Journal articles: 'Seismic site response'

1

Heidebrecht, A. C., and N. Naumoski. "Evaluation of site-specific seismic design requirements for three Canadian cities." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-056.

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Siesmic design requirements as specified in building codes normally use a generic approach in which the seismic response is independent of the site location, except for a single intensity-related parameter used to define the severity of the expected ground motion. In reality, the characteristics of earthquakes that influence structural response depend on both the level of seismic motion and the seismo-tectonic environment at the specific location. This paper describes a methodology for determining seismic design requirements that uses both magnitude (M) and epicentral distance (R) to define the seismo-tectonic environment. Ensembles of actual seismic strong motion records are selected to match the combinations of M and R that dominate the seismic risk at a specific location. These time histories are used to determine both response spectra and seismic response factors (as used in the 1985 edition of the National Building Code, NBCC 1985) for the location in question. This paper applies this methodology to Vancouver, Ottawa, and Quebec City and compares the results with the response spectra and seismic response factors specified in NBCC 1985. The results indicate that a site-specific investigation of seismic design requirements is important in distinguishing between locations having different seismo-tectonic environments. Key words: structures, design, seismic, code, dynamic, acceleration, velocity, spectra, magnitude, epicentral distance.

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Zhu, Zhihui, Yongjiu Tang, Zhenning Ba, Kun Wang, and Wei Gong. "Seismic analysis of high-speed railway irregular bridge–track system considering V-shaped canyon effect." Railway Engineering Science 30, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40534-021-00262-x.

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AbstractTo explore the effect of canyon topography on the seismic response of railway irregular bridge–track system that crosses a V-shaped canyon, seismic ground motions of the horizontal site and V-shaped canyon site were simulated through theoretical analysis with 12 earthquake records selected from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Strong Ground Motion Database matching the site condition of the bridge. Nonlinear seismic response analyses of an existing 11-span irregular simply supported railway bridge–track system were performed under the simulated spatially varying ground motions. The effects of the V-shaped canyon topography on the peak ground acceleration at bridge foundations and seismic responses of the bridge–track system were analyzed. Comparisons between the results of horizontal and V-shaped canyon sites show that the top relative displacement between adjacent piers at the junction of the incident side and the back side of the V-shaped site is almost two times that of the horizontal site, which also determines the seismic response of the fastener. The maximum displacement of the fastener occurs in the V-shaped canyon site and is 1.4 times larger than that in the horizontal site. Neglecting the effect of V-shaped canyon leads to the inappropriate assessment of the maximum seismic response of the irregular high-speed railway bridge–track system. Moreover, engineers should focus on the girder end to the left or right of the two fasteners within the distance of track seismic damage.

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Yuliastuti, Yuliastuti, Heri Syaeful, Arifan J. Syahbana, Euis E. Alhakim, and Tagor M. Sembiring. "ONE DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS AT THE NON-COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR REACTOR SITE, SERPONG - INDONESIA." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 2 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.2.1.

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One dimensional seismic response analysis on the ground surface of the Non-Commercial Power Reactor (RDNK) site based on the mean uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) and disaggregation analysis has been conducted. The study’s objective was to perform an analysis on site-specific response spectra on the ground surface based on existing mean UHS and disaggregation data of the site that correspond to a 1,000 and 10,000 year return period of earthquakes in compliance with the national nuclear regulatory body requirements of Indonesia. Detailed site characterization was defined based on secondary data of a geotechnical drill-hole, seismic cross-hole, downhole data, and microtremor array data. The dynamic site characteristic analysis was presented along with strong motion selection and processing using two types of strong motion datasets. An investigation of strong motion selection, spectral matching, and scaling has been presented as an essential step in ground motion processing. One-dimensional equivalent linear analysis simulation was performed by computing the processed ground motions. A seismic design spectrum and ground surface response spectra from the two datasets of strong motion, both corresponding to a 10,000 and 1,000 year return period, are presented at the end of this study. This study has shown that in order to establish the appropriate seismic response design spectrum, site-specific data and seismic hazard analysis must be immensely considered.

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Zeghal, Mourad, and Ahmed-W. Elgamal. "Site response and vertical seismic arrays." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 2, no. 1 (January 2000): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1528-2716(200001/03)2:1<92::aid-pse11>3.0.co;2-6.

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Su, Jie, Zhenghua Zhou, You Zhou, Xiaojun Li, Qing Dong, Yafei Wang, Yuping Li, and Liu Chen. "The Characteristics of Seismic Response on Hard Interlayer Sites." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1425969.

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Based on the engineering geological data of a nuclear power plant site, nine engineering geological profiles were created with hard interlayers of different thicknesses. The equivalent linearization method of seismic motion segment-input used for one-dimensional nonlinear seismic response analysis was applied to study the effect of the interlayer thickness on the peak acceleration and the acceleration response spectra of the site seismic response. The results showed that there was an obvious influence of hard interlayer thickness on site seismic responses. With the increase of hard interlayer thickness, the site nonlinear effect on seismic responses decreased. Under the same thickness of the hard interlayer, the nonlinear effect of the site was strengthened with the higher input peak acceleration. In addition, the short-period acceleration response spectrum was found to be significantly influenced by the hard interlayer and showed that the longer the period, the less influence of the hard interlayer on the acceleration response spectrum coordinates. Moreover, the influenced frequency band was wider with the increase in the thickness of hard interlayer.

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Rodríguez-Marek, Adrián, Jonathan D. Bray, and Norman A. Abrahamson. "An Empirical Geotechnical Seismic Site Response Procedure." Earthquake Spectra 17, no. 1 (February 2001): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586167.

