Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Seismická tomografie'
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Berglund, Karin. "Seismic tomography in the source region of the May 29th 2008 earthquake-aftershock-sequence in southwest Iceland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-187589.
Full textDen 29:e maj 2008 inträffade två jordbävningar med magnitud Mw ~6 på sydvästra Island. Den första jordbävningen följdes tätt av en andra jordbävning på en förkastning ~5 km väster om den första. Påföljande efterskalvssekvens registrerades av 14 seismiska stationer under 34 dagar efter huvudskalven. De registrerade skalven har detekterats och lokaliserats med en Coalesence Microseismic Mapping (CMM) teknik. Utdata från detta program har använts som grund för tomografin som genomförts med PStomo_eq, en algoritm som inverterar oberoende för både P- och S-vågs hastigheter och samtidigt omlokaliserar eventen. Inom det undersökta området på 46×36 km har en tredimensionell hastighetsmodell, om än inte slutgiltigt, modellerats för djup ned till 10 km. Vp/Vs kvoten varierar mellan 1.74 och 1.82 inom studieområdet. Hastigheterna ökar med ökande djup, på ett djup av 2 km är P-vågs hastigheten 4.6 km/s och S-vågs hastigheten 2.7 km/s och vid 10 km är P-vågs hastigheten 6.9 km/s och S-vågs hastigheten 4.0 km/s. I den nordvästra delen av modellen återfinns en höghastighetszon. Denna tolkas vara orsakad av en magma kropp som stigit och kristalliserat under högt tryck. De vertikala tvärsnitten visar en låghastighetsanomali i västra delen av modellen, koncentrerat ovan seismiciteten. Denna anomali sträcker sig från ett djup på 2 km ned till 4 km, från 21.5° till 21.2° V. Den tolkas vara orsakad av en hög grad av porositet. Djupet för den bräckliga jordskorpan ökar från väster till öster i modellen, för att i mitten abrupt minska igen. Basen av den bräckliga skorpan ökar från 7 km i väst till 9 km i mitten av modellen.
Gras, Andreu Clàudia. "Inversion of multichannel seismic data by combination of travel-time and full-waveform tomography." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668456.
Full textAquesta tesi presenta el desenvolupament, implementació i aplicació d'un procediment que combina diferents tècniques d'inversió tomogràfica per extreure informació d'alta resolució que permeti caracteritzar l'estructura i propietats (velocitat d'ona p, Vp) del subsòl marí, utilitzant exclusivament dades de sísmica de reflexió multicanal (MCS). El repte principal és el de superar els problemes inherents de no-linealitat i no-unicitat dels mètodes d'inversió, en general, i de la inversió de forma d’ona completa (FWI), en particular, especialment crítics en registres sísmics que manquen de baixes freqüències (<4 Hz) i han estat adquirits amb un abast experimental relativament curt (~6 km). Per afrontar el problema, l’estudi proposa i segueix un flux de treball que primer es posa a prova amb dades sintètiques, i després s'aplica a dades de camp adquirides al mar d’Alboran. Primerament es va desenvolupar un codi que modifica les dades sísmiques retro-propagant-les a la superfície del fons marí, simulant així una adquisició virtual en aquesta superfície. Els registres resultants permeten identificar les refraccions com a primeres arribades, que aporten informació robusta i essencial per modelar la Vp. Posteriorment, amb els temps d'aquestes arribades es va dur a terme la tomografia de temps de trajecte (TTT). En l'aplicació amb dades de camp, es va afegir la reflexió del sostre del basament (TOB) per acotar millor el resultat. Els models obtinguts mostren la variació de Vp correcta del subsòl, ja que els sismogrames simulats amb aquests models i els que es pretenen reproduir no mostren desfasaments importants. Aquest fet possibilita la correcta aplicació de tècniques més complexes com la FWI utilitzant el model de TTT com a inicial. La FWI proporciona un model de Vp d’alta resolució del medi utilitzant tot el camp d'ones de les dades originals. Aquesta tesi és la primera aplicació pràctica de FWI amb dades de camp a nivell nacional, i s’han utilitzat essencialment codis desenvolupats al BCSI. Els resultats revelen diverses formes geològiques d'interès, la geometria irregular del TOB, causada per possibles estructures volcàniques, i falles; a més d'una capa d'alta Vp que pot correspondre a evaporites dipositades durant el Messinià. Els resultats principals s’han publicat recentment a Solid Earth [https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-46].
Flecha, Lacalle Isaac. "Visualització sísmica mitjançant tècniques tomogràfiques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/110411.
Full textThe internal structure of the subsoil has been a topic of major interest for several reasons. The availability of natural resources (water, oil, minerals..), seismicity or volcanism condition the use of the soil, therefore knowing its properties is mandatory. Synthetic simulations and forward modelling have been intensively used in the present work to compare tomographic softwares, to test a new pre-stack depth migration code and to test several acquisition geometries. Synthetic data provide a fast (and cheap) way to study many hypothetical situations and experimental conditions and to predict results. Seismic tomography is an indirect and non-destructive prospection technique that can be used in many studies. By means of this methodology, velocities that feature materials of the study area can be obtained. In most of cases, this parameter (velocity) can be correlated with the subsurface composition. Furthermore, velocity models obtained are very useful for the application of other seismic reflection techniques such as static corrections or depth migrations. In this work, seismic tomography has been used for a wide range of situations. Theoretical considerations (Snell’s law) suggest that low-velocity anomalies are under-sampled while high-velocity zones were well resolved using this methodology. For the optimal case (positive anomalies), seismic tomography has been successful in detecting granitic plutons and basalt layers because of the contrast of acoustic properties between these bodies and the sorrounding rocks. The performance of seismic tomography has been tested in less favourable situations such as the presence of subterranean cavities (extreme low-velocity anomalies), fracturation zones or subbasalt sediments. In some of these cases, tomographic models are not conclusive and require the use of other methodologies in order to solve the problem. Despite these limitations, seismic tomography can be considered as a robust technique to obtain velocity models in different geological contexts and at different scales.
Collaço, Bruno de Barros. "Tomografia de ruído ambiental na Bacia do Paraná." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14132/tde-04062018-171929/.
Full textConventional seismic tomography is known to have poor resolution in regions of low seismicity, therefore, studies carried out in South America did not mapped clearly smaller areas of the continent, for example the region of the Parana basin. To describe the of the crustal structure of the Parana basin, in addition to data obtained by analysis of Andean earthquakes, we used dispersion curves from ambient noise correlation between pairs of seismographic stations, a technique known by Ambient Noise Tomography (ANT). The obtained group velocity maps correspond well with the main geological provinces already known in South America: low velocities under the Andes and sedimentary basins and high velocities in cratonic regions. The high velocity anomalies encountered in the upper mantle, agree with previous studies that confirm the presence of a nucleus in the cratonic basin. However, it is not possible to say whether such a nucleus is intact or not, mainly because previous results showing evidence of the existence of a nucleus divided by suture zones. Nevertheless, surface wave tomography has no resolution to confirm this model. The steps of data processing of this work are well defined and independent, thus, as new stations will being deployed with the advance of BRASIS Project, new paths will be added to the database, increasing the resolution and reliability of the future results.
ALOFE, EMMANUEL. "Reflection Seismic Survey for Characterising Historical Tailings and Deep Targeting at the Blötberget Mine, Central Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-452482.
Full textJärn har varit ett viktigt grundämne för mänsklig utveckling och järnoxidavlagringar är kända för att innehålla mineral som är märkta som kritiska råmaterial (KRM), särskilt inom EU. Därför kräver säkerställandet av en hållbar tillgång till KRM tillgång till både primära och sekundära källor till deras värdfyndigheter, till exempel järnoxid. Blötberget är en gammal gruvplats i mellersta Sverige som är rik på både primära och sekundära järnoxidresurser (dvs. gruvavfall) från en lång gruvverksamhet. Således fokuserade denna avhandling att (1) förbättra karaktäriseringen av järnoxidmineralisering i det historiska gruvområdet genom utvinning och bearbetning av 2D-data från ett glest 3D-dataset, (2) karakterisering av gruvavfall för avgränsning av geometri och uppskattning av geomekaniska egenskaper genom att generera P-vågshastighetsmodeller för gruvavfallsområdet, och (3) förbättra tolkningen av befintliga resultat i området genom 3D-visualiseringar. Resultat från denna avhandling tyder på möjliga djup och laterala förlängningar av mineraliseringen om några hundratals meter bortom vad som tidigare var känt i området. Det antas att cirka 10 Mt primära järnoxidresurser finnas under avfallssområdet medan gruvavfallet innehåller uppskattningsvis 1 Mt sekundära järnoxidresurser. Dessutom visar denna avhandling att det historiska gruvavfallet är cirka 10-12 m tjockt, 650 m långt och 300 m brett och har ett Vp/Vs -förhållande mellan cirka 3-4, vilket indikerar en låg geomekanisk hållfasthet. Dessutom beräknades djupet till berggrunden i detta område vara 50 m vid dess djupaste delar, med en morfologi som indikerar komplex geologisk förekomst. Därför dras slutsatsen, baserat på dessa resultat, att Blötberget har en god potential att säkerställa leveransen av både järnmalm och dess ingående KRM
Maercklin, Nils. "Seismic structure of the Arava Fault, Dead Sea Transform." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/2004/0046/marcklin.pdf.
Full textBelhadj, Jihane. "Modèles paramétriques pour la tomographie sismique bayésienne." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM073/document.
