Dissertations / Theses: 'Seismic reflection method'

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Pappano, Phillip A. "Structure and regional tectonic setting across the Atlantic Coastal Plain of northeastern Virginia as interpreted from reflection seismic data." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040224/.

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Rumpfhuber, Eva-Maria. "An integrated analysis of controlled-and passive source seismic data /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Guy, Erich D. "Analysis and modeling of high-resolution multicomponent seismic reflection data." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1044983175.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxxviii, 372 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Jeffrey J. Daniels, Dept. of Geological Sciences. Includes bibliographical references (p. 362-372).

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Nautiyal, Atul. "Aspects of spatial wavelets and their application to modelling seismic reflection data." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26504.

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The propagation of seismic waves may be described in the space-frequency domain by the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld convolution integral. The kernel of this integral is called a spatial wavelet and it embodies the physics and geometry of the propagation problem. The concepts of spatial convolution and spatial wavelet are simple and are similar to other topics studied by geophysicists. With a view to understanding these concepts, some aspects of spatial wavelets and their application to two-dimensional, zero-offset, acoustic seismic modelling were investigated. In studying the spatial wavelet, two topics in particular were examined: spatial aliasing and wavelet truncation. Spatial aliasing arises from the need to compute a discrete wavelet for implementation on a computer. This problem was solved by using an analytic expression for the spatial wavelet in the Fourier (wavenumber) domain. In the wavenumber domain the wavelet was windowed by a fourth order Butterworth operator, which removed aliasing. This technique is simple and flexible in its use. The second problem of wavelet truncation is due to the necessity of having a wavelet of finite length. A length limiting scheme based upon on the energy content of a wavelet was developed. It was argued that if that if a large portion of the wavelet energy was contained in a finite number of samples, then truncation at that sample would incur a minimal loss of information. Numerical experiments showed this to be true. The smallest length wavelet was found to depend on temporal frequency, medium velocity and extrapolation increment. The combined effects of these two solutions to the practical problem of computing a spatial wavelet resulted in two drawbacks. First, the wavelets provide modelling capabilities up to structural dips of 30 degrees. Second, there is a potential for instability due to recursive application of the wavelet. However, neither of these difficulties hampered the modelling of fairly complex structures. The spatial wavelet concept was applied to seismic modelling for media of varying complexity. Homogeneous velocity models were used to demonstrate diffraction evolution, dip limitations and imaging of curved structures. The quality of modelling was evaluated by migrating the modelled data to recover the time-image model of the reflection structure. Migrations of dipping and synform structures indicated that the modelled results were of a high calibre. Horizontally stratified velocity models were also examined for dipping and synform structures. Modelling these reflection structures showed that the introduction of a depth variable velocity profile has a tremendous influence on the synthetic seismic section. Again, migration proved that the quality of the data was excellent. Finally, the spatial wavelet algorithm was extended to the case of laterally varying velocity structures. The effects of space variant spatial convolution in the presence of a smoothed velocity field were examined. Smoothed velocity fields were computed by a simple weighted averaging procedure. The weighting function used was a decaying exponential whose decay rate determined the amount of smoothing. Seis-mograms computed for this case showed that the algorithm gave smoother and more continuous reflection signatures when the velocity field has been smoothed so that the largest lateral velocity gradient corresponded to the lower end of the temporal frequency band of the spatial wavelets. In this respect, the results are similar to those of geometric ray theory. Also, the travel times of these models compared favourably with those of ray tracings.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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Ecevitoglu, Berkan G. "Velocity and Q from reflection seismic data." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77793.

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This study has resulted in the discovery of an exact method for the theoretical formulation of the effects of intrinsic damping where the attenuation coefficient, a(v), is an arbitrary function of the frequency, v. Absorption-dispersion pairs are computed using numerical Hilbert transformation; approximate analytical expressions that require the selection of arbitrary constants and cutoff frequencies are no longer necessary. For constant Q, the dispersive body wave velocity, p(v), is found to be p(v) = (p(v_N)/(1+(1/2Q H(-v)/v)) where H denotes numerical Hilbert transformation, p(v) is the phase velocity at the frequency v, and p(v_N) is the phase velocity at Nyquist. From (1) it is possible to estimate Q in the time domain by measuring the amount of increase, ΔW, of the wavelet breadth after a traveltime, Q=(2Δ𝛕)/(𝝅ΔW) The inverse problem, i.e., the determination of Q and velocity is also investigated using singular value decomposition (SVD). The sparse matrices encountered in the acquisition of conventional reflection seismology data result in a system of linear equations of the form AX = B, with A the design matrix, X the solution vector, and B the data vector. The system of normal equations is AᵀAX = AᵀB where the least-squares estimate of X = X = V(1/S)UᵀB and the SVD of A is A = USVᵀ. A technique to improve the sparsity pattern prior to decomposition is described. From an application of equation (2) using reference reflections from shallower reflectors, crystalline rocks in South Carolina over the depth interval from about 5 km to 10 km yield values of Qin the range Q = 250 - 300. Non-standard recording geometries ( "Q-spreads") and vibroseis recording procedures are suggested to minimize matrix sparseness and increase the usable frequency bandwidth between zero and Nyquist. The direct detection of body wave dispersion by conventional vibroseis techniques may be useful to distinguish between those crustal volumes that are potentially seismogenic and those that are not. Such differences may be due to variations in fracture density and therefore water content in the crust.
Ph. D.

