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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Segmentation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Ross, Michael G. (Michael Gregory) 1975. "Learning static object segmentation from motion segmentation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34470.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-110).<br>This thesis describes the SANE (Segmentation According to Natural Examples) algorithm for learning to segment objects in static images from video data. SANE uses background subtraction to find the segmentation of moving objects in videos. This provides object segmentation information for each video frame. The collection of frames and segmentations forms a training set that SANE uses to learn the image and shape properties th

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2

Vyas, Aseem. "Medical Image Segmentation by Transferring Ground Truth Segmentation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32431.

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The segmentation of medical images is a difficult task due to the inhomogeneous intensity variations that occurs during digital image acquisition, the complicated shape of the object, and the medical expert’s lack of semantic knowledge. Automated segmentation algorithms work well for some medical images, but no algorithm has been general enough to work for all medical images. In practice, most of the time the segmentation results are corrected by the experts before the actual use. In this work, we are motivated to determine how to make use of manually segmented data in automatic segmentation.

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3

Jomaa, Diala. "Fingerprint Segmentation." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4264.

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In this thesis, a new algorithm has been proposed to segment the foreground of the fingerprint from the image under consideration. The algorithm uses three features, mean, variance and coherence. Based on these features, a rule system is built to help the algorithm to efficiently segment the image. In addition, the proposed algorithm combine split and merge with modified Otsu. Both enhancements techniques such as Gaussian filter and histogram equalization are applied to enhance and improve the quality of the image. Finally, a post processing technique is implemented to counter the undesirable

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4

Scholte, Huibert Steven. "Scene segmentation." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/70449.

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5

Horne, Caspar. "Unsupervised image segmentation /." Lausanne : EPFL, 1991. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=905.

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6

Sundøy, Kristoffer Johan. "Audiovisual Contents Segmentation." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elektronikk og telekommunikasjon, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11264.

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The objective of this thesis is to detect high level semantic ideas to help to impose a structure on television talk shows. Indexing TV-shows is a subject that, to our knowledge, is rarely talked about in the scientific community.There is no common understanding of what this imposed structure should look like. We can say that the purpose is to organise the audiovisual content into sections that convey a specific information. It thus encompasses issues as diverse as scene segmentation, speech noise detection, speaker identification, etc. The basic problem of structuring is the gap between the

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7

Camilleri, Kenneth P. "Multiresolution texture segmentation." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843549/.

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The problem of unsupervised texture segmentation was studied and a texture segmentation algorithm was developed making use of the minimum number of prior assumptions. In particular, no prior information about the type of textures, the number of textures and the appropriate scale of analysis for each texture was required. The texture image was analysed by the multiresolution Gabor expansion. The Gabor expansion generates a large number of features for each image and the most suitable feature space for segmentation needs to be determined automatically. The two-point correlation function was used

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8

Debeir, Olivier. "Segmentation supervisée d'images." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211474.

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9

Bhalerao, Abhir. "Multiresolution image segmentation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/60866/.

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Image segmentation is an important area in the general field of image processing and computer vision. It is a fundamental part of the 'low level' aspects of computer vision and has many practical applications such as in medical imaging, industrial automation and satellite imagery. Traditional methods for image segmentation have approached the problem either from localisation in class space using region information, or from localisation in position, using edge or boundary information. More recently, however, attempts have been made to combine both region and boundary information in order to ove

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10

Fournier, Christopher. "Evaluating Text Segmentation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24064.

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This thesis investigates the evaluation of automatic and manual text segmentation. Text segmentation is the process of placing boundaries within text to create segments according to some task-dependent criterion. An example of text segmentation is topical segmentation, which aims to segment a text according to the subjective definition of what constitutes a topic. A number of automatic segmenters have been created to perform this task, and the question that this thesis answers is how to select the best automatic segmenter for such a task. This requires choosing an appropriate segmentation eval

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11

Rababa´h, Qasim. "Intracranial volume Segmentation." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-37296.

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12

Craske, Simon. "Natural image segmentation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266990.

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13

Draelos, Timothy John 1961. "INTERACTIVE IMAGE SEGMENTATION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276392.

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14

Dindoyal, I. "Foetal echocardiographic segmentation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20169/.