Full textFirst arrival time tomography aims at inferring the seismic wave propagation velocity using experimental first arrival times. In our study, we rely on a Bayesian approach to estimate the wave velocity and the associated uncertainties. This approach incorporates the information provided by the data and the prior knowledge of the velocity model. Bayesian tomography allows for a better estimation of wave velocity as well asassociated uncertainties. However, this approach remains fairly expensive, and MCMC algorithms that are used to sample the posterior distribution are efficient only as long as the number of parameters remains within reason. Hence, their use requires a careful reflection both on the parameterization of the velocity model, in order to reduce the problem's dimension, and on the definition of the prior distribution of the parameters. In this thesis, we introduce new parsimonious parameterizations enabling to accurately reproduce the wave velocity field with the associated uncertainties.The first parametric model that we propose uses a random Johnson-Mehl tessellation, a variation of the Voronoï tessellation. The second one uses Gaussian kernels as basis functions. It is especially adapted to the detection of seismic wave velocity anomalies. Each anomaly isconsidered to be a linear combination of these basis functions localized at the realization of a Poisson point process. We first illustrate the tomography results with a synthetic velocity model, which contains two small anomalies. We then apply our methodology to a more advanced and more realistic synthetic model that serves as a benchmark in the oil industry. The tomography results reveal the ability of our algorithm to map the velocity heterogeneitieswith precision using few parameters. Finally, we propose a new parametric model based on the compressed sensing techniques. The first results are encouraging. However, the model still has some weakness related to the uncertainties estimation.In addition, we analyse real data in the context of induced microseismicity. In this context, we develop a trans-dimensional and hierarchical approach in order to deal with the full complexity of the layered model
Bellmunt, Traver Fabián. "Avenços en l’adquisició i interpretació de dades geoelèctriques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334980.
Full textElectrical resistivity tomography is a non-intrusive geophysical technique widely used for subsurface electrical properties characterization and, more recently, for dynamic processes monitoring, both using surface and deep electrodes. A key aspect is the choice of the most suitable configuration in each context. If deep electrodes are used this choice can be difficult because the capabilities of such configurations are not as well established as the surface ones. Besides, in the case of monitoring experiments may be necessary to reduce the data quantity to adjust the acquisition time to the length of the process to be followed. The use of electrical tomography with deep electrodes and its application for monitoring involves placing the electrodes into boreholes and to use new inversion techniques to obtain the resistivity variations models. The main objectives of this thesis is searching acquisition strategies to simplify the choice of the most suitable configuration while reducing the acquisition time, and evaluating different types of electrode installation into boreholes and different inversion techniques to obtain the resistivity variations models in monitoring experiments. In this thesis, two acquisition strategies and the design of an experiment which consisted of monitoring the tunnel drilling of the new metro line, L9, in Barcelona, are presented. The strategies developed here allow delaying the choice of the most suitable electrode configuration even after the interpretation of the resistivity models and optimizing configurations to adjust its acquisition time to the requirements of each experiment maintaining an adequate spatial resolution. The monitoring experiment of the tunnel drilling of the metro line, L9, in Barcelona included the manufacture and installation of the electrodes into boreholes, and the comparison between different inversion techniques to obtain the resistivity variation models. This experiment allowed us to establish a methodology in monitoring experiments with deep electrodes.
Adiya, Munkhsaikhan. "Seismic activity near Ulannbaatar : implication for seismic hazard assessment." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH007/document.
Full textWe observe since 2005 a high seismic activity at 10 km from Ulaanbaatar that allowed us to identify a new active fault, Emeelt, in the field. After computing a 3D velocity model, I applied Double-Difference tomography to obtain a precise localization of earthquakes. They trace at least three parallel branches oriented N147° like the fault seen at surface. The seismic activity on the Main Emeelt Fault (MEF) is along at least 15 km, on the West and East branches, less active, along 10 km. The depth of the seismicity extends between 4 and 15 km. The activity seems concentrated at the intersection with Mesozoic faults and Vp/Vs contrast suggests the presence of fluids. The 10 swarms identified show an increasing activity and a spatial migration with time. The calculation of 2 possible scenarios, one M ~ 6.4 and one M ~ 7, shows an important impact on Ulaanbaatar, with a minimum intensity of VIII and IX for M=6.4 and X for M=7
Luu, Keurfon. "Optimisation numérique stochastique évolutionniste : application aux problèmes inverses de tomographie sismique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM077/document.
Full textSeismic traveltime tomography is an ill-posed optimization problem due to the non-linear relationship between traveltime and velocity model. Besides, the solution is not unique as many models are able to explain the observed data. The non-linearity and non-uniqueness issues are typically addressed by using methods relying on Monte Carlo Markov Chain that thoroughly sample the model parameter space. However, these approaches cannot fully handle the computer resources provided by modern supercomputers. In this thesis, I propose to solve seismic traveltime tomography problems using evolutionary algorithms which are population-based stochastic optimization methods inspired by the natural evolution of species. They operate on concurrent individuals within a population that represent independent models, and evolve through stochastic processes characterizing the different mechanisms involved in natural evolution. Therefore, the models within a population can be intrinsically evaluated in parallel which makes evolutionary algorithms particularly adapted to the parallel architecture of supercomputers. More specifically, the works presented in this manuscript emphasize on the three most popular evolutionary algorithms, namely Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization and Covariance Matrix Adaptation - Evolution Strategy. The feasibility of evolutionary algorithms to solve seismic tomography problems is assessed using two different data sets: a real data set acquired in the context of hydraulic fracturing and a synthetic refraction data set generated using the Marmousi velocity model that presents a complex geology structure
Sambolian, Serge. "Tomographie des pentes à cohérence cinématique fondée sur des solveurs eikonals et la méthode de l’état adjoint : Théorie et applications à la construction de modèles de vitesses et localisation d'événements." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4002.
Full textVelocity model building is a key step of seismic imaging since inferring high-resolution subsurface model by migration or full waveform inversion (FWI) is highly dependent on the kinematic accuracy of the retrieved velocity model. Stereotomography, a slope tomographic method that exploits well the density of the data, was proposed as an alternative to conventional reflection traveltime tomography. The latter is based on interpretive tracking of laterally-continuous reflections in the data volume whereas stereotomography relies on automated picking of locally coherent events. The densely picked attributes, namely the traveltimes and their spatial derivatives with respect to the source and receiver positions, are tied to scatterers in depth. More recently, a slope tomography variant was proposed under a framework based on eikonal solvers as an alternative to ray tracing and the adjoint-state method instead of Fréchet-derivative matrix inversion. This revamped stereotomography provides a scalable and flexible framework for large-scale applications. On the other hand, similarly to previous works, the scatterer positions and the subsurface parameters are updated jointly. In this thesis, I propose a new formulation of slope tomography that handles more effectively the ill-famed velocity-position coupling inherently present in reflection tomography. Through a kinematic migration, the scatterer position sub-problem is solved and projected into the main sub-problem for wavespeed estimation. Enforcing the kinematic consistency between the two kinds of variable, that is not guaranteed in the joint inversion, mitigates the ill-posedness generated by the velocity-position coupling. This variable projection leads to a reduced-parametrization inversion where the residuals of a single data class being a slope are minimized to update the subsurface parameters.I introduce this parsimonious strategy in the framework of eikonal solvers and the adjoint-state method for tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. I benchmark the method against the Marmousi model and present a field data case study previously tackled with the joint inversion strategy. Both case studies confirm that the parsimonious approach leads to a better-posed problem, with an improved robustness to the initial guess and convergence speed.Slope tomography is mainly used for streamer data due to the requirement of finely-sampled sources and receivers. To exploit cutting-edge long-offset datasets, I involve in the inversion first arrivals extracted from streamer or ocean bottom seismometer data. Before showing the complementarity between reflections and first arrivals, I examine the added value of introducing slopes in first-arrival traveltime tomography (FATT). Using a FWI workflow for quality control, I show with the Overthrust benchmark and a real data case study from the Nankai trough (Japan) how the joint inversion of slopes and traveltimes mitigates the ill-posedness of FATT. I also examine with the BP Salt model the limits of FATT to build an initial model for FWI in complex media. The results show how tomography suffers even with proper undershooting of the imaging targets due to the poor illumination of the subsalt area. On a crustal-scale benchmark, I first show the limits of reflection slope tomography induced by the limited streamer length before highlighting the added-value of the joint inversion of first-arrival and reflection picks.Finally, I introduce the same variable projection technique to tackle the velocity-hypocenter problem, which finds application in earthquake seismology and microseismic imaging. I propose a formulation where the hypocenter is located through the inversion of subsurface parameters and an origin time correction, both of them being used as a proxy and validate the proof of concept on two synthetic examples
Baumann-Wilke, Maria. "Combining body wave tomography, surface wave inversion, seismic interferometry and laboratory measurements to characterize the black shales on Bornholm at different scales." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6900/.
