individuals larger than 15 cm DBH. We found 819 individuals with reproductive phonological event, which 68.6% were epiphytes and 23.2 % were small trees, shrubs and palm trees. The most observations of events in trees, small trees, shrubs and palm trees were smaller than 12 cm of DBH, which means high proportion of events in the understory (77,4 % of total of these four life form). Reproductive phenological events were correlated mainly with temperature and day length. Ornithophilous individuals accounted for 43.7 % of total records, and bird-dispersed plants represented 20.7%. The differences of ornithophilous flowers and bird-dispersed plant with ripe fruits between warm and cold periods of the occurrence were not significant for both (p=0,2856 e p=0,1606, respectively). The synchrony index of the occurrence of ornithophilous flowers and ripe fruit in bird-dispersal plants was low for both (Z=0.2684 and Z=0.2430, respectively). This low synchrony can avoid competition and promote pollination and dispersal. It is also noticed that in conservation areas where diversity is high, production of flowers and fruits occurs all year, offering resources any time.
A fenologia na floresta atlântica ainda é uma questão relevante para estudos ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e avaliar a fenologia da comunidade de plantas ornitófilas e ornitocóricas em um trecho de Floresta Atlântica Ombrófila Densa, no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB) ( 24 ° 06 ' 55'' , 24 º 14' 41'' S , 47 º 47 ' 18'' and 48 º 07' 17'' W), cujo clima não apresenta estações bem definidas. Para testar as hipóteses de que há maior ocorrência de flores e frutos no período quente em toda comunidade, e que ocorre sincronia de floração entre espécies ornitófilas e de frutificação entre ornitocóricas, independente da forma de vida, foram instaladas cinco transectos que totalizaram 3000 m² e coletados dados fenológicos da comunidade de plantas entre de outubro de 2012 a dezembro de 2013. Conforme as plantas apresentavam eventos fenológicos reprodutivos, estas eram marcadas e acompanhadas mensalmente. As plantas com evento identificado foram categorizadas por formas de vida e por síndromes de polinização e dispersão. Calculou-se o Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) e área basal através da medida de Perímetro à Altura do peito (PAP) de todos os indivíduos arbóreos, arbustivos e palmeiras que apresentaram evento e todos os indivíduos com DAP maior que 15 cm. O total de indivíduos que apresentaram eventos fenológicos reprodutivos foi 819, sendo que 68,6% foram epífitas e 23,2% foram arbóreas pequenas, arbustivas e palmeiras. Verificou-se elevado número de observações de eventos em arbóreas, arbóreas pequenas, arbustivas, e palmeiras com DAP menor que 12 cm (77,4% do total referente a essas quatro formas de vida), indicando elevada proporção de eventos no sub-bosque. Os eventos fenológicos reprodutivos apresentaram correlações significativas principalmente com temperatura e comprimento do dia. Indivíduos ornitófilos representaram 43,7% do total de registros, e ornitocóricos representaram 20,7%. As diferenças de ocorrência de flores ornitófilas e de frutos maduros ornitocóricos entre os períodos quente e frio não foi significativa para ambos (p=0,2856 e p=0,1606, respectivamente). O índice de sincronia da ocorrência de flores ornitófilas e de frutos maduros com síndrome ornitocórica foi baixo (Z=0,2684 e Z=0,2430, respectivamente). A baixa sincronia pode evitar competição e favorecer polinização e dispersão. Percebe-se ainda que em áreas conservadas onde a diversidade é elevada ocorre produção de flores e frutos o ano todo, ocorrendo oferta de recursos o ano todo.
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Johansson, Veronika A. "Recruitment ecology and fungal interactions in mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-109160.
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There are generally two contrasting alternatives to what limits recruitment in plants, namely the availability of seeds (seed limitation) or the quality or quantity of suitable sites (microsite limitation). Dust seeds, the smallest existing seeds, lack or have minimal nutrient reserves. During germination and initial development they consequently parasitize on mycorrhizal fungi. This is called mycoheterotrophy, and can vary in degree of fungal dependency in adult plants from full, partial or initial mycoheterotrophy. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the recruitment ecology of mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae (tribe Pyroleae) species with dust seeds, and to determine what limits their recruitment. The investigated species were: Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola chlorantha, P. minor and P. rotundifolia. This aim was achieved by combining field experiments (seed sowing) with isotope analysis and fungal host pyrosequencing. Results provide evidence that the species in Pyroleae are heterogeneous, not only with regard to their degree of mycoheterotrophy, but also concerning germination and early seedling development. A combination of microsite and seed limitation is thus likely to be of importance for all studied species, but the relative importance of these limitations varies among species. Despite having adaptations for wind dispersal the majority of the seeds were deposited in close vicinity of the seed source. But with high seed production at least some seeds should be able to disperse long-distance. Seedlings of all studied species were found to associate with a wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi, at least during their initial developmental stages. There seems to be a tendency for host narrowing in some Pyroleae species, but not as strict as the host specialization seen in fully mycoheterotrophic Monotropa hypopitys, supporting the hypothesis of geographical and developmental host shifts.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Sevillano, Garcia Mayeya Lucero. "The Effects of Biological Control Agents on Population Growth and Spread of Melaleuca quinquenervia." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/406.