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Jiao, Junru. "Residual migration velocity analysis in the plane wave domain : theory and applications /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3023551.

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Guy, Erich D. "Analysis and modeling of high-resolution multicomponent seismic reflection data /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486464627806981.

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Zhang, Yaohui. "Common conversion point stacking for P-SV converted waves /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1992. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9218599.

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Whiting, Peter Mark. "Reflection traveltime tomography and the maximum entropy principle." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26623.

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Conventional reﬂection tomography creates an estimate of subsurface seismic velocity structure by inverting a set of seismic traveltime data. This is achieved by solving a least-squares optimisation problem that ﬁnds the velocity and depth model that minimises the difference between raytraced and measured traveltimes. Obtaining the traveltime data can be difﬁcult as manual picking of reﬂection times is required and all picked reﬂection events must be associated with the reﬂector depths deﬁned in the model. Even with good traveltime data the optimisation problem is very non-linear and the surface restriction of the sources and receivers makes the problem generally underdetermined. These issues result in severe ambiguity and local minima problems. This thesis shows that modiﬁcations to the conventional reﬂection tomography algorithm can make it a more practical and reliable procedure that is less likely to be trapped by local minima. The ray tracing procedure is changed so that reﬂector depths are not necessary and automatic traveltime interpretation can be successful. Entropy constraints are introduced (after being justiﬁed) which prevent unwarranted velocity structure from appearing. This feature adds signiﬁcant stability and reduces the ambiguity problems. Staged smoothing of the optimisation function helps avoid local minima. Synthetic data examples show that the algorithm can be very effective on noise free data. Adding noise to synthetic data reduces the algorithms effectiveness, but inversions of real data sets produces updated velocity ﬁelds that result in superior pre-stack depth migrations.

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Harsha, Senusi Mohamed. "Interpretation of Southern Georgia coastal plain velocity structure using refraction and wide-angle reflection methods." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25886.

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BATTAGLIA, ENZO. "Seismic reflection imaging of near surface structures using the Common Reflection Surface (CRS) Stack Method." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266406.

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This PhD thesis aims to evaluate whether the Common-Refl ection-Surface (CRS) stack method can be considered as a more cost efficient processing alternative to the conventionally used Common Midpoint (CMP) stack method for processing of shallow and ultrashallow reflection data. The CRS stack is a seismic imaging method established for oil and gas exploration that is similar in concept to the conventional CMP stack method. Unlike the CMP stack, the CRS stack process is not confined to single CMP gathers (offset direction), but also includes neighbouring CMPs (midpoint direction) into the so-called CRS supergathers. The use of CRS supergathers enables stable \data-driven", i.e. without human interactions, velocity analysis and residual static corrections, avoiding the poorly-automated and time-consuming processing steps that are instead required when implementing conventional CMP processing. This makes the seismic imaging process more compatible with budgets available for near-surface geophysical investigations. Improving seismic imaging of near-surface reflection data, while at the same time reducing processing costs and human interaction during processing was the principal objective which guided my work. To investigate the advantages and limitations of exporting the CRS stack from the hydrocarbon exploration field to the near-surface scale, I have firstly analysed and adapted the characteristics of the CRS to the requirements of near-surface reflection data. Then, I have compared the results (seismic sections and velocity fields) obtained by processing with the CMP and the CRS stack methods for two real field datasets (P- and SH-wave)and two synthetic datasets that exhibited very large vertical velocity changes. Finally, I have proposed some original solutions that overcome several of the issues encountered when using CRS stack with near-surface data. The P-wave dataset was collected as part of a hydrogeological investigation with the aim of delineating the hydrogeological framework of a paleolake environment to a depth of few hundred metres. Using the CMP method, several nearly horizontal reectors with onsets from 60 to about 250 ms were imaged. The CRS stack produced a stacked section with greater coherency and lateral continuity than the CMP section, but also spurious alignments of seismic energy which hinder interpretation. Weighing the CRS stacked section with the corresponding CRS coherence and number of CRS stacked traces leads to a considerable reduction of the spurious alignments, resulting in a seismic section more suited to delineate the aquifer and its confining units. The SH-wave ultrashallow dataset was collected to support a geotechnical study to a depth of 10 m. The obtained CMP stacked section imaged a dipping bedrock interface below four horizontal re ectors in unconsolidated, very low velocity sediments. The vertical and lateral resolution was very high, so that despite the very shallow depth the resulting CMP stacked section showed the well-defined pinchout of two layers at less than 10 m depth. The CRS stack improved the continuity of the shallowest reector but showed an excessive smearing effect with some reector portions, including the pinchout, unresolved and not as well defined as in the (very detailed) CMP counterpart. Restricting the CRS stack process to single CMP gathers, preserving the CRS-supergather for the search of stacking parameters, produced a time section very similar to the CMP counterpart. In both cases, I swiftly obtained the CRS stacked sections in a fully automatic way, so with a cost/benefit ratio considerably more advantageous than that of the CMP sections, which required time-consuming prestack velocity analysis as well as residual static corrections. Moreover, using the kinematic wave field attributes determined for each stacking operation I reconstructed velocity fields matching the ones estimated with the CMP processing, even if this required a greater amount of work than that required to produce the CRS stacked sections. Finally, using two synthetic datasets, I addressed the issue of the crossing reection events that appear in data acquired in soils characterized by strong vertical velocity gradients. Although a matter debate for decades, this is an issue still unresolved by use of the conventional CMP method. Using the first synthetic dataset I showed that unlike in conventional CMP processing which cannot accurately process crossing reflection events without generating distortions and artefacts, the data-driven CRS stack imaging process considerably restricts their generation, limiting the reduction of signal-to-noise ratio and of temporal resolution in stacked traces. With the second synthetic dataset I simulated a data acquisition reproducing a case history with a high-velocity contrast in the first 5 m depth. The CRS results that I obtained from the modelled data demonstrated that the CRS stack method may be a reliable alternative for processing crossing reection events, definitely easier and faster than the construction of complicated velocity functions and/or the separated processing of the crossing events. By comparing these results with those obtained using the CMP method I obtained other interesting results, which, however, to validate would necessitate the use of real datasets. The findings of this present study demonstrates that the CRS stack could represent a significant step forward for the reduction of the costs involved in shallow and ultrashallow seismic reflection data processing, one which does not compromise the quality of results. Both these conditions being essential to the increased acceptance of the seismic reection method as a routine investigation method for use in shallow and ultrashallow seismics.