Full textSchwarzschiefer sind Sedimentgesteine, die einen hohen Gehalt an organischem Kohlenstoff aufweisen, was zu einer dunkelgrauen bis schwarzen Färbung führt. Da Schwarzschiefer das Potenzial besitzen, Öl oder Gas zu enthalten und somit zur weltweiten Energieversorgung beitragen könnten, sind sie von großem Interesse. Mit Hilfe der Kombination verschiedener seismischer Messverfahren wurden die Schwarzschiefer des Unteren Paläozoikums auf der dänischen Insel Bornholm untersucht um den oberflächennahen Alaunschiefer und dessen Umgebungsgestein dort zu lokalisieren und sein Potenzial als Muttergestein abzuschätzen. Dafür wurden im Oktober 2010 und im Juni 2012 im südlichen Teil der Insel zwei seismische Experimente auf insgesamt drei sich kreuzenden Profilen durchgeführt. Für zwei aktive seismische Messungen wurden ein Fallgewicht und ein Minivibrator als Quellen genutzt. Zusätzlich wurde im Messgebiet noch das Wellenfeld des umgebenden Rauschens über einen Zeitraum von etwa einem Tag aufgezeichnet. Außerdem wurden Labormessungen an Bohrkernen aus dem Alaunschiefer durchgeführt. Die seismischen Messprofile befanden sich so nah wie möglich an zwei wissenschaftlichen Bohrungen, die für Vergleichszwecke genutzt wurden. Um die P- und S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodelle des Untergrundes zu erhalten wurden die seismischen Felddaten mittels Laufzeittomographie, Oberflächenwelleninversion und seismischer Interferometrie ausgewertet. Die P-Wellenmodelle, die für alle drei seismischen Profile erstellt wurden, zeigen den Alaunschiefer zwischen dem Komstad Kalkstein, der den Alaunschiefer überdeckt, und der Læså Sandsteinformation, die die Basis der Modelle bildet. Für die Schwarzschieferschicht ergeben sich mit rund 3 km/s deutlich geringere P-Wellengeschwindigkeiten als für die umgebenden Gesteine. Zwei seismische Profile liegen direkt an einer der Bohrungen, für die verschiedene Bohrloch-Logs durchgeführt wurden. Der Vergleich des Sonic-Logs mit den vertikalen Geschwindigkeitsprofilen beider Modelle am Bohrpunkt zeigt eine sehr gute übereinstimmung aller Geschwindigkeiten. Dies ist ein Indiz für die Plausibilität der durchgeführten Laufzeittomographie. Um die Reservoireigenschaften der Schwarzschieferschicht einordnen zu können, wurde versucht, die seismischen Geschwindigkeiten mit dem Gehalt an organischem Material zu korrelieren. Ohne geeignete Kalibrierung ist diese Korrelation schwierig, kann aber mit Hilfe der Tomographieergebnisse ein zweidimensionales Abbild der Verteilung des organischen Materials im Untergrund liefern. Auch das S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodell, welches mit der Oberflächenwelleninversion der Vibroseisdaten erstellt wurde, bildet den Alaunschiefer gut ab. Hierbei zeigen sich S-Wellengeschwindigkeiten um 2 km/s. Obwohl jeweils nur 1D-Modelle für jede Quellposition bestimmt wurden, ergibt sich für die gesamte Untergrundstruktur des untersuchten Profils ein einheitliches Bild der Geschwindigkeiten. Einen sehr neuen Ansatz bildet die Anwendung der seismischen Interferometrie auf ein sehr kleines Untersuchungsgebiet und über einen sehr kurzen Zeitraum. Neu ist außerdem, dass für die Bestimmung der endgültigen Interferogramme nur Zeitfenster der Kreuzkorrelationen ausgewählt werden, in denen die Signalqualität hinreichend gut ist. In den berechneten Kreuzkorrelationen sind sogar P-Wellen enthalten, was auf die geringen Abstände der seismischen Rekorder zurück zu führen ist. Bei den Labormessungen wurden die Raumwellen für verschiedene Drücke und Temperaturen aufgezeichnet. Die Messungen der Geschwindigkeiten sowohl parallel als auch senkrecht zur Schichtung der Proben zeigen eine starke Anisotropie für die P-Welle. Dagegen scheint die S-Wellengeschwindigkeit fast unabhängig von der Ausbreitungsrichtung der Wellen zu sein. Auch das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten weist starke Anisotropie auf. Für die Wellenausbreitung senkrecht zur Schichtung zeigen sich sehr niedrige Werte, die Werte für die Messungen parallel zur Schichtung sind dagegen deutlich erhöht. Ein interessanter Aspekt der aus den Labormessungen resultiert ist, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Messungen senkrecht zur Schichtung mit den Geschwindigkeitswerten der Feldmessungen übereinstimmen. Damit scheinen die Feldmessungen besonders die Ausbreitung der Wellen in vertikaler Richtung zu registrieren. Das Geschwindigkeitsverhältnis wurde auch mit den P- und S-Wellenmodellen der Feldexperimente berechnet. Auch hier hebt sich der Alaunschiefer mit deutlich verringerten Werten um 1.4 vom Umgebungsgestein ab. Solch geringe Werte für das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten deutet auf den Gehalt von Gas im Schwarzschiefer. Mit der Kombination der verschiedenen Methoden ist es möglich, die seismische Antwort der Schwarzschieferschicht umfassend zu beschreiben und Schlussfolgerungen darüber zu ziehen, ob die hier untersuchte Schwarzschieferschicht das Potenzial hat als Kohlenwasserstofflagerstätte zu fungieren.
Tavakolifaradonbeh, Borhan. "Tomographie de pente fondée sur l'état adjoint : un outil d'estimation de modèle de vitesse pour l'imagerie sismique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4089/document.
Full textVelocity macro-model building is a crucial step in seismic imaging workflows as it provides the necessary background model for migration or full waveform inversion. Slope tomography, as a reliable alternative for conventional tomography, provides a tool to achieve this purpose where one picks the local coherent events rather than continuous events. These approaches are based on the slopes and traveltimes of the local coherent events which are tied to a reflecting/diffracting point (scatterer) in the subsurface. In this thesis, I introduce an anisotropic slope tomographic approach which aim at macro-model building for subsurface properties in 2D tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. In this method, I reformulate the stereotomography, as an slope tomographic tool, such that I replace the ray-based forward engine with a TTI eikonal solver and take advantage of the adjoint state method to calculate the gradients. In result, I can efficiently calculate the traveltimes for complex media and long offset acquisition on a regular grid of the subsurface and formulate a matrix-free framework for the inversion. Different synthetic examples including the isotropic Marmousi and 2D TTI BP-salt model are considered to assess the potential of the method in subsurface parameter estimations. Also, through a simple example, the footprint of parameter cross-talk is investigated for the Thomsen parametrization. As a real data application, the proposed method is applied on a 2D marine BroadSeis data set (provided by CGG) to retrieve the vertical velocity of the subsurface
Meléndez, i. Catalán Adrià. "Development of a New Parallel Code for 3-D Joint Refraction and Reflection Travel-Time Tomography of Wide-Angle Seismic Data. Synthetic and Real Data Applications to the Study of Subduction Zones." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/289786.
Full textAquesta tesi està dedicada a la tomografia sísmica. Concretament, he implementat una eina de modelització 3D per a la tomografia conjunta de temps de trajecte de refraccions i reflexions (TOMO3D). La raó darrere d'aquest objectiu és l'evidència de que la informació basada en dades sísmiques 2D no permet copsar la complexitat de gran part dels cossos geològics, i en particular de la zona sismogènica en marges de subducció. El desenvolupament del TOMO3D es basa en el TOMO2D, un codi d'avantguarda per a la tomografia conjunta de refraccions i reflexions en 2D. Els arxius de codi han estat reescrits, redefinint i introduint les funcions necessàries per dur a terme la inversió 3D. Els testos fets amb la versió seqüencial del codi posen de manifest la necessitat de paral·lelització ja que l'increment de la mida dels conjunts de dades així com la modelització de la dimensió espacial afegida fan que les inversions siguin computacionalment exigents. La versió paral·lelitzada del TOMO3D ha sigut aplicada a un cas sintètic complex que simula una zona de subducció. Aquesta primera aplicació 3D serveix per avaluar la correcció de la programació del codi, i com a descripció pas a pas del procediment de modelització. Els resultats demostren la capacitat del codi per recuperar acuradament la distribució de velocitat i la geometria dels dos reflectors. Finalment, el TOMO3D és aplicat a un conjunt 3D de dades de sísmica de gran angle adquirit al marge pacífic d'Equador i Colòmbia per extreure'n un model 3D de la velocitat de les plaques cavalcant i subduïda, que és comparat amb el resultat obtingut amb un codi 3D de tomografia de temps de trajecte de refraccions (FAST). La comparació indica que el TOMO3D és més acurat que el FAST però al mateix temps és computacionalment més exigent. Tot i així, la paral·lelització del TOMO3D permet utilitzar plataformes de supercomputació, a diferència del que passa amb el FAST i la majoria de codis existents.
Araujo, Sebastián. "Travel time tomography of the crust and the mantle beneath Ecuador from data of the national seismic network." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU015/document.
Full textAlthough there have been numerous studies on the geodynamics and the tectonics in Ecuador based on the seismic activity, there has not been to date a comprehensive tomography study using the entire database of the National Seismic Network (RENSIG). Only a preliminary limited study was performed by Prevot et al. to infer a simple P velocity model in central Ecuador, and several profiles in the South-Colombian-Ecuador margin were also investigated by using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data obtained during the two marine experiments SISTEUR and SALIERI. Inverting the hundreds of thousands of arrival times of P and S waves of uneven quality that constitutes the RENSIG catalogue is the challenging subject of this thesis.We describe how we complemented the RENSIG catalogue with data from the Northern Peru network and how we homogenized and filtered the resulting dataset of more than 800 000 first arrival times of P and S waves corresponding to more than 50 000 earthquakes. To invert these data for both the velocity models and the event locations we adopted a Bayesian approach. We show how the problem can be recast in the Gaussian framework by changes of variable while imposing a robust statistics to the data, and how it leads to a generalized nonlinear least squares problem. We detail in particular the regularization of the models through the smoothing and damping properties of the covariance kernels. We also show that inverting differences in data instead of the raw data amounts to the introduction of specific correlation terms in the data covariance matrix, while keeping the same set of data. We finally indicate how the computation of the averaging index allows the delimitation of a confidence region for the resulting model.The practical inversion has been carried out by using the two Fortran 2003 codes (B. Potin, B. Valette, V. Monteiller): LOCIN (prior localization) and INSIGHT (tomography). The final study region is a parallelepipedic box of 590$times$770 km$^2$ area and 244 km height that contains the topography of the surface. The models consist of the $v_P$ and $v_P/v_S$ fields discretized over a grid, the spacing of which is 5 km in the horizontal directions and 2 km in the vertical one, and of the spatial and temporal parameters of the seismic events. A battery of tests allowed us to set reasonable values for these tuning parameters through an L-curve analysis.We obtained the spatial distribution of the seismicity with an improved accuracy which allows us to describe with more details the shallow seismic clusters, as those of Pisayambo, Macas, Reventador, and to identify lineaments in the seismicity in relation with tectonics. We obtained also a clear image of the intermediate depth seismicity wich is dominated by 4 nests, namely the Maldonado, La Man'a, and Guayaquil nests, at depths ranging between 75 km and 115 km, and the Puyo nest at much deeper depths. The Wadati-Benioff zone allowed us to clearly defined the topography of the slab only to a depth to about 110-150 km, depending on the latitude, and to observe the decrease of the dip angle from about 25° in northern and central Ecuador down to about 10° in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. On the other hand, the analysis of the P velocity clearly suggests that the slab is broken in two pieces, the southern one passing under the northern at the level of the Puyo nest. The $v_P/v_S$ model presents a high anomaly of the ratio along the western cordillera at a depth ranging between 30 km and 50 km that characterized partially melted rocks and corresponds to the feeding reservoir of the volcanic arc. Finally, we deduced the Moho depth from our model by taking the depth for which the norm of the velocity gradient is maximum between 7.2 and 7.4 km/s and by incorporating information on the Moho depth provided by the SISTEUR and SALIERI experiments in the convergent margin
Badji, Rabia. "Structure profonde de la croûte et potentiel pétrolier des bassins sédimentaires à l'ouest de l'Algérie." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4036/document.