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Congenital heart disease affects just under one percentage of all live births [1]. Those defects that manifest themselves as changes to the cardiac chamber volumes are the motivation for the research presented in this thesis. Blood volume measurements in vivo require delineation of the cardiac chambers and manual tracing of foetal cardiac chambers is very time consuming and operator dependent. This thesis presents a multi region based level set snake deformable model applied in both 2D and 3D which can automatically adapt to some extent towards ultrasound noise such as attenuation, speckle and

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15

Banda, Nagamani. "Adaptive video segmentation." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3520.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 52 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-52).

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Salem, Mohammed Abdel-Megeed Mohammed. "Multiresolution image segmentation." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15846.

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Systeme der Computer Vision spielen in der Automatisierung vieler Prozesse eine wichtige Rolle. Die wichtigste Aufgabe solcher Systeme ist die Automatisierung des visuellen Erkennungsprozesses und die Extraktion der relevanten Information aus Bildern oder Bildsequenzen. Eine wichtige Komponente dieser Systeme ist die Bildsegmentierung, denn sie bestimmt zu einem großen Teil die Qualitaet des Gesamtsystems. Fuer die Segmentierung von Bildern und Bildsequenzen werden neue Algorithmen vorgeschlagen. Das Konzept der Multiresolution wird als eigenstaendig dargestellt, es existiert unabhaengig vo

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17

Alon, Jonathan. "Spatiotemporal Gesture Segmentation." Boston University Computer Science Department, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/1884.

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Spotting patterns of interest in an input signal is a very useful task in many different fields including medicine, bioinformatics, economics, speech recognition and computer vision. Example instances of this problem include spotting an object of interest in an image (e.g., a tumor), a pattern of interest in a time-varying signal (e.g., audio analysis), or an object of interest moving in a specific way (e.g., a human's body gesture). Traditional spotting methods, which are based on Dynamic Time Warping or hidden Markov models, use some variant of dynamic programming to register the pattern and

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Chen, Lijun. "Efficient three-dimensional multi-resolution modeling, segmentation, and segmentation-based mesh compression." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29204.

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3D polygonal models are increasingly being deployed in a wide range of Virtual Reality (VR) applications, including scientific visualization, collaborative design, entertainment, e-commerce, and remote education, etc. These models, produced by the 3D laser scanning systems, are often represented as complex polyhedral meshes with hundreds of thousands or millions of vertices and triangles. Although this representation can achieve high level of realism, these models usually demand a huge amount of storage space and/or transmission bandwidth in the raw data format. Also, a polygonal mesh does not

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Dydenko, Igor Friboulet Denis. "Segmentation dynamique en échocardiographie ultrasonore radiofréquence ynamic segmentation in ultrasound radiofrequency echocardiography /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=dydenko.

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Thèse doctorat : Images et Systèmes : Villeurbanne, INSA : 2003.<br>Thèse rédigée en anglais. Résumé en français en début de chaque chapitre. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 216-232. Publications de l'auteur p. 214-215.

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20

Leitner, François. "Segmentation dynamique d'images tridimensionnelles." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344080.

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Ce travail traite de la segmentation d'images médicales: ce type de problème est difficile à résoudre à cause de la piètre qualité du signal, et de la fréquente nécessité d'avoir une connaissance spécifique. Aussi se restreint-on à des objets de type volumique courants, tels que les os ou des organes massifs. On modélise une surface fermée à l'aide de produits tensoriels de B-splines (utilisés en CAO), et on propose deux formes de représentation: soit un cylindre à pôles, défini par une seule grille de contrôle, soit un graphe de contrôle, reliant continûment plusieurs grilles. Ces représentat

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21

Smith, Paul Alexander. "Edge-based motion segmentation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269782.

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Motion segmentation is the process of dividing video frames into regions which have different motions, providing a cut-out of the moving objects. Such a segmentation is a necessary first stage in many video analysis applications, but providing an accurate, efficient motion segmentation still presents a challenge. This dissertation proposes a novel approach to motion segmentation, using the image edges in a frame. Using edges, a motion can be calculated for each object. Edges provide good motion information, and it is shown that a set of edges, labelled according to the object motion that they

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22

Li, Zhongqiang. "Segmentation of textured images." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1991. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20270/.