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A simplified empirically based seismic site response evaluation procedure that includes measures of the dynamic stiffness of the surficial materials and the depth to bedrock as primary parameters is introduced. This geotechnical site classification scheme provides an alternative to geologic-based and shear wave velocity-based site classification schemes. The proposed scheme is used to analyze the ground motion data from the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes. Period-dependent and intensity-dependent spectral acceleration amplification factors for different site conditions are presented. The proposed scheme results in a significant reduction in standard error when compared with a simpler “rock vs. soil” classification system. Moreover, results show that sites previously grouped as “rock” should be subdivided as competent rock sites and weathered soft rock/shallow stiff soil sites to reduce uncertainty in defining site-dependent ground motions. Results also show that soil depth is an important parameter in estimating seismic site response. The standard errors resulting from the proposed site classification system are comparable with those obtained using the more elaborate code-based average shear-wave velocity classification system.

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7

Prevost, Jean H. "Effective stress analysis of seismic site response." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10, no. 6 (November 1986): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610100607.

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8

Forcellini, Davide, Marco Tanganelli, and Stefania Viti. "Response Site Analyses of 3D Homogeneous Soil Models." Emerging Science Journal 2, no. 5 (November 4, 2018): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2018-01148.

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The seismic excitation at the surface can be determined through Site Response Analyses (SRA) as to account for the specific soil properties of the site. However, the obtained results are largely affected by the model choice and setting, and by the depth of the considered soil layer. This paper proposes a refined 3D analytical approach, by the application of OPENSEES platform. A preliminary analysis has been performed to check the model adequacy as regards the mesh geometry and the boundary conditions. After the model setting, a SRA has been performed on various soil profiles, differing for the shear velocity and representing the different soil classes as proposed by the Eurocode 8 (EC8). Three levels of seismic hazard have been considered. The seismic input at the bedrock has been represented consequently, through as much ensembles of seven ground motions each, spectrum-compatible to the elastic spectra provided by EC8 for the soil-type A (bedrock). Special attention has been paid to the role of the considered soil depth on the evaluation of the surface seismic input. Different values of depth have been considered for each soil type and seismic intensity, in order to check its effect on the obtained results.

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Gupta, Ravindra K., Mohit Agrawal, S. K. Pal, and M. K. Das. "Seismic site characterization and site response study of Nirsa (India)." Natural Hazards 108, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 2033–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04767-w.

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Yunita, Halida, Bambang Setiawan, Taufiq Saidi, and Nora Abdullah. "Site response analysis for estimating seismic site amplification in the case of Banda Aceh - Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819710002.

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The city of Banda Aceh is potentially exposed to a significant seismic hazard of seismic site amplification. Estimation of seismic site amplification of the city is urgently required for any mitigation efforts as the city is founded on a thick, soft layer. This study aims to estimate seismic site amplification of Banda Aceh's soil. Analytical models have demonstrated that they can simulate reasonably well the seismic ground motions amplification. The most widely used model is the equivalent linear approach. The approach computes the ground response of horizontally layered soil deposits subjected to transient and vertically propagating shear waves through a one-dimensional soil column. As aforementioned, this study focuses on Banda Aceh-Indonesia which is founded on thick alluvium. Three actual historical time histories and three developed sub-surface models were used to estimate the seismic site amplification of Banda Aceh's soft soil. The used time histories are of 2012 M8.1 Simeulue earthquake, 2013 M6.0 Mane-Geumpang earthquake and 2013 M6.2 Bener Meriah earthquake. Three sub-surface models of three separate sites across the city of Banda Aceh were developed. The site response analysis results reveal the ground motions amplification of Banda Aceh's soils of up to 4.3. Thus, applying the seismic site amplification for structural design at Banda Aceh can be further works.

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Rayhani, Mohammad H. T., and M. Hesham El Naggar. "Seismic response of sands in centrifuge tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 4 (April 2008): 470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-097.

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Seismic site response of sandy soils and seismic soil–structure interaction are investigated using an electrohydraulic earthquake simulator mounted on a centrifuge container at an 80g field. The results of testing uniform and layered loose to medium-dense sand models subjected to 13 simulated earthquakes on the centrifuge are presented. The variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain amplitude and confining pressure was evaluated and their effects on site response were assessed. The evaluated shear modulus and damping ratio agreed reasonably with laboratory tests and empirical relationships. Site response analysis using the measured shear wave velocity and estimated modulus reduction and damping ratio as input parameters produced good agreement with the measured site response. The effect of soil–structure interaction for structures situated on dry sand is also investigated. These tests have revealed many important insights with regard to the characteristics of seismic site response and seismic soil–structure behaviour. The tests showed that the seismic response of soil deposits, input motions, and overall behaviour of the structure are affected by soil stratification. The results showed that the seismic kinematic soil–structure interaction is not very significant for structures situated on loose sand.

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Ouyang, Zhiyong, Jie Cui, Ruofan Luo, and Peijie Li. "Shaking Table Test of Seismic Response of Immersed Tunnels under the Influence of Multiple Factors." Shock and Vibration 2020 (October 19, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8858486.

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To explore the dynamic characteristics and influencing factors of immersed tunnels under the action of earthquakes, 5 groups of shaking table model tests were carried out. Three different site conditions (unsaturated sand site, homogeneous saturated sand site, and nonuniform site), structural stiffness, and seismic wave input direction were considered. By comparing the above influencing factors, the seismic response law affecting the immersed tunnels was obtained. The test results show that, under the action of horizontal earthquakes, the liquefaction of sand and the larger tunnel stiffness may influence the acceleration development of the soil layers; seismic wave input directions affect the excellent frequency and frequency range of the soil layers, and the liquefaction of sand and large structural stiffness change the shape of the Fourier spectrum curve of the soil layers; site conditions, structural stiffness, and seismic wave input direction have a significant effect on the internal forces of tunnels. Normally, the strain in the heterogeneous soil layer under the horizontal seismic wave input is the largest, and the peak strain of the upper side of the tunnel side wall and center column is larger than the lower part, while the mechanism of structural damage caused by vertical earthquakes is different.

