Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sélection animale'
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Foulley, Jean-Louis. "Méthodes d'évaluation des reproducteurs pour des caractères discrets à déterminisme polygénique en sélection animale." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112160.
Full textLinear and non-linear models for the analysis of categorical data in animal breeding are reviewed and discussed on account of recent research made in that area. Only non-linear methods based on the threshold liability concept introduced by Wright are described. Emphasis is on describing statistical techniques for estimating genetic merit and parameters of genetic and phenotypic variation. For the non-linear threshold model, it is shown how Bayesian methodology is particularly well suited for estimating location and dispersion parameters in the underlying scale under mixed sources of variation. The generality of this approach is illustrated through a discussion of several situations in which this procedure can be applied (ordered polychotomies, multiple binary responses, mixture of binary and normal traits)
Hamon, Julie. "Optimisation combinatoire pour la sélection de variables en régression en grande dimension : Application en génétique animale." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920205.
Full textLê, Cao Kim-Anh. "Outils statistiques pour la sélection de variables et l'intégration de données "omiques"." Toulouse, INSA, 2008. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000225/.
Full textRecent advances in biotechnology allow the monitoring of large quantities of biological data of various types, such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, phenotypes. . . , that are often characterized by a small number of samples or observations. The aim of this thesis was to develop, or adapt, appropriate statistical methodologies to analyse highly dimensional data, and to present efficient tools to biologists for selecting the most biologically relevant variables. In the first part, we focus on microarray data in a classification framework, and on the selection of discriminative genes. In the second part, in the context of data integration, we focus on the selection of different types of variables with two-block omics data. Firstly, we propose a wrapper method, which agregates two classifiers (CART or SVM) to select discriminative genes for binary or multiclass biological conditions. Secondly, we develop a PLS variant called sparse PLS that adapts l1 penalization and allows for the selection of a subset of variables, which are measured from the same biological samples. Either a regression or canonical analysis frameworks are proposed to answer biological questions correctly. We assess each of the proposed approaches by comparing them to similar methods known in the literature on numerous real data sets. The statistical criteria that we use are often limited by the small number of samples. We always try, therefore, to combine statistical assessments with a thorough biological interpretation of the results. The approaches that we propose are easy to apply and give relevant results that answer the biologists needs
Kistler, Tristan. "Plans de sélection multi-caractères pour les abeilles mellifères (Apis mellifera) : conception et efficacité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UPASB011.
Full textBreeding plans in honeybees are emerging worldwide, aiming to improve traits such as production and resilience. However, beekeepers lack references and methods to optimize selection. Indeed, three bee specificities complicate the application of general breeding theory: haplo-diploidy, early and polyandrous queen mating, and colony-level trait expression. Considering these specificities, this thesis explores selection strategies, estimation of genetic parameters, and contributes a stochastic simulation tool of bee breeding schemes.Regarding selection strategies, simulations showed that monoandry (queen fertilized by a single male) over 20 years of phenotypic selection favors gain on genetic effects expressed by worker groups over those expressed by queens and leads to similar or lower total genetic gain compared to polyandry, and 25-50% higher inbreeding. Mass selection yields 20% more genetic gain than within-family selection but increases inbreeding by 33%.Early dam selection based on estimated breeding values shortens generation intervals by a third and can increase genetic gain by up to 50%, depending on the breeding goal, despite impeding late-trait phenotyping on dam selection candidates.Regarding the estimation of genetic parameters, the simulations show that when all drones mating a queen originate from a single drone-producing queen (DPQ), standard errors of genetic estimates decrease by 10% compared to when drones originate from three sister-DPQs. However, pedigree uncertainty on which of these two mating strategies is used can severely bias genetic estimates. DPQs are often open-mated because they don't transmit the genetic material obtained from their mates to further generations of the breeding population. It is shown that correction of DPQ-colony phenotypes, by adding a non-genetic effect in the evaluation model for the drone subpopulations mating DPQs, avoids bias in genetic parameter estimates.Using data from a small breeding population in Southern France, genetic parameters for beekeeping traits, fecundity, and resilience traits were estimated. Despite uncertainty due to limited data, most traits, including those related to resilience, indicated potential for selection, while swarming drive and gentleness showed no heritability.This thesis work aims to guide bee breeders in the genetic improvement and inbreeding control of their stock. The simulation tool developed in this thesis is publicly available to explore breeding plans for honeybees further
Audebert, Christophe. "Dans un contexte d'une santé globale : apport des technologies moléculaires dans un modèle de production/sélection de semence animale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS111.