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This study is dedicated to the problem of segmenting monochrome images into distinct homogeneous regions by texture properties. The principle of the approaches to texture segmentation adopted in this thesis is mapping a textured image into a grey level image so that conventional segmentation techniques by intensity can be applied. Three novel approaches to texture segmentation have been developed in this thesis. They are called the Local Feature Statistics Approach (LFS), the Local Spectral Mapping Approach (LSM) and the Multichannel Spatial Filtering Approach (MSF). In the LFS approach, a mul

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Chowdhury, Md Mahbubul Islam. "Image segmentation for coding." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0017/MQ55494.pdf.

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24

Wang, Jingdong. "Graph based image segmentation /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CSED%202007%20WANG.

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Wyatt, Paul. "Concurrent segmentation and registration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398273.

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Djelouah, Abdelaziz. "Multi-view Object Segmentation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENM004/document.

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L'utilisation de systèmes multi-caméras est de plus en plus populaire et il y a un intérêt croissant à résoudre les problèmes de vision par ordinateur dans ce contexte particulier. L'objectif étant de ne pas se limiter à l'application des méthodes monoculaires mais de proposer de nouvelles approches intrinsèquement orientées vers les systèmes multi-caméras. Le travail de cette thèse a pour objectif une meilleure compréhension du problème de segmentation multi-vues, pour proposer une nouvelle approche qui tire meilleur parti de la redondance d'information inhérente à l'utilisation de plusieurs

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Reyes-Aldasoro, Constantino Carlos. "Multiresolution volumetric texture segmentation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67756/.

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This thesis investigates the segmentation of data in 2D and 3D by texture analysis using Fourier domain filtering. The field of texture analysis is a well-trodden one in 2D, but many applications, such as Medical Imaging, Stratigraphy or Crystallography, would benefit from 3D analysis instead of the traditional, slice-by-slice approach. With the intention of contributing to texture analysis and segmentation in 3D, a multiresolution volumetric texture segmentation (M-VTS) algorithm is presented. The method extracts textural measurements from the Fourier domain of the data via sub-band filtering

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莫巧言 and Hau-yin Mok. "An improved segmentation rule." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214460.

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Sedighian, Pouye. "Pediatric heart sound segmentation." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1526952.

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<p> Recent advances in technology have facilitated the prospect of automatic cardiac auscultation by using digital stethoscopes. This in turn creates the need for development of algorithms capable of automatic segmentation of the heart sound. Pediatric heart sound segmentation is a challenging task due to various factors including the significant influence of respiration on the heart sound. This project studies the application of homomorphic filtering and Hidden Markov Model for the purpose of pediatric heart sound segmentation. The efficacy of the proposed method is evaluated on a publicly av

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Linnett, L. M. "Multi-texture image segmentation." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/856.

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Visual perception of images is closely related to the recognition of the different texture areas within an image. Identifying the boundaries of these regions is an important step in image analysis and image understanding. This thesis presents supervised and unsupervised methods which allow an efficient segmentation of the texture regions within multi-texture images. The features used by the methods are based on a measure of the fractal dimension of surfaces in several directions, which allows the transformation of the image into a set of feature images, however no direct measurement of the fra

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Porter, Robert Mark Stefan. "Texture classification and segmentation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389032.

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Basman, Antranig Michael. "Statistical region-based segmentation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621868.

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Armani, Luca. "Machine Learning: Customer Segmentation." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24925/.

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Con lo scopo di risparmiare capitale e incrementare i profitti tramite attività di marketing sempre più mirate, conoscere le preferenze di un cliente e supportarlo nell’acquisto, sta passando dall’essere una scelta all’essere una necessità. A tal proposito, le aziende si stanno muovendo verso un approccio sempre più automatizzato per riuscire a classificare la clientela, cos`ı da ottimizzare sempre più l’esperienza d’acquisto. Tramite il Machine Learning è possibile effettuare svariati tipi di analisi che consentano di raggiungere questo scopo. L’obiettivo di questo progetto è, in prima fase

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CAILLOL, HELENE. "Segmentation statistique floue d'images." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066783.