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The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two biological control agents in reducing population growth and spread of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia, a subtropical tree native to Australia, and invasive in Florida, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas. While in Florida two insects Oxyops vitiosa (weevil), and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (psyllid) have been established as biocontrol agents, in Puerto Rico only psyllids are present, and in the Bahamas no biocontrol agents are present. This study combined demographic data, experiments and mathematical models to investigate the influence of the biocontrol agents on M. quinquenervia's spatial population dynamics. In the field, permanent plots were established and demographic data was collected in populations in the native and exotic ranges. Australian populations are comprised mostly of tall adult trees, while in the exotic ranges populations are comprised mostly of short trees (<1.3m in height), and small adult trees. In a shade-house, I performed an experiment to investigate the effects of insect type and density on survival and growth of M. quinquenervia seedlings. I found that high density of insects, independently or in combination, reduce seedling performance, thus having the potential to alter the seedling-short plant transition of the M. quinquenervia life cycle. Based on the demographic data, I developed integral projection models (IPMs) to determine population growth rates in each region. Populations in Australia and the Bahamas are increasing, while populations in Florida and Puerto Rico are decreasing. Population growth is most sensitive to the seedling-short plant transition in all regions, except Florida, where it is most sensitive to survival of tall plants. Simulations combining the results of the IMPs and experiment indicated the biocontrol damage results in reductions in population growth rate in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. Seed dispersal and demographic data was combined to develop an integrodifference structured model of population spread. Simulations indicated that by reducing seedling performance, insects have the potential to reduce the rate of population spread. Overall this study shows that individual-level effects of biocontrol agents have translated into reductions in population growth rate and rate of spread of M. quinquenervia.
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Bieber, Ana Gabriela Delgado 1981. "A fragmentação florestal e a interação entre formigas e diásporos carnosos na floresta Atlântica." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316181.
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Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Moreira Carvalho de OliveiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Em florestas tropicais, formigas de folhiço são freqüentemente vistas em interação com diásporos vegetais (frutos e sementes). Em alguns casos, esta interação oportunista resulta em um mutualismo. Enquanto formigas se beneficiam ao alimentar-se de partes carnosas nutritivas (i.e., polpa, arilo), elas podem beneficiar a semente, por exemplo, ao aumentar sua chance de germinação ou ao dispersá-la para micro-sítios ricos em nutrientes. Portanto, para algumas espécies de plantas, a perda de interações formiga-diásporo pode implicar numa redução do recrutamento de novos indivíduos. Nesta tese, estudamos os padrões de interação entre formigas e diásporos em dois tipos contrastantes de florestas, representativos do que resta da Floresta Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo: florestas contínuas (CFs) e fragmentos de floresta com vegetação secundária (FFs) (quatro áreas cada). Durante este estudo, quatro abordagens complementares foram adotadas. Primeiramente, registramos as interações entre formigas e diásporos em cada uma das oito áreas durante um ano. As principais famílias de plantas assim como os principais gêneros de formigas registrados correspondem a grupos importantes já listados em estudos prévios realizados neste bioma. Apesar da abundância similar de diásporos considerados atrativos entre os dois tipos de floresta, houve um maior número de interações na floresta contínua. Esta diferença é provavelmente devida à comunidade vegetal depauperada dos fragmentos, composta por espécies menos atrativas para as formigas. Com base no mesmo conjunto de dados, comparamos se a topologia das redes de interação formiga-fruto diferiu entre os dois tipos de floresta. Três das sete métricas calculadas foram afetadas pelo tipo de floresta. A diminuição do número de espécies de plantas nos fragmentos florestais parece ser um fator-chave para justificar os resultados obtidos. Na terceira abordagem, oferecemos um diásporo sintético rico em lipídios em estações de remoção para comparar a visitação e o comportamento das formigas entre os dois tipos florestais. Em geral, um maior número de espécies de formigas foi atraído às estações das CFs. A freqüência de grandes poneríneas (em especial, Pachycondyla striata) em interação com diásporos sintéticos foi mais elevada em CFs, estando relacionada com uma maior remoção de diásporos nestas áreas. Por fim, avaliamos experimentalmente se a manipulação prévia por aves (uma condição mais comum em florestas contínuas) afeta a atratividade de diásporos caídos em relação a formigas. Para este procedimento, utilizamos o arbusto Psychotria suterella (Rubiaceae), comum no subosque de nossa área de estudo e cujos diásporos são dispersos por aves. Frutos que já tiveram contato com vertebrados apresentaram uma maior chance de interagir com formigas. Este resultado sugere que espécies vegetais em florestas fragmentadas, comumente sujeitas à perda de seus dispersores primários, ainda são afetadas pela diminuição da atratividade de frutos intactos para formigas (dispersores secundários), a despeito da abundância destes insetos no chão da floresta. De forma geral, os resultados desta tese indicam que a fragmentação da Floresta Atlântica afeta negativamente as interações formiga-diásporo. Portanto, é possível que em fragmentos florestais haja uma diminuição dos potenciais benefícios a sementes e plântulas derivados da interação com formigas, podendo repercutir negativamente no recrutamento das plantas