Full textThe Global Health concept emerged in the early 2000s, on the premise that there is an interrelationship between human actions and the emergence of diseases with pandemic potential. This integrative approach is based on a holistic process linking livestock farming practices, their ecosystems and humans in close or less close contact with these animals.The work presented here relies on the mobilization and development of molecular and analytical tools aimed at securing and optimizing an early phase of our food system: animal selection and reproduction. The production of animal semen, particularly boar semen, is characterized by its widespread fresh production and distribution. As a result, it is usually conditioned, upon dilution, through the use of antibiotics. Antibiotic formulations used in this context are developed empirically. As a result, it provides an original model for studying the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Based on this production, which underpins the agri-food industry, the work presented will aim to demonstrate how genomic tools can contribute to a better understanding of the emergence of resistant bacteria, and how they can be applied to provide solutions to reduce the risk of such an emergence. An extension to other contexts will reveal the potential of these approaches to improve the effectiveness of human and animal infection management. The proposed work and itinerary relate, on the one hand, innovative applications built on genomic technologies and, on the other hand, attempt to establish bridges and opportunities for transferring methodologies between livestock and human health applications
Ramis, Catalina. "La Concanavaline A : acquisition de l'activité lectine et implication dans la toxicité des graines de Canavalia ensiformis en alimentation animale." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES045.
Full textMarras, Stefano. "Variation inter-individuelle des performances de nage chez le loup, Dicentrarchus labrax." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20210.
Full textFish swim to accomplish such essential activities as prey capture, avoiding predation, migrating, mating. Despite the vital nature of swimming, there is evidence that individuals of a fish species show wide variation in their ability to swim. This thesis investigated individual variation in major traits of aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax); the extent to which trait variation was stable and repeatable over time, and whether the variation reflected trade-offs between different types of performance. Maximum aerobic swimming speed was remarkably uniform in the sea bass, and highly repeatable, indicating selection for individuals which can preserve maximal aerobic function at all times. By contrast, traits of anaerobic performance, such as maximum anaerobic bursting speed, maximum sprinting speed, and the fast-start escape response, all show a high degree of individual variation. Variation in maximum anaerobic bursting speed may reflect a trade-off whereby high performance requires a significantly longer recovery period. The basis for the variation in sprinting speed and escape response is unknown, although the variation was relatively stable and repeatable over time. There were no clear relationships between the different independent performance traits in the sea bass, despite the fact that a negative relationship (trade-off) between aerobic and anaerobic performance had been predicted on theoretical grounds, as had positive relationships between different types of anaerobic performance. Thus, the large degree of variation in anaerobic performance cannot be explained at present, but may reflect a life cycle of seasonal colonization of diverse habitats, where no single performance phenotype has an adaptive advantage
Tesniere, Germain. "Arrangements institutionnels à l’ère de la génomique : une approche comparative des régimes et des instruments de sélection animale dans trois pays européens." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM058/document.
Full textSince the early 2000s, the development of genomics, which enables extensive knowledge of the DNA of living entities, has transformed the way in which living entities are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the targeted field of animal genetic improvement, practices of actors. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of the genetic resources. In a comparative perspective between France, Ireland and The Netherlands, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the plurality of institutional arrangements pertaining to the Holstein cattle breed’s genomic selection. This thesis is situated within the recent evolutions of the neo-institutional theory focused on organizational heterogeneity and materiality of institutions. Firstly, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Secondly, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of production strategies and exchanges related to genetic resources (both biological and informational forms). These models emphasize a variety of property forms of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that actors’ roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (Ireland) or weakening (France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics
Estivals, Guillain. "Spéciation sympatrique chez les cichlidés en Amazonie ? : spéciation et sélection sexuelle dans le modèle Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MNHN0002.