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Cette these est consacree a la segmentation statistique floue d'images. Dans le cadre de la segmentation bayesienne, une image est modelisee par deux champs aleatoires: le champ des classes representant la verite-terrain inobservable et que l'on cherche a estimer et le champ des observations. Le champ des classes est generalement suppose prendre ses valeurs dans un ensemble fini des classes thematiques. Le modele propose dans cette these vise a enrichir ce modele classique: chaque site de la verite-terrain peut soit appartenir a l'une des classes thematiques, soit resulter d'un melange de ces

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Haddad, Stephen. "Texture measures for segmentation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7461.

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-72).<br>Texture is an important visual cue in both human and computer vision. Segmenting images into regions of constant texture is used in many applications. This work surveys a wide range of texture descriptors and segmentation methods to determine the state of the art in texture segmentation. Two types of texture descriptors are investigated: filter bank based methods and local descriptors. Filter banks deconstruct an image into several bands, each of which emphasises areas of the image with different properties. Textons are an adaptive histogram m

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Marzouki, Abdelwaheb. "Segmentation statistique d'images radar." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-304.pdf.

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Cette thèse est consacrée a la segmentation statistique non supervisée des images radar. L'originalité de notre étude réside dans l'adoption du système de distributions de Pearson pour modéliser les scènes naturelles homogènes. Nous généralisons les méthodes d'estimation employées pour un mélange de distributions de même loi a un mélange de distributions de lois différentes et appartenant au système de Pearson. Des algorithmes d'estimation bases sur la maximisation de la vraisemblance et sur la notion de l’Esperance conditionnelle ont été développes afin d'accomplir cette tâche. Les méthodes d

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Perroton, Laurent. "Segmentation parallèle d'images volumiques." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10328.

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Dans cette these, nous nous sommes interesse a plusieurs problemes lies a l'imagerie discrete 3d d'une part, et a la parallelisation d'algorithmes de segmentation d'images d'autres part. Dans une premiere partie, divers problemes d'imagerie discrete 3d sont presentes. L'approche des complexes cellulaires dont l'objectif est d'offrir une modelisation coherente en imagerie volumique discrete est introduite. Une notion de surface discrete composee d'elements bidimensionnels de l'espace 3d est rappele. Plusieurs resultats theoriques sur ce sujet sont rassembles dans un rapport de recherche fourni

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Checchin, Paul. "Segmentation d'images de profondeur." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF21871.

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Cette thèse concerne la segmentation des données discrètes 3D, appelées images de profondeur, fournies par des capteurs de profondeur actifs. Ces informations tridimensionnelles sont une représentation point par point des surfaces observées par ces capteurs de vision. Les différents méthodes et capteurs permettant l'acquisition d'informations tridimensionnelles sont décrits. Le problème de la segmentation d'images de profondeur est défini, puis les principales techniques de segmentation sont présentées. Une analyse de l'état de l'art dans le domaine nous amène à justifier la direction de nos t

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Böhmová, Veronika. "Segmentation of young people." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17354.

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My thesis deals with clothing habits of young people. The first part descibes the process of market segmentation, the second part abou the lifestyle of young people and about their clothing habits. I used a questionaire and with the help of PASW Statistics I revaled four segments.

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Zou, Wenbin. "Semantic-oriented Object Segmentation." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAR0007/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur les problèmes de segmentation d’objets et la segmentation sémantique qui visent soit à séparer des objets du fond, soit à l’attribution d’une étiquette sémantique spécifique à chaque pixel de l’image. Nous proposons deux approches pour la segmentation d’objets, et une approche pour la segmentation sémantique. La première approche est basée sur la détection de saillance. Motivés par notre but de segmentation d’objets, un nouveau modèle de détection de saillance est proposé. Cette approche se formule dans le modèle de récupération de la matrice de faible rang en exploitant

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Leitner, François Mohr Roger. "Segmentation dynamique d'images tridimensionnelles." S.l. : Université Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344080.

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Mok, Hau-yin. "An improved segmentation rule /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17538245.

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Reavy, Richard Wilson. "Image segmentation for automatic target recognition : an investigation of a method of applying post-segmentation derived information to a secondary segmentation process." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12840.

