Relevant bibliographies by topics / Seismic moment tensor

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Seismic moment tensor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Seismic moment tensor"

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Ford, Sean R., Gordon D. Kraft, and Gene A. Ichinose. "Seismic moment tensor event screening." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz578.

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SUMMARY Event screening is an explosion monitoring practice that aims to identify an event as an explosion (‘screened in’) or not (‘screened out’). Confidence in event screening can be increased if multiple independent approaches are used. We describe a new approach to event screening using the seismic moment tensor and its representation on the hypersphere, specifically the 5-sphere of 6-degree unit vectors representing the normalized symmetric moment tensor. The sample of moment tensors from an explosion data set is unimodal on the 5-sphere and can be parametrized by the Langevin distribution, which is sometimes referred to as the Normal distribution on the hypersphere. Screening is then accomplished by finding the angle from the explosion population mean to any newly measured moment tensor and testing if that angle is in the tail of the Langevin distribution (conservatively quantified as greater than 99.9 per cent of the cumulative density). We apply the screen to a sample of earthquakes from the Western USA and the September 2017 explosion and subsequent collapse at the Pungyye-Ri Test Site in North Korea. All the earthquakes and the collapse screen out, but the explosion does not.
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Ahmed, Omar Qadir. "Earthquake Moment Tensor Analysis Using Broadband Seismic Waveforms." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 20, no. 3&4 (December 6, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10734.

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Zhu, Lupei, and Yehuda Ben-Zion. "Parametrization of general seismic potency and moment tensors for source inversion of seismic waveform data." Geophysical Journal International 194, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt137.

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Abstract We decompose a general seismic potency tensor into isotropic tensor, double-couple tensor and compensated linear vector dipole using the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the full tensor. Two dimensionless parameters are used to quantify the size of the isotropic and compensated linear vector dipole components. The parameters have well-defined finite ranges and are suited for non-linear inversions of source tensors from seismic waveform data. The decomposition and parametrization for the potency tensor are used to obtain corresponding results for a general seismic moment tensor. The relations between different parameters of the potency and moment tensors in isotropic media are derived. We also discuss appropriate specification of the relative size of different source components in inversions of seismic data.
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Diner, Çağrı. "The Structure of Moment Tensors in Transversely Isotropic Focal Regions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (September 24, 2019): 2415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180316.

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Abstract Full moment tensor inversion has become a standard method for understanding the mechanisms of earthquakes as the resolution of the inversion process increases. Thus, it is important to know the possible forms of non–double‐couple (non‐DC) moment tensors, which can be obtained because of either the different source mechanisms or the anisotropy of the focal regions. In this study, the form of the moment tensors of seismic sources occurring in transversely isotropic (TI) focal regions is obtained using the eigendecomposition of the elasticity tensor. More precisely, a moment tensor is obtained as a linear combination of the eigenspaces of TI elasticity tensor in which the coefficients of the terms are the corresponding eigenvalues multiplied with the projection of the potency tensor onto the corresponding eigenspaces. Moreover, the eigendecomposition method is also applied to obtain the three different forms of moment tensors in isotropic focal regions, in particular, for the shear source, tensile source, and for any type of potency tensor whose rank is three. This linear algebra point of view makes the structure of the moment tensors more apparent; for example, a shear source tensor is an eigenvector of isotropic elasticity tensor, and hence the resulting moment tensor is proportional to its shear source tensor. Moreover, a geometric interpretation for the scalar seismic moment, which is the norm of the moment tensor, for anisotropic focal regions is achieved through the eigendecomposition method. This method also gives a simple way to quantify the percentage of the isotropic component of the moment tensor of shear sources in TI focal regions. Hence, the complexities in the moment tensor introduced by the anisotropy of the focal region and by the source mechanism can be differentiated.
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Jost, M. L., and R. B. Herrmann. "A Student’s Guide to and Review of Moment Tensors." Seismological Research Letters 60, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.60.2.37.

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Abstract A review of a moment tensor for describing a general seismic point source is presented to show a second order moment tensor can be related to simpler seismic source descriptions such as centers of expansion and double couples. A review of literature is followed by detailed algebraic expansions of the moment tensor into isotropic and deviatoric components. Specific numerical examples are provided in the appendices for use in testing algorithms for moment tensor decomposition.
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Dammeier, Franziska, Aurélie Guilhem, Jeffrey R. Moore, Florian Haslinger, and Simon Loew. "Moment Tensor Analysis of Rockslide Seismic Signals." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105, no. 6 (November 10, 2015): 3001–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120150094.

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Willemann, Raymond J. "Cluster analysis of seismic moment tensor orientations." Geophysical Journal International 115, no. 3 (December 1993): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1993.tb01484.x.

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Kagan, Y. Y., and L. Knopoff. "The first-order statistical moment of the seismic moment tensor." Geophysical Journal International 81, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1985.tb06411.x.

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Donner, S., M. Mustać, B. Hejrani, H. Tkalčić, and H. Igel. "Seismic moment tensors from synthetic rotational and translational ground motion: Green’s functions in 1-D versus 3-D." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa305.

