Journal articles: 'Seismic Loads'

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Goyal, Akash, A. N. Shankar, and S. K. Sethy. "Parametric Analysis of Hyperbolic Cooling Tower under Seismic Loads, Wind Loads and Dead Load through Staad. Pro." International Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 8 (August 31, 2017): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25125/engineering-journal-ijoer-aug-2017-6.

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Kim, Taeo, Sang Whan Han, and Soo Ik Cho. "Effect of Wind Loads on Collapse Performance and Seismic Loss for Steel Ordinary Moment Frames." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042011.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of wind loads on the seismic collapse performance and seismic loss for steel ordinary moment frames (OMFs). For this purpose, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-story steel OMFs are repeatedly designed for (1) gravity load + seismic load, (2) gravity load + seismic load + wind load (wind speed = 44 m/s), and (3) gravity load + seismic load + wind load (wind speed = 55 m/s). The seismic collapse performance and seismic loss of OMFs are evaluated using the procedures in FEMA P695 (FEMA, 2009) and FEMA P58 (FEMA, 2018), respectively. Steel OMFs designed with consideration of wind loads have larger member sections than corresponding steel OMFs designed without consideration of wind loads as expected. Although member sections are increased when wind loads are considered, the growth in the maximum base shear force and lateral stiffness of OMFs are insignificant. Unlike our expectation, OMFs designed with consideration of wind loads have higher expected annual loss (EAL) than corresponding OMFs designed without consideration of wind loads.

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Ramakrishna, B., G. Swetha, SK Amreen Shazia, K. Kiran Sai, and S. Durga Venkata Dinesh. "Analysis of Multi-Storied Building in Different Seismic Zones using STAAD Pro." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 982, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012074.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to analysis of a multi-stored building [G+5] using STAAD Pro by considering different seismic zones. The analysis of a multi-stored building [G+5] initially for all type of loads (Seismic load, Dead load, Live load and Wind load) and possible load combinations are performed as per Indian codes. The seismic analysis is done under different zones which are Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV, Zone-V and also zone factor values are considered as per IS 1893-2002 (Part-1). By considering each zone factor value and loads including self-weight, member weight, floor weight in seismic load, dead load, live load and wind loads the structure may affect. Also observing the Shear force, bending moment and deflection values for the whole building in different Seismic zones by using STAAD Pro. In analysing the whole structure considering all parameters like all loads (live load, dead load, seismic loads wind load) and type of structure, damping ratio, importance factor, response reduction factor, zone factor/different cities under different zones plays major role in building how it reacts to it and by shear force, bending moment, deflection values states that it is safe in particular zones or all the factors must be taken in consideration to imply the building is safe or not.

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MAKINO, MINORU, and TADASHI SEIKE. "ON SEISMIC LOADS AND SEISMIC ZONING FACTORS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 399 (1989): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.399.0_65.

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Easazadeh Far, Narges, and Majid Barghian. "Safety Identifying of Integral Abutment Bridges under Seismic and Thermal Loads." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/757608.

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Integral abutment bridges (IABs) have many advantages over conventional bridges in terms of strength and maintenance cost. Due to the integrity of these structures uniform thermal and seismic loads are known important ones on the structure performance. Although all bridge design codes consider temperature and earthquake loads separately in their load combinations for conventional bridges, the thermal load is an “always on” load and, during the occurrence of an earthquake, these two important loads act on bridge simultaneously. Evaluating the safety level of IABs under combination of these loads becomes important. In this paper, the safety of IABs—designed by AASHTO LRFD bridge design code—under combination of thermal and seismic loads is studied. To fulfill this aim, first the target reliability indexes under seismic load have been calculated. Then, these analyses for the same bridge under combination of thermal and seismic loads have been repeated and the obtained reliability indexes are compared with target indexes. It is shown that, for an IAB designed by AASHTO LRFD, the indexes have been reduced under combined effects. So, the target level of safety during its design life is not provided and the code’s load combination should be changed.

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Yang, Chun Xia, Qing Qing Liu, Li Juan Sun, and Jian Guo Liang. "Calculating Size Limitations of Non-Load-Bearing Walls under Seismic Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2646.

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Infill walls,etc. non-load-bearing walls are vulnerable to fracture when these are subjected to out-of-plane seismic loads. Studies suggest that the overall dimensions of non-load-bearing walls are the important parameters to affect its out-of-plane mechanical properties, but most of these researches are qualitative researches, do not give specific size limitations. This paper based on codes has calculated out-of-plane loads of non-load-bearing walls, then bearing capacity check formulas have been deduced when non-load-bearing walls are subjected to out-of-plane seismic loads, finally the size limitations used in the height-thickness ratio check and seismic check are obtained.The conclusions fill up gaps in research of non-load-bearing walls ,and provide reference for the design specifications of non-load-bearing walls.

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Apostolopoulos, Charis, Argyro Drakakaki, and Maria Basdeki. "Seismic assessment of RC column under seismic loads." International Journal of Structural Integrity 10, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-02-2018-0013.