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Laletsang, Kebabonye. "Seismic exploration for metallic mineral deposits /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2001. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,27435.

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Okure, Maxwell Sunday. "Upper mantle reflectivity beneath an intracratonic basin : insights into the behavior of the mantle beneath Illinois basin /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd865.pdf.

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Janiszewski, Frank David. "Seismic reflection and gravity constraints on the bedrock configuration in the greater East Missoula area." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05232007-120605/.

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Okojie-Ayoro, Anita Onohuome. "An approach to mapping of shallow petroleum reservoirs using sntegrated conventional 3D and shallow P- and SH-wave seismic reflection methods at Teapot Dome Field in Casper, Wyoming /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2143.pdf.

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Samson, Claire. "Recording the Kapuskasing pilot reflection survey with refraction instruments : a feasibility study." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66063.

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Mustain, Mahmud. "The application of the shallow seismic reflection method and AVO analysis to identify the water table reflection." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30442.

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A simple mathematical model of a sandstone aquifer has been constructed based on a local example, the Sherwood Sandstone of the East Midlands, UK. Simple seismic reflectivity calculations show that the air-water interface should theoretically produce a detectable seismic reflected wave for sandstone porosities as low as 10%. A synthetic seismic reflection dataset was constructed for a typical field survey geometry, and processed using the Promax system to produce a stacked section. The final section clearly shows the water table reflector. A field dataset from a subsequent survey has also been processed using the same sequence which also imaged a clear reflector at 30m depth. This is important evidence that the method has uses in identifying water table as a part of progress in shallow seismic reflection survey. The methods currently employed are (1) to define the optimum field, and (2) to define the optimum processing sequence, so that water table reflection can be imaged in a variety of geological situations. The application of Amplitude versus Offset (AVO) analysis to CMP gathers from the field data shows a characteristic increase of amplitude with increasing angle of incidence for super-critical reflection. In this way the water table reflector is clearly identified with the amplitude increasing by 30% over the range of incident angle from 28Â° to 34Â°. AVO analysis has also been applied to other field data that has a similar geological setting, but with a lithological reflector over the same super-critical angle. The resulting AVO curve shows a decrease in amplitude of over 90% with increasing offset, clearly differentiating from the water table reflection. Both water table and lithological results closely agree with theoretical predictions.

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Demirbaäg, Mustafa Emin. "Estimation of seismic parameters from multifold reflection seismic data by generalized linear inversion of Zoeppritz equations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37224.

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Lampshire, Laura Dermody. "Crustal structures and the Eastern extent of the Lower Paleozoic Shelf Strata within the Central Appalachians : a seismic reflection interpretation /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020628/.

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Ogilvie, Jeffrey Scott. "Modeling of seismic coda, with application to attenuation and scattering in southeastern Tennessee." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25871.

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Luca, Gheorghe. "Toward high definition reservoir characterization." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2175.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 149 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-124).

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Ahmadi, Omid. "Application of the Seismic Reflection Method in Mineral Exploration and Crustal Imaging : Contributions to Hardrock Seismic Imaging." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259396.