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SUMMARY Seismic moment tensors are an important tool and input variable for many studies in the geosciences. The theory behind the determination of moment tensors is well established. They are routinely and (semi-) automatically calculated on a global scale. However, on regional and local scales, there are still several difficulties hampering the reliable retrieval of the full seismic moment tensor. In an earlier study, we showed that the waveform inversion for seismic moment tensors can benefit significantly when incorporating rotational ground motion in addition to the commonly used translational ground motion. In this study, we test, what is the best processing strategy with respect to the resolvability of the seismic moment tensor components: inverting three-component data with Green’s functions (GFs) based on a 3-D structural model, six-component data with GFs based on a 1-D model, or unleashing the full force of six-component data and GFs based on a 3-D model? As a reference case, we use the inversion based on three-component data and 1-D structure, which has been the most common practice in waveform inversion for moment tensors so far. Building on the same Bayesian approach as in our previous study, we invert synthetic waveforms for two test cases from the Korean Peninsula: one is the 2013 nuclear test of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the other is an Mw 5.4 tectonic event of 2016 in the Republic of Korea using waveform data recorded on stations in Korea, China and Japan. For the Korean Peninsula, a very detailed 3-D velocity model is available. We show that for the tectonic event both, the 3-D structural model and the rotational ground motion, contribute strongly to the improved resolution of the seismic moment tensor. The higher the frequencies used for inversion, the higher is the influence of rotational ground motions. This is an important effect to consider when inverting waveforms from smaller magnitude events. The explosive source benefits more from the 3-D structural model than from the rotational ground motion. Nevertheless, the rotational ground motion can help to better constraint the isotropic part of the source in the higher frequency range.
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Savage, J. C., and R. W. Simpson. "Surface strain accumulation and the seismic moment tensor." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 1345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0870051345.

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Abstract Although the scalar moment accumulation rate within the seismogenic zone beneath a given area is sometimes deduced from the observed average surface strain accumulation rate over that same area (e.g., Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1995), the correspondence between the two is very uncertain. The equivalence between surface strain accumulation and scalar moment accumulation is based on Kostrov's (1974) relation between the average strain rate over a volume and the moment-rate tensor for that volume. The average strain rate over the volume is replaced by the average strain rate measured at the free surface to deduce an approximate moment-rate tensor. Only in exceptional circumstances will that moment-rate tensor correspond to a double-couple mechanism, a mechanism that can be represented by a scalar moment accumulation rate. More generally, the moment tensor must be resolved into the superposition of two or more double-couple mechanisms, and that resolution can be done in many ways, each with its own scalar moment rate. Thus the resolution is not unique. This is demonstrated by deducing scalar moment accumulation rates for a GPS network that covers most of California south of San Francisco. It is shown that resolutions into different double-couple mechanisms lead to scalar moment accumulation rates differing by factors of ∼2. We suggest that the minimum scalar moment rate equivalent to principal surface strain rates ɛ1 and ɛ2 acting over the area A is M0(min) = 2μHA Max (¦ɛ1¦, ¦ɛ2¦, ¦ɛ1 + ɛ2¦), where μ is the rigidity and H the depth of seismogenic zone, and the function Max is equal to the largest of its arguments. Within the uncertainites of measurement, the scalar moment accumulation rate in southern California based on that approximation is in balance with the average historic seismic moment release rate so that no current earthquake deficit need be accumulating.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seismic moment tensor"

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Kim, Junkyoung. "Complex seismic sources and time-dependent moment tensor inversion." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184841.

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There are many examples of earthquakes whose surface expressions are much more complicated than the seismologically derived faulting models. Seismologists also have found seismic source complexity and improved seismicity data have shown that rupture may occur on irregular or multiple shear surfaces. To simultaneously map both geometrical and temporal variation of the seismic sources for a complex rupture history from observed seismograms, it is possible to use a time dependent moment tensor (TDMT) inversion. The TDMT inversion algorithm has been tested with three synthetic data examples with varying degrees of complexity. The first example demonstrates that a multiple source with no focal depth change can be recovered, and the source parameters of each of the subevents can be accurately determined. In the second case we allowed the depth to vary for subevents (9-km and 13-km source depth, respectively). The two subevents can be identified on the basis of simultaneous shape-change of the moment tensor elements along with non-causality and the size of the CLVD component. The third example introduced source complexity by having two subevents which overlapped in time. The overlapped period could be seen in the moment tensor elements as unusually abrupt changes in the time function shape. The TDMT inversion was also performed on long-period body waves for three earthquakes: the 1982 Yemen earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, and the 1952 Kern County earthquake. The Yemen earthquake was mapped as two simple, normal-slip subevents (with onset timing of the second subevent 5 seconds after the first) without a significant component of left- or right-lateral displacement or source depth change. The San Fernando earthquake is interpreted as two shear dislocation sources with changing source depths, possibly indicating upward rupture propagation (from 13-km to 7-km). The interpretation of the TDMT inversion for the Kern County earthquake was also a double point source which propagates upward from 20-km to 5-km. The resultant moment tensor functions from inversion of the synthetic waveforms, a combination of isotropic and tectonic release, demonstrated that the tectonic release associated with underground nuclear explosion can be separated and identified if the source depth between the explosions and tectonic release are different.
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Andersen, Lindsay Marguerite. "A relative moment tensor inversion technique applied to seismicity induced by mining." Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20887.