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PurposeAs it is widely known, corrosion is a major deterioration factor for structures which are located on coastal areas. Corrosion has a great impact on both the durability and seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures. In the present study, two identical reinforced concrete columns were constructed and mechanical tests were organized to simulate seismic conditions. Prior to the initiation of the mechanical tests, the base of one of the two columns was exposed to predetermined accelerated electrochemical corrosion (at a height of 60 cm from the base). After the completion of the experimental loading procedure, the hysteresis curves – for unilateral and bilateral loadings – of the two samples were presented and analyzed (in terms of strength, displacement and dissipated energy). The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachIn the present study, two identical reinforced concrete columns were constructed and mechanical tests were organized to simulate seismic conditions. The tests were executed under the combination of a constant vertical force with horizontal, gradually increasing, cyclic loads. The implemented displacements, of the free end of the column, ranged from 0.2 to 5 percent. Prior to the initiation of the mechanical tests, the base of one of the two columns was exposed to predetermined accelerated electrochemical corrosion (at a height of 60 cm from the base). After the completion of the experimental loading procedure, the hysteresis curves of the two samples were presented and analyzed (in terms of strength, displacement and dissipated energy).FindingsAnalyzing the results, for both unilateral and bilateral loadings, a significant reduction of the seismic performance of the corroded column was highlighted. The corrosion damage imposed on the reference column resulted in the dramatic decrease of its energy reserves, even though an increase in ductility was recorded. Furthermore, more attention was paid to the consequences of the uneven corrosion damage, recorded on the steel bars examined, on ductility, hysteretic behavior and damping ratio.Originality/valueIn the present paper, the influence of the corrosion effects on the cyclic response of structural elements was presented and analyzed. The simulation of the seismic conditions was achieved by imposing, at the same time, a constant vertical force and horizontal, gradually increasing, cyclic loads. Finally, an evaluation of the performance of a column, under both unilateral and bilateral loadings, took place before and after corrosion.

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Kuznetsova, Inna, Alexander Uzdin, and Oypasha Sabirova. "Load combinations in performance-based designing of earthquake-resisting structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823905009.

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Load combinations for seismic and other loads are considered. To this aim the equiprobable sets of loads with the corresponding probabilities are analyzed. The combination of motor-car and seismic loads is considered in details. The log-normal distribution law was used as a distribution density functions for car load. The distribution of the earthquake event stream was taken according to Poisson's law, which makes it possible to estimate the design seismic intensity. In the frame of this intensity peak ground accelerations were estimated. The dependence of the combination coefficient of the seismic load on the combination coefficient of the motor-road load was obtained. The results obtained show, that combination coefficients in Performance Based Designing should be calculated separately for each input level. For the design earthquake and the maximum design earthquake the combination coefficients vary significantly. The values of the combination coefficients are determined mainly by the frequency of the design actions and to a lesser extent they depend on the seismic activity of the building site.

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Bagio, Toni Hartono, Sofia W. Alisjahbana, Helmy Darjanto, and Najid Najid. "Orthotropic plates with dynamic vertical seismic load modeled as multi line." Engineering Solid Mechanics 11, no. 2 (2023): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2023.1.002.

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Calculation plate floor concrete, using a static load which is a gravity load consisting of a live load and a dead load, with various of boundary conditions, floor slabs are orthotropic plate, and rarely account for dynamic loads due to vertical seismic loads, with other boundary conditions, such as Clamped, simply supported, ES (Elastic Support), ER (Elastic Restraint), and ESR (Elastic Support and Restraint). Analytical solution based on the Modified Bolotin Method to analyze floor slab under Vertical Peak Ground Acceleration (PGAv), the natural frequency solution based on auxiliary Levy’s type problems. Dynamic vertical seismic loads using multiline, first line at 0 < t < 0.5 is linear equation, second line at 0.05 < t < 0.15 is quadratic equation, third line 0.15 > t < 0.6 is sextic equation, last line, t > 0.6 is linear equation, vertical seismic load with two conditions far fault and near fault, multi-line equation are depending on (PGAv/g). A numerical example is given, for various boundary conditions, and far fault, translational stiffness (kx, ky) and rotational stiffness (cx ,cy), from the results of plate calculations due to dynamic vertical seismic loads with 5 types of edge support, ES (elastic support) is the best result.

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10

Vostrov, V. K. "Specific and Emergency Seismic Loads." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 1 (January 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2018-1-14-21.

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11

Malhotra, Praveen K. "Seismic Risk and Design Loads." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2161185.

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The 2003 International Building Code seismic design procedures do not result in uniform risk throughout the country. A comparison is made between the expected lifetime damage to two identical buildings—one in the western United States and other in the central United States. The seismic design accelerations are the same for these buildings, but the expected lifetime damage is very different. The causes of this difference are discussed in the paper.

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Laissy, M. Y. "Effect of Different Types of Bracing System and Shear Wall on the Seismic Response of RC Buildings Resting on Sloped Terrain." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1958–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-09-014.

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Several factors have been affecting the urban design areas, leading to the construction of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. Buildings on sloped terrains have been gaining increased popularity, especially from architectural peers. The vulnerability of constructions to seismic loads on sloped terrains increases due to mass and vertical irregularity, which in turn increases the torsional moments as well as shear forces. To control the effect of the seismic loads, many systems have been implemented, including shear walls and bracing systems. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of different strengthening systems and to identify the most suitable one for seismic load resistance. This paper studies the behavior of buildings with different strengthening systems applied to seismic loads using ETABS V18.1 and response spectrum analysis. A parametric study for these buildings has been performed to evaluate the effect of seismic loads on them. A dynamic analysis of the buildings in terms of shear forces, displacement, drift, fundamental time period, base shear, and story stiffness was carried out. The results demonstrated that the use of a combined strengthening system increased the stiffness and stability of the models and the resistance of RC buildings to seismic loads on sloped terrains. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-09-014 Full Text: PDF

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Aksar, Bora, Selcuk Dogru, Bulent Akbas, Jay Shen, Onur Seker, and Rou Wen. "Amplified Seismic Loads in Steel Moment Frames." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.222.

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This study focuses on exploring the seismic axial loads for columns in steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) under strong ground motions. For this purpose, the increases in axial loads are investigated at the maximum lateral load level and the corresponding lateral displacement. The results are presented in terms of maximum amplification factors (Ω0) of all frame columns under the selected ground motions and axial load-moment levels in columns. four typical steel moment resisting frames representing typical low, medium and high rise steel buildings are designed based on the seismic design requirement in ASCE 7-10 and AISC 341-10 . An ensemble of ground motions range from moderate to severe are selected to identify the seismic response of each frames. Two sets of ground motions corresponding to 10% and 2% probability of exceedance are used in nonlinear dynamic time history analyses.