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The seismic reflection method has been used extensively in mineral exploration and for imaging crustal structures within hardrock environments. In this research the seismic reflection method has been used and studied to address problems associated with hardrock settings. Papers I and II, address delineating and imaging a sulfide ore body and its surrounding rocks and structures in Garpenberg, central Sweden, at an active mine. 3D ray-tracing and finite-difference modeling were performed and the results suggest that although the detection of the ore body by the seismic reflection method is possible in the area, the presence of backfilled stopes in the mine makes seismic imaging of it difficult. In paper III the deeper structures of the Pärvie fault system in northern Sweden were revealed down to about 8 km through 2D seismic reflection profiling. The resulting images were interpreted using microearthquake data as a constraint. Based on the interpretation, some locations were suggested for future scientific deep drilling into the fault system. In paper IV, the seismic signature of complex geological structures of the Cue-Weld Range area in Western Australia was studied using a portion of a deep 2D seismic reflection profile. The pronounced reflections on the seismic images were correlated to their corresponding rock units on an available surface geological map of the study area. 3D constant velocity ray-tracing was performed to constrain the interpretation. Furthermore, the proposed structural model was tested using a 2D acoustic finite-difference seismic modeling method. Based on this study, a new 3D structural model was proposed for the subsurface of the area. These studies have investigated the capability of the seismic reflection method for imaging crustal structures within challenging hardrock and complex geological settings and show some its potential, but also its limitations.

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Zaske, Jörg Helmut. "Identification and attenuation of multiple reflections using wavefront characteristics /." [Karlsruhe] : Die Universität, 2000. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psgunzip/2000/physik/1/1.pdf.

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Thesis (Doctoral)--Universität Karlsruhe, 2000.
Abstract in German. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111). Also available via the World Wide Web. Also available via the World Wide Web. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psview?document=2000/physik/1 http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psview?document=/2000/physik/2

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Silva, Aristeguieta Maria. "Optimization of seismic least-squares inversion /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1993. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9325432.

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Vieth, Kai-Uwe. "Kinematic wavefield attributes in seismic imaging /." [Karlsruhe] : Die Universität, 2001. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/vvv/2001/physik/2/2.pdf.

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Kirchner, Andreas. "Efficient repeat-modelling of time-lapse seismograms for reservoir monitoring /." [Karlsruhe] : Die Universität, 2001. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/vvv/2001/physik/2/2.pdf.

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Thesis (Doctoral)--Universität Karlsruhe, 2000.
Abstract in German. Hochschulschrift = Thèse/Mémoire. Also available via the World Wide Web. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psview?document=2001/physik/2

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Jiao, Lingxiu. "Imaging of the Sudbury Structure, Ontario, Canada, using the seismic reflection and refraction method." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ62644.pdf.

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Calvès, Gérôme. "Tectono-stratigraphic and climatic record of the NE Arabian Sea." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until Feb., 18, 2010, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25475.

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Moffat, Lucky. "Location of sub-fresnel scale mineral targets in the subsurface /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2004. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,62334.

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Chaudhury, Suman. "Marine geophysical studies of the southern margins of the Iberian Peninsula." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1ee8721f-9324-48bd-8d57-b645e02d75fd.

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A wide variety of tectonic settings are juxtaposed at the southern margins of the Iberian Peninsula. The regional geology comprises an Atlantic passive margin in western Iberia, the convergent eastern part of the Azores-Gibraltar plate boundary zone between Africa and Eurasia, and an orogenic arc (the Betic-Rif mountains) surrounding an extensional basin (the Alboran Sea). The complex tectonic history of the southern Iberian margins is recorded in its sediments and structure, and these were investigated in this study using multichannel seismic reflection techniques in conjunction with other marine geophysical data. Multichannel seismic reflection and well data from the Gulf of Cadiz have shown that the earliest sediments are Triassic evaporites, followed by Jurassic carbonates, which form rotated fault blocks in the Gulf of Cadiz. Backstripping and thermal modelling has indicated that a rifting event took place in the Late Jurassic, which stretched the crust by ~20-50%. Gravity modelling, and mapping of stretching factors, has suggested that two zones of thinning underlie the Gulf of Cadiz, which are related to the original rifting event. Backstripped subsidence curves indicate passive margin thermal subsidence until the Miocene, when westward-directed thrusting and loading from the Betic-Rif mountain belt is reflected in a typical foreland basin tectonic subsidence signature of accelerated subsidence with time. A giant, chaotic body of allochthonous sediment was emplaced into the central Gulf of Cadiz as westward migration of the Gibraltar Arc led to oversteepening of the margin west of the Gibraltar Straits, while the Alboran Sea was simultaneously undergoing active extension. These allochthonous deposits are composed mainly of Triassic evaporites and Palaeogene shales. In the Gulf of Cadiz and Seine Abyssal Plains this body has the appearance of an accretionary wedge, but a 300 km long northern lobe of the body extends into the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain. This lobe is interpreted as being a cumulative mass wasting feature, formed by the gravity-driven downslope transport of large allochthonous masses as debris flows and slides and slumps, encouraged by a regional gradient and a pre-existing trough in the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain. The total volume of sediments involved was of the order of 72 000 km 3 , and the time of emplacement has been estimated as being Tortonian on the basis of seismic correlation with core data at DSDP site 135. This chaotic unit has formed a series of longitudinal diapiric ridges in the northern Gulf of Cadiz, which have been interpreted to act as a transport system for gas generated in the lower slope area to migrate to the upper slope where gas-related features are seen. Gas hydrates are present beneath the lower continental slope, as inferred from a bottom-simulating reflection on seismic reflection profiles.