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Three hybrid moment tensor inversion methods were developed for seismic sources originating from a small source region. These techniques attempt to compensate for various types of systematic error (or noise) that influence seismograms recorded in the underground environment in order to achieve an accurate and robust measure of the seismic moment tensor. The term 'hybrid' was used to distinguish between the relative method proposed by Dahm (1995) and the methods developed in this thesis. The hybrid methods were essentially weighting schemes designed to enhance the accuracy of the computed moment tensors by decreasing the influence of any low quality observations, to damp (or amplify) any signals that have been overestimated (or underestimated) due to local site effects, and to correct for raypath focussing or defocussing that results from inhomogeneities in the rockmass. The weighting or correction applied to a particular observation was derived from the residuals determined when observed data were compared with corresponding theoretical data (for a particular geophone site, sensor orientation and wave phase) and were calculated using a cluster of events rather than a single event. The first and second weighting schemes were indirectly related to the mean and the median of the residuals where the residuals were defined as the ratio of the theoretical to observed data. In the third scheme, the residuals were defined as the difference between the observed and theoretical data and the weights were based on the distance of a data point (measured in standard deviations) from the mean residual. In each of the weighting schemes, the correction was applied iteratively until the standard error of the least-squares solution (normalised to the scalar seismic moment) was a minimum. The schemes were non-linear because new weights were calculated for each iteration. A number of stability tests using synthetic data were carried out to quantify the source resolving capabilities of the hybrid methods under various extreme conditions. The synthetic events were pure double-couple sources having identical fault-plane orientations, and differing only in rake. This similarity in the mechanisms was chosen because the waveforms of tightly grouped events recorded underground often show high degrees of similarity. For each test, the results computed using the three hybrid methods were compared with one another and with those computed using the single event, absolute method and two relative methods (with and without a reference mechanism). In the noise-free situation, it was found that the relative method without reference mechanism showed the highest resolution of mechanisms, provided that the coverage of the focal sphere was not too sparse (> 3 stations). The hybrid method using a median correction was found to be the most robust of all the methods tested in the most extreme case of poor coverage (2 stations) of the focal sphere. When increasing levels of pseudo-random noise were applied to the data, the absolute moment tensor inversion method, the hybrid method using a median correction, and the hybrid method using a weighted mean correction all showed similar robustness and stability in extreme configurations concerning network coverage of the focal sphere and noise level. When increasing levels of systematic noise were added to the data, the hybrid methods using a median correction and weighted mean correction were found to exhibit similar robustness and stability in extreme configurations concerning network coverage of the focal sphere and systematic noise. In all situations investigated, these two hybrid methods outperformed the relative and absolute methods. The hybrid moment tensor inversion methods using a median and weighted mean correction were applied to a cluster of 14 events, having remarkably similar waveforms, recorded at Oryx Gold Mine. For comparative purposes, the absolute method was also applied. The inputs to the inversion methods consisted of the spectral plateaus of both P- and S-waves at frequencies below the comer frequency of the time-integrated displacement traces. The polarities of dominant motion were used as an additional constraint and were determined from cross-correlation of observed with synthetic P- or S-waves. The solutions computed using the hybrid moment tensor inversion using a median correction displayed a distinct improvement after the iterative residual correction procedure was applied. The radiation patterns and faultplane solutions showed a high degree of similarity, and are probably more accurate reflections of reality than those computed using the absolute moment tensor inversion methods. These observations are very encouraging and point towards the method's potential for use as a standard processing tool for mine seismicity. The implications of this work are a better understanding of the focal mechanisms of seismic events induced by mining activities, ultimately leading to improved safety underground.
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Rößler, Dirk, Frank Krüger, Georg Rümpker, and Ivan Psencik. "Tensile source components of swarm events in West Bohemia in 2000 by considering seismic anisotropy." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1297/.

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Earthquake swarms occur frequently in West Bohemia, Central Europe. Their occurrence is correlated with and propably triggered by fluids that escape on the earth's surface near the epicentres. These fluids raise up periodically from a seemingbly deep-seated source in the upper mantle. Moment tensors for swarm events in 1997 indicate tensile faulting. However, they were determined under assumption of seismic isotropy although anisotropy can be observed. Anisotropy may obscure moment tensors and their interpretation. In 2000, more than 10,000 swarm earthquakes occurred near Novy Kostel, West Bohemia. Event triggering by fluid injection is likely. Activity lasted from 28/08 until 31/12/00 (9 phases) with maximum ML=3.2. High quality P-wave seismograms were used to retrieve the source mechanisms for 112 events between 28/08/00 and 30/10/00 using > 20 stations. We determine the source geometry using a new algorithm and different velocity models including anisotropy. From inversions of P waves we observe ML<3.2, strike-slip events on steep N-S oriented faults with additional normal or reverse components. Tensile components seem to be evident for more than 60% of the processed swarm events in West Bohemia during the phases 1-7. Being most significant at great depths and at phases 1-4 during the swarm they are time and location dependent. Although tensile components are reduced when anisotropy is assumed they persist and seem to be important. They can be explained by pore-pressure changes due to the injection of fluids that raise up. Our findings agree with other observations e.g. correlation of fluid transport and seismicity, variations in b-value, forcing rate, and in pore pressure diffusion. Tests of our results show their significance.
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Hagos, Lijam Zemichael. "Earthquake Sources, the Stress Field and Seismic Hazard : A Study in Eritrea and its Surrounding." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7292.