Full textLocated in North Africa, the Algerian margin is bordering the Algerian basin, formed in the back of the Tethyan subduction. The importance of the study of the segment extending from Tenes to Mostaganem over 250 km, lies in its pivotal position between the continental Alborán domain to the West and the Algerian Basin to the East. In this work, we determined for the first time, the structure and the crustal nature of this segment using the tomographic inversion of the seismic data recorded along a N-S wide-angle seismic profile shot perpendicular to the margin. Thanks to the multichannel reflection seismic data acquired during SPIRAL (2009), and to industrial data, we have proposed a regional tectonic pattern and the possible offshore extension of the kabylian basement The results reveal a margin characterized by the juxtaposition of a thin oceanic crust to the North and a slightly thinned continental crust to the South on either side of a major vertical accident. This suggests that the margin is formed in a strike-slip context. The opening of the oceanic basin should result from the response to the retreat and to the tear of the lithospheric slab beneath the Gibraltar subduction, accompanied by the westward migration of the Alborán block. The propagation of this lithospheric tearing (STEP) generated a zone of strike-slip along the narrow ocean-continent transition. The offshore absence of seismicity along our segment is connected to the mechanical resistance of the margin due to rapid change of crust nature. Owing the results and compared with other regions of the world, the areas which can likely present oil potential are the ones located on the continental crust
Seher, Tim. "Seismic structure of the Lucky Strike Segment at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GLOB0007.
Full textIn June 2005, the Sismomar survey explored the seismic structure of the slow-spreading Lucky Strike segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This thesis presents results from a segment scale reflection study of seismic layer 2A, a segment scale refraction study of whole crustal velocity structure, and a high resolution refraction study of the upper crust beneath and immediately surrounding the Lucky Strike seamount. The combination of the three seismic studies provides insights into the tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes shaping the crustal structure of the segment. In the upper crust, the three-dimensional velocity model derived from travel time tomography shows a low velocity anomaly running parallel to the ridge axis, which is limited laterally by the median valley bounding faults. Velocities are lowest beneath recent volcanic edifices like the Lucky Strike volcano. The reflection and refraction measurements indicate an abrupt o -axis thinning of seismic layer 2A at the bounding faults. Furthermore, the seismic measurements show a low velocity anomaly that underlies the axial melt lens reflector below the Lucky Strike volcano. The low velocity zone can be explained by the presence of elevated temperatures and possibly a small amount of melt. The segment-center magma chamber, as well as thicker crust at the segment center, are consistent with a focused melt supply to the segment center
Bosch, Ros David. "Tomografia elèctrica a escala de laboratori: investigació del sistema roca-salmorra-CO(2)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/336375.
Full textCarbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered a feasible alternative to reduce the net emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. This thesis is related to the monitoring phase of the process, after CO2 has been injected into the porosity of a reservoir and the evolution of the system and its properties has to be controlled. The main goal of monitoring is to obtain an accurate characterization of the subsurface CO2 accumulation, in order to verify the quantity of injected gas and to detect any possible leakage. Geophysical monitoring of the reservoir is performed from the surface or along boreholes, and thus it becomes necessary to perform laboratory experiments to investigate the behavior of the reservoir rock in relation to CO2, and to calibrate the results of the field scale methods. Electric and electromagnetic methods are especially well-suited for CCS monitoring due to the sensibility of electric resistivity to CO2 saturation. This thesis focuses on two main objectives. Firstly, to design and construct an experimental setup which is able to perform electrical tomography measurements on a centimeter-scale rock sample at various P-T conditions. Secondly, to perform two new experiments related to CO2 monitoring. In the first experiment, we have quantified the CO2 saturation inside a cylindrical (4x8 cm) Fontainebleau rock sample at various CO2 volume fractions, emulating a small fraction of a saline aquifer at different injection stages (the sample was saturated with a highly saline brine). In the second experiment, we have detected and quantified the effects of the dissolution of the CO2 in the brine on the same sample at a pressure of 40 bar during eight days, emulating the invasion of CO2 into a shallow aquifer (the brine used was of low salinity). Both experiments of this thesis represent a contribution to the CCS field, as they highlight some important aspects which are typically neglected, such as the effect of the surface conductivity and the variation of brine conductivity during the experiment. If both factors are ignored, the CO2 saturation will be underestimated by using only the resistivity index method. We have modified the equation to account for these two influences, thus contributing to a more accurate monitoring.
Rocha, Marcelo Peres. "Tomografia sísmica com ondas P e S para o estudo do manto superior no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14132/tde-29092008-212459/.
Full textWe used travel time seismic tomography to study the upper mantle beneath SE and Central Brazil. This method is based on the inversion of P- and S-wave relative travel time residuals (VanDecar, 1991) obtained from more than 80 stations in an area of 20 x 20 degrees. More than 11000 P and PKP residuals, and more than 8000 S, ScS, SKS, and SKKS residuals were obtained from waveform cross-correlations for up to 12 simultaneous stations. To evaluate the robustness of the tomographic results with respect to the data, we use the Jackknife re-sampling method, which inherently take into account the highly variable ray coverage and measurement errors, and can provide confidence limits for the anomalies. Regional inversions were carried out to study influence of the parameterization on the seismic anomalies. Our results show correlations of seismic anomalies with the main tectonic structures and reveal new anomalies not yet observed in previous works. High velocity anomalies in the western portion of the São Francisco Craton support the hypothesis that this craton was part of a major Neoproterozoic plate. Low velocity anomalies beneath the Tocantins Province (mainly fold belts between the Amazon and São Francisco cratons) are interpreted as due to lithospheric thinning, consistent with a good correlation between intraplate seismicity and low velocity anomalies in this region (Assumpção et al., 2004b). The resolution improvement of the high velocity anomalies beneath the Parana Basin (at ~200 km) allows a discussion about the geometry of the cratonic nucleous of this Basin. The slab of the Nazca Plate is observed as a high velocity anomaly beneath the Parana basin (at 700-1200 km depth). At these depths, large low velocity anomaly appears next to the slab. Synthetic tests show that these anomalies are an artifact of the inversion generated by the presence of the slab.
Alder, Chloé. "Etude de la déformation de la croûte et du manteau terrestres à partir de l'anisotropie sismique des modèles tomographiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN021.
Full textSeismic anisotropy is often used as a proxy for rock deformation. It arises from the preferred orientation of anisotropic minerals. For instance, olivine in mantellic peridotites align according to mantle flow. However, anisotropy in tomographic models can be the result of small scale heterogeneities unresolved by long period seismic waves. It is thus considered as artificial. Theories and methodological developments do not allow to distinguish the relative contributions of real and artificial anisotropy in seismic signals. In this thesis, we used simple models of the Earth’s mantle to analytically and numerically study the link between unresolved heterogeneities and the level of artificial radial anisotropy. We concluded that anisotropy is proportional to the square of heterogeneities and that 10% of velocity contrast can be responsible for 3% of anisotropy, which is non negligible compared to the observed anisotropy in tomography. A 3-D anisotropic model of Europe, focusing on the Alps and Apennines, was constructed from surface waves data. The dispersion measurements were made from noise correlation and allow to image the crust and uppermost mantle. The isotropic structure of the model shows particularly well the Adriatic plate subducting under the Apennines, as well as a slab break-off in the Southern part of the chain. The method used for the depth inversion takes into account the trade-off between layering and anisotropy. Our model is therefore the first 3-D model of radial anisotropy built at shallow depths in Europe. Our results suggest that the lower crust has a horizontal organization in the Apennines, probably related to the extensive regime observed in the area
Vitard, Clément. "Investigation sismique du domaine avant-arc Égéen du segment Sud-Ouest de la zone de subduction Hellénique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4116/document.
Full textThe Hellenic subduction zone, in the eastern part of the Mediterranean sea, is characterized by the highest rate of current seismicity in Europe. In the southwestern segment, several earthquakes of large magnitude (Mw 7,5-8) occured a the turn of the 19th to 20th century. This segment of 400 km long, has also been the nucleation site of the largest historical earthquake in Europe, named the 365 AD earthquake, with a magnitude of Mw 8. This event generates a devastating tsunami, which spread along the Adriactic Sea and in the Nile Delta region. Two main models differ about the interplate seismic coupling question in this region, from a total seismic coupling at the interplate, at the opposite assumption of a very weak seismic coupling. However, these opposing models consider an approximate geometry, mostly because of the lack of information available on the geometry and the localization of the interplate in this region of the forearc domain. The localization of the fault responsible of the 365 AD event is also debated, because, there is no available data who provides imagery of the interfaces potentially responsible of this devastating earthquake. The megathrust fault and the forearc domain of the southwestern segment of the Hellenic subduction zone has been the target of the Ulysse marine survey in November 2012. The aim of this survey was to provide information of the structural geometry of the main units in this part of the subduction zone, and to bring information on the recent tectonic activity in this region
Käestle, Emanuel David. "High-resolution ambient-noise and earthquake surface-wave tomography of the Alps Apennines and Dinarides." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066307/document.