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Purnomo, Heru, Mulia Orientilize, Sjahril A Rahim, and Firdaus A Zaki. "Evaluation of notional loads magnitude to three calibration concentric braced frames subjected to seismic loads in Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601005.

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The changing of SNI 03-1729 from 2002 to 2015 which refer to AISC 2010 change the method of steel stability analysis from effective length method (ELM) to direct analysis method (DAM). DAM use second order elastic analysis, accommodate strength reduction, geometric imperfection presented as notional load, and take buckling factor (K) equal to 1. Numerical study has been conducted to find out the appropriate magnitude of notional loads on concentric braced frame subjected to seismic load in Indonesia. Experimental results from three different calibration frames from previous research were used as reference. The frames consisted of 1-story, 3-stories, and 5-stories were reanalyzed by using SAP software with four different methods: ELM first order elastic analysis, ELM second order elastic analysis, and DAM with different notional loads coefficient as 0.002 and 0.003. Seismic loads according SNI 1726:2012 in three seismic regions were considered.

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Lapin, Vladimir, Syrymgaly Yerzhanov, Nurakhmet Makish, and Assel Azhibayeva. "Reducing Seismic and Traffic Loads Using Seismic Isolating Systems." Transportation Research Procedia 54 (2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.02.042.

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Shugaylo, Oleksandr P., and Serhii I. Bilyk. "The Specifics of the Compilation of the Calculated Load Combinations in the Assessment of Seismic Resistance of Steel Supporting Structures of Nuclear Power Plant Equipment and Piping." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pmach2022.03.006.

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The seismic resistance of nuclear power plant equipment and piping is determined, inter alia, by the seismic resistance of their steel supporting structures. During the operation of the nuclear power plant power unit, mechanical loads from the elements installed on them are transferred to the steel supporting structures of the equipment and piping. During an earthquake, seismic loads are added to these loads. By state building codes, when considering steel structures in special operating conditions (in particular, exposed to seismic hazards), it is necessary to comply with additional requirements that reflect the features of these structures. Given this, the issue of developing approaches to the compilation of load combinations in assessing the seismic resistance of steel supporting structures of nuclear power plants equipment and piping is acute, taking into account the specific conditions of their operation. The paper is also relevant as it is one of the priority areas of science and technology under the legislation of Ukraine. The development of approaches to the compilation of the calculated load combinations will contribute to the improvement and development of methods for assessing the safety of nuclear power facilities. The paper presents the results of the review of the provisions of state building codes on the calculated combinations of loads when assessing the strength of steel structures. Approaches to the compilation of the calculated load combinations in assessing seismic resistance of steel supporting structures power units of nuclear power plants equipment and piping taking into account the specific conditions of their operation have been developed.

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Indulkar, Nitin, Prof A. N. Humnabad, and Prof Dr Navnath V. Khadake. "Comparative Study of Seismic analysis of Bridge Substructure in different Seismic Zones as per IRC Guidelines." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 3551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43016.

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Abstract: The capacity design philosophy has currently become design norm for the seismic design of structural systems. it is necessary to assess the overstrength capacity of piers before proceeding with the design of the foundation and superstructure. This paper is devoted to developing deterministic procedures for the seismic analysis of substructure and foundation. Therefore, a moment-curvature approach is analysed. A parametric study is then conducted to investigate the factors that causes the seismic forces in the system. A simplified analysis methodology is put forward based on IRC SP 114; 2018. It is applicable for seismic design of bridges with a design service life of 100 years, considering Design Basis Earthquake (DBE). It has covered the seismic map and spectral acceleration graphs as specified in IS: 1893-Part-I- 2016. It also adopts the method prescribed for evaluation of liquefaction possibility, as specified in IS: 1893-Part-I- 2016. For the evaluation of seismic forces, Elastic Seismic Acceleration method, Elastic Response Spectrum method and Linear Time History method are specified. The IRC Guidelines describe the various types of special investigations to be carried out for bridges to be constructed in near field zones, skew, and curved bridges and so on. For loads and load combinations, IRC 6-2017 provides the guidelines and specifications. Objective of this code is to provide common procedure for design of bridges. It deals with the various loads such as vehicular loads, braking forces, wind load, water current forces and their combinations. Keywords: Seismic design of Bridge Substructure, IRC guidelines, Seismic design, Seismic analysis, seismic zones.

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Sunardi, Sunardi, I. Gde Budi Indrawan, and Ardian Baroto Murti. "Numerical Analyses of Tunnel Outlet Slope at Leuwikeris Dam, West Java, Indonesia." Journal of Applied Geology 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.69701.

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The excavated slope of the diversion tunnel outlet at the Leuwikeris Dam was designed based on core test data and the Circular Failure Chart (CFC) method. Stability of the excavated slope under static and seismic loads has not been verified using a different method. The objective of this research was to evaluate performance of the excavated slope under static and seismic loads using the finite element method (FEM). Stability analyses of the natural slope were also carried out to assess the improved stability of the slope after excavation. Geological mapping, examinations of drill cores and borehole logs, and laboratory tests were conducted to characterise the soils and rocks comprising the tunnel outlet slope. The rock masses were characterised using the Geological Strength Index (GSI) for the input parameters of the Generalised Hoek-Brown criterion. The slope stability analyses under static and seismic loads were performed using the finite element-based computer package RS2. The results show that the diversion tunnel construction site consists of residual soil and very poor to fair quality andesite breccia rock and tuff breccia with thin claystone intercalation. The groundwater table was located approximately 40 m below the ground surface. In general, the seismic load reduced stability of the slopes. The critical strength reduction factor (SRF) values of the natural portal slope, which had 40º inclination, were 3.6 and 1.45 under static and seimic loads, respectively. Meanwhile, the SRF values of the excavated slope, which had seven benches and 55 to 74º inclinations, were 3.83 and 1.78 under static and seismic loads, respectively. The natural and excavated slopes were considered stable under static and seismic loads and met the stability criteria specified by the National Standardization Agency (2017). The slope design increased the slope FS values by 6% and 20% under static and seismic loads, respectively.