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Presented in this thesis are some basic concepts and applications of seismic hazard analysis and the elements that influence the amplitude and geometric attenuation of earthquake ground motion. This thesis centers on the identification of the styles of failure, focal mechanisms, and the state of regional stress in the study area. Seismic hazard is a complex problem often involving considerable uncertainties. Therefore it is reasonable to consider different seismic hazard analysis approaches in order to as robustly as possible define zones of different levels of hazard. With the aim of characterizing and quantifying hazard in the east African region of Eritrea and its surroundings, a study is included in the thesis presenting hazard maps constructed using two non-parametric probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) approaches. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) values for 10% probability of exceedence in 50 years are computed at given grid points for the whole selected area and results from both methods are compared. Other aspects addressed in the thesis include the determination of source parameters of selected earthquakes that occur in the Afar region. The styles of faulting, the mechanisms involved during the rupture process and the states of stress along the major tectonic features are also highlighted. Source parameters for selected events in the region were re-evaluated and improved solutions obtained. An aftershock sequence in the Hengill volcanic area in SW Iceland, following the major event that occurred on June 4, 1998, was used to investigate improved methodologies for moment tensor using a relative approach. The sensitive and spatially dense seismic network in this area reveals large sets of clustered events allowing the power of the new methodology to be demonstrated and providing greater insight into the tectonic implications of the activity in the area.
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Dahal, Nawa. "Improving the determination of moment tensors, moment magnitudes and focal depths of earthquakes below Mw 4.0 using regional broadband seismic data:." Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108624.

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Thesis advisor: Michael J. Naughton
Thesis advisor: John E. Ebel
Determining accurate source parameters of small magnitude earthquakes is important to understand the source physics and tectonic processes that activate a seismic source as well as to make more accurate estimates of the probabilities of the recurrences of large earthquakes based on the statistics of smaller earthquakes. The accurate determination of the focal depths and focal mechanisms of small earthquakes is required to constrain the potential seismic source zones of future large earthquakes, whereas the accurate determination of seismic moment is required to calculate the sizes (best represented by moment magnitudes) of earthquakes. The precise determination of focal depths, moment magnitudes and focal mechanisms of small earthquakes can help greatly advance our knowledge of the potentially active faults in an area and thus help to produce accurate seismic hazard and risk maps for that area. Focal depths, moment magnitudes and focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 4.0 and less recorded by a sparse seismic network are usually poorly constrained due to the lack of an appropriate method applicable to find these parameters with a sparse set of observations. This dissertation presents a new method that can accurately determine focal depths, moment magnitudes and focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes between Mw 4.0 and Mw 2.5 using the broadband seismic waveforms recorded by the local and regional seismic stations. For the determination of the focal depths and the moment magnitudes, the observed seismograms as well as synthetic seismograms are filtered through a bandpass filter of 1-3 Hz, whereas for the determination of the focal mechanisms, they are filtered through a bandpass filter of 1.5-2.5 Hz. Both of these frequency passbands have a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the small earthquakes of the magnitudes that are analyzed in this dissertation. The waveforms are processed to their envelopes in order to make the waveforms relatively simple for the modeling. A grid search is performed over all possible dip, rake and strike angles and as well as over possible depths and scalar moments to find the optimal value of the focal depth and the optimal value of the scalar moment. To find the optimal focal mechanism, a non-linear moment-tensor inversion is performed in addition to the coarse grid search over the possible dip, rake and strike angles at a fixed value of focal depth and a fixed value of scalar moment. The method of this dissertation is tested on 18 aftershocks of Mw between 3.70 and 2.60 of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia Mw 5.7 earthquake. The method is also tested on 5 aftershocks of Mw between 3.62 and 2.63 of the 2013 Ladysmith, Quebec Mw 4.5 earthquake. Reliable focal depths and moment magnitudes are obtained for all of these events using waveforms from as few as 1 seismic station within the epicentral distance of 68-424 km with SNR greater or equal to 5. Similarly, reliable focal mechanisms are obtained for all of the events with Mw 3.70-3.04 using waveforms from at least 3 seismic stations within the epicentral distance of 60-350 km each with SNR greater or equal to 10. Tests show that the moment magnitudes and focal depths are not very sensitive to the crustal model used, although systematic variations in the focal depths are observed with the total crustal thickness. Tests also show that the focal mechanisms obtained with the different crustal structures vary with the Kagan angle of 30o on average for the events and the crustal structures tested. This means that the event moment magnitudes and event focal mechanism determinations are only somewhat sensitive to the uncertainties in the crustal models tested. The method is applied to some aftershocks of the Mw 7.8, 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake which shows that the method developed in this dissertation, by analyzing data from eastern North America, appears to give good results when applied in a very different tectonic environment in a different part of the world. This study confirms that the method of modeling envelopes of seismic waveforms developed in this dissertation can be used to extract accurate focal depths and moment magnitudes of earthquakes with Mw 3.70-2.60 using broadband seismic data recorded by local and regional seismic stations at epicentral distances of 68-424 km and accurate focal mechanisms of earthquakes with Mw 3.70-3.04 using broadband seismic data recorded by local and regional seismic stations at epicentral distances of 60-350 km
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Physics
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TEYSSONEYRE, VALERIE. "Inversion du tenseur des moments sismiques pour des seismes de magnitude moderee enregistres a des distances regionales." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10017.