Full textWe chose the Apistogramma agassizii model to test for rapid, potentially sympatric, speciation in Amazonian cichlids. A. agassizii shares many similarities with Haplochromines cichlids which are remarkable examples of adaptive radiations in vertebrates. Like the Haplochromines, A. agassizii is philopatric, and show: an important colour polymorphism with marked sexual dimorphism, a differential partner selection, and parental care. We sampled 1170 individuals of A. agassizii from 36 popsites (smallest collection unit) located in the Loreto region of the Peruvian Amazon. The genetic variability of A. agassizii throughout the study area was studied using 2 mitochondrial markers (COI and Cyt b) and 10 microsatellite loci.The 1170 individuals was genotyped, of which 104 were sequenced for both mitochondrial markers. A total of 44 haplotypes were obtained from the concatenated sequences. The results revealed 3 vicarious "species flocks" (named, Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3) that would have started to diverge from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA) 1.83 Ma ago (calibration from fossils).The degrees of genetic differentiation of the 3 "species flocks" would be fractally organised according to the hierarchy of the hydrographic network. The values of genetic differentiation (FST estimator θ) that we observed within the "species flocks" had never before been observed on such small geographical scales for a fish in the Amazon (Sp1: 0.04 - 0.37, avg. = 0.16 ± 0.06 (σ); Sp2: 0.08 - 0.40, avg. = 0.17 ± 0.09 (σ)). Thus, large rivers within sub-watersheds, such as the Marañon, Ucayali and Amazon, would constitute the hierarchical level of rank 1. They would limit the dispersion of the 3 evidenced "species flocks" Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, by constituting barriers to genes flow and possible allopatric speciation. The micro-watersheds would constitute the lower hierarchical level of rank 2, with genetic differentiations of variable amplitude structuring the species flocks in sympatry. The term "sympatry" being used here in the broad sense, considering that these micro-watersheds are very close to each other and are connected by a main river on the same bank. Finally, within the micro-watersheds, the streams would constitute the hierarchical level of rank 3 in which proto-species (genetic unit whose speciation process may be reversible) would diverge in strict sympatry, between connected streams, or even within the same stream (within the same popsite or collecting site). We have shown that the evolutionary history of the "species flock" Sp1 had been conditioned by multiple hydro-geomorphological events which would have alternately favoured fragmentation or dispersion events inducing mixtures of populations in secondary contact. Mate choice experiments were carried out taking into account the 3 identified hierarchical levels. At hierarchy level 1 (sub-watersheds), females Sp1 and Sp2 preferentially chose males of their own "species flock" (Sp1: p-value = 0.0005; Sp2: p-value = 0.0029). Mate choice experiment for level 2 (micro-watersheds) and 3 (stream) were carried out within the species flock Sp1. We tested the choice of females by offering them a male from their stream (same micro-watersheds) and a male from a stream in another micro-watersheds. For level 3 we tested the choice of females by offering them a male from their stream and a male from another stream belonging to the same micro-watersheds. In both configurations, females generally showed sexual preference according to male origin, but this could not be tested in sufficient depth to corroborate that sexual selection would play a driving role in the process of sympatric speciation.The evolutionary mechanisms highlighted in the Apistogramma agassizii model could also be involved in the diversification of other Cichlid species, or even other groups of organisms in the Amazon, and partly explain the exceptional species diversity in the world's largest watershed
Patry, Clotilde. "Les impacts de la sélection génomique sur les évaluations génétiques classiques." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00781220.
Full textLefebvre, Brigitte. "Impact de l'utilisation des promoteurs de croissance en production animale sur la sélection de bactéries pathogènes d'origine intestinale, caractérisation de leur potentiel pathogène et de leur virulence." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5090.
Full textLimousin, Denis. "Sélection sexuelle chez un papillon acoustique : étude évolutive du signal mâle et de la préférence femelle." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4018/document.