Abstract: In tropical rainforests, ground-dwelling ants opportunistically interact with fleshy diaspores and, in some cases, this interaction can be classified as mutualistic. While ants gain from eating the nutritious fleshy parts, they may benefit the seed in two ways: (1) greater germination success; and (2) directed dispersal to nutrient-rich microsites where seedlings grow better. Thus, for some plant species, the loss of ant-diaspore interactions may negatively affect plant recruitment. Here, we explore ant-diaspore interaction patterns in two divergent forest types, representing what has remained from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest of São Paulo State: continuous old-growth forests (CFs) and secondary forest fragments (FFs) (four sites each). During this study, four complementary approaches were adopted. First, we surveyed ant-diaspore interactions in all forest sites during one year. Main plant families and ant genera registered during our survey correspond to previous studies performed in this biome. In spite of the similar abundance of ant-attractive diaspores on the forest ground, there were striking differences on ant-diaspore interactions between continuous and fragmented forests. Differences are most certainly attributed to the species-poor plant community, composed by less attractive species, found in the fragments. Based on the same dataset, we investigated whether the topology of ant-diaspore interaction networks differed between our two studied forest types. Three out of seven network-level metrics calculated diverged between fragments and continuous forests. The decrease in the number of interacting plant species observed in the fragmented forests appears to be a key-factor for explaining the observed results. Third, we offered a lipid-rich synthetic diaspore in experimental removal stations to compare ant attendance and behavior between forest types. Again, the experiment evidenced differences between the opposing forest types. In general, a higher number of ant species was recorded in CFs. The frequency of large ponerines (mainly Pachycondyla striata) was higher in CFs, corresponding to the higher frequency of diaspore removal and the higher removal distances observed in these sites. Finally, we experimentally evaluated if previous handling by birds (a condition more frequent in continuous forests) would affect ant attendance to fallen fruits. For this approach, we used as a model the bird-dispersed species Psychotria suterella (Rubiaceae), a common treelet in the understory of our forest sites. As expected, "feces-embedded" and "mandibulated" P. suterella fruits had increased frequencies of ant attendance than "intact" fruits. This result suggests that plant species in fragmented forests, together with the pervasive loss of their primary seed dispersers, may also be affected by the decreased attractiveness of unhandled fruits to ants (secondary dispersers), in spite of the abundance of these insects on the forest floor. Altogether, our results indicate that Atlantic Forest fragmentation negatively affects ant-diaspore interactions with respect to most of the studied parameters. Therefore, we expect that fragments will present a decrease on ant-derived potential benefits to seeds and seedlings
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
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Servigne, Pablo. "Etude expérimentale et comparative de la myrmécochorie: le cas de la fourmis dispersatrices Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210435.
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Ce travail porte sur la dispersion des graines par les fourmis et se divise en deux parties :l’une expérimentale (Chapitres 1, 2 & 3) et l’autre synthétique (Chapitres 4 & 5). L’approche expérimentale a consisté en une exploration en conditions de laboratoire des comportements des fourmis à deux étapes du processus de myrmécochorie: à la source de graines et dans le nid. Des graines des plantes myrmécochores Viola odorata et Chelidonium majus ont été présentées aux fourmis Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra. Chaque étape de la séquence myrmécochorique a généré une variabilité des comportements propre à chacun des quatre couples fourmis-graines. L’élaiosome n’attire pas les fourmis à distance. Les fourmis suivent toujours la même séquence de comportements :antennation, manipulation et prise des graines. Le nombre d’antennations et de manipulations avant la prise de graines peut être considéré comme un indicateur de l’« hésitation » des fourmis à prendre les graines. L’espèce à tendance carnivore Myrmica rubra a été plus rapide et efficace dans la prise de graines que l’espèce éleveuse de pucerons Lasius niger. Parallèlement, les fourmis ont moins antenné, moins manipulé et plus pris de graines de Chelidonium majus, ce qui montre un intérêt particulier pour cette espèce. Un jour après l’expérience, toutes les graines des deux espèces se trouvaient dans les déchets à l’extérieur du nid, avec au moins la moitié des élaiosomes consommés (Chapitre 1).