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Ce travail de these a eu pour objectif d'utiliser des enregistrements effectues a distance regionale pour determiner la nature d'une source sismique et etudier sa complexite eventuelle, a savoir l'existence de plusieurs sous-evenements. A l'issu d'une synthese bibliographique, nous avons choisi d'utiliser une methode d'inversion lineaire qui permet d'estimer le tenseur des moments sismiques representant la source. Dans un premier temps, nous avons teste le programme d'inversion sur des donnees numeriques, en s'affranchissant des problemes lies a la modelisation de la propagation. L'influence du type d'ondes inversees et de la profondeur de la source sur la qualite du resultat de l'inversion a ete evaluee, ainsi que l'impact de la geometrie du reseau de stations et du type de source. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous avons traite trois cas d'evenements reels. Nous nous sommes tout d'abord interesses a un effondrement de mine, de magnitude 4. 8, dont les caracteristiques de la source etaient a priori connues, ce qui nous a permis de mettre au point une methodologie d'inversion. Nous avons egalement mis en evidence l'existence d'une composante isotrope de la source de l'ordre de 35%. Nous avons ensuite etudie le seisme de roermond (avril 1992) comme un evenement tectonique de reference. Le mecanisme obtenu par l'inversion des donnees basses frequences est coherent avec les etudes precedemment publiees. Des inversions a plus hautes frequences ont permis d'evaluer la limite de validite de la methode. Enfin, nous avons traite un evenement tectonique de plus petite taille, pour lequel un enregistrement en champ proche etait disponible. Nous avons montre que les mecanismes issus de l'inversion de donnees regionales d'une part, et de champ proche d'autre part, sont compatibles entre eux, ainsi qu'avec le mecanisme issu de l'etude du sens des premiers mouvements.
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Xia, Ganyuan. "Moment-tensor inversion for regional earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29211.

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Wamboldt, LAWRENCE. "An Automated Approach for the Determination of the Seismic Moment Tensor in Mining Environments." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7382.

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A study was undertaken to evaluate an automated process to invert for seismic moment tensors from seismic data recorded in mining environments. The data for this study was recorded at Nickel Rim South mine, Sudbury, Ontario. The mine has a seismic monitoring system manufactured by ESG Solutions that performs continuous monitoring of seismicity. On average, approximately 400 seismic events are recorded each day. Currently, data are automatically processed by ESG Solution's software suite during acquisition. The automatic processors pick the P- and/or S-wave arrivals, locate the events and solve for certain source parameters, excluding the seismic moment tensor. In order to solve for the moment tensor, data must be manually processed, which is laborious and therefore seldom performed. This research evaluates an automatic seismic moment tensor inversion method and demonstrates some of the difficulties (through inversions of real and synthetic seismic data) of the inversion process. Results using the method are also compared to the inversion method currently available from ESG Solutions, which requires the manual picking of first-motion polarities for every event. As a result of the extensive synthetic testing of the automatic inversion program, as well as the inversion of real seismic data, it is apparent that there are key parameters requiring greater accuracy in order to increase the reliability of the automation. These parameters include the source time function definition, source location (in turn requiring more accurate and precise knowledge of the earth media), arrival time picks and an attenuation model to account for ray-path dependent filtering of the source time function. In order to improve the automatic method three key pieces of research are needed: (1) studying various location algorithms (and the effects of increasing earth model intricacy) and automatic time picking to improve source location methods, (2) studying how the source time pulse can be accurately extracted from the seismic records, as well as the validity of various source models, and (3) studying how attenuation can be modeled more accurately to account for the filtering of the seismic waves through the earth media (in particular distortion to the source time function).
Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-17 23:08:32.198
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Αλεξανδρόπουλος, Σωτήριος. "Μελέτη μηχανισμών γένεσης στη νότια Αλβανία." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/5215.