Full textThe plate collision in the Alps and adjacent orogens has created a complex picture of highly arcuate mountain belts and complicated interactions of subduction slabs. The subduction polarity is reversed from European to Adriatic subduction in the transition of the Alps to the Apennines and to the Dinarides. The subduction of Adria both to the west and east and the almost vertical dip of the slabs implies an important flexure of this plate. Even more so if one considers the proposed subduction of Adria also to the north under the eastern Alps, which is still a matter of discussion. Gaps in the Adriatic slab under the northern Dinarides, below 150~km depth and in the southern Apennines above 200~km may be signs of the stresses and the consequent tearing that the Adriatic plate is exposed to.Also the European plate has supposedly undergone one or several break-offs all along the Alpine arc. Especially in the eastern and western Alps it is still an open question whether the European slab is detached below the lithosphere. New tomographic models are thus needed.The herein presented tomographic model is based on surface-wave phase velocities and gives a picture of the shear-velocity structure from the surface to 200 km depth. It is the first high-resolution shear-velocity model of the entire Alpine crust and upper mantle. It is also unique in its good resolution in the lithospheric mantle, where previous body-wave models are subject to high uncertainties. In order to be able to image both crust and upper mantle, a combination of ambient-noise and earthquake-based phase-velocity measurements is used in the present thesis.The validity of this approach is tested by a detailed comparison of the phase-velocity measurements and the structures that are imaged from each method individually. A small bias between the methods results in slightly elevated velocities from earthquake measurements. By comparison with earlier works it appears that this bias is due to methodological differences. Several effects that may influence the ambient-noise records are tested with synthetic experiments, but no unique cause is found. The most likely explanation for the bias between the two methods is a combination of different structural sensitivities and the influence of higher modes. Nevertheless, the discrepancy is sufficiently small with respect to the structural variations that the bias can be neglected.A final shear-velocity model of the Alpine region is obtained which has a lateral resolution in the shallow crust of approximately 25 km. From synthetic tests, the average depth resolution is estimated to be 2~km close to the surface and 5 km for the Moho depth. In the upper mantle the resolution decreases significantly, but main slab structures are well imaged in the central Alps and the Apennines down to the bottom of the model at 200 km depth.Highlights of the crustal part of the model are size and depth of sedimentary basins, the Ivrea body and the Moho structure. Being the first shear-velocity model of this detail and extend it is proposed to serve as reference for the Alps
Frontera, Genovard Joana Tànit. "Estudis de soroll sísmic ambiental amb registres de sismòmetres de fons marí. Tomografia d'ones superficials al NE de la Península Ibèrica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9319.
Full textL'anàlisi de soroll sísmic ambiental a l'emplaçament de l'OBS Casablanca mostra nivells alts als tres components, especialment a baixes freqüències i a la banda microsísmica. Així mateix, s'observen variacions estacionals i la influència de les condicions meteorològiques i oceanogràfiques. La comparació dels nivells de soroll a l'OBS Casablanca amb el d'un altre OBS situat a la mar de Ligúria, amb una instrumentació semblant, però instal·lat a una fondària de 2500 m, mostra un comportament més sorollós a Casablanca, probablement a causa de la menor profunditat a què està situat.
Tot i el seu comportament sorollós, l'OBS Casablanca ha enregistrat diversos sismes locals, regionals i telesismes. Malgrat la petita magnitud i l'escassesa de terratrèmols locals succeïts durant el període de funcionament de l'OBS, l'estació ha mostrat la seva utilitat de cara a la millora de les localitzacions hipocentrals dels sismes propers amb epicentre a la mar. Noves dades permetran la validació d'aquest resultat.
El senyal de l'OBS Casablanca, juntament amb el d'estacions situades a la Península Ibèrica, el nord d'Àfrica i les Illes Balears, s'ha pogut utilitzar amb èxit en un estudi de tomografia d'ones superficials amb soroll sísmic ambiental realitzat al NE de la Península. El procediment de l'estudi tomogràfic ha inclòs un tractament del senyal a fi de minimitzar l'energia aportada pels terratrèmols i normalitzar les amplituds a totes les freqüències. Mitjançant el càlcul de la correlació creuada per a tots els parells d'estacions disponibles durant un període de més d'un any, s'ha trobat un senyal equivalent a la funció de Green del medi, que ha possibilitat la mesura de la velocitat de grup i de fase. La representació dels resultats en forma de mapes de dispersió mostra zones d'altes i baixes velocitats, coherents amb les principals estructures geològiques de l'escorça i part del mantell superior.
Durante el verano de 2005, se instalaron un sismómetro de fondo marino (OBS, siglas en inglés de Ocean Bottom Seismometer) permanente, de tres componentes y banda ancha, y un sensor diferencial de presión, en las inmediaciones de la plataforma petrolífera Casablanca (Repsol Investigaciones Petrolíferas S.A.), a unos 150 m de profundidad y 50 km de la costa de Tarragona. Esta iniciativa, pionera en España, se llevó a cabo en el marco del proyecto Casablanca (REN2003-06577), concedido por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia al Institut Geològic de Catalunya (IGC) y al Observatori de l'Ebre, con el objetivo de caracterizar la detectabilidad del OBS y mejorar el conocimiento de la sismicidad y el riesgo sísmico en la zona. En el año 2007, después de una reinstalación en la que se introdujeron mejoras, la transmisión satélite en tiempo real de la señal al centro de recepción de datos sísmicos del IGC en Barcelona posibilitó la integración del OBS a la red sísmica de Cataluña.
El análisis del ruido sísmico ambiental en el emplazamiento del OBS Casablanca muestra niveles altos en las tres componentes, especialmente a bajas frecuencias y en la banda microsísmica. También se observan variaciones estacionales y la influencia de las condiciones meteorológicas y oceanográficas. La comparación de los niveles de ruido en el OBS Casablanca con los de otro OBS situado en el mar de Liguria, de instrumentación similar, pero instalado a 2500 m de profundidad, muestra un comportamiento más ruidoso en Casablanca, probablemente a causa de la menor profundidad a la que está situado.
Aunque de comportamiento ruidoso, el OBS Casablanca ha registrado numerosos seísmos locales, regionales y teleseísmos. A pesar de la pequeña magnitud y la escasez de terremotos locales durante el periodo de funcionamiento del OBS, la estación ha mostrado su utilidad de cara a la mejora de las localizaciones hipocentrales de los seísmos cercanos con epicentro en el mar. Nuevos datos permitirán la validación de este resultado.
La señal del OBS Casablanca, junto con la de estaciones situadas en la Península Ibérica, el norte de África y las Islas Baleares, se ha podido utilizar con éxito en un estudio de tomografía de ondas superficiales con ruido sísmico ambiental realizado al NE de la Península. El procedimiento del estudio tomográfico ha incluido el tratamiento de la señal para minimizar la energía aportada por los terremotos y normalizar las amplitudes para todas las frecuencias. Mediante el cálculo de la correlación cruzada para todos los pares de estaciones disponibles durante un periodo de más de un año, se ha obtenido una señal equivalente a la función de Green del medio, que ha posibilitado la medida de la velocidad de grupo y de fase. La representación de los resultados en forma de mapas de dispersión muestra zonas de altas y bajas velocidades, coherentes con las principales estructuras geológicas de la corteza y parte del manto superior.
During the summer of 2005, a three-component broad-band permanent ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) and a differential pressure gauge were deployed near the Casablanca oil platform (Repsol Investigaciones Petrolíferas S.A.) at a depth of about 150 m and 50 km away from the Tarragona coast (NE Iberian Peninsula). This initiative, pioneer in Spain, was carried out within the framework of the Casablanca project (RES2003-06577), given by the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia to the Institut Geològic de Catalunya (IGC) and to the Observatori de l'Ebre. The aim of this project was to characterize the OBS detection threshold and to improve the knowledge of the seismicity and seismic risk in the area around. In 2007 satellite transmission was implemented to have continuous and real time data, which allowed integrating the OBS into the Catalan Seismic Network.
A seismic ambient noise analysis at the Casablanca OBS site shows high levels on the three components, especially at low frequencies and at the microseismic band. Seasonal variations and the meteorological and oceanographic conditions influence are also observed. The comparison between Casablanca OBS noise levels and those from another OBS placed at the Ligurian Sea, equipped with similar instrumentation but installed at a depth of 2500 m, shows that the Casablanca site is noisier, probably due to its shallower deployment.
Despite its noisy behaviour, the Casablanca OBS has recorded a number of local and regional earthquakes and teleseisms. Only few close small events have occurred during the OBS running period. Nevertheless, the station has shown its utility to improve hipocentral locations of close earthquakes with the epicentre offshore.
The Casablanca OBS signal, together with that from stations placed at the Iberian Peninsula, northern Africa and Balearic Islands, has been successfully used in a surface wave tomographic study from ambient noise in the NE Iberian Peninsula. The tomographic study includes a signal processing to minimize the energy from earthquakes and to normalize the amplitudes for all frequencies. A signal equivalent to the Green function has been obtained through the cross-correlation between all the possible station pairs during a period longer than one year, allowing the measurement of group and phase velocities. The results, which are presented as dispersion maps, show areas of high and low velocities that are coherent with the main crust and upper mantle geological structures.
Örsvuran, Rıdvan. "Vers des modèles anisotropes et anélastiques de la Terre globale : Observables et la paramétrisation de l'inversion des formes d'ondes complètes." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4015.