Lors du passage des graines à l’intérieur du nid, les fourmis Myrmica rubra ont également montré une capacité à traiter les graines rapidement, en montrant une dynamique d’arrachage de l’élaiosome et de rejet des graines hors du nid plus rapide. Le taux d’arrachage de l’élaiosome a été influencé par l’espèce de graine, plus important pour les graines de Chelidonium majus. Nous avons montré qu’une proportion variable de graines rapportées au nid (moins de la moitié) étaient déposées directement au contact des larves, les autres étant traitées ailleurs par les ouvrières ou laissées temporairement à l’abandon dans le nid. Par ailleurs, les dynamiques de rejet des items hors du nid ont curieusement été peu influencées par l’espèce de graine. Pour une graine, le fait de ne plus avoir d’élaiosome diminue le nombre moyen d’ouvrières qui la contacte simultanément. Parallèlement, même si la réponse n’est pas de type « tout ou rien », l’absence d’élaiosome accroit aussi la probabilité qu’une graine a d’être rejetée. (Chapitre 2).
Nous avons isolé expérimentalement le paramètre de dessiccation des graines afin mesurer son influence sur le taux de prises. La dessiccation progressive des graines réduit les taux de prises par les fourmis Myrmica rubra. La réhydratation des mêmes graines leur permet de retrouver une attractivité et donc une valeur fonctionnelle prolongée. Les graines de Viola odorata perdent presque toute attractivité après 4 jours de dessiccation et leur réhydratation ne rétabli que faiblement leur attractivité. A l’inverse, les graines de Chelidonium majus gardent un tiers de leur attractivité après un mois de dessiccation et leur réhydratation restaure presque entièrement leur attractivité (Chapitre 3).
La synthèse bibliographique a permis de dresser un aperçu des principales caractéristiques des fourmis dispersatrices de graines myrmécochores. Certains traits « généralistes » rendent les rencontres entre fourmis et graines très probables :leur ubiquité et diversité taxonomique, leur régime alimentaire omnivore, et leur fourragement « diffus » et opportuniste. Les fourmis possèdent des traits qui les rendent uniques par rapport aux autres insectes :le fourragement au sol, la capacité à transporter de la nourriture, ainsi que la nidification. Certains traits des fourmis ont une influence considérable sur la dispersion des graines :leur taille, les préférences de régime alimentaire, la phénologie, la capacité d’apprentissage et la fréquence de déménagement des nids. Nous développons également l’hypothèse que la rapidité et l’efficacité du traitement des graines par les fourmis seraient une conséquence d’un comportement hygiénique des fourmis à tendance carnivore, habituées à gérer des proies périssables (Chapitre 4).
Nous avons dressé pour la première fois une liste des espèces de plantes myrmécochores et potentiellement myrmécochores des régions d’Europe tempérée (260 spp.). Nous montrons que ces dernières sont majoritairement herbacées, et ont tendance à fleurir plus précocement que les autres espèces. La proportion de graines myrmécochores comprises entre 1 et 3 mm et entre 0,6 et 10 mg est plus importante que dans le reste de la flore (Chapitre 5).
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This study concerns seed dispersal by ants and is divided in two parts: one experimental (chapters 1, 2 & 3), and one synthetic (chapters 4 & 5).
Experimental work consisted in a series of laboratory experiments, in which ant behaviour was studied at two stages of the dispersal process: at the seed source and inside the nest. Seeds of the myrmecochorous plants Viola odorata and Chelidonium majus were presented to two ant species: Lasius niger and Myrmica rubra. Each stage of the myrmecochory sequence generated a variability of behaviours for each of the four ant-seed pairs.
The elaiosomedo not attract seed at a distance. Ants followed always the same behavioural sequence: antennations, manipulations, and removal. The number of antennations and manipulations before removal can be considered as a measure of ants’ “hesitation” to remove seeds. The carnivorous species Myrmica rubra was faster and more efficient at taking seeds than the aphid-tending Lasius niger. At the same time, ants antennated and manipulated less Chelidonium majus seeds, which shows a particular interest for this seed species. One day after the experiment, all seeds of both species were located outside the nest in the refuse piles. At least half of their elaiosomes had been consumed (chapter 1).