Full textThe process of inter-sexual selection may involve several different mechanisms of mate choice. In the pyralid moth Achroia grisella, females choose males based on characters of their ultrasonic advertisement song, and previous work has indicated that such choice may afford a discriminating female certain indirect genetic benefits. In this thesis I continued to probe the indirect benefits mechanism in this species by 1) determining with more precision one acoustic character, song amplitude, that influences female choice and by 2) examining the genetic covariance between the male song trait and the female preference trait. I found that in addition to preferring male songs delivered at greater amplitude and with greater acoustic power, females also discriminate in favor of songs including higher 'amplitude peaks'. However, my molecular genetic analyses of the relationships between the male signal and female preference traits did not reveal any significant covariance, as predicted by sexual selection theory. These latter findings provide important insight on the reduced tempo of sexual selection that may exist in natural populations
Zidat, Timothée. "Communication chimique chez un mammifère social et monogame : rôle dans la sélection sexuelle et les relations entre groupes?" Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1072.
Full textChemical communication (or olfaction) is the most common form of communication in the animal kingdom and plays an essential role in mediating social and reproductive behaviour. During my Ph.D. thesis, I study the role of chemical communication in a social species, the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). I was first interested in the role of olfaction in sexual selection context. The Alpine marmot is a cooperative breeder and only the dominant pair access to the reproduction, generating an intense intra-sexual competition for access to reproduction. By analysing anal gland secretions of 154 individuals with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, I found that anal gland secretions could inform on sexual maturity, social status and sex. This information may be involved in intra-sexual competition in this species. Furthermore, although being a socially monogamous species, extra-pair paternity occurs in the Alpine marmot. Females choose males with an optimal genetic compatibility (relatedness and genotype to the Major Histocompatibility Complex). By analysing anal gland secretions of 63 sexually mature marmots, I found a significant concordance between chemical distance and relatedness, allowing females to assess the genetic compatibility of the potential partners. Finally, the Alpine marmot as being a territorial species, I was interested in the role of olfaction in relations between groups. For this, I tested the "dear enemy" hypothesis and I highlighted that any stranger to the social group is considered as an enemy of the group. To conclude, chemical communication plays an essential role in social and reproductive interactions in social species
Antonios, Simona. "Méthodes basées sur la généalogie pour partitionner le gain génétique et le fardeau génétique chez les ovins laitiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP099.
Full textThis thesis explores pedigree-based methods to partition genetic gain and inbreeding load in French dairy sheep breeds: Lacaune (LAC), Basco-Béarnaise (BB), Manech Tête Noire (MTN) and Manech Tête Rousse (MTR).The Chapter 2 used a retrospective analysis to fine partitioning genetic trend in Mendelian samplings by categories of animals defined by sex and by selection pathways, and to similarly characterize long-term genetic contributions. We analysed genetic gain for milk yield in four dairy sheep breeds: LAC, BB, MTN and MTR. Dams of males and Artificial Insemination (AI) males were the most important sources of genetic progress as observed in the decomposition in Mendelian sampling trends. The yearly contributions were more erratic for AI males than for dams of males as they are averaged across a smaller number of individuals. Overall, in terms of Mendelian sampling, females contributed more than males to the total genetic gain, and we interpret that this is because females constitute a larger pool of genetic diversity. In addition, we computed long-term contributions from each individual to the following pseudo-generations. Mendelian sampling was more important than Parent Average to determine the selection of individuals and their long-term contributions. Long-term contributions were larger for AI males (with larger progeny sizes than females) and in BB than in LAC (with the latter being a larger population).In Chapter 3, we presented theory that show the additive nature of the inbreeding load. The inbreeding load effect and the regular (in non-inbred population) additive genetic effect have a negative correlation depending on allele frequencies, inbreeding and dominance. We calculated and described the partial inbreeding coefficients in three French dairy sheep populations: BB, MTN and MTR. Then, we included these coefficients in a mixed model as random regression covariates, to predict genetic variance and breeding values of the inbreeding load for milk yield in the same breeds. There is genetic variance for inbreeding load in MTN and MTR breeds, but it was not different from zero for BB. As expected, we estimated negative genetic correlations between inbreeding load and breeding values; however, estimates were close to zero in the three sheep breeds. The small magnitude of inbreeding load does not warrant selection based on this criterion.In Chapter 4, we evaluated the effectiveness of involving inbreeding load in selection strategies in a dairy sheep breeding scheme. We did this by simulation of 10 generations of evaluations and selection. Six scenarios that differ in the criteria of selection (only breeding values, only breeding values of inbreeding load, or both genetic and inbreeding load breeding values) and mate allocation strategies (minimising inbreeding load or minimising expected future inbreeding) were evaluated. Scenarios were compared in terms of genetic gain, inbreeding coefficients, rate of inbreeding, effective population size, and accuracy of selection. The use of predictions of inbreeding load effects to select animals directly or in mating strategies is feasible. However, selection based on inbreeding load (due to its variation and magnitude) is not of practical interest. In light of our results, the inclusion of genotype animals could improve the accuracy of predicting individual inbreeding loads. Further research is needed
Raoul, Jérôme. "Utilisation d'un panel SNPs très basse densité dans les populations en sélection de petits ruminants." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0128/document.