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Rotoloni, D. F., and A. K. Dhalla. "A Procedure to Incorporate Effects of Seismic Events in a Quasi-Static Piping System Inelastic Analysis." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264428.

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Inelastic analysis of a prototypic liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) piping system is generally performed without explicit consideration of time-dependent seismic loading. This paper presents an approximate procedure to simulate dynamic seismic loading as an equivalent static load for inelastic analysis. This procedure utilizes the results of the available linear seismic response spectrum analysis to calculate external (statically equivalent) loads. These statically equivalent loads are selected such that they produce internal forces and moments comparable to those predicted by the linear response spectrum analysis.

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Berrill, J. B. "Seismic hazard analysis and design loads." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 30, 1985): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.18.2.139-150.

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This article briefly reviews the seismic design load and zoning scheme proposed by the NZNSEE Bridge Study Group and discusses subsequent work in improving the underlying estimates of New Zealand seismic hazard. The loading scheme, published in 1980, was based on contemporary knowledge of seismic hazard in New Zealand and was innovative in its format which was chosen to give the designer flexibility in selecting the degree of ductility built into the structure, and the return period of the design motions. Difficulty in estimating the design spectra for the NZNSEE study prompted a number of research projects at Canterbury University directed towards a thorough analysis of seismic hazard in New Zealand, expressed directly in terms of acceleration response spectra. These studies, together with complementary work by the SANZ Relative Earthquake Risk Subcommittee are described and discussed.

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Mubarak, Mubarak, Abdullah Abdullah, Azmeri Azmeri, and Yulia Hayati. "Cost Estimation of Structural Components of a Building by considering the Seismic Load on Different Regions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (December 18, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7357913.

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Seismic loads should be considered in the cost estimation process as a consequence of changes in structural dimensions. Seismic loads received by buildings vary from one region to another, which are used as a basis for dimensioning structural components. This paper aims to investigate the potential cost changes of the reinforced concrete (RC) beam and column elements as an implication of variations in seismic load received by a building constructed in different seismic areas. This study was applied to a prototype of the two-story building. The structure analysis performed with dynamic analysis by varying seismic design categories based on eight seismic zones in the observed area. The utilization of a building prototype was applied to three indices of seismic importance factor to represent the building occupancy category. The results of the study explaining the increase in the total cost of the two RC elements are 0.68%, 1.70%, and 1.54%, respectively, for the seismic importance factor indices of 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50. The variations of the costs due to the factor of seismic load and building occupancy categories indicate that both factors need to be considered in the cost estimation process of buildings.

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Park, Young Mi, Sang Whan Han, and Jong Hyuk Ryu. "Comparison of Seismic Behaviors of Interior Joints in PT and RC Flat Plate Systems." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.741.

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The purpose of this study is to compare the seismic behaviors of interior post-tensioned (PT) and reinforced concrete (RC) flat plate slab-column connections designed to resist only gravity loads. In general, flat plate systems have been used to support gravity loads, which should be constructed with lateral system such as shear walls or moment frames. Flat plate systems should retain the ability to undergo the lateral drift associated with the lateral system without loss of gravity load carrying capacity. Although these systems are common, relatively little experimental study has been conducted to assess actual behavior under lateral loads. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the seismic performance of two PT and one RC slab-column interior connection under high gravity loads. This study observed that PT connections had a better seismic performance than corresponding RC connections in terms strength, deformability, energy absorption.

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Tripathi, Raghav, and Dr Savita Maru. "Wind and Seismic Analysis of Pre Engineered Building." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53936.

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Abstract: With the development of science and technology in the field of structural engineering, it is possible to adopt preengineered buildings in both industrial and residential construction sectors. For important buildings it is more suitable to use pre engineered building as these are more safe and take less time in construction in comparison of RCC structures. The main objective of this paper is pre-engineered steel structure will be design and analyzed for wind loads, dead loads, live loads and different load combinations on structure. The pre-engineered construction concept involves pre-engineering and quality construction systems which will help to minimize the cost and time.

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Thuat, Dinh Van, Nguyen Dinh Hoa, Ho Viet Chuong, and Truong Viet Hung. "Effects of vertical seismic actions on the responses of single-storey industrial steel building frames." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 13, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2019-13(3)-07.

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Single-storey industrial steel frames with crances are considered as being vertically irregular in structural configuration and load distribution under strong earthquake excitations. In this paper, various analytical frames with their spans of 20, 26, 32 and 38 m and locations built in Ha Noi and Son La regions were designed to resist dead, roof live, crane and wind loads. The equivalent horizontal and vertical static earthquake loads applied on the frames were determined. Next, by using linear elastic analyses of structures, the effects of vertical seismic actions on the responses of the frames were evaluated in terms of the ratios K1 and K2 at the bottom and top of the columns corresponding to different combinations of dead loads and static earthquake loads, as denoted by CE1, CE2 and CE3. The effects of seismic actions compared with those of wind actions were also evaluated in terms of the ratios K3 and K4. As a result, the effects of vertical seismic actions were significant and increased with the span lengths of the frames. In addition, by using nonlinear inelastic analyses of structures, the levels of the static earthquake loads were determined corresponding to the first yielding and maximum resistances of the frames. Keywords: single-storey industrial buildings; steel frames; span lengths; irregularity; vertical seismic actions; earthquake levels; wind loads

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Уздин, А. М., and О. Б. Сабирова. "SELECTION OF DESIGN COMBINATIONS OF SEISMIC LOADS WITH OTHER LOADS." Natural and Technological Risks. Building Safety, no. 3(52) (July 15, 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55341/ptrbs.2021.52.3.001.