Inside the nest, Myrmica rubra also showed a great ability to treat seeds quickly, i.e. quicker dynamics of elaiosome removal and seed rejection outside the nest. Elaiosome removal rates were influenced by seed species (higher for Chelidonium majus). We showed that a variable proportion of seeds (less than half) was directly deposited in contact with larvae. The rest of the seeds were handled elsewhere by workers, or left temporarily unattended in the nest. Dynamics of seed rejection outside the nest were curiously little influenced by the seed species. For a seed, to loose the elaiosome decreased the number of workers manipulating it. At the same time, even if the rejection response is not automatic, the absence of elaiosome increases the probability for a seed to be rejected (Chapter 2).
We isolated the desiccation parameter in order to measure its influence on seed removal rates. Progressive seed desiccation reduced Myrmica rubra removal rates. Rehydration of the same seeds restored their attractiveness, thereby prolonging their functional life. Viola odorata seeds lost almost all their attractiveness after 4 days of desiccation, and rehydration only restored a reduced part of their attractiveness. On the contrary, Chelidonium majus seeds kept one third of their attractiveness after one month of desiccation, and recovered almost all their attractiveness after rehydration (Chapter 3).
The bibliographic review allowed us to compile an outline of the main features of seed-disperser ants. Some generalist features highly increase the probability that ants encounter seeds: their ubiquity and taxonomic diversity, omnivorous diet and their opportunistic “diffuse” foraging. Among insects, ants have unique traits that make them broad dispsersers: ground foraging, the ability to transport items, and nesting behaviour. Some other traits have a great influence on the seed dispersal system: the ant body size, their diet preferences, the phenology of the colony, the learning, and the frequence of nest relocation. We also develop the hypothesis according to which, handling efficiency of ants is a byproduct of hygienic behaviour of carnivorous oriented species, since they are used to manage perishable preys (Chapter 4).
We compiled the first list of myrmecochorous and potentially myrmecochorous plants species of European temperate regions (260 spp.). We show that these plants are mainly herbaceous. They also tend to flower earlier than the whole flora. The proportions of myrmecochorous seeds having a size range between 1 and 3 mm, and a weight range between 0.6 and 10 mg are higher than in the rest of the flora (Chapter 5).
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Joubert, Eugene Christiaan. "A computational fluid dynamics study of the near surface wind patterns over a desert dune and the effect on seed dispersion." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4357.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This project originated when a team of scientists at the Gobabeb training and research and centre observed seed accumulation sites on the slope of sand dunes in the Namib Desert. Seeds that accumulate on the slip face of a sand dune provide food for small desert creatures that in turn attract larger animals, resulting in a small ecosystem on the side of the dune. Since wind is the primary transport of seeds throughout the Namib Desert it is of interest to investigate wind patterns over the dune. In this project it is therefore desired to look at seed dynamics and deposition as a result of near surface wind patterns around a three-dimensional dune geometry using computational fluid dynamics. The project is a joint venture between the University of Stellenbosch and the University of Namibia. This document presents the South African MScEng thesis part. The literature review shows the dominant winds in the Namib Desert to be from the south to westerly direction. Previous studies on air flow over dunes focussed on sand movement and were often limited to simplified two-dimensional geometries and steady state simulations. From these studies the basic flow features associated with dunes can be identified. Lastly, factors that influence particle dynamics around dune geometries are looked at. These particle studies mostly involve the movement of sand rather than seeds but still provide valuable insight. The project methodology is explained and includes the equipment used, the considerations taken into account, the simplifications made as well as the procedure followed when conducting field work and simulations. A section of an actual Namibian linear dune is mapped in order to obtain a geometry for the simulations. Flow measurements are carried out with a wind mast to obtain velocity profile inlet conditions for the simulations. Furthermore, seed sampling is done by the collaborating Namibian team of which the data is used to obtain an effective seed particle model. Lastly, simulations are carried out using primarily OpenFOAM-1.5. The simulations look at general near surface wind patterns, time dependant flow features and particle movement and seed deposition around and on the linear dune. The results show different wind profiles for different wind direction. It is also possible to see how the profile changes as the flow accelerates up the dune slope. Two-dimensional results provide the opportunity to compare results with previous studies as well as to provide the basis for looking at aspects such as differencing schemes, turbulence models and parallel computing before three-dimensional simulations are carried out. The importance of higher order differencing schemes are confirmed in the two-dimensional results. The turbulence models, however, produce very similar results. The results from the two- and three-dimensional results show typical flow features associated with dunes. Transient flow features and separation vortex structures can be identified from time dependant simulations. Furthermore, particle simulations reveal how particles tend to be trapped in the recirculation regions. The conclusions explain how the project objectives were achieved and provide recommendations for future studies related to this project.