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13

Boudina, Tounsia, Sofiane Bounouni, and Naas Allout. "A Comparative Analysis of Seismic Site Response in Time and Frequency Domains." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 2 (April 2, 2023): 10414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5701.

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This study aims primarily to perform a comparative analysis of the seismic response of a soil profile, in the time and frequency domains, in order to evaluate the seismic response of soil subjected to seismic excitation. After a few remarks made on the responses given by the linear elasticity method for this type of problem, it was considered necessary to use SHAKE 2000 and PLAXIS in this study. The obtained results were then compared with those of the available theoretical predictions. Rock elasticity, viscous damping and damping by hysteresis, and the nonlinearity of the ground were then taken into account. In addition, comparisons between recorded responses were also conducted.

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Cai, Jing, Jianqi Lu, and Shanyou Li. "Summary of Research on Site Response Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 276 (2021): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127602024.

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A large number of seismic observation data and macroscopic survey of earthquake damage indicate that soil site may amplify the intensity of ground-motion and thus aggravate the damage to the structures on the soil site[1]. The influence of site response on ground motion is one of the most important topics in earthquake engineering. The methods of predicting the site effects can be divided into two groups with respect to theoretical methods and empirical methods. The theoretical methods of predicting site effects are to analyse the site response to ground motion based on the theory of seismic wave propagation in which the detailed soil information is required. Whereas the empirical methods predicting the site effects by empirical prediction model which is determined using observed seismic data or ground pulsation data. According to whether the reference site is introduced, the empirical methods can be further divided into the reference site method and the non-reference site method. This article introduces in detail the principles, advantages and disadvantages of various methods of analysing site effects, which is of reference value for further research on site ground motion response.

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Stewart, Jonathan P., Kioumars Afshari, and Christine A. Goulet. "Non-Ergodic Site Response in Seismic Hazard Analysis." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 4 (November 2017): 1385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/081716eqs135m.

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Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses are usually performed with semi-empirical ground motion models (GMMs) following the ergodic assumption whereby average source, path, and site effects from global databases apply for a specific site of interest. Site-specific site response is likely to differ from the global average conditional on site parameters used in GMMs (typically V S30 and basin depth). Non-ergodic site response can be evaluated using on-site ground motion recordings and/or one-dimensional wave propagation analyses, and allows site-to-site variability to be removed from the within-event standard deviation. Relative to ergodic, non-ergodic hazard analyses often reduce ground motions at long return periods. We describe procedures for replacing the site term in GMMs with a non-ergodic nonlinear mean over its appropriate range of periods (returning to the ergodic mean outside that range). We also present procedures for computing non-ergodic standard deviation by removing site-to-site variability while considering effects of soil nonlinearity. We illustrate application of these procedures, and their effect on hazard curves and uniform hazard spectra, as implemented in OpenSHA.

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T G, Sitharam, Naveen James, and Monalisha Nayak. "Seismic site characterization and ground response analysis for an offshore site." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 3, no. 2 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v03.i03.

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Adhikary, S., and Y. Singh. "Effect of site amplification on inelastic seismic response." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 18, no. 3 (July 2019): 535–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0520-y.

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Park, H. J., D. S. Kim, and D. M. Kim. "Seismic risk assessment of architectural heritages in Gyeongju considering local site effects." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2013): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-251-2013.

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Abstract. A seismic risk assessment is conducted for cultural heritage sites in Gyeongju, the capital of Korea's ancient Silla Kingdom. Gyeongju, home to UNESCO World Heritage sites, contains remarkable artifacts of Korean Buddhist art. An extensive geotechnical survey including a series of in situ tests is presented, providing pertinent soil profiles for site response analyses on thirty cultural heritage sites. After the shear wave velocity profiles and dynamic material properties were obtained, site response analyses were carried out at each historical site and the amplification characteristics, site period, and response spectrum of the site were determined for the earthquake levels of 2400 yr and 1000 yr return periods based on the Korean seismic hazard map. Response spectrum and corresponding site coefficients obtained from site response analyses considering geologic conditions differ significantly from the current Korean seismic code. This study confirms the importance of site-specific ground response analyses considering local geological conditions. Results are given in the form of the spatial distribution of bedrock depth, site period, and site amplification coefficients, which are particularly valuable in the context of a seismic vulnerability study. This study presents the potential amplification of hazard maps and provides primary data on the seismic risk assessment of each cultural heritage.

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Tyapin, Alexander, and Nikita Antonov. "Site Response Analysis for “Side” Soil Profiles." Earthquake Engineering. Construction Safety, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2618-9283-2020-1-11-17.

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The authors suggest a new procedure of Site Response Analysis (SRA) for the so-called “side” (or additional) soil profiles – Low Boundary (LB) and Upper Boundary (UB). Standards require the analyses of these profiles in addition to the Best Estimate profile (BE) to account for the uncertainty in the input data about soil properties. The authors suggest stopping using the same input time history for all three profiles as a control motion at the surface, because it corresponds to the different physical seismic excitations coming form the depth. This is not in linewith the ideology of Standards. Instead the authors suggest using the same time history as a control motion at the outcropped surface of the underlying half-space. This is also not completely correct, because for these three profiles (BE, UB and LB) the underlying half-spaces are also different. However, due to the physical considerations if all half-spaces are stiff enough, the error should not be so important. The effect of the proposed change is demonstrated on a particular site. The changes in the velocity and damping profiles have proved to be negligible, but the difference in the resulting response spectra at the outcropped surface of the foundation mat has proved to be significant. Generally, the response spectra for the “side” profiles came closer to spectrum for the BE profile. This result reflects the real world logic.