Full textSeismic waves are our primary tools to see the Earth’s interior and draw inferences on its structural, thermal and chemical properties. Seismic tomography, similar to medical tomography, is a powerful technique to obtain 3D computed tomography scan (CT scan) images of the Earth’s interior using seismic waves generated by seismic sources such as earthquakes, ambient noise or controlled explosions. It is crucial to improve the resolution of tomographic images to better understand the internal dynamics of our planet driven by the mantle convection, that directly control surface processes, such as plate tectonics. To this end, at the current resolution of seismic tomography, full physics of (an)elastic wave propagation must be taken into account.The adjoint method is an efficient full-waveform inversion (FWI) technique to take 3D seismic wave propagation into account in tomography to construct high-resolution seismic images. In this thesis, I develop and demonstrate new measurements for global-scale adjoint inversions such as the implementation of double-difference traveltime and waveform misfits. Furthermore, I investigate different parameterizations to better capture Earth’s physics in the inverse problem, such as addressing the azimuthal anisotropy and anelasticity in the Earth’s mantle.My results suggest that double-difference misfits applied to dense seismic networks speed up the convergence of FWI and help increase the resolution underneath station clusters. I further observe that double-difference measurements can also help reduce the bias in data coverage towards the cluster of stations.Earth’s lithosphere and upper mantle show significant evidence of anisotropy as a result of its composition and deformation. Starting from the recent global adjoint tomography model GLAD-M25, which is the successor of GLAD-M15 and transversely isotropic in the upper mantle, my goal is to construct an azimuthally anisotropic global model of the upper mantle. I performed 10 iterations using the multitaper traveltimes combined with double difference measurements made on paired stations of minor- and major-arc surface waves. The results after 10 iterations, in general, show the global anisotropic pattern consistent with plate motions and achieve higher resolution in areas with dense seismic coverage such as in North America and Europe.Attenuation is also another key parameter for determining the partial melt, water content and thermal variations in the mantle. In the last chapter, I investigate anelastic adjoint inversions to ultimately construct a global attenuation mantle model by the simultaneous inversion of elastic and anelastic parameters assimilating both the phase and amplitude information, which will lead to exact FWI at the global scale. I investigate the trade-off between elastic and anelastic parameters based on 2D synthetic tests to define a strategy for 3D global FWIs. I also explore the effect of different measurements for simultaneously and sequentially inverted elastic and anelastic parameters. The 2D test results suggest that the envelope misfit performs best at earlier iterations by reducing the nonlinearity of the FWI. After analyzing the effect of different radially-symmetric attenuation models on seismic waveforms by performing forward simulations in various 1D and 3D elastic/anelastic models, the results suggest the necessity of simultaneous elastic/anelastic inversions to also improve the elastic structure as attenuation cause not only amplitude anomalies but also significant physical dispersion, particularly on surface waves. I performed one global simultaneous iteration of elastic and anelastic parameters using GLAD-M25 and its 1D anelastic model QRF12 as the starting models with a dataset of 253 earthquakes. The preliminary results are promising depicting, for instance, the high and low attenuation in the West and East coasts of North America
Mayor, Jessie. "Variations régionales de l'atténuation sismique en France métropolitaine : observations et modélisation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30048/document.
Full textAttenuation is a key parameter for seismic hazard assessment. It plays an important role in the observed variability of ground motion amplitude and duration. There are two main causes for attenuation of short period seismic waves (f>1Hz, with f the frequency) : (1) absorption, quantified by the quality factor Qi ; and (2) scattering, quantified by Qsc. The main objective of this thesis is to map the seismic attenuation in Metropolitan France and to determine the relative importance of these two processes. To model the transport of multiply-scattered seismic waves - also known as the seismic coda - we employ a scalar version of the radiative transfer equation with spatially dependent absorption and scattering properties. The sensitivity kernels of the coda intensity to spatial variations of Qi and Qsc are computed in 2-D isotropically and anisotropically scattering media. The coda quality factor Qc (f) - quantifying the decay rate of the seismic coda energy - have been estimated on a collection of 120000 waveforms recorded in France, Belgium and in the Alpine range. According to the theory developed in this thesis, we establish a linearized approximate relation between the coda quality factor Qc (f) and the absorption quality factor Qi. This relation is expressed as an integral along the direct ray path connecting the source to the station. This approximation is used to map regional variations of absorption in the Alps and in Metropolitan France between 1 and 32Hz. Our maps reveal strong lateral variations (±30%) of absorption in the crust. At low frequency (f~1Hz), the correlation between sedimentary deposits and high absorption regions is clear : strong absorption zones are localized on the poorly consolidated sedimentary series while low absorption regions correspond to the basement which outcrops in the Massif Armoricain, the Massif Central and in the mountain ranges as the Pyrenees or the Alps. At high frequency (f~24Hz), the correlation between surface geology and absorption structures tends to disappear. We hypothesize that the frequency dependence of the attenuation structure is caused by a change of the wavefield composition which accentuates the sensitivity of the coda to the deeper parts of the medium as the frequency increases. Finally, we initiate the implementation of the exact 2D isotropic sensitivity kernels to retrieve the crustal absorption structures. Using the linear relation between Qc and Qi, we obtain the first absorption map which takes into account the precise spatio-temporal sensitivity of coda waves. The inverse problem is solved with a singular value decomposition approach. The preliminary map of Qi for the Pyrenees is promising. Our results constitute a solid theoretical basis to develop linearized inversions of Qsc and Qi from the analysis of the seismic coda. They also significantly improve the knowledge of the regional variations of seismic attenuation in Metropolitan France. Our maps provide new insights on the crustal structure of the Alpine Range in complement to seismic velocity images. These attenuation maps have direct implication for the design of future seismic hazard maps
Provost, Floriane. "Clayey landslide seismology : use of endogenous seismic catalog for understanding the deformation pattern." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH014/document.
Full textThis research project aims at increasing knowledge on the mechanisms controlling the deformation of clayey landslides through the combination of passive seismic and geodetic monitoring. Recent studies have demonstrated that seismic monitoring is able to give interesting information on landslide mechanics and in some case to provide precursory patterns useful for failure forecasting. The recent installation of seismometers on landslides revealed a variety of seismic signals of law magnitude (ML $<$ 1) suspected to be generated by slope deformation (falling, toppling, sliding, flowing), weathering of the slope material or fluid circulation. This endogenous seismicity needs to be categorized. We thus proposed a standard classification of the endogenous seismic sources; the objective of this standard is to be able to compare the seismic activity of several landslides and identify the mechanisms generating these seismic signals as well as their correlation with external forcing. Several signal properties (i.e. duration, spectral content and spectrogram shape) are taken into account to describe the different class of signals and allow generic comparison. We observe that similar signals recorded at different sites present the same properties and discussed the possible seismic sources considering the type of deformation observed on the studied slopes. [...]
Samyn, Kévin. "Imagerie de subsurface à partir d'une approche géophysique multi-méthode basée sur l'inversion coopérative 2 D : Nouvelle formulation théorique et applications numériques et expérimentales sur des données électriques et sismiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066612/document.
Full textUnderstanding geology from geophysical investigation is better when information is obtained from different kinds of data. A single method may not have sufficient resolution to provide the expected information. Joint inversion is a step forward to quantitatively combine data of different nature. Joint inversion may be considered in two different ways, petrophysical or structural. We may subdivide a joint inversion into two categories, joint inversion of data function of the same physical parameter, and cooperative inversion of data of different nature such as electrical and seismic data. In this work, we propose to combine a zonal cooperative inversion scheme with a Gauss-Newton method for minimizing the cost function. The basic idea of zonal cooperative inversion is to use cooperatively fuzzy c-means (FCM) classe analysis and separate inversion algorithm. For each iteration classe analysis of separate inversion results is used to construct models composed by several classes that contain the parameter characteristics of dominant subsurface structures. These constructed models are then used in the expression of the model space a priori covariance term in a new stage of separate inversion. The resulting models are then possibly biased to a priori models which depend on the number of classes. To overcome this problem, we formulate the inverse problem using a regularization parameter selected by an adapted L-curve method to weigh the impact of the a priori model on the solution when geology cannot be described by segmented models. The advantage of such a formulation is to avoid undesirable bias towards the starting model and leads to significantly improved spatial resolution for consistent prior information. Hence, the choice of the number of classe to create the a priori model is although less important. The developed methodology is tested and validated on two synthetic models. An experimental application is performed on real data acquired as part of a research survey of the National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra) for the characterization of a site of interest. Given the results of this application, the use of a cooperative approach for the inversion of electrical and seismic data allows the reconstruction of a more robust geological model, consistent with all the data. The variations of the parameters with depth are more precisely described using this approach
Tonnellier, Alice. "Ecoute sismique des glissements de terrain dans les roches argilo-marneuses : détection et identification des sources intervenant dans la progression des glissements." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873617.
Full textPoli, Piero. "Utilisation du bruit sismique pour l'imagerie de la croûte, du manteau et du noyau terrestre." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU046.
Full textAmbient seismic noise correlation technique is today widely applied in seismology. The attractive aspect of this method relies in the possibility of obtaining an estimated Green's function everywhere in the world, also in absence of explosions or earthquakes. As surface waves dominate the estimated Green's fucntion, they can be used for high-resolution imaging of the shallow Earth. Similar observation of body waves would provide the required resolution to solve the deeper Earth structures.In the first part of our work we focus on resolving the crustal structure of northern Finland. Using surface waves reconstructed from noise correlation, we reconstructed a threedimensional S waves model that gives acces to the ancient structures of the crust.In the second part we analyse how body waves can emerge from seismic noise correlation. We show that body waves travelling from regional to teleseismic distances are well reconstructed from noise correlation. As these waves contain information about the Earth structure they represent a new and original dataset to improve the knowledge of our planet
Aden-Antoniów, Florent. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques et de la déformation transitoire dans les zones de subduction à partir de l'analyse de l'activité sismique, le cas du Chili." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ADEN_Florent_2_complete_20190111_2.pdf.