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Cypriano, Luís Fernando Katsuda Ito. "Cálculo dos coeficientes de reflexão e transmissão em meios anisotrópicos." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263146.

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Orientador: Rodrigo de Souza Portugal
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cypriano_LuisFernandoKatsudaIto_M.pdf: 3729581 bytes, checksum: 3c24bb11c96e5ce9e394fb618e43ea9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A maioria dos métodos de imageamento de subsuperfície aplicados em projetos de Exploração e Produção (E&P) de hidrocarbonetos assume o meio elástico isotrópico (ISO). Os meios isotrópicos, em contrapartida aos modelos anisotrópicos, são aqueles cujas velocidades das ondas sísmicas não dependem da direção de propagação. Entretanto, muitas rochas obtidas de testemunhos apresentam anisotropia. Logo, é natural que estudos dos meios anisotrópicos sejam feitos com o intuito de aumentar a precisão do imageamento sísmico. As anisotropias são classificadas de acordo com as simetrias apresentadas. As simetrias mais comuns em exploração de hidrocarbonetos são as simetrias transversalmente isotrópicas (TI) e ortorrômbicas (ORT). Quando uma onda impinge uma interface são geradas ondas refletidas e transmitidas. A razão entre as amplitudes dos vetores de deslocamento da onda incidente em relação às ondas geradas são os coeficientes de reflexão/ transmissão (R/T) de deslocamento. Os coeficientes R/T podem ser expressos explicitamente por fórmulas apenas em casos de alta simetria, por exemplo, isotrópica. Caso contrário os coeficientes R/T devem ser obtidos de um sistema de equações algébricas lineares obtidas das condições de contorno na interface. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos um código para calcular os coeficientes de reflexão e transmissão (R/T) para interfaces entre meios anisotrópicos. Dois critérios para a distinção das ondas geradas na interface são adotados em adição ao critério convencional da literatura. As simetrias utilizadas para os testes sintéticos foram as simetrias ISO, TI e ORT. O testes exemplificam algumas características básicas dos coeficientes R/T, como equivalência entre interfaces e simetrias inclinadas e a reciprocidade dos coeficientes normalizados pela energia
Abstract: The great majority of the methods for imaging subsurface invested in hydrocarbons Exploration and Production (E&P) assumes isotropic elastic medium (ISO). The isotropic models are those which velocities of seismic waves do not depend on the direction of propagation. However many core rocks exhibit anisotropy. Thus, the assumption of anisotropic media is natural in order to increase the accuracy of seismic imaging. The anisotropies are classified according to their symmetries. The most common symmetries in hydrocarbon E&P are the transversely isotropic (TI) and orthorhombic (ORT) symmetries. When a seismic wave impinges at an interface between two media, it generates reflected and transmitted waves. The ratio between the amplitudes of displacement vectors of the incident and the generated waves are the displacement reflection/transmission (R/T) coefficients. The R/T coefficients can be expressed by explicit formulas in cases of higher symmetries, e.g. isotropy. Otherwise they are obtained numerically from a system of inhomogeneous linear algebraic equations derived from the boundary conditions in the interface. We develop a code to evaluate the R/T coefficients interfaces between two anisotropic media. We adopt two criteria in addition to the conventional one for distinguishing the generated waves. The symmetries used for the synthetic tests were symmetries ISO, TI and ORT. The tests illustrate some basic characteristics of the R/T coefficients, as equivalence between tilted symmetries and interfaces, and the reciprocal of the energy normalized R/T coefficients
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

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Helfrich, L. Cody. "Estimating oceanic internal wave energy from seismic reflector slope spectra." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594476671&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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D'Angelo, Richard M. "Correlation of seismic reflection data with seismicity over the Ramapo, New Jersey, fault zone." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45651.

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Reflection seismic data, mylonite reflectivity, gravity data, and earthquake hypocenters have been integrated into a possible explanation for seismicity in the Ramapo fault area. Seven reflection seismic lines were processed using variations in sorting and residual statics. Single VIBROSEIS sweeps were treated as separate sourcepoints. Compressional velocities and densities were determined in the laboratory. Reflection coefficients and gravity models provide evidence for reflections from mylonite zones. Earthquake hypocenters were projected into the vertical seismic sections. The results suggest a correlation between rock volumes containing hypocenters and rock volumes containing mylonite zones. The seismic line furthest from the Taconic suture displays fewer hypocenters and mylonites, in agreement with an assumed model of mylonite development possibly associated with obduction of continental crust. The mylonite zones in the basement may serve as local areas of crustal weakness for seismic activity occurring in the area.