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Khatiwada, Prashidha, Yiwei Hu, Elisa Lumantarna, and Scott J. Menegon. "Dynamic Modal Analyses of Building Structures Employing Site-Specific Response Spectra Versus Code Response Spectrum Models." CivilEng 4, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010009.

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This paper is aimed at giving structural designers guidance on how to make use of elastic site-specific response spectra for the dynamic modal analysis of a structure in support of its structural design. The use of response spectra in support of the pushover analysis of an RC building forming part of the non-linear static analysis procedure (that can be used to predict seismic demand without relying on the code-stipulated default R factor) is also presented. Seismic analysis of structures based on the use of site-specific response spectra can help to achieve a more optimised, and cost-effective, structural design compared to the conventional approach employing a response spectrum model stipulated by the code for different site classes. Currently, the methodology is only adopted in major projects in which enough resources are available to engage experts who are skilled in operating the procedure; thus, the use of site-specific response spectra in structural engineering practice is still limited despite the merits of the procedure. Deriving a site-specific response spectrum requires a database of representative ground motion records to be developed. Extra analytical tasks to be undertaken include the processing of bore log data, site response analyses, and selection/scaling of bedrock accelerograms for input into site response analyses. Guidelines for implementing this design methodology are currently lacking. To promote the wide adoption of site-specific seismic design, this article presents the procedure for developing the required site-specific design spectra, as well as guidelines for applying these spectra for seismic design based on analyses of linear, or nonlinear, models of the building. Non-linear analysis can be accomplished by dealing with macroscopic models as illustrated in a case study.

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Kishida, Tadahiro, Ross W. Boulanger, Norman A. Abrahamson, Michael W. Driller, and Timothy M. Wehling. "Site Effects for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta." Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 2 (May 2009): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3111087.

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Seismic site response and site effects models are presented for levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta where the subsurface soils include thick deposits of highly organic soils. Sources of uncertainty that contribute to the variation of seismic wave amplification are investigated, including variations in the input ground motions, soil profiles, and dynamic soil properties through Monte Carlo simulations of equivalent-linear site response analyses. Regression models for seismic wave amplification for levees in the Delta are presented that range from a function of peak outcrop acceleration alone to a vector of response spectra ordinates and soil profile parameters. The site effects models were incorporated into a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for a representative location, and the relative impacts of the various models on the computed hazard are evaluated.

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Sitharam, T. G., Naveen James, and Monalisha Nayak. "Dynamic Characterization and Site Response Studies for an Offshore Site Based on Detailed Geotechnical Tests." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 50–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgee.2015010104.

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The uniqueness of this paper is large amount of field test data and in addition laboratory test results on undisturbed soil samples, has been analyzed to capture the effect of local site condition and material properties of overlying soil on seismic ground motion characteristics. This study involves the seismic site characterization and ground response analysis of an offshore site in Western Yemen. From the results of field and laboratory tests, dynamic properties such as shear modulus and damping ratio for a very low to high strain levels was determined and site characterization was also carried out. Using seismic cone penetration test (SCPT) data a new correlation has been developed to predict the shear wave velocity. Synthetic ground motion was generated using Boore's stochastic modeling technique for ground response analysis and peak ground acceleration (PGA) was evaluated and presented in the paper. This paper also presents a site specific design response spectrum based on Eurocode, corresponding to 475 and 2500 year return period.

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Larkin, Tam, and John Marsh. "Two dimensional nonlinear site response analyses." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 25, no. 3 (September 30, 1992): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.25.3.222-229.

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This paper presents the results of computer studies of the seismic site response of two dimensional alluvial valleys with a variety of geometries and material properties. The alluvial material is modelled as a nonlinear hysteretic solid and results are presented to illustrate the effect of material nonlinearity on surface ground response. Comparative studies with one dimensional analyses are presented and conclusions drawn as to ground conditions that are appropriate to one dimensional site analyses.

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Rathje, Ellen M., and M. Cem Ozbey. "Site-Specific Validation of Random Vibration Theory-Based Seismic Site Response Analysis." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 132, no. 7 (July 2006): 911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2006)132:7(911).

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Anbazhagan, P., and M. Neaz Sheikh. "Seismic Site Classifications and Site Amplifications for the Urban Centres in the Shallow Overburden Deposits." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgee.2012010105.

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This paper presents seismic site classification practices for urban centres in Australia, China, and India with special emphasis on their suitability for shallow soil sites. The geotechnical aspects of seismic site classifications play a critical role in the development of site response spectra, which is the basis for the seismic design of new structures and seismic assessment of existing structures. Seismic site classifications have used weighted average shear wave velocity of top 30 m soil layers, following the recommendations of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) or International Building Code (IBC) site classification system. The site classification system is based on the studies carried out in the United States where soil layer may extend up to several hundred meters before reaching any distinct soil-bedrock interface. Most of the urban centers in Australia, China, and India are located on distinct bedrocks within few meter depth of soil deposits. For such shallow depth soil sites, NEHRP or IBC site classification system is not suitable. A new site classification based on average soil thickness, shear wave velocity up to engineering bedrock is proposed. The study shows that spectral value and amplification ratio estimated from site response study considering top 30 m soil layers are different from those determined considering soil thickness up to engineering bedrock.

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Zhang, Ru Lin, Wen Dong Yang, and Feng Sun. "Seismic Response Analysis of Large-Scale Site with Circular Diaphragm Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.735.