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die projek het ontstaan toe naforsers areas van saad akumulasie op die hellings van duine in Namibë opgelet het. Hierdie akumulasie van plant materiaal verskaf die voedsel vir klein diere op die duin wat ‘n klein ekosisteem tot gevolg het. Aaangesien die primêre vervoermiddel vir sade in die woestyn wind is beoog die projek om deur die wind patrone oor die duin beter te verstaan die saad verspreiding te beskryf. Die doel is dus om saad verspreiding en akumulasie te beskryf deur die wind patrone te bekyk wat die verspreiding tot gevolg het deur gebruik te maak van numeriese vloei dinamika. Die projek is ‘n saamgestelde projek tussen die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en die Universiteit van Namibië. Hierdie dokument behels die Suid Afrikaanse MScIng gedeelte van die projek. Deur die hersiening van literatuur word daar gesien dat die domineerende wind rigtings as suid tot wes beskryf kan word. Vorige studies wat verband hou met wind vloei oor duine wys dat die meeste op twee-dimensionele eenvoudige geometrië gefokus het met tyd onafhankike simulasies. Dit is egter moontlik om die resultate te gebruik om karakteristieke vloei patrone te identifiseer wat met duin wind patrone geassosieer kan word. Laastens word daar gekyk na die faktore wat partikel beweeging beïnvloed, maar hierdie studies sluit hoofsaaklik sand partikels in eerder as sade. Die motodologie beskryf die toerusting, oorwegings en prosedures wat gevolg is tydens veld werk asook simulasies. Tydens die veld werk is ‘n gedeelte van ‘n Namib lineêre duin gemeet en so gebruik om ‘n geometrie te maak wat vir simulasie doeleindes gebruik kan word. Daar is ook wind meetings gedoen met ‘n wind mas om wind profiele vir inlaat kondisies vir die simulasies te kry. Verder het saad bestudeering die nodige data verskaf om ‘n voledige saad partikel model op te stel wat in die simulasies gebruik kan word. Laastens kyk die simulasies veral na algemene vloei patrone, tyd afhanklike vloei effekte en ook partikel beweging in die vloei veld. Die resultate wys hoe wind profiele verskil wat van verskillende rigtings af waai. Dit is ook moontlik on te wys hoe die wind profiele verander soos die wind versnel teen die duin op. Tweedimensionele simulasies verskaf die geleentheid om te kyk na die effek van verkillende numeriese modelle, turbulensie modelle en ook multi-prosesseerder verwerking. Tydens die twee-dimensionele simulasies is die belangrikheid van hoër orde numeriese metodes besef. Die verkillende turbulensie modelle het egter klein verkille gewys. Alby die twee- en driedimensionele resultate wys karakteristieke vloei patrone wat met duine geasosieer kan word. Verder het tyd afhanklike simulasies gewys hoe wind patrone verander met tyd. Die partikel simulasies wys ook die beweging van partikels deur die wind en hoe dit neig om te akumuleer in die hersirkulasie gebied agter die duin. Die gevolgtrekkings wys dat al die doelstellings bereik is en maak voorstelle vir toekomstige studies wat met hierdie studie verband hou.
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Link-Perez, Melanie A. "Using distance-similarity relations to evaluate the importance of neutral ecological drift." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1122438909.
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Marquitti, Flávia Maria Darcie. "Redes de interação entre morcegos frugívoros e plantas = variação geográfica e conservação de nicho." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316163.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto Guimarães JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os mutualismos são interações importantes do ponto de vista ecológico e evolutivo, uma vez que influenciam a sobrevivência de diversos organismos, podendo determinar a organização da comunidade. Dada a importância ecológica e evolutiva das interações mutualísticas, é importante estudar quais fatores influenciam a sua organização. Como organismos aparentados compartilham características fenotípicas similares, é comum que espécies filogeneticamente próximas interajam com um conjunto de espécies similar, levando a um padrão conhecido por conservação filogenética do nicho. Apesar de este padrão ocorrer com frequencia, condições bióticas e abióticas locais podem levar à variação geográfica nas interações. A presença ou ausência de potenciais parceiros mutualísticos também podem alterar o padrão local de interações de uma espécie. Estudando interações entre morcegos frugívoros e plantas, investiguei como os padrões de interação de espécies em dez redes mutualísticas variavam conforme a distribuição geográfica. Nesse sentido, duas hipóteses principais guiaram este trabalho: a hipótese da conservação de