Full textBreeding programs aim to transfer high genetic value breeding stock to the industry. The knowledge of molecular markers of individual’s genome and causal mutations allow to conceive new breeding program designs. Based on deterministic and stochastic simulations, the technical and economic benefits of using a very low density molecular markers panel were assessed in sheep and goat populations. Following results were obtained: i) using such a panel to increase female paternal filiations in case of incomplete pedigree is not always profitable, ii) a method of optimization has been used to derive the maximal profits of managing ovulation genes, and practical management giving profits close to the maximal profits have been determined, iii) at similar cost, a genomic design based on a very low density panel is more efficient than the current design based on progeny testing
Metzger, Marie. "Rôle de l'information dans l'acquisition des partenaires sexuels et le choix du sexe de la descendance chez les hyménoptères parasitoïdes – Exemple de Venturia Canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347435.
Full textAlem, Sylvain. "Du jeu des sélections chez une pyrale musicienne : étude de l'origine, de l'évolution et du maintien sélectif des comportements sexuels." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4042.
Full textIn order to achieve a better understanding of how natural selection shapes sexual traits it is essential to consider the interplay of the various selective processes at work. For my thesis I investigated the simultaneous influences of viability and sexual selections on the origin, the evolution and the maintenance of sexual traits in the lesser waxmoth Achroia grisella. Females of this pyralid moth choose their mate based on acoustic characters of the ultrasonic calling song broadcasted by males while competing at lek. However male ultrasonic displays are very conspicuous and may attract specific predators: insectivorous bats. Therefore at leks sexual and viability selection pressures act simultaneously and can shape (1) the evolution of female mate choice, (2) the maintenance and evolution of lekking, (3) the origin of sexual acoustic communication. Taken as a whole this work emphasises the relevance of the study of selective interplays between viability and sexual selections in order to improve our understanding of how natural selection may shape the origin, evolution and maintenance of sexual traits. In particular results indicate the crucial role played by predation pressure within these evolutionary processes
Brard, Sophie. "Quel cadre théorique et pratique pour l'utilisation de la sélection génomique dans l'amélioration génétique des chevaux ?" Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0083/document.
Full textGenomic selection uses genotypes information instead of pedigree information for the estimation of breeding values. In dairy cattle, the selection schemes were greatly improved with this method. In horses, a first attempt of genomic selection showed that the evaluation accuracy was not much improved when using genotypes information compared to classic evaluation, possibly because of the structure of the reference and validation populations. The objective of the thesis was to define the theoretical and practical conditions for the use of genomic selection in horses. The theoretical work of the thesis consisted in a meta-analysis to understand the relation between observed and theoretical accuracy depending on the parameters of the population. We proved the importance of the effective number of independent segments in the genome Me. This parameter is specific of the population and of the genomic structure and relationship structure. We recommend to estimate this parameter before genomic evaluation, just like heritability that is estimated before genetic evaluation. Regarding practical tasks of the thesis, the first solution to improve the breeding values estimation for jumping performances was to look for genes having a major effect on performances in jumping competitions and three-day’s events, but no major gene was evidence in spite of significant detections. The 2nd solution was to perform a single-step evaluation. This method combines information from genotyped stallions and from the pedigree of the whole population. Even if the heritability was re-estimated and points distributed to all horses to have a homogeneous criteria, the accuracy of genomic evaluation was not much improved. Genomic selection was also tested on horses running endurance races, but as for jumping the accuracy was not high enough. Recently, a major gene having a huge effect on the ability of horses to trot was evidenced (DMRT3). Even if one allele has a negative effect on qualification and early earnings, French Trotter (FT) is still heterozygote because of a positive effect of this allele on late performances. Genetic and genomic evaluations were compared with or without using in the model a SNP linked to DMRT3 as a fixed effect. This study allowed identifying the best combination of model and method to use for estimation of FT breeding values. Finally, the parameter Me was estimated in the populations of horses used in the thesis. The results of genomic evaluations were compared according to Me and the other parameters having an influence on the accuracy of genomic evaluations. Two new projects will genotype more jumping horses and FT, they should allow to improve the accuracy of genomic evaluation for jumping horses and to acknowledge the interest of using DMRT3 in the genomic evaluation of FT
Duparc, Antoine. "Dynamiques spatio-temporelles des ressources alimentaires et des activités humaines : impacts sur la sélection d'habitat d'un grand herbivore de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV018/document.