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The seismic response analysis of project soil site is important to obtain the ground motion parameters for seismic design of upper structures. First, a simplified solving method is introduced, in which, the horizontal seismic loadings are expanded into Fourier series in the circumferential direction, using the orthogonality between the normal and tangential direction on the circumference, the three-dimensional problem is reduced to a series of two-dimensional problems. Then, the simplified method is used for seismic response analysis of a practical large-scale soil site with large diameter circular diaphragm wall. The influence of wall to the site is obtained through two field conditions, which are wall field and free field (without wall). Compare with the results of the site without wall, the peak acceleration of the pit bottom is increased owing to the confinement effect of wall, and the influence to ground surface far from the wall is very little.

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Sun, Ying, Jian Gang Sun, and Li Fu Cui. "Floating Roof Influence on Seismic Response of Large Vertical Storage Tank." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1399.

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To study the impact of floating roof on seismic response of vertical storage tank structure system subjected to seismic excitation, select 150000m3 storage tanks as research object, and the finite element analysis model of storage tanks with and without floating roof were established respectively. The seismic response of these two types of structure in different site conditions and seismic intensity were calculated and the numerical solutions were compared. The results show that floating roof has little impact on base shear and base moment in different site conditions and seismic intensity. Floating roof can effectively reduce the sloshing wave height. The influence of floating roof on dynamic fluid pressure decreases with the increase of seismic intensity, which is less affected by ground conditions.

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Xiao, Meng, Jie Cui, Ya-dong Li, and Van-Quang Nguyen. "Nonlinear Seismic Response Based on Different Site Types: Soft Soil and Rock Strata." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5370369.

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Site condition is an important part of urban underground space development and construction. The seismic fortification of the site plays an important role in the safety of the whole project. To study the seismic dynamic response of the site under different geological conditions, seismic waves of different intensities (Chichi wave and Kobe wave) were input to a rock site with good geological conditions and a soft soil site, respectively. In this paper, the dynamic responses of these two types of free sites were calculated and analyzed using DEEPSOIL numerical simulation software. The dynamic responses of different types of sites under strong shock and persistent earthquakes are discussed under the equivalent linear and nonlinear conditions, and the related dynamic parameters are studied. The results show that the equivalent linear method is more effective than the nonlinear method, especially in the calculation of the strong nonlinear soft soil response induced by strong earthquakes. The amplification effect is more obvious in rock layer sites under strong earthquakes, and the “weakening” effect of soft soil sites is more obvious. Arias’s strength values show that both types of sites are safe under the incident of the two waves, but soft soil sites have better seismic performance. The results calculated by the equivalent linear method are larger and more unsafe; in particular, in the case of a strong earthquake with a stronger nonlinear Kobe wave, the results are more inaccurate. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for seismic design and reinforcement measures of underground engineering.

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Lu, Xinyu, Liping Jing, Ying Ma, Jianhua Yang, and Wenhao Qi. "Shaking Table Test for Seismic Response of Nuclear Power Plant on Non-Rock Site." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 10366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310366.

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In order to compare and analyze the seismic response characteristics of a safety-related nuclear structure on a non-rock site in the condition of raft and pile group foundations under unidirectional and multidirectional seismic motion input, a large-scale shaking table test of the soil-nuclear structure system was carried out in this paper. In the test, the soil was uniform silted clay, and the shear wave velocity was 213 m/s. Considering the similarity of the superstructure natural frenquency, the actual nuclear power structure was simplified to a three-story frame shear wall structure model. The annular laminated shear model box was used to take the boundary effect of soil into consideration; the seismic motions = were input in only one horizontal direction or three directions at the same time for the shaking table test, and the results were analyzed. The results of the test show that the acceleration response of the safety-related nuclear plant is affected by the directions of input seismic motion and the forms of the foundation. When the seismic motion is input simultaneously in three directions, the acceleration responses of the horizontal motion and vertical rocking of the safety-related plant are larger than those of the single-direction input. The acceleration response of the horizontal motion and vertical rocking of the safety-related structure with the pile group foundation is smaller than that with the raft foundation. The values of most frequency bands in the horizontal acceleration Fourier amplitude spectrum at the top of the pile-foundation structure are smaller than that at the top of the raft-foundation structure, while the displacement is basically the same as that of the raft-foundation structure. This is related to the relation between the frequency component of input seismic motion and the natural frequency of the structure system. Therefore, it is more reasonable to use three-dimensional seismic input in the seismic response analysis of nuclear power plants. The seismic performance of nuclear power plants can be enhanced by using pile group foundations.

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Pan, Tso-Chien, and Chin Long Lee. "Site Response in Singapore to Long-Distance Sumatra Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 2 (May 2002): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1495500.

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Tremors caused by distant Sumatra earthquakes have reportedly been felt in Singapore for many years. The national network of seismic stations consisting of seven stations was therefore set up in 1996 to locate regional earthquake epicenters and investigate the site response characteristics when subjected to long distance Sumatra earthquakes. During the Sumatra earthquake on 1 April 1998, the downhole seismic array at the KAP seismic station successfully captured the first set of instrumental acceleration records in Singapore. The earthquake ground accelerations were recorded at three levels: ground surface, −32 m, and −50 m. Studies of the downhole data show that the soil layers within the 50-m depth at the KAP site of marine clay (locally called Kallang Formation) have a fundamental frequency around 1 Hz. This supports the observation that medium- and high-rise Singapore buildings located in Kallang Formation have been more responsive to long-distance Sumatra earthquakes. Based on the linear site response analysis for vertically propagating shear waves, numerical simulation has successfully reproduced the acceleration waveforms recorded at the ground surface and the middle level (−32 m) of KAP site for the Sumatra earthquake on 1 April 1998.