nicho das interações e a hipótese da variação geográfica das interações. Caracterizei o padrão de interação das espécies de morcegos nas redes por meio de diferentes métricas usadas no estudo de redes ecológicas. Analisei a conservação de nicho das interações e a variação geográfica de espécies de morcego que ocorreram em um maior número de redes. Espécies filogeneticamente próximas não tenderam a apresentar padrões de interação mais parecidos entre si. Algumas das espécies mais frequentes apresentaram características dos padrões de interação em gradiente ou mosaico ao longo de sua distribuição geográfica. Estes resultados evidenciam que algumas características do padrão de interação de morcegos frugívoros, como grau de generalismo e o grau padronizado dentro do módulo são conservadas pela filogenia. No entanto algumas espécies apresentaram o grau de generalismo e o papel em relação aos módulos da rede variando ao longo da geografia, seguindo previsões da teoria do mosaico geográfico coevolutivo
Abstract: Mutualisms are important interactions to ecology and evolution because they affect the survivorship of many organisms and may shape community organization. Therefore, it is important to study which factors affect their organization. As related organisms share similar phenotypic traits, it is common that close phylogenetic species interact with a similar set of species, resulting in a pattern known as phylogenetic niche conservatism. Although this pattern frequently occurs, biotic and abiotic local conditions may lead to geographic variation of the interactions. The presence or absence of potential mutualistic partners may also change local interactions of a species. I studied interactions between frugivorous bats and plants and I investigated how species interactions patterns varied geographically across ten mutualistic networks. Two main hypotheses guided this work: the interaction niche conservatism hypothesis and the geographical variation hypothesis. I delineated the interaction patterns of bat species in the networks through different metrics used in ecological network studies. I analyzed the niche conservatism and geographical variation of bat species which occurred frequently in the networks. Related species did not tend to have similar patterns of interaction. Within their geographical range, some species vary markedly in their patterns of interaction and this variation often occurs as mosaics or, less frequently, as gradients. These results point out that some patterns of interaction of frugivorous bats, as the specialization degree and the standardized within-module degree, are conserved by phylogeny. However, some species showed variations through geography both in the specialization degree and in their role regarding the network modules, leading to a geographic mosaic of coevolution with potential implications to ecology and coevolution
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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McCoy, Neil L. "The Geographical Mosaic of Myrmecochory in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot and the Fate of Myrmecochorous Seeds Dispersed by a Keystone Seed Disperser." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12112008-142107/.
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Seed dispersal mutualisms are important ecological interactions that can shape plant communities by influencing species distributions, community composition, and the regeneration of populations following a disturbance. Considering the fundamental role seed dispersal mutualisms play in many plant communities, it is important to understand, both generally and for individual seed dispersal mutualisms, what determines when animal partners successfully disperse seeds and when they do not. Myrmecochory, the dispersal of seeds by ants, is the most common form of zoochory in Western Australia. Myrmecochore plant diversity is richest in the Kwongan sandplains of the south-west, where ant-dispersed species can make up as much as 36% of the plant community. Here, I studied the determinants of seed dispersal rates to understand local variation in myrmecochorous seed dispersal rates. At a series of 30 sites, we sampled the ant and plant communities, measured aspects of the community structure (vegetation height, openness, topography, soil), measured seed removal rates and observed ant-seed interactions. The most significant factor that governed seed removal rates was the presence of the ant species Rhytidoponera violacea. Additionally, during seed dispersal observation trials, R. violacea removed 95% of all seeds taken. To better understand the fate of Acacia blakelyi seeds dispersed by R. violacea, we simulated variable seed burial depths and elaiosome removal by ants, followed by a bushfire to stimulate germination. Seed burial depth had a significant effect on seedling emergence, with the proportion of emerged seedlings declining with burial depth. The effect of depth was due to the strength of a fire-cue (heat) declining with depth. Seed burial depth also had a fitness cost, with a greater proportion of ârobustâ seedlings emerging from seeds buried closer to the surface. Seeds buried too deep to receive fire-cues remained dormant, adding to a long-lived soil seed bank.
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Vinha, Daniella 1978. "Dinâmica da regeneração natural via sementes em uma floresta montana no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314918.