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Στην παρούσα εργασία υπολογίστηκαν μηχανισμοί γένεσης σεισμών, χρησιμοποιώντας ένα μικροσεισμικό δίκτυο, εγκατεστημένο στη νότια Αλβανία. Πρόκειται για μια περιοχή που βρίσκεται στο νοτιοδυτικό άκρο της Αλβανίας, κοντά στα σύνορα με την Ελλάδα και γεωλογικά ανήκει στην Ιόνια ζώνη. Συγκεκριμένα μελετήθηκαν και επεξεργάστηκαν 22 σεισμικά γεγονότα που επιλέχθηκαν με συγκεκριμένα κριτήρια, από το σύνολο των καταγραφών του μικροσεισμικού δικτύου που είχε εγκατασταθεί στην περιοχή. Το μικροσεισμικό δίκτυο τοποθετήθηκε στηνπεριοχή του αντικλίνου Kurveleshi. Η δομή του (ALIAJ et al. 1991) αποδίδεται σε τεκτονικά ρήγματα κατά μήκος και εγκαρσίως σε αυτό. Ο ρόλος της λιθολογίας στο σχηματισμό του αντικλίνου είναι σημαντικός γιατί πάνω στις μεγάλες επωθήσεις αναπτύσσονται διαπυρικοί δόμοι. Εφαρμόστηκαν τρεις μέθοδοι υπολογισμού των μηχανισμών γένεσης: α) Προσδιορισμός των μηχανισμών γένεσης με χρήση δεδομένων πολικότητας-πρόγραμμα FPFIT, β) Προσδιορισμός των μηχανισμών γένεσης με αντιστροφή κυματομορφών-πρόγραμμα ISOLA και γ) Προσδιορισμός των μηχανισμών γένεσης με χρήση πλατών κυμάτων Ρ, SV και SH – πρόγραμμα FOCMEC. Αρχικά εφαρμόστηκε η μέθοδος των πρώτων αποκλίσεων των P κυμάτων που χρησιμοποιείται από τους σεισμολόγους εδώ και πολλά χρόνια για την εύρεση του μηχανισμού γένεσης ενός σεισμού δίνοντας έτσι τα χαρακτηριστικά των δύο επιπέδων διάρρηξης. Αυτή η μέθοδος βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι ο τρόπος ακτινοβολίας των σεισμικών κυμάτων έχει άμεση σχέση με τη γεωμετρία του ρήγματος. Το κύμα P είναι το πρώτο κύμα που καταγράφεται μετά από έναν σεισμό στα όργανα στους σταθμούς καταγραφής και ως εκ τούτου είναι μια φάση πολύ εύκολα αναγνωρίσιμη. Η βασική ιδέα για την εφαρμογή της μεθόδου είναι ότι η πρώτη κίνηση των επιμήκων κυμάτων, δηλαδή εάν είναι αραίωση (άφιξη με φορά προς τα κάτω) ή συμπίεση (άφιξη με φορά προς τα πάνω) εξαρτάται από τη διεύθυνση (το αζιμούθιο) του σταθμού καταγραφής σε σχέση με το σεισμό. Με τη συγκεκριμένη μέθοδο προσδιορίστηκαν οι μηχανισμοί γένεσης και για τα 22 σεισμικά γεγονότα. Υπάρχει όμως και η περίπτωση όπου μια πρώτη άφιξη δεν είναι σαφής ως προς το εάν παριστάνει μια αραίωση ή συμπίεση και δυσχερένει την ακριβή χάραξη των δυο επιπέδων. Αυτό μπορεί να συμβαίνει είτε λόγω του θορύβου, είτε γιατί η πρώτη άφιξη είναι πολύ μικρή σε πλάτος οπότε και πολύ δύσκολα αναγνωρίσιμη. Αυτές λοιπόν οι δυσκολίες μπορεί να μην επιτρέπουν τον ακριβή προσδιορισμό του μηχανισμού γένεσης, γι αυτό σε μια δεύτερη φάση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν και τα πλάτη των κυμάτων. Συγκεκριμένα αυτή η μέθοδος περιλαμβάνει εκτός των φάσεων των πρώτων αποκλίσεων και το λόγο των πλατών των εγκαρσίων κυμάτων S, ως προς το πλάτος των επιμήκων κυμάτων Ρ, δηλαδή το λόγο S/P των κυμάτων βελτιώνοντας αισθητά τα αποτελέσματα όπου υπάρχουν λίγοι σταθμοί ή δεν είναι καλά κατανεμημένοι αζιμουθιακά. Η μέθοδος αυτή θεωρείται σχετικά απλή καθώς απαιτούνται μόνο οι διαφορές μεταξύ της διαφορετικής απόσβεσης των κυμάτων P και S ενώ ενδιαφέρουν και όποιες τοπικές επιδράσεις υπάρχουν σε κάθε σταθμό (site effect) που μπορούν να επηρεάσουν τα πλάτη. Με τη συγκεκριμένη μέθοδο προσδιορίστηκαν οι μηχανισμοί γένεσης για τα 21 σεισμικά γεγονότα. Η τελευταία μέθοδος επεξεργασίας που χρησιμοποήθηκε, περιλαμβάνει τον υπολογισμό μηχανισμών γένεσης με τη χρήση του προγράμματος ISOLA το οποίο προσδιορίζει τον τανυστή της σεισμικής ροπής με αντιστροφή κυματομορφών και για δεδομένα τοπικών σεισμών. Με τη συγκεκριμένη μέθοδο προσδιορίστηκαν οι μηχανισμοί γένεσης για τα 12 σεισμικά γεγονότα. Η διαδικασία της αντιστροφής του τανυστή της σεισμικής ροπής παρέχει αξιόπιστες πληροφορίες σχετικά με τον μηχανισμό γένεσης και ειδικότερα τη γεωμετρία της διάρρηξης στο χώρο, τη σεισμική ροπή, το μέγεθος σεισμικής ροπής Mw, τη σεισμική πηγή και το βάθος της εστίας. Αποτελεί γενικά ένα μαθηματικό πρόβλημα που λύνεται συγκρίνοντας τις παρατηρούμενες κυματομορφές με τα αντίστοιχα συνθετικά κύματα. Το πρόβλημα επιλύεται ελαχιστοποιώντας τις διαφορές μεταξύ των συνθετικών και των παρατηρούμενων κυματομορφών. Από τη μελέτη και την επεξεργασία των μικροσεισμικών δεδομένων στη νότια Αλβανία προκύπτει ότι είναι μια περιοχή με έντονη μικροσεισμική δραστηριότητα Οι μηχανισμοί γένεσης που υπολογίστηκαν συμφωνούν μεταξύ τους και για τις τρεις μεθόδους που εφαρμόστηκαν ( FPFIT, ISOLA, FOCMEC). Συγκεκριμένα υπολογίστηκαν ανάστροφα και οριζόντια ρήγματα που επιβεβαιώνουν το καθεστώς συμπίεσης που επικρατεί στην περιοχή. Η σύγκρουση του ανώτερου μανδύα της αδριατικής μικροπλάκας με το αλβανικό ορογενές προτείνεται για να εξηγήσει τους μηχανισμούς γένεσης που παρατηρήθηκαν. Επίσης προσδιορίστηκαν και μηχανισμοί κανονικών ρηγμάτων που προέρχονται όμως από μικρούς σεισμούς και δικαιολογούνται από την εμφάνιση εβαποριτών στην περιοχή μελέτης. Τέλος διαπιστώθηκε ότι είναι εφικτός ο υπολογισμός των μηχανισμών γένεσης με αντιστροφή κυματομορφών ακόμα και για μικρά σεισμικά γεγονότα. Με απαραίτητες όμως προυποθέσεις η αντιστροφή να γίνεται χρησιμοποιώντας υψηλές συχνότητες κι επίσης να υπάρχουν: σταθμοί σε κοντινή απόσταση (4km περίπου), καλό μοντέλο ταχυτήτων και καλή ποιότητα καταγραφών.
In the present work were calculated tensor solutions of earthquakes, using a microseismic network, located in Southern Albania. This is an area located at the southwestern tip of Albania, near the border with Greece and geologically belongs to the Ionian Zone. Specifically, they had studied and worked 22 seismic events were selected by specific tests from all the records of microseismic network was installed in the area. They had applied three methods for calculating focal mechanisms: a) Identification of mechanisms using polarity data – program FPFIT, b) Determination of focal mechanisms with reverse  waveform – program ISOLA and c) Determination of focal mechanisms using P wave amplitudes, SV and SH – program FOCMEC. Initially, was being  used the methodology of the first differences of P waves. This method relies on the fact that the way radiation of seismic waves is directly related to the geometry of the fault. The basic idea of the method is that the first motion of long waves, ie if dilution (arrival by pointing down) or compression (arrival by pointing up), depends on the direction (azimuth) of the station registration in relation to the earthquake. With this method were determined tensor solutions for the 22 seismic events. In a second step was being used and the amplitudes of seismic waves. Specifically, this method include other steps of the first gap and the reason of the amplitudes of transverse waves S, for amplitudes of waves P, ie the reason S/P waves significantly improved results with few or no stations are well distributed azimuthal. This method is relatively simple and requires only the differences between the different damping of the waves P and S and interest any local effects in each station (site effect) that can affect the back. By this method were also determined tensor solutions for 21 seismic events. The last method of treatment was used, includes calculation of focal mechanisms using the ISOLA project that identifies seismic moments tensor inversion of waveform data and local earthquakes. We were determined tensor solutions for 12 seismic events. The reversal process of the seismic moment tensor provides reliable information about the mechanism of generation and in particular the geometry of the fracture site, the seismic moment, the magnitude of seismic moment Mw, the seismic source and the depth of the outbreak. By the study and treatment of microseismic data in south Albania result that is an area of intense microseismic activity. The tensor solutions calculated, agree with each other for all three methods applied (FPFIT, ISOLA, FOCMEC). Specifically, calculated and horizontal reverse faults confirm the compression scheme that prevails in the region. Also identified mechanisms of normal faults that come from small earthquakes as justified by the appearance of evaporates in the study area. Finally, had found that is feasible the calculations of focal mechanisms with reverse waveforms even small seismic events.
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10