Full textThe subduction zones are the most seismically active places in the world and are also the seat of megathrust-earthquakes such as the one that stroke Chile in 1960 with a magnitude estimated at 9.5. The last major ruptures in Chile have revealed complex seismic-aseismic interactions. In order to study these interactions, we investigated on at two seismic crises: the seismic swarm of April 2017; the preparatory phase of the Iquique earthquake (M w 8.1) from April 1 st , 2014. The seismic swarm took place near the city of Valparaiso in an area known to have experienced mega-earthquakes in the past: in 1730 and in 1906. In order to study the dynamics of this swarm we have built a rich catalog of more than 2000 earthquakes composing the sequence. An intense seismic activity began on April 22 nd , two days before the main earthquake of the sequence M w 6.9 and was accompanied by a gradual slip along the interface that we observed both in the GPS data and using repeating-earthquakes. Our analysis suggest that the swarm was driven by aseismic slip. The second study concerns an earthquake of mag-nitude 8.2 which occurred on April 1 st 2014 near the city of Iquique and broke one-third of the seismic gap in northern Chile. This earthquake was preceded by a sequence of precursor seismic swarms that appeared to have been accompanied by stable slip in the subduction interface as well. By building a more complete earthquake catalog, we were able to thoroughly analyze the preparation of the Iquique earthquake. We show, following a statistical approach, the occurrence of a large-scale seismic quiescence in the region of the mainshock. We link this quiescence to a downdip transient-slip potentially related to fluid channeling along the subduction interface
Wang, Yi. "Imagerie haute résolution des structures lithosphériques par inversion de formes d'ondes P télésismiques courte période." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30018.
Full textSeismic tomography allows us to image the Earth's interior based on surface observations of seismic waves. The full waveform inversion (FWI) method has the potential to improve tomographic images for the fine scale structures of the lithosphere. For this reason it receives a lot of attention of seismologists. FWI requires an efficient and precise numerical techniques to solve the elastic wave equation in 3D heterogeneous media. Its resolution potential is limited by the shortest wavelength in the seismic wavefield and the wavefield sampling density. Because of the high computational cost of modeling the propagation of seismic waves in heterogeneous media, FWI remains challenging. However, owing to the progress in high performance computational resources and numerical simulation techniques, as well as the deployment of permanent and temporary broadband arrays in the last two decades, this situation has changed dramatically. In this thesis, we focus on the high resolution imaging of lithospheric structure beneath the Pyrenean range by FWI, to quantify the highly controversial amount of convergence that occurred during the formation of this mountain range. In order to obtain finely resolved tomographic images, we exploit short period teleseismic P waves recorded by dense transects. We use a hybrid method that couples a global wave propagation method in a 1D Earth model to a 3D spectral-element method in a regional domain. A boundary coupling approach is used to match the global and regional wavefields on the boundaries of the regional domain. This hybrid method restricts the costly 3D computations inside the regional domain, which dramatically decreases the computational cost. The hybrid method can model teleseismic wavefields down to 1s period, accounting for all the complexities that may affect the propagation of seismic waves in the 3D regional domain. By using this hybrid method, the sensitivity kernels of the least square waveform misfit function with respect to elastic and density perturbations in the regional domain are computed with the adjoint state method. These waveform sensitivity kernels are used in an iterative L-BFGS algorithm to invert broad-band waveform data recorded by two dense transects deployed during the temporary PYROPE experiment across the Pyrenees mountains. We obtain the first high resolution lithospheric sections of compressional and shear velocities across the Pyrenean orogenic belt. The tomographic models provide clear evidence for the underthrust of the thinned Iberian crust beneath the European plate and for the important role of rift-inherited mantle structures during the formation of the Pyrenees
Ferreira, André Coutinho. "Aquisição de sinais sísmicos com arduino em materiais de construção: caracterização e identificação de heterogeneidades." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17130.
Full textNa presente dissertação foi construído um circuito e transdutores para que com recurso a um Arduino Due possam fazerse medições de velocidades de propagação das ondas sísmicas em três elementos activos de suporte estruturais em construção civil. Esses elementos são, uma viga em betão armado, e dois blocos de alvenaria, um em calcário e o segundo em granito. A partir dos perfis sísmicos obtidos foram feitas tomografias para as velocidades de propagação de ondas sísmicas, e identificadas heterogeneidades nos três elementos. Assim viabilizando a aplicação do sistema construído na detecção de anomalias estruturais.
At the dissertation here presented, it was built a circuit and transducers, so that with the use of an Arduino Due, it was possible to determine the seismic velocity in three structural elementes used in civil construction. A reenforced concrete beam, and two stone blocs, one in limestone and the other in granite. From the seismic profils obtain, it was done tomogaphy of the seismic wave velocity, and the indentification of anomalies. Hence proving the viability of the built circuit to detect structural anomalies.
Gance, Julien. "Développements méthodologiques en géophysique haute résolution pour la caractérisation hydro-mécanique de glissements de terrain argileux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH009.
Full textThe objective of this research project is the improvement of our knowledge of the elementary processes controlling the post-rupture hydrological behavior of clayey landslides. It should allow understanding, reproducing and possibly forecasting their behaviors by the use of adapted hydro-mechanical models. This work consists in the improvement and the development of geophysical parameters processing and interpretation methodologies in clayey and heterogeneous medium. The main objectives of this work are : 1. The improvement of geophysical and geodesic methods to measure the internal geometry and structure of the landslide. 2. The characterization of possible relationships between landslide internal geometry and structure, presence of discontinuities, slope hydrology and deformations. 3. The development and improvement of methodology for the detection and imaging of preferential flows in a fissured and deformable medium. 4. The spatial and temporal characterization of the hydrological response of the slope. A high resolution inversion algorithm of the first seismic arrivals is developed. It uses the Fresnel volumes for the retropropagation of the residuals and the assumptions of a finite-bandwidth source signal. It permits to recover a high resolution image of the internal structure of the landslide. The seismic P-wave attenuation is also inverted to characterize surface fissured zones. Photogrammetric methods are used to characterize and quantify the surface deformations. A method alternative to image correlation is developed, based on the target detection and tracking. The link between changes in deformation regime along the profile and the existence of surface fissures is finally discussed. The previous data are integrated inside a geometric model trough data fusion. Using numerical modeling, we verify if the state of stress computed is related to the surface fissure density distribution. A methodology of correction of the geometrical effect of fissures on apparent resistivity is developed. Different types of inversion artefacts, linked to the presence of surface fissures, are identified. The ability of the proposed method to limit this artifact is tested. A methodology of selection and processing of the time-lapse ERT data is developed. The short electrical response (from several hours to several days) to natural rainfall events is analyzed and conceptual hydrological responses to these rainfall events are proposed
Mihoubi, Abdelhafid. "Imagerie sismique de la structure profonde de la marge Algérienne orientale (secteur de Jijel) : implications en terme de potentiel pétrolier." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0037/document.
Full textThis thesis has been conducted within the framework of the Algerian-French research cooperation program SPIRAL (Sismique Profonde et Investigations Régionales du Nord de l’Algérie). This project aims to study the deep structure of the Algerian margin. The area covered by this study focuses in the region of Jijel in eastern Algerian margin.The main objective of our thesis is to improve depth imaging of the Algerian margin using a combined approach of seismic techniques; wide-angle and multi- channel seismic data. The purpose of this thesis is to bring new knowledge to answer some questions about the nature of the crust, the area of continental -oceanic transition, the presence of Messinian salt, its distribution and relationship between surface sedimentary formations and crustal structures.This study presents the results of a deep seismic survey across the north Algerian margin, based on the combination of 2D multi-channel and wide-angle seismic data simultaneously recorded by 41 ocean bottom seismometers deployed along a North-South line extending 180 km off Jijel into the Algerian offshore basin, and 25 land stations deployed along a 100 km-long line, cutting through the Lesser Kabylia and the Tellian thrust-belt.In this study, our approach is a joint inversion of wide-angle seismic recordings (OBS, ocean bottom seismometers) and multi- channel seismic data (MCS). We conducted a series of first arrivals tomography, a joint inversion of reflected and refracted arrivals and gravity modelling. Since the solution of the inverse problem is not unique, two tomography programs were applied using the same data for the same study area; FAST (First Arrival Seismic Tomography) and Tomo2D. Tomography was followed by a joint inversion of reflected and refracted arrivals following an approach based on the combination of Kirchhoff prestack depth migration (PSDM) for MCS data and forward modelling of OBS. To check the consistency of the velocity model with gravity data, the free air anomaly was modeled.The final model obtained using forward modelling of the wide-angle data and pre-stack depth migration of the seismic reflection data provides an unprecedented view of the sedimentary and crustal structure of the margin. The sedimentary layers in the Algerian basin are 3.75 km thick to the north and up to 4.5 to 5 km thick at the foot of the margin. They are characterised by seismic velocities from 1.9 km/s to 3.8 km/s. Messinian salt formations are about 1 km thick in the study area, and are modelled and imaged using a velocity between 3.7 km/s to 3.8 km/s. The crust in the deep sea basin is about 4.5 km thick and of oceanic origin, presenting two distinct layers with a high gradient upper crust (4.7 km/s - 6.1 km) and a low gradient lower crust (6.2 km/s - 7.1 km/s). The upper mantle velocity is constrained to 7.9 km/s. The ocean-continent transition zone is very narrow between 15 km to 20 km wide. The continental crust reaches 25 km thickness as imaged from the most landward station and thins to 5 km over a less than 70 km distance. The continental crust presents steep and asymmetric upper and lower crustal geometry, possibly due to either asymmetric rifting of the margin, an underplated body, or flow of lower crustal material towards the ocean basin. Present-time deformation, as imaged from 3 additional seismic profiles, is characterized by an interplay of gravity-driven mobile-salt creep and active thrusting at the foot of the tectonically inverted Algerian margin
Marot, Marianne. "Zones de subduction horizontale versus normale : une comparaison basée sur la tomographie sismique en 3-D et de la modélisation pétrologique de la lithosphère continentale du Chili Central et d’Ouest de l’Argentine (29°S-35°S)." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4046/document.