Master of Science

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Weisenburger, Kenneth William. "Reflection seismic data acquisition and processing for enhanced interpretation of high resolution objectives." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74518.

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Reflection seismic data were acquired (by CONOCO, Inc.) which targeted known channel interruption of an upper Pennsylvanian coal seam (Herrin #6) in the Illinois basin. The data were reprocessed and interpreted by the Regional Geophysics Laboratory, Virginia Tech. Conventional geophysical techniques involving field acquisition and data processing were modified to enhance and maintain high frequency content in the signal bandwidth. Single sweep processing was employed to increase spatial sampling density and reduce low pass filtering associated with the array response. Whitening of the signal bandwidth was accomplished using Vibroseis whitening (VSW) and stretched automatic gain control (SAGC). A zero-phase wavelet-shaping filter was used to optimize the waveform length allowing a thinner depositional sequence to be resolved. The high resolution data acquisition and processing led to an interpreted section which shows cyclic deposition in a deltaic environment. Complex channel development interrupted underlying sediments including the Herrin coal seam complex. Contrary to previous interpretations of channel development in the study area by Chapman and others (1981), and Nelson (1983), the channel has been interpreted as having bimodal structure leaving an"island" of undisturbed deposits. Channel activity affects the younger Pennsylvanian sediments and also the unconsolidated Pleistocene till. A limit to the eastern migration of channel development affecting the the Pennsylvanian sediments considered in this study can be identified by the abrupt change in event characteristics.
Master of Science

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35

Calvès, Gérôme. "Tectono-stratigraphic and climatic record of the NE Arabian Sea." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25475.

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This study describes the tectono-stratigraphic and climatic record of the NE Arabian Sea during the Cenozoic. Compilation of regional knowledge and subsurface observations has in this thesis provided new interpretations and insights into the records present along this passive margin. The first is the rifting period (80-65 Ma) and the identification of a syn-rift volcanic sequence, comparable to other volcanic rifted margins. This is followed by the record of a drift sequence (~65 Ma to present day), composed of extensive carbonate platforms and an infill sequence of siliciclastic deposits. The analysed drift sequence (sink) is partly the result of the erosion of the hinterland (source) characterised by the India-Eurasia continent-continent collision. Influence of regional climate and/or tectonic forces on the accumulation rate in the sink was tested, but not conclusive as the study area (Upper Indus Fan) covers only a limited part of the sedimentary record of the Indus Fan. The thermal regime of the western margin of India is sparsely sampled, but once analysed, allows the definition of first order constraints on multiple rifting events. The post-rift subsidence of the margin is slow and anomalous for >28 m.y. after break-up, potentially in relation with vigorous asthenospheric convection and a sharp ocean-continent boundary. Past and present fluid flow is recorded in the sedimentary sequence of the Upper Indus Fan. The first is related to gas hydrate occurrence and is the result of the migration of fluids by a plumbing system to the shallow subsurface, expressed by bottom-simulating reflections crosscutting stratal reflections. A longer term fluid migration is recorded in this basin by the longest lived (~22 m.y.) mud volcano field recorded to date.

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O'Brien, Simon R. M. "Adaptive raytracing-based suppression of severe water-bottom multiples in marine seismic data." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/NQ42483.pdf.

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37

O'Neal, Ryan J. "Seismic and well log attribute analysis of the Jurassic Entrada/Curtis interval within the North Hill Creek 3D seismic survey, Uinta Basin, Utah : case history /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2017.pdf.

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38

Miller, Steven B. "Application of complex trace attributes to reflection seismic data near Charleston, South Carolina." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50058.

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Complex trace attribute analysis has been applied to 24-fold VIBROSEIS reflection data acquired on the Atlantic Coastal Plain near Charleston, S. C., to yield an expanded interpretation of a Mesozoic basin concealed beneath Coastal Plain sediments. Complex trace attributes express the seismic trace in terms of a complex variable and emphasize different components of the original seismogram. Attributes derived from synthetic seismograms of thin beds are used to interpret the patterns observed on the real data. Complex trace attributes derived from the original seismic trace complement the interpretation of a Mesozoic basin originally imaged by conventional data. The combination of single-sweep recording and use of complex trace attributes is believed to support an interpretation of a transition from basin border conglomerates into finer-grained siltstones nearer to the center of the basin.
Master of Science
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39

Khabbush, Khaled Omar. "A review of static corrections in seismic reflection surveys and a new method for their calculation." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286453.

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Roberts, Brian J. "A broadside and end-on seismic experiment on the crustal structure of the Newfoundland Appalachians /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 1998. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,23082.

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Wilson, Elizabeth B. "Hydrographic and seismic data analysis in the Norwegian Sea and offshore of the Solomon Islands." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798966701&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Xiang, Jianguang. "High resolution seismic imaging of the near-surface : comparison of energy sources /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0018/MQ55550.pdf.

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Burton, Andrew Joseph. "Seismic imaging methods applied to Devonian carbonate reef environments of western Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/MQ42356.pdf.

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Huang, Zhen. "Application of Bayesian approach on ground motion attenuation relationship for Wenchuan Earthquake." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691515.

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Shin, Chang Soo. "Nonlinear elastic wave inversion by blocky parameterization /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1988. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8810420.

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46

Bryan, Robert A. "Thin-bed resolution from cepstrum analysis." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74514.

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A method of cepstrum analysis is developed for the purpose of resolving thin-beds. The method relies on the detection of periodic pulses of the cepstra of reflectivity functions, which are isolated by computing a sub-cepstrum and a sum-cepstrum, and highlighted with a discriminator, where the sub-cepstrum of the functions f₁(t) and f₂(t) is the difference between the cepstra of the two functions, the sum-cepstrum of f₁(t) is the sum of the sub-cepstra of f₁(t) and f_k(t), k=2,3,4,... , and the discriminator is the product of the sum-cepstrum and the autocovariance of the sum-cepstrum. The technique requires at least two reflected wavelets generated by the same source. The method was applied to synthetic thin lens models. The method is shown to be sensitive to the ratio of the reflection coefficients at the top and bottom of the thin-bed. Specifically, the resolution depends on the ratio of the reflection coefficients. Optimum resolution is achieved when the reflection coefficients at the top and bottom of the thin-bed are equal in absolute magnitude. In addition, in the noise-free case, the absolute magnitude of the cepstral pulses can be used to determine the absolute magnitude of the ratio of the reflection coefficients. The technique is also sensitive to the sample interval used. The finest sample interval provides the best resolution because it produces the sharpest cepstral pulses and resolves the thinnest beds. The resolution of the method is drastically reduced by random noise, although thin-bed thicknesses are still detectable when the S/N of the synthetic seismic section is 15/1 and the upper frequency of the bandwidth of the noise is 1.1 octaves above the upper frequency of the bandwidth of the source wavelet.
Master of Science

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47

Liu, Faqi. "Surface multiple attenuation operators in the plane wave domain : theory and applications /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Gresko, Mark J. "Analysis and interpretation of compressional (P-wave) and shear (SH-wave) reflection seismic and geologic data over the Bane Dome, Giles County, Virginia." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53879.

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Approximately 37 km of predominantly 24-fold P-wave Vibroseis data and 16 km of 24-fold SH-wave Vibroseis data were acquired in the southern portion of the folded Appalachians near the Bane Dome in Giles County, Virginia. Data processing techniques included the application of newly developed methods for crossdip removal as well as the determination of statics solutions in the case of time variant shifts within the data traces. Minimum-phase filter deconvolution was also applied for the removal of reverberating energy and multiples recorded on the SH—wave lines. V_p/V_s ratios were used to aid in the determination of lithologies in the absence of bore-hole data. Interpreted thickening of the Lower Cambrian to Upper Precambrian sequence beneath the Bane Dome appears to represent Eocambrian rifting. Faults generated at that time may now be reactivated by the present stress regime, causing earthquake activity in this area. Interpretation of the seismic data supports a duplex structure proposed for the Paleozoic rocks of the Bane Dome Complex within the Narrows thrust sheet of southwestern Virginia.
Ph. D.

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Gamboa, Fernando, and Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e. Engenharia de Petróleo. "Aplicações do metodo de superficie comum de reflexão (CRS) ao processamento sísmico." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265465.

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Orientador: Martin Tygel
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Facudade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: O método Common Reflection Surface (CRS) tem por objetivo a obtenção de seções empilhadas de qualidade e extração de parâmetros do campo de onda que caracterizam o meio geológico, através de análises de coerência e com máxima utilização da redundância contida nos dados sísmicos de multicobertura. Para a realização dessas finalidades, o método CRS utiliza "famílias" de pares de fontes e receptores arbitrariamente dispostos em torno de um ponto central e empilhamentos através de tempos de trânsito multi-paramétricos. O CRS representa um significativo aprimoramento do clássico método Common midpoint (CMP), o qual utiliza famílias de pares fonte e receptor simetricamente dispostos em torno do ponto central (denominadas famílias CMP). Além disso, o número maior de parâmetros CRS permite melhores informações sobre o meio geológico. Neste trabalho, discutimos os fundamentos e principais resultados do método CRS na situação 2D, comparando-o ao método CMP. Dentre os vários estudos e aperfeiçoamentos realizados no método CRS, destacam-se (a) nova implementação do programa CRS, com utilização de parâmetros diretamente advindos dos dados; (b) implementação conjunta dos métodos CRS e CMP visando melhor contribuição de cada um deles para o imageamento sísmico; (c) introdução de nova metodologia para eliminação ou tenuação de ruído alinhado nas seções CRS e (d) investigação qualitativa e quantitativa das resoluções vertical e lateral do método CRS.
Abstract: The Common Reflection Surface (CRS) method is designed to produce stacked sections of superior quality, as well as a number of useful wavefield attributes that caracterize the geological subsurface. These attributes are estimated by means of coherency analysis methods, which optimally exploit the redundancy contained in the multicoverge seismic data. To take advantage of this redundancy, the CRS method employs "gathers" of source and receiver pairs, arbitrarily located around a fixed central point, with the help of multi-parametric traveltime moveouts. Waving the restriction of symmetric source-receiver pairs around the central point allows full use of the multicoverage data. As a result, CRS stacked sections are seen to be cleaner, with better signal-tonoise ratio and continuity of reflection events. We discuss the basics and main results of the CRS method, in the 2D situation, in close comparison with the classical CMP method. A number of improvements on the method itself, as well as on its practical applications, are presented. These include (a) a new implementation of CRS, with the use of parameters most directly related to the input data; (b) joint use of CRS and CMP, with the aim of obtaining the best possible processing and imaging results; (c) introduction of a new methodology to eliminate or attenuate aligned noise and (d) qualitative and quantitative investigation on vertical and lateral resolution in CRS sections.
Doutorado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

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Kamioka, Daniela Midori 1984. "Uma comparação entre semblances no método de ponto médio comum." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/306034.

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Orientadores: Maria Amélia Novais Schleicher, Lúcio Tunes dos Santos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica
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Resumo: Uma das principais etapas do processamento sísmico é a análise de velocidade. Essa é uma das técnicas que utilizam dados sísmicos organizados em famílias de ponto médio comum (CMP ¿ Common Midpoint). Encontrar curvas (por exemplo, hiperbólicas) pré-determinadas que se ajustam aos tempos de trânsito de reflexão da melhor maneira possível é de grande importância no processo CMP. Além disso, é necessário determinar corretamente os parâmetros que definem essas curvas de melhores ajustes, pois estes parâmetros transmitem informações importantes a serem extraídos dos dados sísmicos. Portanto, é essencial uma medida que estabeleça se certa curva se ajusta aos tempos de trânsito. A função semblance mede o grau de coerência (ou alinhamento) dos traços sísmicos ao longo das curvas testadas. A semblance convencional é uma medida robusta e fácil de ser calculada, e por esses motivos tem sido a mais utilizada dentre outras medidas. Além da função convencional, aplicamos outros dois tipos de funções: a Semblance com Peso e a Semblance AB. Os exemplos numéricos desse trabalho mostram que a medida de coerência com peso exibe uma melhor resolução no sentido de que as seções apresentam picos mais destacados com relação à semblance convencional, mas pelo fato dos valores obtidos pelas duas funções serem semelhantes e o custo computacional do cálculo da medida com peso ser bem superior à convencional, o esforço não vale a pena. Já a semblance AB tenta ser superior à convencional uma vez que para dados que apresentam um trend de amplitude (reversão de polaridade), a função AB apresenta uma pequeno aumento nos seus valores na região de reversão em questão, mas nada significativo, pelo menos nos exemplos de seção CMP utilizados nessa dissertação. Apesar de todas as tentativas de se obter uma medida de coerência que apresente melhores resultados com um baixo custo computacional, ainda assim a semblance convencional continua a apresentar resultados semelhantes aos outros métodos e com o menor tempo computacional para o seu cálculo
Abstract: One of the main steps of seismic processing is the velocity analysis. This is one of the methods that uses seismic data arranged in common midpoint (CMP) gathers. Finding predetermined curves (such as hyperbolic ones) that fit the reflection traveltimes the best possible way is of great importance in the CMP process. Moreover, it is necessary to correctly determine the parameters that define those best-fitting curves, as these parameters convey important information to be extracted from seismic data. Therefore, it is essential to establish a measure that determines if any curve fits the travel time. The semblance function is such a measure that determines the degree of coherence (or alignment) of the seismic traces along trial curves. Conventional semblance is a robust and easy-to-calculate measure, and for these reasons it has been the most used among other measures. Recently, two variations of semblance have been proposed in the literature: Weighted Semblance and AB Semblance. In this thesis, we show by means of numerical examples that Weighted Semblance provides better resolution in the sense that the semblance sections present more pronounced peaks than conventional semblance. However, the values obtained by the two functions are rather similar and the computational cost of calculating the weighted measure is much higher. Therefore, the effort is not worth it. AB semblance tries to be superior to the conventional function for data presenting an amplitude trend (for example, a polarity reversal). In our numerical tests, the AB function indeed provides a small increase in its values in the region of a polarity reversal, but nothing significant, at least for the CMP section examples used in this dissertation. Despite all attempts to obtain a coherence measure that offers better results with a low computational cost, conventional semblance still maintains similar results to other methods and the lowest computational time for its calculation
Mestrado
Matematica Aplicada
Mestra em Matemática Aplicada

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Seismic reflection method'

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