Hutchinson, Jesse. "Delineation of the Nootka fault zone and structure of the shallow subducted southern Explorer plate as revealed by the Seafloor Earthquake Array Japan Canada Cascadia Experiment (SeaJade)." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/11768.

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Abstract:
At the northern extent of the Cascadia subduction zone, the subducting Explorer and Juan de Fuca plates interact across a translational deformation zone, known as the Nootka fault zone. The Seafloor Earthquake Array Japan-Canada Cascadia Experiment (SeaJade) was designed to study this region. In two parts (SeaJade I and II, deployed from July – September 2010 and January – September 2014), seismic data from the SeaJade project has led to several important discoveries. Hypocenter distributions from SeaJade I and II indicate primary and secondary conjugate faults within the Nootka fault zone. Converted phase analysis and jointly determined seismic tomography with double-difference relocated hypocenters provide evidence to several velocity-contrasting interfaces seaward of the Cascadia subduction front at depths of ~4-6 km, ~6-9 km, ~11-14 km, and ~14-18 km, which have been interpreted as the top of the oceanic crust, upper/lower crust boundary, oceanic Moho, and the base of the highly fractured and seawater/mineral enriched veins within oceanic mantle. During SeaJade II, a MW 6.4 mainshock and subsequent aftershocks, known as the Nootka Sequence, highlighted a previously unidentified fault within the subducted Explorer plate. This fault reflects the geometry of the subducting plate, showing downward bending of the plate toward the northwest. This plate bend can be attributed to negative buoyancy from margin parallel mantle flow induced by intraslab tearing further northwest. Seismic tomography reinforces the conclusions drawn from the Nootka Sequence hypocenter distribution. Earthquakes from the entire SeaJade II catalogue reveal possible rotated paleo-faults, identifying the former extent of the Nootka fault zone from ~3.5 Ma.
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Books on the topic "Seismic moment tensor"

1

Kenkyūjo, Bōsai Kagaku Gijutsu. NIED seismic moment tensor catalogue, January-December, 2000: [NIED jishin mōmento tensoru katarogu, 2000-nen 1-gatsu--12-gatsu]. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, 2001.

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Xia, Ganyuan. Moment-tensor inversion for regional earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest. 1993.

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Xia, Ganyuan. Moment-tensor inversion for regional earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest. 1993.