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Рассмотрена задача учета сочетаний сейсмической нагрузки с другими нагрузками. Для этого рассматриваются равновероятные пары сочетаемых нагрузок и из них выбирается наиболее опасная. Рассмотрен случай, когда в результате сочетания нагрузок оценивается один из факторов, определяющих сейсмостойкость конструкции. Для этого фактора строится его зависимость от величины сочетаемых нагрузок. С использованием этой зависимости определяется искомый максимум усилия от сочетаемых нагрузок. Для упрощения задачи можно использовать функцию плотности распределения усилия, или другого анализируемого фактора от суммарного действия сочетаемых нагрузок. При этом сразу определяется значение анализируемого фактора с заданной вероятностью превышения. Такой подход приводит к некоторому завышению расчетных усилий, в рассматриваемых точках. В примере, приведенном в статье, он составил около 10%.

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Amin, Mohammad, Robert J. Budnitz, C. Allin Cornell, Robert P. Kennedy, David E. Olson, and Hui Tsung Tang. "Reduced seismic loads for temporary conditions." Nuclear Engineering and Design 192, no. 2-3 (September 1999): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(99)00106-5.

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Olfati, R. S. "Design of Steel Structures in Seismic Conditions." Stroitel'nye Materialy 787, no. 12 (2020): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-787-12-58-62.

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The principles of designing earthquake-resistant steel frames of industrial buildings are considered. Particular attention is paid to the causes of damage to steel frames due to seismic loads impact, as well as the requirements that must be met when designing steel frames in seismically active areas. The most suitable materials that can be used to strengthen the steel frame, because of its correct operation relative to the resulting seismic loads have been studied. The analysis of loads calculated according to the normative documents of Russia and other countries of the world, and their comparison with each other are presented. An overview of possible experimental methods for determining the strength of the frame under seismic loads is given, as well as a critical assessment of the regulatory documents used, namely the formulas and coefficients used, and alternative solutions are proposed. The influence of soil on the strength parameters of the steel frame under seismic load, as well as the influence of own vibrations and forms of the structure on the pliability of the bases, were studied. Promising design solutions for steel frames in the event of earthquakes are indicated. The experience of designing earthquake-resistant structures abroad was studied and the materials of past accidents in Russia and other countries of the world were analyzed.

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Piancastelli, Luca. "Common Mistakes and Their Fixes in Earthquake-Resistant Buildings." Acadlore Transactions on Geosciences 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2022): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/atg010103.

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The primary way to design building structures refers to the stationary loads specified by the governing laws. However, the load pattern does not guarantee the appropriateness of the seismic design. To make matters worse, old or ancient structures are traditionally reinforced for gravitational loads. This study reveals that the traditional reinforcement, in most cases, harms the seismic performance of buildings. The authors introduced the approach of most computer programs for seismic design, along with their limitations. Then, the ancient Roman approach was explained, and the reasons for the survival of many of these ancient structures were exposed thoroughly. After that, classical advices were summarized briefly for good seismic design of structures and reinforcement. Finally, a few classical mistakes were identified in reinforcement design.

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Herrera, Daniel, and Dante Tolentino. "Fragility Assessment of RC Bridges Exposed to Seismic Loads and Corrosion over Time." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031100.

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A methodology to estimate the structural fragility of RC bridges, considering the effects of seismic loadings and corrosion over time, is presented. Two scenarios are considered: (a) The structure is exposed only to seismic loads, (b) Both the effect of corrosion and seismic loads are present in the system. The uncertainties related to material properties, structural geometry, seismic occurrences, corrosion initiation time, cracking and corrosion evolution are considered. Different time stages, such as 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 years are selected to evaluate the effect of both seismic loads and seismic loads plus corrosion. The calculation of fragility curves implies a structural design, nonlinear modeling of structures with simulated properties, estimation of both corrosion times and seismic occurrences, and evaluation of structural demand over time considering the effect of seismic loads and corrosion. An illustrative example is provided on an RC continuous bridge with AASHTO beams, cap beams and circular columns located in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. A performance level equal to 0.002 is chosen for the design of the structure. Results show that the probability of exceeding the design performance levels for both cases (seismic and seismic plus corrosion) are similar at the stage of time equal to zero (a newly built bridge). However, such probabilities, after 150 years, are equal to 0.61 and 0.85 due to the cumulative damage caused by seismic and seismic plus corrosion, respectively. The estimation of the probability of exceeding a certain performance level, considering the effect of corrosion together with seismic loads, highlights the importance of considering more than one type of solicitation for these kinds of structural systems. Lastly, recommendations about design are given.

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Jia, Liang, Shikai He, Na Li, Wei Wang, and Kai Yao. "Stability of Reinforced Retaining Wall under Seismic Loads." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112175.

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Based on the horizontal slice method (HSM) and assuming a log spiral slip surface, a method to analyze the stability of a reinforced retaining wall under seismic loads was established in this study by calculating the tensile force of the reinforcement. A parametric study was conducted on the normalized tensile force of the reinforcement, and it was observed that the normalized tensile force tends to increase with acceleration of the seismic load and the height of the backfill. Moreover, it also increases with soil unit weight, while it decreases with increased friction angle of the backfill soil, and the influence of soil cohesion on the normalized tensile force is not significant. The HSM method is proved to be suitable for analyzing the tensile force of reinforcement in retaining walls under seismic loads.