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Zhang, Wei, Min Wei Zhu, and Tao Tao Shan. "Parallel Computing Traveling Wave Effect on the Seismic Response of 3D Valley Topography Site under Long-Period Seismic Excitation." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3904.

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In this paper, three typical bedrock long-period seismic waves and two commonly used waves were selected for three dimensional seismic responses parallel computation of a valley topography site under uniform excitation and traveling wave excitation. The equivalent-linear analysis method was used in simulation of soil’s non-linear properties. Computation results showed that horizontal acceleration response increase and vertical acceleration response decrease under long-period seismic wave excitation compared with those under commonly used waves excitation. When considering wave traveling effect, the horizontal acceleration response decrease and the vertical acceleration response increase. The conclusions are useful for relevant engineering projects. Parallel computation was also performed to raise computational efficiency.

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Lin, Jing-Yi, Yen-Fu Chen, Chih-Chieh Su, Shao-Jinn Chin, Win-Bin Cheng, Wen-Nan Wu, Chin-Wei Liang, Hsin-Sung Hsieh, Shu-Kun Hsu, and Yi-Chin Lin. "Seismic site response of submarine slope offshore southwestern Taiwan." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 29, no. 1 (2018): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.2017.05.09.01.

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Cheng, Xinjun, Xiang Xu, Zhinan Hu, Liping Jing, Haian Liang, and Jie Cui. "Seismic Response of a Liquefiable Site-Underground Structure System." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101751.

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To study the dynamic response of a saturated sand-underground structure system subjected to earthquakes, a series of shaking table tests with a geometric scale ratio of 1/30 were conducted. Based on the experimental acceleration records of testing soil deposits, the relationship between dynamic shear stress and horizontal soil displacement was analyzed by the 1D shear beam inverse calculation method. Meanwhile, the development law of the equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient and the dynamic strain of the sidewall in the underground structure has also been discussed. The testing results indicate that the dynamic shear stress of the soil deposit under the bottom plate of the underground structure is larger than that of the soils surrounding the sidewall and above the roof plate; in addition, the soil displacement tends to decrease with the buried depth. The dynamic shear stress–displacement hysteretic loop of the soil deposits tends to be plump as the input amplitude increases. The spectral characteristics of ground motions obviously influence both the dynamic shear stress–displacement hysteretic curve and the excess pore water pressure ratio of saturated sand soil, especially under medium and strong excitations. The equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient decreases with the increase of soil depth, and the difference between the coefficient above and underneath the underground structure model can reach 7.589 MN/m3. On the contrary, the equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient decreases with the increase of the input amplitude of ground motions, and the maximum reduction ratios of the coefficient are 74.4%, 66.7%, and 47.3%, corresponding to the El-Centro, Kobe, and Wolong ground motions, respectively. The soil liquefaction has a certain effect on the equivalent dynamic horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient. In general, the dynamic strain at the top of the sidewall in the underground structure is higher than that at the bottom of the sidewall, which illustrates that the deformation of underground structures is in good agreement with the seismic deformation mode of soil deposits.

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Ge, Gang, and Jian Min Liu. "Effects of Adjacent Ground Treatment on Site Seismic Response." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1576.

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The effect of adjacent soil improvement on ground motion is studied using finite element method, when seismic wave is introduced from the single layer on bedrock. The influence of ground motion on soil reinforcement is analyzed; the impacts of the reinforcement zone width, depth, elastic modulus, and the soil improvement interval on response of the ground motion are also investigated. Study shows: for the same site, when the distance between two adjacent foundation consolidation interval is less than 3 to 4 times the width of the reinforcement area, the interaction acceleration response amplitude of various points on the surface of the two adjacent reinforcement area increased significantly than the single block; within the interval , increasing one of the two adjacent foundation’s width, depth, and the other foundation surface, the horizontal acceleration response will Subsequently enlarged; when the interval between the reinforcement area is greater than the range, this effect is negligible.

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Park, Duhee, and Youssef M. A. Hashash. "Rate-dependent soil behavior in seismic site response analysis." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 4 (April 2008): 454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-090.

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One-dimensional site response analysis is widely used in estimating local seismic site effects. The soil behavior in the analysis is often assumed to be independent of the rate of seismic loading. Laboratory test results, on the other hand, indicate that cyclic cohesive soil behavior is influenced by the rate of loading. Three models of rate-dependent dynamic soil behavior were derived based on available laboratory data. The models were implemented and evaluated in a modified one-dimensional equivalent linear site response analysis approach. Results show that rate-dependent shear modulus and damping can have a pronounced influence on propagated weak ground motion but a secondary influence on propagated strong motion. Rate dependence of the damping ratio has a greater impact on the computed response than rate dependence of the shear modulus. This paper highlights the relevance of the compatibility between frequencies at which dynamic soil properties are measured and their use in site response analysis.

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Lasley, Samuel J., Russell A. Green, Qingsheng Chen, and Adrian Rodriguez-Marek. "Approach for Estimating Seismic Compression Using Site Response Analyses." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 142, no. 6 (June 2016): 04016015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001478.

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Xu, Gang, Zhaohui Yang, Utpal Dutta, Liang Tang, and Elmer Marx. "Seasonally Frozen Soil Effects on the Seismic Site Response." Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 25, no. 2 (June 2011): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cr.1943-5495.0000022.

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Harris, J. B., R. L. Street, J. D. Kiefer, D. L. Allen, and Z. M. Wang. "Modeling Site Response in the Paducah, Kentucky Area." Earthquake Spectra 10, no. 3 (August 1994): 519–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585787.

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Site conditions at 37 locations in Paducah, Kentucky, and the surrounding area were modeled using seismic refraction and reflection data to determine site response to a suite of Canadian strong-motion records and a hypothetical central United States earthquake. The seismic data, integrated with local borehole information, indicated that depths to bedrock range from less than 300 to more than 500 ft. The site-response analysis shows that the study area can be subdivided into three zones and the highest spectral amplifications are associated with thick alluvial and lake-bed deposits. The magnitude of spectral ratios ranges from less than five to more than 20 times, and dynamic site periods range from 0.7 to 1.5 sec. Although this study relates directly to the Paducah area, the methods and types of data collected are applicable for other Upper Mississippi Embayment communities for land-use planning and the design of critical structures.

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Chen, Long Wei, Wei Ming Wang, and Xiao Ming Yuan. "Simplified Models to Evaluate Site Characteristic Period." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1404.

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Characteristic site period is an important index in seismic zonantion and seismic resistance design. In seismic response spectrum theory, the characteristic design period is closely related with site characteristic site period which is comprehensively covering site parameters (site categories, site shear wave velocity, site thickness, etc.). Two models, i.e., single-layer model and double-layer model, are adopted and theoretical solutions are deduced by means of the amplification coefficient function. The natural site period are theoretically deduced and presented

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Wang, Liang, and Ya Su. "Research of Soil Layers Amplification Effect Based on Strong Seismic Records and Calculations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1604.

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This paper states the comparison research of calculation results from program LSSRLI-1 and program SHAKE2000, with the strong seismic records as well as the site soil conditions by using borehole arrays. The analytical results show that the site soil conditions have an amplification effect on the seismic PGA and response spectrum values, however, the actual seismic records are not consistent with the program calculations on the amplification effect. Besides, the site soil conditions also have an altering effect on the predominant period of seismic response spectrum, where actual seismic records and program calculation results of the altering effect are not the same either.

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Cho, Hyung Ik, Satish Manandhar, and Dong Soo Kim. "Site Classification and Design Response Spectra for Seismic Code Provisions - (I) Database and Site Response Analyses." Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea 20, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5000/eesk.2016.20.4.235.

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Dixit, Jagabandhu, D. M. Dewaikar, and R. S. Jangid. "Free Field Surface Motion at Different Site Types due to Near-Fault Ground Motions." ISRN Geophysics 2012 (July 29, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/821051.

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Seismic hazards during many disastrous earthquakes are observed to be aggravating at the sites with the soft soil deposits due to amplification of ground motion. The characteristics of strong ground motion, the site category, depth of the soil column, type of rock strata, and the dynamic soil properties at a particular site significantly influence the free field motion during an earthquake. In this paper, free field surface motion is evaluated via seismic site response analysis that involves the propagation of earthquake ground motions from the bedrock through the overlying soil layers to the ground surface. These analyses are carried out for multiple near-fault seismic ground motions at 142 locations in Mumbai city categorized into different site classes. The free field surface motion is quantified in terms of amplification ratio, spectral relative velocity, and spectral acceleration. Seismic site coefficients at different time periods are also evaluated for each site category due to near-fault ground motions from the acceleration response spectra of free field surface motion at each site and the corresponding acceleration response spectra at a reference rock outcrop site.

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Tian, Li, Yanming Wang, Zhenhua Yi, and Hui Qian. "A Parametric Study of Nonlinear Seismic Response Analysis of Transmission Line Structures." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/271586.

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A parametric study of nonlinear seismic response analysis of transmission line structures subjected to earthquake loading is studied in this paper. The transmission lines are modeled by cable element which accounts for the nonlinearity of the cable based on a real project. Nonuniform ground motions are generated using a stochastic approach based on random vibration analysis. The effects of multicomponent ground motions, correlations among multicomponent ground motions, wave travel, coherency loss, and local site on the responses of the cables are investigated using nonlinear time history analysis method, respectively. The results show the multicomponent seismic excitations should be considered, but the correlations among multicomponent ground motions could be neglected. The wave passage effect has a significant influence on the responses of the cables. The change of the degree of coherency loss has little influence on the response of the cables, but the responses of the cables are affected significantly by the effect of coherency loss. The responses of the cables change little with the degree of the difference of site condition changing. The effect of multicomponent ground motions, wave passage, coherency loss, and local site should be considered for the seismic design of the transmission line structures.

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Zhang, Zhen Xuan, and Qing Jun Chen. "Long-Period Response Spectrum and Earthquake Response Analysis of Super High-Rise Building." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3964.

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Based on seismic records with large long-period components at home and abroad, carried on uniform error correction processing and rough site classification, then, used numerical analysis software-MATLAB to calculate the average response spectrum of different types of venues, and used the least square method to do sub-fitting for them, got the long-period quasi-regulatory response spectrums of all kinds of venues; using the general-purpose finite element analysis software-ANSYS, a super high-rise building structural analysis model was established, inputted the fitted long-period seismic response spectrum and the design response spectrum of Shanghai anti-seismic standards, by comparing the results of structural seismic responeses under the two kinds of response spectrum, the long-period seismic response of super high-rise building was investigated, and some valuable conclusions were obtained for reference.

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Bao, Xin, Jingbo Liu, and Fei Wang. "Influence of Topographic and Geological Features on the Seismic Response of the Reef Site in the South China Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040881.

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Insufficient comprehension of the seismic impact of the reef terrain, geology, and material properties of the reefs in the South China Sea still presents considerable impediments in studying the seismic response of reef engineering sites and assessing their seismic safety. To surmount this challenge, a seismic response analysis model of the reef-seawater system is established. This model takes into account the fluid-solid interaction effect, the wave radiation effect of the infinite seawater layer and the semi-infinite seabed, as well as the seismic wave input process of the reef-seawater system. Through targeted parameter analyses, the impact of various factors, including the shear wave velocity, thickness, and slope of distinct reef layers, the width of the reef flat, and the dynamic coupling effect of seawater on the seismic response of reef sites, is thoroughly examined. It has been determined that the seismic response of the reef site is markedly amplified as the shear wave velocity decreases and the thickness of the uppermost reef layer increases. While the effects of the slope gradient of the topmost reef layer and the width of the reef flat on the seismic response of the reef site are chiefly observed in the edge area and the central area, respectively. The layer of seawater plays a crucial role in radiation damping, serving as a medium for the dissipation of seismic energy and thereby weakening the overall seismic response of the reef site.

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Wu, Yuan Chieh, and Meng Hsui Hsieh. "Site Response Analysis for a Site with the Dipping Bedrock and Liquefiable Layers Using FLAC 3D." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.1076.

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To get the precise input motion for seismic analysis of important structures located in liquefiable soil layers, this study demonstrates site response analysis using FLAC 3D [. Based on the previous earthquake diaster experiences and regulatory requirements for nuclear power plants (NPP), the seismic wave propagation in the site having dipping bedrock surface was modeled, also the excess pore water pressure during excitation process was added into the soil elements. The free-field site response model is used to generate the response spectra at different ground surface locations, and to predict the influence range of soil liquefaction. The analysis results show that soil liquefaction could reduce site amplification effect, and might have different degree of impact depending on natural frequency and soil pressure resistance of structures. The 3D model also can capture the soil unceratinties and reflect the real topographic effect in one computer run, so the current multiple one-dimensional equivalent linear analysis process could be improved. Therefore, the FLAC 3D model can fulfill nuclear regulatory requirement, and provide suitable ground-motion prediction for liquefiable soil sites and complex bedrock surface sites for the need of seismic evaluations of existing NPPs after Fukushima Dai-ichi Tragedy.

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Amirsardari, Anita, Helen M. Goldsworthy, and Elisa Lumantarna. "Seismic Site Response Analysis Leading to Revised Design Response Spectra for Australia." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 21, no. 6 (August 11, 2016): 861–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1210058.

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Zhou, Xiaojie, Qinghua Liang, Yueyu Zhang, Zhongxian Liu, and Ying He. "Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Seismic Response of Immersed Tunnel in Horizontally Layered Site under Obliquely Incident SV Waves." Shock and Vibration 2019 (July 24, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3131502.

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A three-dimensional (3D) detailed numerical model of an immersed tunnel in a horizontally layered site is established in this study. The 3D seismic response of the immersed tunnel in a horizontally layered site subjected to obliquely incident waves is analyzed based on the precise dynamic stiffness matrix of the soil layer and half-space via combined viscous-spring boundary and equivalent node stress methods. The nonlinear effects of external and internal site conditions on the whole model were determined by equivalent linearization algorithm and Mohr–Coulomb model, respectively. The proposed model was then applied to investigate the nonlinear seismic response of an immersed tunnel in the Haihe River subjected to seismic waves of oblique incidence. The dislocation (opening) of pipe joints in the immersed tunnel were analyzed to determine the response characteristics of the shear keys and overall displacement of the tunnel; the dynamic responses of the immersed tunnel subjected to obliquely incident seismic waves markedly differ from those of vertically incident seismic SV waves. The maximum stress value of shear keys and the maximum dislocation of the pipe joint appear as upon critical angle. The overall displacement of the tunnel increases as incident angle increases. Under severe earthquake conditions, both the pipe corners and midspan section of the roof and floor are likely to produce crack. These areas need careful consideration in the seismic design of immersed tunnel structures.

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Zhu, Chuanbin, Fabrice Cotton, Dong-Youp Kwak, Kun Ji, Hiroshi Kawase, and Marco Pilz. "Within-site variability in earthquake site response." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 1268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab481.

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SUMMARY The within-site variability in site response is the randomness in site response at a given site from different earthquakes and is treated as aleatory variability in current seismic hazard/risk analyses. In this study, we investigate the single-station variability in linear site response at K-NET and KiK-net stations in Japan using a large number of earthquake recordings. We found that the standard deviation of the horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectral ratio at individual sites, that is single-station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) sigma σHV,s, approximates the within-site variability in site response quantified using surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (for oscillator frequencies higher than the site fundamental frequency) or empirical ground-motion models. Based on this finding, we then utilize the single-station HVSR sigma as a convenient tool to study the site-response variability at 697 KiK-net and 1169 K-NET sites. Our results show that at certain frequencies, stiff, rough and shallow sites, as well as small and local events tend to have a higher σHV,s. However, when being averaged over different sites, the single-station HVSR sigma, that is σHV, increases gradually with decreasing frequency. In the frequency range of 0.25–25 Hz, σHV is centred at 0.23–0.43 in ln scales (a linear scale factor of 1.26–1.54) with one standard deviation of less than 0.1. σHV is quite stable across different tectonic regions, and we present a constant, as well as earthquake magnitude- and distance-dependent σHV models.

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Li, Ping, Jing Shan Bo, Xiao Yun Guo, You Wei Sun, and Yu Dong Zhang. "Effects of Site Classification on Platform Value of Response Spectrum." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.306.

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Regarding the design response spectrum in the code for seismic design of buildings as target spectra，the 28 acceleration histories are formed artificially．They are used as the inputs ground motion in earthquake response analysis．Four site classifications profiles were selected or constructed from practical site profiles．With the use of 1-D equivalent linearization wave motion method that is wildly used at present in site seismic response analysis, the platform values of surface response spectrum for different profiles under different ground motion inputs were calculated．Different platform values of the response spectrum and relational expression which is seven input earthquake motion intensity and site classifications have been given by statistical analysis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Seismic site response'

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