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Kenkyūjo, Bōsai Kagaku Gijutsu, ed. NIED seismic moment tensor catalogue, January-December, 1998 =: [NIED jishin mōmento tensoru katarogu, 1998-nen 1-gatsu--12-gatsu]. [Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan]: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seismic moment tensor"

1

Dreger, Douglas S. "Berkeley Seismic Moment Tensor Method, Uncertainty Analysis, and Study of Non-double-couple Seismic Events." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 75–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_4.

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Vavryčuk, Václav. "Seismic Moment Tensors in Anisotropic Media: A Review." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 29–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_2.

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Peláez, J. A., J. Henares, M. Hamdache, and C. Sanz de Galdeano. "A Seismogenic Zone Model for Seismic Hazard Studies in Northwestern Africa." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 643–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_29.

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Kiratzi, Anastasia, Christoforos Benetatos, and Filippos Vallianatos. "Seismic Deformation Derived from Moment Tensor Summation: Application Along the Hellenic Trench." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 233–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_10.

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Seredkina, Alena, and Valentina Melnikova. "Seismotectonic Crustal Strains of the Mongol-Baikal Seismic Belt from Seismological Data." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 497–517. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_22.

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Rebetsky, Yu L., A. Yu Polets, O. A. Kuchay, and N. A. Sycheva. "The Stress State of Seismic Areas of the Central and East Asia." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 519–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_23.

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Baruah, Santanu, and Sebastiano D’Amico. "Coulomb Stress Changes in the Area of December 2013–January 2014 Sannio-Matese Seismic Sequence (Southern Italy)." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 589–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_26.

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Donner, Stefanie, Heiner Igel, Céline Hadziioannou, and the Romy group. "Retrieval of the Seismic Moment Tensor from Joint Measurements of Translational and Rotational Ground Motions: Sparse Networks and Single Stations." In Moment Tensor Solutions, 263–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9_12.

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Mendecki, A. J. "Seismic Source Radiation and Moment Tensor in the Time Domain." In Seismic Monitoring in Mines, 119–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1539-8_7.

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Wu, Zhongliang. "Geometry of Seismic Moment Tensor Representations for Underground Nuclear Explosions." In Earthquakes Induced by Underground Nuclear Explosions, 333–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57764-2_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Seismic moment tensor"

1

Chapman, C. "Keynote Presentation: Moment Tensor Decomposition and Interpretation." In Fifth EAGE Passive Seismic Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20142152.

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Baig, A. M., T. I. Urbancic, and E. von Lunen. "Linking Microseismicity to Geomechanics through Seismic Moment Tensor Inversion." In Sixth EAGE Workshop on Passive Seismic. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201600017.

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Pei, Donghong, Natalia Verkhovtseva, Jon Doucette, and Price Stark. "Impact of Seismic Attenuation on Downhole Microseismic Moment Tensor Inversion." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2016-2452268.

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Grechka, V., and S. A. Shapiro. "Automatic Determination of Full Moment Tensor Solutions from P-wave First Motion Amplitudes." In EAGE Passive Seismic Workshop - Exploration and Monitoring Applications 2009. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20146731.

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Oye, V., P. Zhao, D. Kühn, and S. Cesca. "Evidence for Tensile Faulting from Full Waveform Moment Tensor Inversion of Induced Seismicity in Basel Geothermal Site." In 4th EAGE Passive Seismic Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20142358.

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M. Baig, A., and T. I. Urbancic. "Towards Using Seismic Moment Tensor Inversions to Infer Reservoir Rock Properties." In 74th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating EUROPEC 2012. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20148214.

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Urbancic, T. I., A. Baig, A. Guest, S. Goldstein, and K. Buckingham. "Utilizing A Moment Tensor Derived Discrete Fracture Network to Assess Permeability and Stimulated Reservoir Volume (SRV)." In Third Passive Seismic Workshop - Actively Passive 2011. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20145300.

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Biryaltsev, E. V., N. Y. Shabalin, V. A. Ryzhov, and I. R. Sharapov. "Application of Full Wave Location technology with determining seismic moment tensor of events for Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring and Natural Fractures." In Sixth EAGE Workshop on Passive Seismic. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201600026.

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Loginov*, Georgiy, Anton A. Duchkov, and Yury P. Stefanov. "Numeric study of resolvability of rock-failure mechanism from seismic moment-tensor inversion." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2016-13972264.1.

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Loginov, G., A. Duchkov, Y. Stephanov, and A. Myasnikov. "Geomechanic Modeling of Rock Failure Accounting for Seismic Emission and Its Comparison to Seismic Moment-Tensor Model." In 80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201801478.

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Reports on the topic "Seismic moment tensor"

1

Ford, Sean R., and Gordon D. Kraft. Seismic Moment Tensor Screening on the Hypersphere. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1499980.

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Ford, S., D. Dreger, W. Walter, M. Hellweg, and R. Urhammer. Seismic Moment Tensor Report for the 06 Aug 2007, M3.9 Seismic Event in Central Utah. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924951.

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Ford, Sean R., Gene A. Ichinose, Mike E. Pasyanos, and Andrea Chiang. Seismic Moment Tensor Screening on the Hypersphere: Application to an Earthquake Population. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1544475.

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Ford, S., D. Dreger, and P. Hellweg. Berkeley Seismological Laboratory Seismic Moment Tensor Report for the August 6, 2007 M3.9 Seismic event in central Utah. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/940860.

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Poppeliers, Christian, and Leiph Preston. The Effects of Stochastic Velocity Variations on Estimating Time Dependent Seismic Moment Tensors: Applications to the Blue Mountain Well Perforation Data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1476894.

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