Full textBeneath central Chile and western Argentina, the oceanic Nazca slab drastically changes geometry from horizontal to dipping at an angle of 30°, and correlates with the subduction of the Juan Fernandez seamount ridge. The aim of our study is to assess, using a thermo-petrological-seismological approach, the differences of the overriding lithosphere between these two regions, in order to better understand the deep structure of the continental lithosphere above the flat slab, and the links between the deformations at the surface and at depth. We show the most complete regional 3-D seismic tomography images of this region, whereby, in comparison to previous studies, we use (1) a much larger seismic dataset compiled from several short-term seismic catalogs, (2) a much denser seismic station network which enables us to resolve better the subduction zone. We show significant seismic differences between the flat and normal subduction zones. As expected, the flat slab region is impacted by colder temperatures, and therefore by faster seismic velocities and more intense seismic activity, compared to the normal slab region. We show evidence that the flat slab dehydrates within the mantle wedge, but also along the subducting ridge prior to re-subducting. The forearc crust above the flat slab is described by unusual seismic properties, correlated to the slab geometry at depth, and/or, to the aftershock effects of the 1997 Mw 7.1 Punitaqui earthquake which occurred two years before the recording of our events. The continental crust above the flat slab has very heterogeneous seismic properties which correlate with important deformation structures and geological terranes at the surface. We confirm previous studies that have shown that the thick lower crust of the present day Andean arc is non-eclogitized and maybe representing the felsic Chilenia terrane, whereas to the east, the Cuyania terrane in the backarc is more mafic and contains an eclogitized lower crust
Martínez, Loriente Sara. "Geophysical and geological characterization of the active structures and of the nature of the basement in the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary (SW Iberian Margin): Implications for regional geodynamics and seismic hazard assessment = Caracterització geofísica i geològica de les estructures actives i la natura del basament en el límit de plaques Euràsia-Àfrica (Marge SO d’Ibèria): Implicacions per la geodinàmica regional i per l’avaluació de la perillositat sísmica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132537.
Full textEl Margen SO de Iberia es una zona de gran interés dónde han tenido lugar grandes terremotos y tsunamis, como el de Lisboa de 1755 (Mw 8.5) o el de Horseshoe de 1969 (Mw 8.0). La convergencia NO-SE entre las placas de África y Eurasia controla la actividad sísmica de moderada magnitud que caracteriza la región. Datos de sísmica de reflexión multicanal adquiridos recientemente, junto con datos batimétricos y perfiles de alta resolución (campaña SWIM 2006; IP: Eulàlia Gràcia) de la parte externa del Golfo de Cádiz (límite de placas Eurasia- África), revelan deformación activa involucrando litosfera oceánica antigua (Mesozoico). Estos conjuntos de datos muestran deformación en dirección a lo largo de dos lineaciones prominentes (la Lineación Norte y la Lineación Sur), se observan desplazamientos del fondo marino y fallamiento activo a profundidades de 10 km y con una longitud mínima de 150 km [Bartolomé et al., 2012]. Además los datos de SWIM revelan fallas de strike-slip orientadas E-W mostrando deformación en superficie en forma de estructuras en flor. También se observan estructuras compresivas de dirección NE-SO en la zona del Coral Patch Ridge y de las Seine Hills [Martínez-Loriente et al., 2013]. Pese a que la región se caracteriza por una sismicidad muy débil, los datos demuestran que hay deformación activa. Muchas de las nuevas estructuras cartografiadas corresponden a cabalgamientos ciegos y estructuras en dirección que son capaces de generar grandes terremotos (Mw 7.2 ¿ 8.4) y consecuentes tsunamis [Martínez-Loriente et al., 2013]. Los modelos de tomografía y gravimetría a lo largo del perfil NEAREST P1 adquirido en la parte externa del Margen SO de Iberia, revelan la presencia de peridotita serpentinizada en el basamento del Gorringe Bank y los sectores adyacentes de las llanuras abisales de Tagus y Horseshoe [Sallarès et al., 2013]. Estos tres dominios formarían parte de una banda de rocas ultramáficas, la cual se habría generado probablemente durante la primera fase de la abertura del Atlántico Norte (Cretácico Inferior) [Sallarès et al., 2013]. La estructura de velocidad en la parte sur del perfil, indica la presencia de una corteza oceánica delgada y muy heterogénea, similar a la descrita en zonas de generación de corteza lenta o muy lenta [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]. Esta corteza oceánica delgada se habría formado durante la primera fase lenta (8 mm/año) de generación de corteza en el segmento NE del Atlántico Central (190-180 Ma) [Martínez-Lorietne et al., submitted]. La integración de los resultados de los perfiles NEAREST P1 y P2 [Sallarès et al., 2011], junto con datos previamente publicados, revelan la presencia de 3 dominios oceánicos en el Margen SO de Iberia: (1) El dominio de la Llanura abisal del Seine, generada durante los primeros episodios de generación de corteza oceánica del segmento NE del Atlántico Central; (2) el dominio del Golfo de Cádiz, compuesto por corteza oceánica generada en el sistema de expansión Alpino-Tethys entre Iberia y África, el cual es sincrónico con la formación del dominio anterior; (3) el dominio del Gorringe Bank, compuesto por rocas del manto exhumadas, formadas durante las primeras fases de la abertura del Atlántico Norte. Estos modelos indican que la Llanura abisal del Seine y el Golfo de Cádiz están separadas por la Lineación Sur, mientras que el Golfo de Cádiz y el Gorringe Bank están separados por un sistema de falla profunda localizado en el centro de la llanura de Horseshoe, al cual nos referimos como el cabalgamiento de la llanura abisal de Horseshoe [Martínez-Loriente et al., submitted]. Estos nuevos descubrimientos son relevantes para los estudios de peligrosidad sísmica en la región. Por un lado, la presencia de deformación activa ha sido demostrada en la parte externa del Golfo de Cádiz, involucrando estructuras consideradas hasta el momento como inactivas [Zitellini et al., 2009]. Por el otro lado, el conocimiento de la naturaleza del basamento en el Margen SO de Iberia puede proporcionar información muy valiosa en el proceso de sismogénesi, como la nucleación de terremotos y la velocidad de propagación. Ambos aspectos pueden ayudar a refinar los modelos de evaluación del riesgo sísmico y de tsunamis.
De, La Taille Camille. "Évaluation de l’activité tectonique quaternaire des failles du Jura Méridional (France)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU029/document.
Full textInside the Jura Mountains, left-lateral strike-slip faults intersect the geological structures. In its southern part, these faults, from north to south, the Vuache fault, the Culoz fault and the Col du Chat fault, affect a Mesozoic sedimentary coverage distorted of 2 to 3 km thick and may be the basement. This deformation is marked by the existence of a very shallow seismicity.The first major aim of this thesis is to obtain new information about the kinematic of Quaternary faults of the southern Jura. The second aim is to answer to questions about the geometry and the rooting of the structures.To answer these questions, I realized a multidisciplinary study combining subsurface geophysical (electrical resistivity tomography), lacustrine high resolution seismic, the deployment of a seismic network dedicated to the detection of very low magnitude earthquakes, analysis of reprocessed industrial seismic profiles, and field geology (the study of the structure and deformation of Quaternary deposits). We were able to establish that these faults are active in the Quaternary.The Vuache fault is rooted in the basement, has a well-documented historical and instrumental seismicity, and affects in its southern part Quaternary sediments as shown by electrical resistivity profiles and high resolution seismic profiles illustrating the infill of Annecy Lake.The Culoz fault presents a historical and instrumental seismicity emphasizing its roots in the basement. On land, the electrical resistivity profiles illustrate the quaternary activity, in Lake Le Bourget, the fault Culoz presents at depth a flower structure while to the surface in superficial sediments, we could highlight Riedel fractures. On land, the observation of old faulted Quaternary sediments confirms its activity.The Col du Chat fault affects post-Würm filling of Lake Bourget, and seems to be associated with a deep seismicity.The three studied faults, Vuache, Culoz and Col du Chat are faults showing geometric continuity between the crystalline basement and cover. These faults were considered as transfer faults in the Jura, which was itself considered as a chain formed without the involvement of the basement. So, it seems that at present the deformation of Jura involves the basement. We can then follow the hypothesis, that as shown by the analysis of ECORS profile, that the latest strain of the Jura is an out of sequence deformation involving a basement thrust bellow the High Jura chain probably reusing boundary faults of a Carboniferous basin. This basement thrust would be the main potential source of high magnitude earthquakes in the region.Through these methods, lengths and rooting depth faults were determined. For the three faults studied an estimate of the possible moment magnitude was achieved, a Mw earthquake of 6.2 to 7.2 is possible on the Vuache fault, on the Culoz fault an earthquake of 6.4 to 6.7 can occur while as the Col du Chat fault an earthquake of magnitude Mw 5.4 to 6.1 is possible.The studied strike-slip faults have a sliding rate about tenth of a millimeter per year. In view of the in situ stresses measured in the southern Jura, the driving-force of the deformation on these faults cannot be explained only by the rotation of the Adria plate relative to Eurasia. It is therefore possible that present-day deformation is due to this rotation but also to a driving force linked to the chain itself. This driving-force could be the deflexuration of the plate following mass transfer's deglaciation and a slab break-off inducing the current uplift of the axial part of the Alps and a horizontal stress in the external parts of the chain
Bouchet, Bert Manoz Romain. "Structure de la lithosphère continentale de l'Ouest USA : contribution des isotopes du Plomb,du Néodyme, et de l'Hafnium." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066021.
Full textCôte, Philippe. "Tomographies sismiques en génie civil." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10122.
Full textChanet, Alain. "Determination de vitesses sismiques entre puits, inversion des temps de parcours par modelisation iterative." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066134.
Full textMontagner, Jean-Paul. "Etude de la structure profonde de la terre a partir des ondes de surface de longue periode." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066188.
Full textBeres, Jan. "Caractérisation de l'anisotropie d'une plate-forme carbonatée karsifiée : approche méthodologique conjointe sismique et électrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00880759.
Full textKarousová, Hana. "Teleseismická tomografie svrchního pláště pod Českým masívem." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-328174.
Full textŽlebčíková, Helena. "Anizotropní tomografie svrchního pláště pod Evropou." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-394098.
Full textMityska, Martin. "Rozložení zdrojů šumu zaznamenaných stanicemi sítě WEBNET a rychlostní model šíření S-vln ve svrchní kůře seismoaktivní oblasti západních Čech získaný na základě seismické interferometrie." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-336899.
Full textCarvalho, J. "Imaging the Cape Verde hotspot structure." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/48534.
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