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A fundamental automatic target recognition (ATR) system can be composed of an object segmentation stage, followed by feature extraction from those objects produced by segmentation, and finally classification of these object features. The capability of such a system in terms of classification success is therefore limited not only by the quality of the feature extraction and classification methods used, but also by the quality of the initial object segmentation. In this thesis, a novel architecture is described which uses two stages of segmentation. This allows image features derived after a pri

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BINDER, THOMAS. "Gland Segmentation with Convolutional Neural Networks : Validity of Stroma Segmentation as a General Approach." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246134.

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The analysis of glandular morphology within histopathology images is a crucial step in determining the stage of cancer. Manual annotation is a very laborious task. It is time consuming and suffers from the subjectivity of the specialists that label the glands. One of the aims of computational pathology is developing tools to automate gland segmentation. Such an algorithm would improve the efficiency of cancer diag- nosis. This is a complex task as there is a large variability in glandular morphologies and staining techniques. So far, specialised models have given promising results focusing on

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Ibrahim, Ali. "Qualitative Segmentation vs. Quantitative Segmentation in a Water Use Market: A Cost Benefit Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/381386.

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Attention has been directed towards audience segmentation due to the added value that it may deliver to a social marketing program. Segmentation offers one means to better utilise limited resources to enhance reach in groups most at need in social marketing projects. While the importance of segmentation is well known, its application in social marketing practice remains limited, and research considering different segmentation approaches is inadequate. In this social marketing project, qualitative and quantitative segmentation approaches were specifically applied to the water use market of resi

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Leibe, Bastian. "Interleaved object categorization and segmentation /." Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 2004. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=15752.

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Zappella, Luca. "Manifold clustering for motion segmentation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/34765.

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En aquesta tesi s’estudia el problema de la segmentació del moviment. La tesi presenta una revisió dels principals algoritmes de segmentació del moviment, s’analitzen les característiques principals i es proposa una classificació de les tècniques més recents i importants. La segmentació es pot entendre com un problema d’agrupament d’espais (manifold clustering). Aquest estudi aborda alguns dels reptes més difícils de la segmentació de moviment a través l’agrupament d’espais. S’han proposat nous algoritmes per a l’estimació del rang de la matriu de trajectòries, s’ha presenta una mesura de sim

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Cosp, Vilella Jordi. "Scene segmentation using neuromorphic networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6319.

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Els avanços en neurociència han portat el desenvolupament de models complexes de neurones artificials semblants a les seves contraparts biològiques. Aquests models han millorat la funcionalitat de les xarxes neuronals artificials i han aparegut noves aplicacions. No obstant, la complexitat dels nous models de neurones fa que la seva simulació sigui difícil i requereixi molt de temps i un elevat consum de potència. Aquests no són un problemes importants per aplicacions que no tenen restriccions de consum i en la complexitat del sistema com són la simulació de neurones naturals o la recerca de l

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Gerber-Morón, Olivia. "Subtitle segmentation quality across screens." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665461.

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Abstract:

Es considera que la segmentació de subtítols, és a dir, la forma en què es divideix el text en un subtítol de dues línies, constitueix un dels paràmetres que influeix en la llegibilitat dels subtítols. Durant més de dues dècades, els experts en subtitulat han sostingut que les línies dels subtítols han de dividir-se seguint les regles sintàctiques per facilitar la lectura del text. No obstant això, la indústria audiovisual no té en compte sempre aquestes regles a l'hora de crear els subtítols. Existeixen dues raons que podrien justificar per què no sempre es posen en pràctica aquestes regles:

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Torre, Alcoceba Margarita. "Model-Based Segmentation of Images." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670932.

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Abstract:

La fotografia congela en un instant les dades que després es poden extreure, interpretar i transformar amb el pas del temps per comunicar informació en diferents formats. Fer mapes a partir de fotografies va ser una revolució en la cartografia. Els avenços en Computer Vision ajuden a provocar la propera revolució d’aquesta disciplina, que té com a objectiu la informació geogràfica cada cop més detallada que es requereix en períodes de temps més curts. D’aquesta manera, el procés que va de la imatge a un mapa ha esdevingut cada cop més automàtic. Les imatges, ja capturades amb càmer

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