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Orientadores: Carlos Alfredo Joly, Flavio Antonio Maës dos SantosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Estudos prévios demonstraram baixa sazonalidade na frutificação em florestas tropicais não-sazonais, o que poderia influenciar o padrão temporal e espacial da chuva de sementes e do banco de sementes. Entretanto, esses processos não são conhecidos. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar como ocorre a regeneração natural via sementes em uma floresta tropical Montana no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Foram testadas as hipóteses: (1) a sazonalidade na chuva de sementes é fraca ou ausente e esse padrão não se diferencia dentro dos modos de dispersão; (2) o banco de sementes é florísticamente relacionado com a chuva de sementes e espacialmente acoplado; (3) o banco de sementes apresenta baixa sazonalidade e esse padrão não difere dentro dos modos de dispersão. Em 2 hectares de floresta, nós registramos o total de 29959-62904 diásporos na chuva de sementes (104-106 spp.), 1029-2999 diásporos no banco de sementes da serapilheira (36-38 spp.) e 6288-7824 plântulas no banco de sementes do solo (74-82 spp.) ao longo de dois anos. Asteraceae, Urticaceae e Melastomataceae foram abundantes na chuva de sementes (63-81%), no banco de sementes da serapilheira (70-73%) e no banco de sementes do solo (77-84%). A maior riqueza de espécies foi de arbóreas na chuva de sementes (59-61%) e banco de sementes da serapilheira (72-68%), e de herbáceas no banco de sementes do solo (ca. 55%). Houve maior proporção de sementes arbóreas em todas as vias de regeneração, assim como maior riqueza de espécies zoocóricas (mais de 50%). Entretanto, a anemocoria contribuiu com a maior proporção do total de sementes no banco de sementes do solo (ca. 75%) e da chuva de sementes de uma das áreas (64%). Houve sazonalidade na chuva de sementes com um único pico na abundância (Out-Nov). Esse padrão foi reforçado pela sazonalidade na abundância e riqueza de espécies da chuva de sementes anemocórica e zoocórica, ambas ocorrendo no período de maior precipitação. A chuva de sementes influenciou a composição de espécies das sementes contidas na serapilheira e no solo. Entretanto, o acoplamento espacial entre as vias de regeneração ocorreu somente em uma das áreas. O banco de sementes não apresentou variações na composição florística e houve fraca variação temporal na densidade e riqueza de espécies, repercutindo igualmente dentro dos modos de dispersão. Esse estudo demonstrou que a chuva de sementes pode ser sazonal em condições de baixa sazonalidade ambiental, independente do modo de dispersão das sementes. A relação entre composição da chuva de sementes e das sementes contidas na serapilheira e no solo revela que essas vias são interligadas e dependentes entre si, resultando em padrões espaciais agrupados. Como resultado, a baixa variação temporal do banco de sementes não pode ser atribuída à baixa sazonalidade na chuva de sementes. O fato de não haver acúmulo de sementes no solo após o período de dispersão sugere o baixo tempo de permanência das sementes. Por outro lado, a falta de acoplamento espacial em uma das áreas sugere processos de pós-dispersão atuando na reestruturação espacial do banco de sementes
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated low seasonality in the fruiting phenology in aseasonal tropical forests, which could influence the spatial and temporal pattern of seed rain and seed bank. However, these processes are poorly known. The aim of this study was to determine seed natural regeneration in an Atlantic tropical Montane forest located in southeast of Brazil, Serra do Mar State Park. The hipotheses were tested: (1) seasonality of seed rain is weak or absent and this pattern is no different within the dispersal modes; (2) the floristic composition of seed bank is closely related with seed rain and there is a spatial association between them; (3) the seed bank has a low seasonality and this pattern is the same within the dispersal modes. In two hectares of forest we recorded total of 29959-62904 seeds in the seed rain (104-106 spp.), 1029-2999 seeds in the litter seed bank (36-38 spp.) and 6288-7824 seedlings in the soil seed bank (78-82 spp.) over two years. Asteraceae, Urticaceae and Melastomataceae were abundant in the seed rain (63-81%), litter seed bank (70-73%) and soil seed bank (77-84%). Trees accounted to higher species richness in the seed rain (59-61%) and litter seed bank (72-68%). Herbaceous were most important to the species richness of soil seed bank (ca. 55%). There were more of tree seeds in all regeneration modes, as well as greater zoochorous species richness (more than 50%). However, anemochory had the largest proportion of total seeds in the soil seed bank (ca. 75%) as well as one of the areas where the seed rain was sampled (64%). There was seasonality of seed rain with a single peak in abundance (Oct-Nov). This pattern was reinforced by seasonality in the anemochorous and zoochorous abundance and species richness of seed rain, both occurring in the period of greatest rainfall. Seed rain influenced the species composition of the seeds in the litter and soil. However, the spatial coupling between the regeneration modes occurred in only one area. The soil seed bank showed no changes in the floristic composition and there was a weak temporal variation in density and species richness reflecting also within in the dispersal syndromes. This study demonstrated that seasonality in seed rain can occur even in tropical forests where environmental seasonality is low, regardless of the manner in which the seeds are dispersed. The relationship between seed rain and seed bank composition (litter and soil) reveals that these pathways are interconnected and dependent on each other, resulting in clustered spatial patterns. As a result, the low temporal variation of soil seed bank can not be attributed to the low seasonality of seed rain. Since there is no seed accumulation in the soil after a period of seed dispersal, short residence time of the seed in the soil is suggested. On the other hand, the lack of spatial association between seed rain and seed bank in one of the areas suggests post-dispersal processes acting in the spatial restructuring of the seed bank
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal