Journal articles: 'Seismic risk map Italy'

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Zanini, Mariano Angelo, Lorenzo Hofer, and Carlo Pellegrino. "A framework for assessing the seismic risk map of Italy and developing a sustainable risk reduction program." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 33 (February 2019): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.09.012.

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Cella, Federico, Rosa Nappi, Valeria Paoletti, and Giovanni Florio. "Basement Mapping of the Fucino Basin in Central Italy by ITRESC Modeling of Gravity Data." Geosciences 11, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100398.

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Sediments infilling in intermontane basins in areas with high seismic activity can strongly affect ground-shaking phenomena at the surface. Estimates of thickness and density distribution within these basin infills are crucial for ground motion amplification analysis, especially where demographic growth in human settlements has implied increasing seismic risk. We employed a 3D gravity modeling technique (ITerative RESCaling—ITRESC) to investigate the Fucino Basin (Apennines, central Italy), a half-graben basin in which intense seismic activity has recently occurred. For the first time in this region, a 3D model of the Meso-Cenozoic carbonate basement morphology was retrieved through the inversion of gravity data. Taking advantage of the ITRESC technique, (1) we were able to (1) perform an integration of geophysical and geological data constraints and (2) determine a density contrast function through a data-driven process. Thus, we avoided assuming a priori information. Finally, we provided a model that honored the gravity anomalies field by integrating many different kinds of depth constraints. Our results confirmed evidence from previous studies concerning the overall shape of the basin; however, we also highlighted several local discrepancies, such as: (a) the position of several fault lines, (b) the position of the main depocenter, and (c) the isopach map. We also pointed out the existence of a new, unknown fault, and of new features concerning known faults. All of these elements provided useful contributions to the study of the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin, as well as key information for assessing the local site-response effects, in terms of seismic hazards.

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Zumpano, Veronica, Luca Pisano, Francesco Filice, Angelo Ugenti, Daniela de Lucia, Janusz Wasowski, Francesca Santaloia, and Piernicola Lollino. "Regional-Scale Seismic Liquefaction Susceptibility Mapping via an Empirical Approach Validated by Site-Specific Analyses." Geosciences 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12050215.

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Regional-scale analyses of susceptibility to liquefaction are seldom performed in data-scarce areas. However, in spite of data limitations, such efforts can still provide useful information in case of populated, seismically active regions. The present work focuses on susceptibility zonation for soil liquefaction that might occur due to ground shaking in the Foggia Province, a data-scarce, seismically active area of about 7000 km2 located in southern Italy. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is used to obtain the susceptibility to liquefaction map of the whole area, while a geological and geotechnical database including 531 boreholes from 84 localities is used for cross-validation. The data are processed by means of a simplified quantitative method to determine liquefaction potential and assess whether a specific area is prone to liquefaction or not. Our results, along with an AUC − ROC = 0.89 test value, indicate that there are widespread areas of medium to high and very high susceptibility, and that the most susceptible zones are localized along the Adriatic Sea coastline and watercourses. The final susceptibility to liquefaction map represents a step forward towards the assessment of secondary seismic hazard in the study area, thus supporting the regional and local administrations responsible for land-use planning and risk mitigation.

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Borgogno-Mondino, Enrico, Andrea Borgia, and Corrado Cigolini. "Locating the Italian Radioactive Waste Repository: Issues and Perplexities Arisen from Open Data-Based Analyses about the TO-10 Site (NW Italy)." Land 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090932.

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Recently, Italy has started the procedure for the selection of suitable sites for hosting the National Repository for Low-Medium Activity Radioactive Wastes. Sogin spa, a public company, taking into account the criteria of the ISPRA Technical Guide no. 29, solicited by the EU Directive 2011/70/Euratom, has presented the CNAPI (National Map of the Potentially Suitable Areas) which has become operative since 5 January 2021. Sixty-seven sites were identified in Italy as potentially suitable for hosting the repository. Some criticalities immediately appeared concerning the properness of the selection. An analysis was, therefore, achieved to explore part of the rationales underlying the adopted procedure. A paradigmatic site, namely the TO-10 one (NW Italy), was chosen for the analysis, which highlighted significant anomalies affecting both the procedure rationales and its results. Since the selection process majorly relies on geographical data, attention was particularly paid on the role of official data from open archives. With reference to the most updated and detailed ones, we demonstrated that the Sogin procedure suffers from several critical points. In particular, with reference to the TO-10 site, we found that it cannot be absolutely considered to be suitable for hosting the National Deposit. In fact, it proved to match several exclusion criteria included in the ISPRA Technical Guide n. 29. These include: the potentially high “seismic risk” due to a “seismic gap” and complex tectonics associated with uplift (up to 1–1.5 mm/y); a highly vulnerable and extremely superficial groundwater table; a high permeability (10−2–10−3 m/s) of the cover sedimentary units; not proper buffer zones around local settlements. In spite of the local specificity of the analysis, results concerning procedure weaknesses are general. Consequently, we expect that they can be a stimulus for Sogin to more properly face the next steps of the selection procedure.

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Xu, Qian, Qiang Chen, Jingjing Zhao, Xianwen Liu, Yinghui Yang, Yijun Zhang, and Guoxiang Liu. "Sequential modelling of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake cluster using multisource satellite observations and quantitative assessment of Coulomb stress change." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa036.

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SUMMARY A sequence of earthquake events consisting of three large shocks occurred in Central Italy from August to October in 2016 with the duration of almost 2 months. The preliminary study on the seismic mechanism suggests that the sequence of events is the result from the activity of the SW dipping Mt Bove–Mt Vettore–Mt Gorzano normal fault system. For investigation and understanding of the coseismic faulting of the seismogenic fault alignment, we collect a set of comprehensive satellite observations including the Sentinel-1A, ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and GPS data to map the coseismic surface deformation and estimate the source models in this study. The derived faulting model for the first Amatrice event is characterized by two distinct slip asperities suggesting that it is a predominantly normal dip-slip motion with slight strike-slip component. The second event, Visso earthquake is almost a purely normal rupture. The third Norcia event is dominated by the normal dip-slip rupture of the seismogenic fault, and has propagated up to the ground with significant slip. The three faulting models are then utilized to quantify the Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change over the seismic zone. First, the CFS change on the subsequent two seismogenic faults of the earthquake sequence is estimated, and the derived positive CFS change induced by the preceding earthquakes suggests that the early events have positive effects on triggering the subsequent seismicity. We then explore the response relation of the aftershocks including 961 events with magnitudes larger than M 3.0 to the CFS change over the seismic zone. It suggests that the rupture pattern of the aftershocks is similar to the major shocks with predominantly normal dip-slip. To assess the risk of the future seismic hazard, we analyse quantitatively the spatial distribution of aftershock occurrence and CFS transfer at the seismogenic depth, indicating that the ruptures of the three major shocks do partly release the accumulated strain on the associated fault alignment as well as the dense aftershock, but the CFS increase zone with few aftershocks in the southwest of the eastern Quaternary fault alignment of Central Italy poses the potential of further rupture. In particular, the distribution of aftershock migration also suggests that the north extension of the Mt Bove fault is the potential zone with rupture risk.

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Oldroyd, David, Filomena Amador, Jan Kozák, Ana Carneiro, and Manuel Pinto. "The Study of Earthquakes in the Hundred Years Following the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 321–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.2.h9v2708334745978.

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This paper traces some of the main developments in the study of earthquakes and their scientific investigation from 1755 (the year of the Great Lisbon Earthquake: GLE) to 1855. The GLE was widely reported and discussed, though at that time there was no systematic and accurate collection of seismic data so that the event did not in itself lead to significant scientific advances. But an idea is given of the attempts as regards Portugal and Spain to explain the GLE in the terms of the day. In 1760, John Michell described methods for ascertaining (in principle) the position of what would today be called the GLE's epicentre and its focal depth. His attempted explanation of the quake is described. The Calabrian Earthquake (1783) was followed by more systematic studies of its effects, showing how the centre of damage could be identified and estimates made of zones of equal damage (isoseismal zones). The undulatory nature of seismic displacements was recognized by Michell and others, but some observers in Italy thought they detected "vorticose" motion - an idea supported by the clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of the stones of two obelisks disturbed by the Calabrian Earthquake. The association of earthquakes with volcanoes received ongoing discussion through the century following the GLE and electrical explanations were also popular, particularly in Italy. The connection of volcanoes with land elevation or subsidence attracted the attention of Lyell and Darwin. The idea of isoseismal maps was adumbrated by von Buch in relation to the Silesian Earthquake of 1799 and a simple isoseismal map was drawn for the Rhineland Earthquake by Egen (1828) and a simple intensity scale proposed. Von Humboldt described earthquakes and volcanoes he had studied in South and Central America, but failed to establish any systematic system for their recording, and unhelpfully he gave rise to the notion of "craters of elevation" to account for the formation of volcanoes. Through the first half of the nineteenth century, extensive efforts were made to catalogue historical data on earthquakes' timing, location, and intensity, and their concomitant astronomical and meteorological circumstances, but initially few useful patterns could be discerned. There was no network of seismic stations, and the pendulum instruments for earthquake detection and recording were largely ineffective. The early development of seismoscopes/seismographs is described, but none worked satisfactorily in the period under discussion (except for Mallet's method for detecting artificial seismic disturbances). In the 1840s, William Hopkins published mathematical analyses of crustal deformations and earthquake phenomena and the transmission of seismic waves. He recognized two kinds of wave, which travelled at different velocities, and on that basis he proposed methods for determining the focal position of an earthquake. But the wave velocities were not known accurately and, though valid in principle, his method, utilizing the different travel-times for the two kinds of waves, could not be applied immediately. Studying the Visp Earthquake (1855), Georg Volger (with August Petermann) drew two isoseismal maps and proposed a numerical intensity scale, but it was not generally applicable since Volger allocated a value of ‘0’ to the region of maximum intensity and ‘6’ to the areas where motion was just discernible. Robert Mallet's work in the early 1850s was fundamental and marked the beginning of modern seismology (his term). Using artificial explosions and accurate clocks, he measured (longitudinal) wave velocities in soft sediments and hard granite, finding that velocities were higher for the latter. His catalogue of earthquakes and his plot of their distribution worldwide yielded a map that matches modern maps of plate boundaries. Mallet was stimulated by Lyell's drawings of the rotated Calabrian obelisks, and he showed that such movements could be produced by seismic waves, and "vorticose" motions need not be invoked. Soon after 1855, improved seismic detectors and recorders were devised and the systematic seismic investigations began. The period discussed in the present paper could be said to belong to the "pre-paradigm" stage of seismology.

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Gaudiosi, Germana, Giuliana Alessio, Rosa Nappi, Valentina Noviello, Efisio Spiga, and Sabina Porfido. "Evaluation of Damages to the Architectural Heritage of Naples as a Result of the Strongest Earthquakes of the Southern Apennines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 6880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196880.

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The city of Naples (Campanian region, Southern Italy) has been hit by the strongest earthquakes located inside the seismogenic areas of the Southern Apennines, as well as by the volcano-tectonic earthquakes of the surrounding areas of the Campi Flegrei, Ischia and Vesuvius volcanic districts. An analysis of the available seismic catalogues shows that in the last millennium, more than 100 earthquakes have struck Naples with intensities rating I to III on the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale over the felt level. Ten of these events have exceeded the damage level, with a few of these possessing an intensity greater than VII MCS. The catastrophic earthquakes of 1456 (I0 = XI MCS), 1688 (I0 = XI MCS) and 1805 (I0 = X MCS) occurred in the Campania–Molise Apennines chain, produced devastating effects on the urban heritage of the city of Naples, reaching levels of damage equal to VIII MCS. In the 20th century, the city of Naples was hit by three strong earthquakes in 1930 (I0 = X MCS), 1962 (I0 = IX MCS) and 1980 (I0 = X MCS), all with epicenters in the Campania and Basilicata regions. The last one is still deeply engraved in the collective memory, having led to the deaths of nearly 3000 individuals and resulted in the near-total destruction of some Apennine villages. Moreover, the city of Naples has also been hit by ancient historical earthquakes that originated in the Campanian volcanic districts of Campi Flegrei, Vesuvio and Ischia, with intensities up to VII–VIII MCS (highest in the Vesuvian area). Based on the intensity and frequency of its past earthquakes, the city of Naples is currently classified in the second seismic category, meaning that it is characterized by “seismicity of medium energy”. In this paper, we determine the level of damage suffered by Naples and its monuments as a result of the strongest earthquakes that have hit the city throughout history, highlighting its repetitiveness in some areas. To this aim, we reconstructed the seismic history of some of the most representative urban monuments, using documentary and historical sources data related to the effects of strong earthquakes of the Southern Apennines on the city of Naples. The ultimate purpose of this study is to perform a seismic macro-zoning of the ancient center of city and reduce seismic risk. Our contribution represents an original elaboration on the existing literature by creating a damage-density map of the strongest earthquakes and highlighting, for the first time, the areas of the city of Naples that are most vulnerable to strong earthquakes in the future. These data could be of fundamental importance to the construction of detailed maps of seismic microzones. Our study contributes to the mitigation of seismic risk in the city of Naples, and provides useful advice that can be used to protect the historical heritage of Naples, whose historical center is a UNESCO World Heritage site.

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Santangelo, Michele, Massimiliano Alvioli, Marco Baldo, Mauro Cardinali, Daniele Giordan, Fausto Guzzetti, Ivan Marchesini, and Paola Reichenbach. "Brief communication: Remotely piloted aircraft systems for rapid emergency response: road exposure to rockfall in Villanova di Accumoli (central Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-325-2019.

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Abstract. The use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) in geosciences is often aimed at the acquisition of an image sequence to produce digital models and orthophotographs of the topographic surface. The technology can be applied for rockfall hazard and risk assessment. To study rockfalls, an approach consists in the application of numerical models for the computation of rockfall trajectories. Data required for such simulations include digital terrain models, location of the instability source areas, and the mechanical properties of the terrain. In this article, we present an analysis of the earthquake-triggered rockfall that occurred along the SP18 in Villanova di Accumoli (Lazio, central Italy) during the seismic sequence that started on 24 August 2016. A survey with a multicopter was carried out to obtain a surface model of the terrain and identify and characterize the source areas and other instable blocks in areas not accessible in the field. The investigated area extends for 6500 m2 and was covered by 161 photographs that were used to obtain an orthophoto with a ground resolution of 2.5 cm and a digital surface model with a ground resolution of 20 cm × 20 cm, which was processed and fused with GNSS real-time kinematic data. To obtain a map of potential rockfall trajectories, we run the numerical model STONE, using as origin of the boulders both source areas mapped in the field and pixels with a slope angle above a selected threshold. Results showed that only the part of the road SP18 already affected by the rockfall was exposed to further rockfall impacts. In particular, it was observed that 29.2 % (i.e. 12 123) of the 41 500 simulated trajectories may potentially reach or cross this tract of the road. Based on these data, limited protection measures were suggested. The combined use of RPAS data, fused with ground GPS points, an accurate geomorphological survey, and terrain static and dynamic parameters from the literature allows fast, low-cost, and replicable rockfall numerical modelling useful for emergency response and adoption of proper protection measures.

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Rota, Maria, Andrea Penna, Claudio Strobbia, and Guido Magenes. "Typological Seismic Risk Maps for Italy." Earthquake Spectra 27, no. 3 (August 2011): 907–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3609850.

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This paper describes the methodology followed to derive typological seismic risk maps for Italy and then presents the results. In its classical definition, seismic risk is obtained from the convolution of hazard, vulnerability and exposure. Due to the absence of reliable data on exposure for the entire Italian territory, this study proposes typological seismic risk maps, obtained by simply convolving hazard and vulnerability for several building typologies characteristic of the Italian building stock. A specific hazard study in terms of PGA has been carried out. The results have then been convolved with empirical typological fragility curves, that were derived from data collected during post-earthquake surveys after the main Italian events of the last 30 years. Useful applications can be found for the typological seismic risk maps, both for risk mitigation strategies and for purely economical evaluations (e.g., insurance and reinsurance studies).

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El-Araby, H., and M. Sultan. "Integrated Seismic Risk Map of Egypt." Seismological Research Letters 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.1.53.

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Sabetta, Fabio. "SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION IN ITALY." NED University Journal of Research 1, Special Issue on First SACEE'19 (January 1, 2019): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35453/nedjr-stmech-2019-0005.

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In this paper, the main features of the policies adopted in Italy for seismic risk reduction are discussed. Particular attention is given to the Pre-disaster prevention activities such as the implementation of the building code, the seismic risk assessment for a priority scale of intervention, tax incentives and public funding for the vulnerability reduction of the existing buildings, information to population and school education, technical training of experts. The phases of response and post-disaster activities, including emergency management, search and rescue, loss scenarios, and safety assessment of buildings, are also discussed taking example from the most recent devastating earthquakes in Italy (L.Aquila 2009, Amatrice 2016).

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Pasquale, Giacomo Di, Giampiero Orsini, and Roberto W. Romeo. "New Developments in Seismic Risk Assessment in Italy." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2005): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-005-0202-1.

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Crowley, Helen, Miriam Colombi, Barbara Borzi, Marta Faravelli, Mauro Onida, Manuel Lopez, Diego Polli, Fabrizio Meroni, and Rui Pinho. "A comparison of seismic risk maps for Italy." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2008): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9100-7.

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Pergalani, F., A. Pagliaroli, C. Bourdeau, M. Compagnoni, L. Lenti, M. Lualdi, C. Madiai, et al. "Seismic microzoning map: approaches, results and applications after the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 12 (May 14, 2019): 5595–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00640-1.

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Pacifico, Adriana, Eugenio Chioccarelli, and Iunio Iervolino. "Residential code-conforming structural seismic risk maps for Italy." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 153 (February 2022): 107104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.107104.

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Mori, F., A. Mendicelli, M. Moscatelli, G. Romagnoli, E. Peronace, and G. Naso. "A new Vs30 map for Italy based on the seismic microzonation dataset." Engineering Geology 275 (September 2020): 105745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105745.

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Casciello, Emilio, Massimo Cesarano, Giuseppe Naso, Gerardo Pappone, and Carmen Rosskopf. "The 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake: Geological and Geomorphological Data on the San Giuliano di Puglia Area." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 1_suppl (July 2004): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1765105.

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The small village of San Giuliano di Puglia sustained the most severe damage from the Molise earthquake sequence of 2002. This study involved detailed geological and geomorphological mapping and is supported by a large set of geotechnical, geophysical and drill-hole data available from existing studies. These data were used to compile a seismic microzonation map of the San Giuliano di Puglia area as part of a study officially commissioned by the Department of Civil Protection. The map provides seismic hazard information that will be useful in the repair and reconstruction of the town.

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Partono, Windu, Masyhur Irsyam, and Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani. "Development of seismic risk microzonation map for Semarang due to Semarang fault earthquake scenarios with maximum magnitude 6.9 Mw." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815901011.

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Research on seismic microzonation of Semarang is still ongoing. The first seismic microzonation research for this area was performed on 2015. Seismic microzonation map was developed by implementing deterministic 1-D site response analysis at 190 boring locations. Lasem fault was considered to be the main earthquake source which taken into account for seismic microzonation research of Semarang. The second research for developing seismic microzonation map was performed on 2016. Following the research conducted by Team for Updating Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia 2016, Rawapening Fault, Ungaran Fault, Weleri Fault, Demak Fault and Semarang Fault are five new shallow crustal fault earthquake sources identified in this research. This paper presents the development of seismic risk microzonation map caused by Semarang fault earthquake scenarios with maximum 6.9 Mw. Deterministic 1-D site response analysis was performed at 288 boring locations for developing seismic risk microzonation map. This research was performed by implementing response spectral matching and site propagation analysis. Due to inadequate data caused by Semarang fault earthquake, response spectral matching was implemented in this research to obtain modified acceleration time histories. All acceleration time histories were developed from five different earthquakes with magnitude 6.05 – 6.9 Mw and maximum epicentre distance 15 Km.

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Oh, HyunJu, JunSung Lee, and HyungChoon Park. "Microzonation of Sejong City Area Based on Site Amplification Generated by Pohang-Type Seismic Waves." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.263.

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When an earthquake occurs, the behavior of the ground is significantly influenced by the seismic wave characteristics (waveform) and soil layer conditions. In local and international seismic design standards, it is recommended that the input seismic wave should correspond to the design response spectrum and reflect the fault characteristics. In this study, ground response analysis was performed to satisfy the seismic design standards using modified design seismic waves generated by the Pohang seismic waves measured at the bedrock location. The peak ground acceleration, ground amplification ratio, and natural period of Sejong-si for Pohang-type seismic waves were determined using the Sejong-si 120 site exploration results. From a plotted risk map, a map of floors that could experience relatively large seismic loads during an earthquake was determined. Based on the risk map plotted in this study, it is possible to prepare for earthquake damage in advance by identifying the degree of seismic damage to a structure when an earthquake occurs and selecting the building inspection or seismic reinforcement priority.

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Montaldo, Valentina, Ezio Faccioli, Gaetano Zonno, Aybige Akinci, and Luca Malagnini. "Treatment of ground-motion predictive relationships for the reference seismic hazard map of Italy." Journal of Seismology 9, no. 3 (July 2005): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-005-5966-x.

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Dolce, Mauro, and Andrea Prota. "Guest editorial to the special issue—Seismic risk assessment in Italy." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 8 (June 2021): 2995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01107-y.

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Diaferio, Mariella, and Dora Foti. "Seismic risk assessment of Trani’s Cathedral bell tower in Apulia, Italy." International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering 9, no. 3 (June 14, 2017): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40091-017-0162-0.

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Petruzzelli, Fabio, and Iunio Iervolino. "NODE: a large‐scale seismic risk prioritization tool for Italy based on nominal structural performance." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 7 (April 18, 2021): 2763–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01093-1.

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AbstractPrioritization of seismic risk mitigation at a large scale requires rough-input methodologies able to provide an expedited, yet conventional, assessment of the seismic risk corresponding to the portfolio of interest. In fact, an evaluation of seismic vulnerability at regional level by means of mechanics-based methods is generally only feasible for a fraction of the portfolio, selected according to prioritization criteria, due to the sheer volume of information and computational effort required. Therefore, conventional assessment of seismic risk via simple indices has been proposed in literature and in some guidelines, mainly based on the comparison of code requirements at the time of design and current seismic demand. These indices represent an attempt to define a relative seismic risk measure for a rapid ranking to identify the part of the portfolio that deserves further investigation. Although these risk metrics are based on strong assumptions, they have the advantage of only requiring easy-to-retrieve data, such as design year and location as the bare minimum, making them suitable for applications within the risk analysis industry. Moreover, they can take both hazard and vulnerability into account, albeit conventionally, and can be manipulated in order to account for exposure in terms of individual or societal risks. In the present study, the main assumptions, limitations, and possible evolutions of existing prioritization approaches to nominal risk are reviewed, with specific reference to the Italian case. Furthermore, this article presents the software NODE (available to interested readers), which enables the computation of location-specific code-based seismic performance demands, according to the Italian code and the evolution of seismic classification since 1909. Finally, this study intends to contribute to the ongoing debate on strategies for large-scale seismic assessment for building stock management purposes.

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Tyagunov, S., G. Grünthal, R. Wahlström, L. Stempniewski, and J. Zschau. "Seismic risk mapping for Germany." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 4 (June 29, 2006): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-573-2006.

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Abstract. The aim of this study is to assess and map the seismic risk for Germany, restricted to the expected losses of damage to residential buildings. There are several earthquake prone regions in the country which have produced Mw magnitudes above 6 and up to 6.7 corresponding to observed ground shaking intensity up to VIII–IX (EMS-98). Combined with the fact that some of the earthquake prone areas are densely populated and highly industrialized and where therefore the hazard coincides with high concentration of exposed assets, the damaging implications from earthquakes must be taken seriously. In this study a methodology is presented and pursued to calculate the seismic risk from (1) intensity based probabilistic seismic hazard, (2) vulnerability composition models, which are based on the distribution of residential buildings of various structural types in representative communities and (3) the distribution of assets in terms of replacement costs for residential buildings. The estimates of the risk are treated as primary economic losses due to structural damage to residential buildings. The obtained results are presented as maps of the damage and risk distributions. For a probability level of 90% non-exceedence in 50 years (corresponding to a mean return period of 475 years) the mean damage ratio is up to 20% and the risk up to hundreds of millions of euro in the most endangered communities. The developed models have been calibrated with observed data from several damaging earthquakes in Germany and the nearby area in the past 30 years.

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Makrup, Lalu, Arif Hariyanto, and Setya Winarno. "Seismic Hazard Map for Papua Island." International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE) 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irece.v9i2.14090.

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Chioccarelli, Eugenio, and Iunio Iervolino. "Comparing Short-Term Seismic and COVID-19 Fatality Risks in Italy." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (March 17, 2021): 2382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200368.

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Abstract Risks assessment and risks comparison are basic concepts for emergency management. In the fields of earthquake engineering and engineering seismology, the operational earthquake loss forecasting (OELF) is the research frontier for the assessment of short-term seismic risk. It combines seismicity models, continuously updated based on ground-motion monitoring (i.e., operational earthquake forecasting), with large-scale vulnerability models for the built environment and exposure data. With the aim of contributing to the discussion about capabilities and limitations of OELF, the study presented aims at comparing the OELF results and the fatality risk (based on fatality data) related to coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) that, at the time of writing, is perceived as very relevant and required unprecedented risk reduction measures in several countries, most notably Italy. Results show that, at a national scale in Italy, the COVID-19 risk has been higher than the seismic risk during the two pandemic waves even if, at the end of the so-called lockdown, the evolution of the pandemic suggested the possibility (not realized) of reaching a situation of comparable seismic and COVID-19 risks in a few weeks. Because the two risks vary at a local scale, risks comparison was also carried out on a regional basis, showing that, before the beginning of the second wave, in some cases, the seismic risk, as assessed by means of OELF, was larger than the pandemic one.

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Acharya, Prabin, Keshab Sharma, and Indra Prasad Acharya. "Seismic Liquefaction Risk Assessment of Critical Facilities in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." GeoHazards 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards2030009.

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Kathmandu Valley lies in an active tectonic zone, meaning that earthquakes are common in the region. The most recent was the Gorkha Nepal earthquake, measuring 7.8 Mw. Past earthquakes caused soil liquefaction in the valley with severe damages and destruction of existing critical infrastructures. As for such infrastructures, the road network, health facilities, schools and airports are considered. This paper presents a liquefaction susceptibility map. This map was obtained by computing the liquefaction potential index (LPI) for several boreholes with SPT measurements and clustering the areas with similar values of LPI. Moreover, the locations of existing critical infrastructures were reported on this risk map. Therefore, we noted that 42% of the road network and 16% of the airport area are in zones of very high liquefaction susceptibility, while 60%, 54%, and 64% of health facilities, schools and colleges are in very high liquefaction zones, respectively. This indicates that most of the critical facilities in the valley are at serious risk of liquefaction during a major earthquake and therefore should be retrofitted for their proper functioning during such disasters.

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SHINODA, Masahiro, and Yoshihisa MIYATA. "NATIONAL SEISMIC RISK MAP OF RAILWAY EMBANKMENTS USING RECENT EARTHQUAKE HISTORY." Geosynthetics Engineering Journal 36 (October 14, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5030/jcigsjournal.36.1.

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Grasso, S., and M. Maugeri. "The road map for seismic risk analysis in a Mediterranean city." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 6 (June 2009): 1034–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.12.001.

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Cito, Pasquale, Eugenio Chioccarelli, and Iunio Iervolino. "Macroseismic intensity hazard maps for Italy based on a recent grid source model." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 5 (January 29, 2022): 2245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01323-0.

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AbstractSeismic hazard maps from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis or PSHA collect, at different sites, the values of the (site-specific) ground motion intensity measures of interest that, taken individually, have the same exceedance return period. For large-scale analyses, a widely used intensity measure is the macroseismic (MS) intensity, that provides an assessment of the earthquake effect based on the observed consequences in the hit area. Hazard maps can be developed in terms of MS intensity, and some examples exist in this respect. In the case of Italy, the last MS hazard map is based on the same seismic source model (known as MPS04) adopted to derive the design seismic actions of the current building code, a study dating more than ten years ago. It provides results in terms of countrywide Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) intensity level with 475 years return period. This short paper presents and discusses MCS probabilistic seismic hazard maps for Italy based on a recent grid-seismicity source model, herein named MPS19, synthetizing the large effort of a wide scientific community. The results, which are obtained by means of classical PSHA, are given in the form of maps referring to the 475 years return period, and also others of earthquake engineering interest. Moreover, it is discussed that the return period does not univocally identifies the MS intensity because, although MS is, by definition, a discrete random variable, it is modelled, in a given earthquake, by means of a normal distribution, that is, treated as continuous. Thus, the maps of the minimum return period causing the occurrence or exceedance of different MCS intensities are also provided. Finally, the comparison between the 475 years return period hazard map presented and the one which is currently the point of reference in Italy, that is, computed using MPS04, is briefly discussed. All the computed maps are made available to the reader as supplemental material.

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Konovalov, Alexey, Yuriy Gensiorovskiy, Valentina Lobkina, Alexandra Muzychenko, Yuliya Stepnova, Leonid Muzychenko, Andrey Stepnov, and Mikhail Mikhalyov. "Earthquake-Induced Landslide Risk Assessment: An Example from Sakhalin Island, Russia." Geosciences 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070305.

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Damages caused by earthquake-induced ground effects can be of the order or significantly exceed the expected damages from ground shaking. A new probabilistic technique is considered in this study for earthquake-induced landslide risk assessment. A fully probabilistic technique suggests a multi-stage hazard assessment. These stages include the determination of seismic hazard curves and landslide probabilistic models, a vulnerability assessment, and geotechnical investigations. At each of the stages, the uncertainties should be carefully analyzed. A logic tree technique, which handles all available models and parameters, was used in the study. The method was applied considering child education facilities located at the foot of a natural slope in the south of Sakhalin Island which is known as an active seismic and land sliding area. The significant differences in the ground motion scenario in terms of the 475-year seismic hazard map and the fully probabilistic approach considered suggests that seismic landslide risk could be underestimated or overestimated when using the 475-year seismic hazard map for risk assessment. The given approach follows the rational risk management idea that handles well all possible ground motion scenarios, slope models, and parameters. The authors suggest that the given approach can improve geotechnical studies of slope stability.

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Polese, Maria, Marco d’Aragona, Marco Di Ludovico, and Andrea Prota. "Sustainable Selective Mitigation Interventions towards Effective Earthquake Risk Reduction at the Community Scale." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082894.

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Risk reduction policies are crucial in regions of high seismic risk, having significant exposure and building vulnerability. In Italy, the Sismabonus incentive mechanism was recently approved, which regulates the possibility of benefiting tax deductions after seismic strengthening interventions on buildings. This paper presents a simplified approach for evaluating the effects of implementation of the Sismabonus policy at the territorial scale. Considering only reinforced concrete RC building typologies, a speed method for calculating the probability of being in relevant risk classes is introduced and it is applied to a town in southern Italy. The evaluation is based on simplified modeling of lateral seismic behavior and on the estimate of the peak ground acceleration corresponding to the attainment of building capacity. The effect of possible retrofit interventions is also considered. This performance-based procedure allows for taking into account the cost for selective retrofit interventions and contemporarily to estimate the variation of mean expected annual loss that is obtained with building upgrading.

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Selva, J., A. Amato, A. Armigliato, R. Basili, F. Bernardi, B. Brizuela, M. Cerminara, et al. "Tsunami risk management for crustal earthquakes and non-seismic sources in Italy." La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 44, no. 2 (February 2021): 69–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40766-021-00016-9.

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AbstractDestructive tsunamis are most often generated by large earthquakes occurring at subduction interfaces, but also other “atypical” sources—defined as crustal earthquakes and non-seismic sources altogether—may cause significant tsunami threats. Tsunamis may indeed be generated by different sources, such as earthquakes, submarine or coastal landslides, volcano-related phenomena, and atmospheric perturbations. The consideration of atypical sources is important worldwide, but it is especially prominent in complex tectonic settings such as the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, or the Indonesian archipelago. The recent disasters in Indonesia in 2018, caused by the Palu-Sulawesi magnitude Mw 7.5 crustal earthquake and by the collapse of the Anak-Krakatau volcano, recall the importance of such sources. Dealing with atypical sources represents a scientific, technical, and computational challenge, which depends on the capability of quantifying and managing uncertainty efficiently and of reducing it with accurate physical modelling. Here, we first introduce the general framework in which tsunami threats are treated, and then we review the current status and the expected future development of tsunami hazard quantifications and of the tsunami warning systems in Italy, with a specific focus on the treatment of atypical sources. In Italy, where the memory of historical atypical events like the 1908 Messina earthquake or the relatively recent 2002 Stromboli tsunami is still vivid, specific attention has been indeed dedicated to the progressive development of innovative strategies to deal with such atypical sources. More specifically, we review the (national) hazard analyses and their application for coastal planning, as well as the two operating tsunami warning systems: the national warning system for seismically generated tsunamis (SiAM), whose upstream component—the CAT-INGV—is also a Tsunami Service Provider of the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas Tsunami Warning System (NEAMTWS) coordinated by the Intergovernmental Coordination Group established by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, and the local warning system for tsunamis generated by volcanic slides along the Sciara del Fuoco of Stromboli volcano. Finally, we review the state of knowledge about other potential tsunami sources that may generate significant tsunamis for the Italian coasts, but that are not presently considered in existing tsunami warning systems. This may be considered the first step towards their inclusion in the national tsunami hazard and warning programs.

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Farahani, Saeideh, Behrouz Behnam, and Ahmad Tahershamsi. "Macrozonation of seismic transient and permanent ground deformation of Iran." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 2889–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2889-2020.

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Abstract. Iran is located on the Alpide earthquake belt, in the active collision zone between the Eurasian and Arabian plates. This issue makes Iran a country that suffers from geotechnical seismic hazards associated with frequent destructive earthquakes. Also, according to the rapid growth of population and demands for construction lifelines, risk assessment studies which should be carried out in order to reduce the probable damages are necessary. The most important destructive effects of earthquakes on lifelines are transient and permanent ground displacements. The availability of the map of the displacements caused by liquefaction, landslide, and surface fault rupture can be a useful reference for researchers and engineers who want to carry out a risk assessment project for each specific region of the country. In this study, these precise maps are produced and presented by using a considerable number of GIS-based analyses and by employing the HAZUS methodology. It is important to note that a required accuracy for risk assessment is approximately around the macro scale. So, in order to produce a suitable map for risk assessment goals, in terms of accuracy, the GIS-based analyses are employed to map all of Iran.

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Soldati, Gaia, Lucia Zaccarelli, and Licia Faenza. "Spatio-temporal seismic velocity variations associated to the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence from noise cross-correlation." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 2165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz429.

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SUMMARY We investigate the temporal changes of crustal velocity associated to the seismic sequence of 2016–2017, which struck central Italy with a series of moderate to large earthquakes. We cross-correlate continuous recordings of 2 yr of ambient seismic noise from a network of 28 stations within a radius of 90 km around Amatrice town. We then map the spatio-temporal evolution of the velocity perturbations under the effect of subsequent earthquakes. Coinciding with each of the three main shocks of the sequence we observe a sudden drop of seismic velocity which tends to quickly recover in the short term. After the end of the strongest activity of the sequence, the coseismic velocity changes display gradual healing towards pre-earthquake conditions following a quasi-linear trend, such that by the end of 2017 about 75 per cent of the perturbation is recovered. The spatial distribution of the velocity drop fluctuates with time, and the area that shows the most intense variations beyond the ruptured fault system elongates in the NE direction. This zone roughly corresponds to a region of foredeep sedimentary deposits consisting of highly hydrated and porous sandstones, which respond to the passage of seismic waves with increased pore pressure and crack number, leading to a reduction of the effective relative velocity.

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Decanini, Luis, Giacomo Di Pasquale, Paolo Galli, Fabrizio Mollaioli, and Tito Sanò. "Seismic Hazard and Seismic Zonation of the Region Affected by the 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 1_suppl (July 2004): 131–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1771012.

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In 1998, a new system of seismic classification promoted by the Department of Civil Protection identified the area in Italy hit by the 2002 earthquake in Molise and Puglia as a Zone 2 (moderately seismic). However, this classification was not adopted until March 2003, when an ordinance passed that partially closed the gap between scientific knowledge and official recognition of seismic hazard and that established a method for constantly updating the classification in the future. This paper reviews some of the methods available to assess the seismic hazard, particularly referring to the rich seismic history of Italy and using the “Associated Seismic Area” concept. This study confirms that the area affected by this earthquake should be considered as Zone 2. An appendix presents data on the seismic risk of existing buildings in the area and concludes that it is high for masonry buildings and that a strengthening program is needed.

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Konti, Christina, and Konstantinos I. Vatalis. "A Geospatial Assessment Framework of Seismic and Landslide Risk Using GIS." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.298302.

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Region of Epirus located in NW Greece, is an area, that many landslides are recorded every year and earthquakes had impact in the infrastructures and human’s life in the past. In order to assess the seismic and the landslide risk, a susceptibility map was created and validated based on the landslide recordings, using the Rock Engineering System (RES) method, buffer zones were also created for each fault that was selected and calculations using empirical mathematical formulas were used to examine the potential as well as the maximum and the average ground displacement and finally a geodatabase was developed. The landslide susceptibility map and buffer zones were examined in relation to the proximity of the settlements, the road network and the cultural monuments of the area and many useful conclusions were exported, as an initial effort of recording the built environment that could potentially be vulnerable and affected.

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Manganelli, Benedetto, Marco Vona, and Pierfrancesco De Paola. "Evaluating the cost and benefits of earthquake protection of buildings." Journal of European Real Estate Research 11, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-09-2017-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is the evaluation of the cost and benefits of earthquake protection of buildings to verify whether the legislative push, through tax incentives, will produce results and lead to a redevelopment of private real estate assets. Design/methodology/approach Through contingent valuation, this research aims to measure the propensity of homeowners to invest in the seismic security of their properties. The sample of homeowners was selected in a southern Italy city, which was characterized by a medium-high seismic hazard. The willingness to pay, once made independent from the family income, was compared with the actual cost of a seismic retrofitting technique to assess its cost-effectiveness. Findings The analysis developed on an example case shows that the economic sustainability of the intervention is only verified when considering the current tax incentives for this type of intervention. Practical implications Choosing to introduce a system to compulsory insurance against seismic risk could certainly be a strong incentive for the implementation of retrofitting interventions on private real estate assets. In this direction, investigations like this can be fundamental to establish the fair risk premium. Originality/value The need for effective seismic risk mitigation policies is also based on the growing awareness of the, often fatal, effects of seismic events, emphasized by the recent medium and high intensity events that hit Italy. The issue of the security of residential buildings is therefore a very topical issue in view of their high seismic vulnerability and the vast number of buildings requiring major seismic retrofitting. Therefore, the propensity of owners to intervene in improving the seismic performance of their properties can be crucial in seismic risk mitigation.

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Kamranzad, Farnaz, Hossein Memarian, and Mehdi Zare. "Earthquake Risk Assessment for Tehran, Iran." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070430.

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The megacity of Tehran, the capital of Iran, is subjected to a high earthquake risk. Located at the central part of the Alpine–Himalayan seismic belt, Tehran is surrounded by several active faults that show some M7+ historical earthquake records. The high seismic hazard in combination with a dense population distribution and several vulnerability factors mean Tehran is one of the top 20 worldwide megacities at a high earthquake risk. This article aims to prepare an assessment of the present-day earthquake risk in Tehran. First, the earthquake risk components including hazard, exposure, and vulnerability are evaluated based on some accessible GIS-based datasets (e.g., seismicity, geology, active faults, population distribution, land use, urban fabric, buildings’ height and occupancy, structure types, and ages, as well as the vicinity to some critical infrastructures). Then, earthquake hazard maps in terms of PGA are prepared using a probabilistic approach as well as a surface rupture width map. Exposure and vulnerability maps are also provided deterministically in terms of population density and hybrid physical vulnerability, respectively. Finally, all these components are combined in a spatial framework and an earthquake risk map is provided for Tehran.

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Grant, Damian N., Julian J. Bommer, Rui Pinho, G. Michele Calvi, Agostino Goretti, and Fabrizio Meroni. "A Prioritization Scheme for Seismic Intervention in School Buildings in Italy." Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 2 (May 2007): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2722784.

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A seismic rehabilitation program is being implemented to address the vulnerability of a large proportion of Italian building stock. A risk-management framework, initially only for Italian school buildings, has been developed to assign priorities for the rehabilitation, and to give timescales within which retrofit or demolition must take place. Since it is not practical to carry out detailed assessment for around 60,000 Italian schools, the framework is a multiple-level procedure that aims to identify the highest-risk buildings based on filters of increasing detail, and reduces the size of the building inventory at each step. Finally, priorities and timescales are assigned based on vulnerability, seismic hazard, and building occupancy, within a general framework with parameters that must be assigned by the relevant authorities. The methodology is transparent, technically based, and flexible enough to be adapted for other building types or regions.

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PICOTTI, STEFANO, ROBERTO FRANCESE, MASSIMO GIORGI, FRANCO PETTENATI, and JOSÉ M. CARCIONE. "Estimation of glacier thicknesses and basal properties using the horizontal-to-vertical component spectral ratio (HVSR) technique from passive seismic data." Journal of Glaciology 63, no. 238 (January 16, 2017): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.135.

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ABSTRACTMicrotremor measurements and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique, generally used for site effect studies as well as to determine the thickness of soft sedimentary layers, can effectively be applied to map the thickness of glaciers. In this work the radio-echo sounding, geoelectric and active seismic methods, widely employed to image the earth interior, are applied to verify the reliability of the HVSR technique in Alpine and Antarctic glacial environments. The technique has been used to analyze passive seismic data from glaciers of the Adamello and Ortles-Cevedale massifs (Italy), the Bernese Oberland Alps (Switzerland) and from the Whillans Ice Stream (West Antarctica). Comparing with the results obtained from the different geophysical imaging methods, we show that the resonance frequency in the HVSR spectra correlates well with the ice thickness at the site, in a wide range from a few tens of meters to more than 800 m. The reliability of the method mainly depends on the coupling of sensors at the glacier surface and on the basal impedance contrast. This passive seismic technique offers a logistically efficient and cost effective method to map glacier and ice-sheet thicknesses. Moreover, under certain conditions, it allows reliable estimations of the basal seismic properties.

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Midorikawa, Saburoh. "Recent Seismic Microzoning Maps in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2006): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0201.

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In Japan, seismic microzoning has been conducted as the basis for better disaster planning by governments. This paper introduces various seismic microzoning maps published by the central and local governments in Japan after the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Nation-wide seismic hazard maps are published by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, to understand the general view of seismic hazard nationwide. Regional seismic microzoning maps are prepared by the Central Disaster Prevention Council for large subduction earthquakes and the Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake. Based on results of the microzonings, strategies are proposed for disaster mitigation of the earthquakes. Local governments prepare more detailed, smaller scale maps, e.g., the Yokohama shake map using a 50 m mesh system. After the publication of the map, the numbers of applicants for seismic performance appraisal service of wooden houses and for seismic retrofitting subsidies from the city increased significantly. This stimulated central and local governments, which started detailed mapping studies. Seismic microzoning maps are being used not only for governments but also for citizens. The maps should evolve both for more attractive presentation to deepen citizens' understanding and for more reliable and comprehensive estimates of seismic hazard and risk.

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Quiroz, Adolfo Preciado, Silvio T. Sperbeck, Harald Budelmann, Gianni Bartoli, and Elham Bazrafshan. "Seismic Risk Mitigation of Historical Masonry Towers by Means of Prestressing Devices." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.843.

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This work presents the investigation of the efficiency of different prestressing devices as a rehabilitation measure for the seismic risk mitigation of historical masonry towers. As a first phase, the seismic vulnerability of theoretical masonry towers was assessed by means of numerical models validated with information from the literature, observed damage and behavior of these structures due to passed earthquakes (crack pattern and failure mechanisms), and mainly taking into account the engineering experience. Afterwards, the validated models were rehabilitated with different prestressing devices; analyzing the results and concluding which device or the combination of them improved in a better way the seismic performance of the masonry towers. Finally, the methodology will be applied in two historical masonry towers located in seismic areas; the medieval tower “Torre Grossa” of San Gimignano, Italy, and one of the bell towers of the Cathedral of Colima, Mexico.

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Gizzi, F. T., A. Loperte, A. Satriani, V. Lapenna, N. Masini, and M. Proto. "Georadar investigations to detect cavities in a historical town damaged by an earthquake of the past." Advances in Geosciences 24 (March 9, 2010): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-24-15-2010.

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Abstract. This paper aims to highlight the use of the georadar as a useful prospecting technique to identify the areal density and the geometrical features of the grottoes placed in a historical town characterised by high seismic hazard. The town considered here is Rionero in Vulture (Southern Italy) that was hit by several historical earthquakes, among which the 1930 Irpinia earthquake (Me=6.7, Is=VIII MCS). For this event a damage map was already available from a previous study (Gizzi and Masini, 2006). This map shows that some sectors of the town suffered higher damage. One factor causing the uneven distribution of the effects is considered to be the presence of grottoes. To strengthen this work hypothesis it was necessary to in-depth investigate the subsoil of Rionero in Vulture. Therefore, geophysical data were correlated and integrated with data obtained from field surveys and historical documentary sources. All these investigations allowed to obtain more insights about the influences of the man-made caves on seismic damage.

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Zizi, Mattia, Valentina Corlito, Paulo B. Lourenço, and Gianfranco De Matteis. "Seismic vulnerability of masonry churches in Abruzzi region, Italy." Structures 32 (August 2021): 662–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.03.013.

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Sengara, I. Wayan, and Fahmi Aldiamar. "Assessment on earthquake resistance spectral design load criteria for buildings and infrastructures in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 331 (2021): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202133107009.

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General assessment on earthquake resistance spectral design load criteria for buildings and infrastructures associated with the recent development of Indonesian seismic hazard maps is presented in this paper. The assessment is directed toward general identification of their associated risks for input to policy formulation of disaster risk reduction management plans or strategies. Indonesian seismic hazard maps haveevolved for the last three decades. This is originated from an early development map before 2002, where a seismic hazard map particularly for buildings (1983) was developed adopting the early process of probabilisticseismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for 200 years return period (RP). Further, a 2002 version seismic hazard maphas been developed in the form of peak ground acceleration (PGA) for 500 years RP. Spectral design criteriafor buildings and bridges have been later developed by updating PSHA involving new seismic source zones, ground-motion predictive equations, and various earthquake RP, accommodating seismic codes for buildings(2500 years RP), for bridges (1000 years RP) and dams involving various RP up to 10,000 years RP correspond to its design level. The spectral accelerations also have included PGA, short (0.2s) period, and 1-s period. The latest update hazard maps (2017) have been developed and adopted for seismic codes for buildings, bridges, dams, and other related infrastructures. The increase in spectral design load criteria is identified to assess the general risk of existing constructions, considering the results of several recent building damage surveys. Adoption of new seismic codes based on the most recent hazard maps along with its enforcement is expected to contribute to seismic disaster risk reduction in Indonesia.

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Caddemi, Salvatore, Ivo Caliò, Francesco Cannizzaro, Massimo Marletta, and B. Pantò. "Seismic Vulnerability of the Concordia Temple." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.759.

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This work focuses on the seismic risk evaluation of the Concordia temple, situated in the Valley of the Temples in Agrigento (Italy). In the paper a general methodology to assess the seismic vulnerability, to be applied also to any kind of structures composed of stone blocks, is proposed. The vulnerability assessment has been conducted by means of equivalent nonlinear static analyses along the principal directions of the structure and the subsequent identification of equivalent single degree of freedom systems. Furthermore, the seismic vulnerability has been expressed both in a deterministic and a probabilistic context by evaluating the severe damage probability.

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Kurkin, A. A. "ESTIMATION OF STRUCTURAL IMAGING UNCERTAINTYSPATIAL DISTRIBUTION." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-1-15-20.

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In this work a method is proposed for estimation of spatial distribution of predicted structural uncertainty.This estimation is made by a deterministic way during the analysis of internal convergence of the seismic method data. The errors in determination of kinematic parameters, namely time and velocity, are estimated. The estimates of external convergence of seismic data with drilling data are taken into account. As a result, a map of standard deviation of structural imaging is calculated which then is used to construct a map of a structural closure probability (risk).

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Siddique, Muhammad Shahid, and Jochen Schwarz. "Elaboration of Multi-Hazard Zoning and Qualitative Risk Maps of Pakistan." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 3 (August 2015): 1371–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/042913eqs114m.

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Pakistan is situated in one of the highest seismic zones of the world, with the 1935 Quetta earthquake and the 2005 Kashmir earthquake as the most devastating earthquakes in the country. Pakistan has also recently suffered from severe flood events, in 2010 to 2012. Recent experiences in the above-mentioned events emphasize the need for a multi-hazard approach to assess the vulnerability of typical building types in Pakistan. The multi-hazard map is classified into four hazard-dominated areas: earthquake-, flood-, combined-, and no hazard–dominated areas in Pakistan. The distribution of the typical building types of Pakistan is globalized in terms of few, many, and most ranges to make a regional map of Pakistan. This map shows seven regions all over Pakistan, indicating the groups with certain predominant building types in each region. A multi-hazard risk map of Pakistan is the final outcome of the study.

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Donà, Marco, Luca Bizzaro, Federico Carturan, and Francesca da Porto. "Effects of Business Recovery Strategies on Seismic Risk and Cost-Effectiveness of Structural Retrofitting for Business Enterprises." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 4 (November 2019): 1795–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/041918eqs098m.

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Recent earthquakes in Italy have significantly affected productive activities, particularly in business interruption (BI) and, consequently, heavy losses for companies, highlighting the need for appropriate seismic risk assessment and management. To estimate seismic risk accurately, both direct (repair/replacement) and indirect (BI) losses must be quantified. Companies’ balance sheets can be used to estimate BI losses, which, however, are very sensitive to business recovery strategies (BRSs) devised by corporate managers after the seismic event. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of BRSs on seismic risk estimates and consequently on structural retrofitting cost-effectiveness. A loss model (including direct and indirect costs and BRS effects) was defined, based on a real-life case study (a biomedical packaging company that was damaged by the 2012 Italian earthquake but recovered soon after) and was used in parametric risk analyses assessing several types of company vulnerabilities and seismic hazards. In areas with low-to-moderate seismicity, seismic retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete factories may be justified or otherwise, depending on whether BRSs are considered or not.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Seismic risk map Italy'

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