Full textThese last decades, large herbivores population and outdoor human activities increased tremendously leading to the emergence of new challenges for the management of wild species and recreational activities, which need to reconcile conservation goals and tourist development. In order to face these challenges, wildlife managers need to better understand behavioral choice of animal that lead to their spatial distribution and how these behaviors are influenced by human activities. Based on chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) as a study case, the aim of this PhD is to enhance our knowledge of spatial behavioral of large herbivores, on one hand by understanding individual selection for food resources according to resource spatial heterogeneity and their temporal dynamics, and on the other hand, by assessing the impact of human outdoor recreational activities on spatial behavior. We first modeled the foodscape of chamois and its seasonal variation by combining field data on vegetation and animal diet with remote sensing data. Then, based on a 10 years dataset of monitoring of >100 animals marked with GPS collars in the Game and Wildlife Reserve of the “massif des Bauges”, we demonstrated chamois adjusted their criteria for spatial selection through time according to the temporal evolution of their forage traits (quality and quantity), accounting notably whether these traits were variable or limiting. This led us to reevaluate the framework of two classical hypotheses in studies of herbivore spatial ecology, the “Forage Maturation Hypothesis” and the emergence of a functional response in habitat selection. One newness in our work is to have accounted for the gregariousness of this species, which allowed us to unveil that socio-spatial structure of the population induced local variation in the habitat selection process, with marked consequences on individual demographic performances. This challenges the idea that individuals should redistribute in space within a population according to available resources, probably because of the importance of social relationships and costs and risks associated with dispersal. Second, we investigated the response of chamois to disturbances resulting from 3 outdoor activities. We assessed the spatial use of recreationists by ditributing GPS-tracker from which we defined landscape of disturbance to animal. Ski touring and hiking both impacted animal movements, resulting in supplementary energetic expenditures. On the other hand, hunting induced complex spatial responses in chamois that need further investigation, as the response to hunters could not be differentiated from responses to hikers who continue to be on site even during the hunting period. We conclude this work with proposals for a better long-term management of wildlife compatible with the practice of outdoor recreational activities
Baudouin, Alice. "Rôles relatifs des facteurs démographiques, sociaux et sélectifs sur la sélection de partenaires reproducteurs chez le gorille des plaines de l'ouest." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B057/document.