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Shugaylo, O.-r., D. Ryzhov, O. Sakhno, Ye Pavliv, and L. Khamrovska. "Regarding Requirements to Load Combinations in Case of Evaluation of SSC Seismic Resistance by Indirect Methods." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 1(85) (March 13, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2020.1(85).06.

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Extension of the list of load combinations that should be analyzed during the nuclear power plant (NPP) components seismic resistance justification is one of the important new regulatory requirements. The paper deals with the thermomechanical equipment for which seismic resistance assessment is performed using operating experience method, in particular the methodology of indirect assessment using the GIP (Generic Implementation Procedure) for the WWER reactors (GIP-WWER procedure). Review of GIP-WWER procedure has been performed. The paper presents the analysis of seismic screening evaluation work sheet based on the example of motor-operated valve. The disadvantages of the GIP-WWER procedure in terms of ensuring compliance with current regulatory requirements for combinations of operating and seismic loads have been identified and the ways of eliminating the revealed disadvantages have been offered. The supporting structures of the equipment in most cases are the metal structures. Impact of different NPP operating modes to the steel supporting structures of the equipment has been considered and the provisions of building codes governing the calculation of steel support structures have been analyzed. A minimum listing of operating and seismic loads combinations has been established, which should be considered in the justification of the seismic strength of steel support structures referred to the first and second seismic categories. The paper is a part of a series of publications devoted to consideration of regulatory requirements to combinations of operational and seismic loads in assessing the seismic resistance of NPP components.

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Baltodano-Goulding, Rafael, and Laura Brenes-Garcia. "Influence of degree of saturation in the dynamic stress transmission to a deep foundation." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133703008.

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The structural design of deep foundations depends on both the applied loads and the soil that will support them. However, during an earthquake this process reverses, and the seismic stresses are transmitted towards the structure through the soil. Proper design of deep foundations must account for the lateral loads imposed on the foundations by the dynamic loading. In order to assess the influence of soil saturation in the transmission of a dynamic load to a foundation, a dynamic lateral load pile design was performed using Reese’s p-y curve method. A series of suction-controlled dynamic triaxial tests were performed to obtain the Modulus of subgrade reaction at different matric suctions and seismic coefficients were back-calculated to perform structural designs. In general terms, it was observed that contemplating a saturated soil in the dynamic lateral load pile design does not represent the critical load case for seismic analysis.

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Patidar, Gaurav, and Ankur Pandey. "Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Storey Buildings of Different Shapes." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40595.

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Abstract: The construction of high-rise reinforced concrete buildings, mainly in major cities, is on the flow. So, as the structure becomes tall, it becomes sensitive to lateral loads like wind load and earthquake load. So, it is very important that the building should be safe in dynamic loads because it varies in magnitude with time. This paper presents a summary of research work already done in the seismic & wind analysis of multi-storied buildings with different irregular and complex plan shapes. The effect of shear wall, variation of seismic zone & wind speed also considered along with it. Methods used in the analysis of the seismic & wind analysis for different shaped buildings by different researchers are studied. The Effect of plan shape are studied in this paper in terms of storey drift, lateral displacement, base shear, storey shear, soft storey, axial force, moments, etc. Keywords: Plan irregularity, conventional RC framed, Seismic loading, ETABS, STAAD Pro.

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Xia, Chen, Chengzhi Qi, and Xiaozhao Li. "Viscoelastic Boundary Conditions for Multiple Excitation Sources in the Time Domain." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7982342.

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Transmitting boundaries are important for modeling the wave propagation in the finite element analysis of dynamic foundation problems. In this study, viscoelastic boundaries for multiple seismic waves or excitations sources were derived for two-dimensional and three-dimensional conditions in the time domain, which were proved to be solid by finite element models. Then, the method for equivalent forces’ input of seismic waves was also described when the proposed artificial boundaries were applied. Comparisons between numerical calculations and analytical results validate this seismic excitation input method. The seismic response of subway station under different seismic loads input methods indicates that asymmetric input seismic loads would cause different deformations from the symmetric input seismic loads, and whether it would increase or decrease the seismic response depends on the parameters of the specific structure and surrounding soil.

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Choi, Myeong-Ho, and Chang-Hwan Lee. "Seismic Behavior of Existing Reinforced Concrete Columns with Non-Seismic Details under Low Axial Loads." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031239.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) columns of old existing buildings are vulnerable to earthquakes because the hoops comprising their transverse reinforcement are widely spaced and anchored using 90° hooks. This study extensively evaluated the seismic behavior of RC columns with such non-seismic details. Experiments were conducted by applying lateral cyclic loads to five full-scale column specimens with various transverse reinforcement details subjected to low axial loads. The experimental results demonstrated that the internal transverse crosstie had a significant confinement effect in the non-seismic detailed columns with 90° hoop anchor hooks. In addition, the lateral load–drift relationships, ductilities, and energy dissipation capabilities of the columns were not significantly affected by the hoop spacing or anchor hook angle when a low axial load was applied up to a drift ratio of 3.5% before failure. The evaluation model based on ASCE/SEI 41-17 was then shown to approximate the initial stiffness, maximum strength, and post-peak strength reduction behavior of the non-seismically reinforced column. This study was based on the experimental behavior of single column members, and it needs to be extended to research on frame structures in which columns are connected to beams and slabs.

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Singh, Shivani, and Vinayak Mishra. "Comparative Study of Waffle Slab with Bracing System and Conventional Slabs without Bracing System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46263.

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Abstract: The analysis and design of structures are influenced by earthquake ground motion. The objective of this work is to analyse a commercial building with two different slab configurations, including conventional slabs, grid/waffle slabs and structures with bracings. The bracing system allows load to be transmitted from the frame to the braces, increasing the structure's capacity to withstand lateral loads. Time history analysis is performed in order to study the impact of seismic loads on structures with two different slab layouts using ETABS software. Storey drift, stiffness, joint displacement and storey displacement are among the parameters that have an influence on a structure's performance and are vital in determining how building will respond under seismic loads and other load combinations. IS 456-2000 code is taken into consideration for designing purpose. Live loads are taken in accordance to IS 875-part 1 and earthquake analysis is performed according to IS 1893-2016 Part 1. Results are depicted in the form of graphs and tables in the research paper. The outcome demonstrates that waffle slab with bracing system in terms of displacement and drift shows better performance, in contrast to alternative slab arrangements utilized in the seismic evaluation of the buildings.

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Nishiyama, Minehiro. "Seismic design of prestressed concrete buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 31, 1990): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.23.4.288-304.

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The current seismic design procedure for prestressed concrete buildings in Japan is described. The design seismic loads for prestressed concrete buildings provided in NZS 4203:1984 are compared with those in the corresponding Japanese code. Comparisons between prestressed concrete and ordinary reinforced concrete buildings are discussed with regard to design seismic load, dynamic response during earthquake motions and the performance of beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading. The results of several tests are summarised.

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Salajka, Vlastislav, Petr Hradil, and Jiri Kala. "Assess of the Nuclear Power Plant Structures Residual Life and Earthquake Resistance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1247.

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The paper deals with the seismic analysis of safety related structures of an operating nuclear power plant. At present time the nuclear power plants of VVER-400/213 type operate for over thirty years and there are arising requirements to verify the actual state of structures in order to assess their residual life in general. A sophisticated computation model has been developed for the seismic structural analysis using the ANSYS program package. The model involves the complex of all constrained structures of two main production blocks with equipment. In order to get a general view at the seismic load effects, seismic response analysis has been performed using direct integration of equations of motion in 25 sec interval at 0.01 sec step with excitation described by accelerograms. Combinations of dead loads and seismic loads have been considered in the stress assessment of the structures. The results of the performed analyses form a base for residual life prediction of selected structures

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Rao, S. Anka, K. Peda Malakondaiah, K. Venkata Prasad, Ch Vinay Kumar, Sd Abubakar Siddik, and M. Saikanth. "Design and Comparative Study of Overhead Tank Subjected to Seismic Forces in Different Zones." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2023.11.1.17.

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Overhead tank are generally classified as Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF) and Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) supported response reduction factor. Generally, the Overhead tank consists of structural members like slabs, beams, columns, and footings, where the subjected loads are transferred between the structural members and eventually transferred to the Sub-grade of the soil. The behavior of the Overhead tank is different for various sorts of loadings (Dead, Live, Wind, and Seismic) within the analysis and of overhead tank usefully Indian standards codes suggest various loads combinations supported probability of Occurrence. There are around 52 load combinations and IS codes suggest the lateral load (wind and seismic) acts independently but the load governing the planning of structural members is to be acknowledged. and therefore the present study to research the consequences of wind and seismic forces on Overhead tank structures of heights (15m) are considered in seismic zones II, III, IV, V where length and width of the structures are kept constant. An earthquake load is calculated as per IS and wind pressure calculated as per IS 875-1987. The analysis is done the use of STAAD.pro software.

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Tripathi, Raghav. "Wind and Seismic Analysis of Pre-Engineered Building: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53776.

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Abstract: With the development of science and technology in the field of structural engineering, it is possible to adopt preengineered buildings in both industrial and residential construction sectors. For important buildings it is more suitable to use pre engineered building as these are more safe and take less time in construction in comparison of RCC structures. The main objective of this paper is pre-engineered steel structure will be design and analyzed for wind loads, dead loads, live loads and different load combinations on structure. The pre-engineered construction concept involves pre-engineering and quality construction systems which will help to minimize the cost and time

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Díaz, Otoniel, and Luis E. Suárez. "Seismic Analysis of Wind Turbines." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 2 (May 2014): 743–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/123011eqs316m.

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An analytical model of an operating wind turbine to obtain the seismic response due to three base accelerations is presented. The model considers the flexibility of the blades in the flapping direction and the flexibility of the tower in bending and twisting. Blade aerodynamics and gyroscopic moments are included. A Vestas-V82 turbine is selected to demonstrate the methodology. The results show that only the first two tower modes in each direction (fore-aft and lateral) are mostly excited. It is found that the lateral motion of the wind turbine is more susceptible to experiencing large displacements since the aerodynamic effects are negligible in this direction. The stresses due to combined operational and seismic loads and due to extreme wind loads are less than the allowable stresses. The stresses calculated at the tower top section due to combined operational and seismic loads are larger than those due to extreme wind loads.

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Son, Kwang Ik, Byung Seung Kong, Won Suk Jang, Hee Joong Kim, and Hack Soo Lee. "Probabilistic Approach for Cost Optimization of Structural Materials Using Plastic Hinge Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 3244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.3244.

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In the seismic design, it is important to consider higher risks of damage under seismic design forces than under other general loads, such as live load, dead load, or wind load. Although the full strength of the structure can be developed to resist various types of earthquake forces with respect to increased safety factor, this design concept may be not appropriate when we consider the economic benefit since the design under the seismic force is normally 15 to 25 % more expensive than the design of elastic response. As a one of the seismic design approaches, plastic hinge mechanism has drawn an interest to ensure the economic design performance under the earthquake. In this paper, forecasted seismic motion was simulated using a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the seismic design load applied to the structure system. Then for each seismic load, the economical set of plastic hinge mechanisms was optimized using linear programming.

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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Nonlinear seismic analysis of historical Topuzlu Dam under different seismic loads." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 68, no. 11 (December 2016): 919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.1595.2016.

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NAKAZAWA, Shoji, Toshimasa YANAGISAWA, and Shiro KATO. "SEISMIC LOADS FOR SINGLE LAYER RETICULAR DOMES AND SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 79, no. 703 (2014): 1287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.79.1287.

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Zameeruddin, Mohd, and Keshav K. Sangle. "Seismic Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Seismic Loads." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A 98, no. 1-2 (May 30, 2017): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-017-0196-0.

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Lu, Hai Lin, Li Peng Chen, Song Bo Zhu, Chong Yong Wan, and Jia Qi Qian. "Analysis of Effect Factors about Shear Lag in Curved Box Girder under Seismic Loads." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.505.

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The shear lag effect will cause damage to the curved box girders. And it will adversely affect the bridge’s seismic performance. In order to analyze the effect under seismic loads, finite element models were created in this paper. By changing the parameters, such as curvature radius, width and height, their influence on the shear lag were studied. Results show that the effect was more obvious in wide and flat box girders under seismic load.

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Mohammadi, Sajjad, Abd-ol-Reza Sarvghad Moghaddam, and Alireza Faroughi. "The effect of number and position of braced frames on column behavior of the dual steel structural system (MRF and EBF) (With a view on amplified seismic load)." Ciência e Natura 37 (December 21, 2015): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20858.

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In seismic design of structures, determination of number and position of braced frames, considering the architectural scheme of projects, is usually confronted by obstacles. Due to this fact, in some cases, selecting the best location and number of braced bays has led to mistakes in determination of their adjacent members (columns) design loads. One of the seismic design requirements of lateral resisting system is to control the columns adjacent to braced bays for load combinations of amplified seismic load, which is a function of over-strength factor of the structure. This research aims to present and introduce the best structural model of number and position of braced frames in a structural system, such as steel moment resisting frame and eccentric braces dual system; because in 3rd revision of Iranian 2800 standard of seismic provision, there are statements and criteria provided only for capacity of moment frame, not for braces. Though the amplified seismic load function is controlled in models which columns are connected to braces in 2 directions, and seismic loads are applied in those 2 directions, number of damage hinges (Exceeding CP) is significantly increased in comparison to the models with straggly braces. As the increase in axial force of these columns leads to decrease in their moment capacity (despite controlling the amplified seismic load provision), columns in dual systems that resist flexure, would be damaged and exceed the collapse threshold much sooner than other columns. This important fact is not presented in Iranian or even American codes and provisions.

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Esinovsky, Victor A., Mikhail P. Sainov, Boris A. Zaitsev, and Sergey A. Filippov. "SEISMIC STABILITY OF THE MOORING WALL ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 4 (2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/10.22227/2305-5502.2018.4.2.

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Introduction. New building codes provide for a significant increase in the magnitude of seismic loads that should be perceived by hydraulic structures. In this regard, even in areas with low seismic activity, there may be a problem of ensuring the seismic stability of hydraulic structures. This is particularly acute in berthing facilities. As a rule, they are not so massive to withstand seismic loads. The issue of seismic stability of berthing facilities has not yet been properly considered. The results of numerical simulation of the seismic stability of the mooring-dividing wall during a 7-point earthquake are considered. A structure about 24 m high located on a non-rock base was investigated. Materials and methods. The seismic stability of the mooring structure was estimated by calculating its stress-strain state under the action of seismic forces. Calculations were carried out by the finite element method. Seismic loads on the structure were determined in two ways — by linear-spectral theory and by dynamic theory. For the calculation of seismic loads, 30 lower frequencies and the natural mode of the structure were determined together with an array of its base. When calculating according to the dynamic theory, the seismic effect was specified in the form of an accelerogram adopted for similar conditions. The direction of seismic impact was assumed horizontal. Results. According to the dynamic theory, seismic loads turned out to be lower than according to linear-spectral theory. However, the results of the calculation of the stress-strain state of the mooring structure were close. It was found that the seismic forces on the mooring wall will reach about a quarter of the weight of the structure. Under the influence of such forces, the mooring wall will lose its stability. Conclusions. To ensure seismic stability, it is recommended to combine the mooring wall and the base plate into a single monolithic structure, as well as to strengthen the lower part of the structure and facilitate the upper one.

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AJ, Naveen. "Design and Analysis of Barrel Vault Space Frame Structure." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 2015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45645.

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Abstract: The point of this paper is to concentrate on the plan and investigation of extraordinary kind barrel vault space outline 3d bracket type structure. Furthermore, here investigated and intended for angle proportion with thought of burdens like dead burden, live burden, wind load, administrations, seismic, temperature loads and burden mixes. Space outline is planned by the IS codes alluded to in the plan by a limited component based PC program. the heaps are depicted in the stacking segment have been applied on the design as per IS875 section 1, 2,3 and 5 for dead loads, wind loads and burden mixes. IS1893 section 1 and 4 for seismic burden. this work prompts the correlation on range greatest avoidance, self-weight and cost measures

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Rainer, J. H. "Force reduction factors for the seismic provisions of the National Building Code of Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-068.

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A derivation of force reduction factors for the seismic provisions of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC), 1985, is presented. This includes the following: classification of seismic actions, applicable limit states, change in load factor, derivation of force reduction factors, and classification of structural configurations. Quantitative comparisons are made between the derived force reduction factors and the response modification factors of the Applied Technology Council and good agreement was found. It is suggested that seismic requirements should be considered as accidental actions with a load factor αQ = 1.0. These results can form the basis for possible modifications to the 1985 NBCC seismic provisions. Key words: earthquake resistant structures, building code, loads, load factors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Seismic Loads'

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