Full textIn many species, it has been shown that strategies of choice of socio-sexual partners by an individual are related to the phenotypic or genetic quality of these partners and are likely to maximize the quality of its descendants and improve its own fitness. We investigated the partner choice in western lowland gorilla females in studying their social dispersion and the relative influence of the social environment and the characteristics of adult males in females’ decisions, to stay in a social group or to emigrate, and in their choice of the group into which immigrate. We showed that females preferentially migrated towards breeding groups rather than solitary males and towards younger rather than aging groups. Groups of 10-15 individuals were avoided. Females emigrated from groups containing a large proportion of individuals affected by skin disease. In the short term after a demographic die-off due to an Ebola epidemic, female’s emigration rates declined in large groups, suggesting better reproductive and protective value of surviving males. The influence of the genetic characteristics of the sexual partners in the choice of females, in particular the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes that encode proteins involved in immune defenses, may be involved in partner choice in some primates. Its possible involvement had never been studied in the gorilla. In this perspective we have sought to develop a method to study this gene complex from non-invasive DNA samples (feces), that is to say with weakly concentrated and degraded DNA. We defined a new primer and then used high throughput sequencing, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and a MHC-linked microsatellite marker to determine a population-level analysis method. Eight new MHC alleles were detected by high throughput sequencing. The microsatellite marker has a complex amplification pattern and requires protocol optimization that will reduce the cost of analyzing MHC variability at the population level. Our developments open new perspectives for the study of the influence of CMH on partner choice in wild populations of primates
Carillier-Jacquin, Céline. "Etude de la prédiction génomique chez les caprins : faisabilité et limites de la sélection génomique dans le cadre d'une population multiraciale et à faible effectif." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0086/document.
Full textGenomic selection which is revolutionizing genetic selection in dairy cattle has been tested in several species like dairy goat. Key point in genomic selection is accuracy of genomic evaluation. In French dairy goats, gain in accuracy using genomic selection was questioning due to the small size of the reference population (825 males and 1 945 females genotyped). The aim of this study was to investigate how to reach adequate genomic evaluation accuracy in French dairy goat population. The study of reference population structure (Alpine and Saanen breeds) showed that reference population is similar to the whole population of French dairy goats. But the weak level of linkage disequilibrium (0.17 between two consecutive SNP), inbreeding and relationship between reference and candidate population were not ideal to maximize genomic evaluation accuracy. Despite their common origin, genetic structure of Alpine and Saanen breeds suggested that they were genetically distant. Two steps genomic evaluation (GBLUP, Bayesian) based on performances corrected for fixed effect (DYD, deregressed EBV) did not improve genetic evaluation accuracy compared to classical evaluations for milk production traits, udder type traits and somatic cells score classically selected in French dairy goat. Taking into account phenotypes of ungenotyped sires increased genomic evaluation from 3 to 47% depending on the trait considered. Adding female genotypes also improved genomic evaluation accuracies from 2 to 4% depending on the method (two steps or single step) and on the trait. When using gemomic evaluation directly based on female performances (single step), accuracy of genomic evaluation reach the level obtained from ascendance in classic evaluation which was not the case using two steps evaluations. Genomic evaluation accuracies were similar when using multiple-trait model, multi-breed or single breed evaluation. But accuracies derived from prediction error variances were better when using multi-breed genomic evaluations. Genomic selection is feasible in French dairy goats using single step multi-breed genomic evaluations. Accuracies could be slightly improved integrating major gene as αs1 casein especially when using « gene content » approach to predict genotypes of ungenotyped animals
Douhard, Frédéric. "Vers des systèmes d'élevage résilients : une approche de l'allocation de la ressource pour combiner sélection et conduite dans l'environnement du troupeau." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00986412.
Full textMachefert, Coralie. "Déterminisme génétique des spectres moyen infrarouge du lait et de l'efficience alimentaire, vers la caractérisation de l'adaptabilité des brebis laitières." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP144.
Full textDue to the growing need to improve feed autonomy on dairy sheep farms, selecting animals capable of optimizing the use of their feed while maintaining quality milk production is becoming a major challenge. To achieve this objective, the use of effective, rapid, inexpensive and non-invasive phenotyping methods is a key point. Among these tools, milk analysis by mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometry, already routinely used in milk recording, is a promising solution. The aims of the thesis project were to study the genetic determinism of feed efficiency in dairy sheep, and to assess the ability of milk MIR spectra for identifying the most efficient ewes. It also aimed to explore the genetic variability captured by milk MIR spectra, and the possibility of using these spectra in phenomic selection. To this end, the thesis project was based on data from the European H2020 SMARTER project, collected on commercial Lacaune ewe farms, as well as on data collected at the INRAE La Fage experimental unit. Work on feed efficiency has shown that collective feeding remains the main challenge in assessing this trait on commercial dairy sheep farms. Under these collective feeding conditions, two approximate feed efficiency traits were proposed and evaluated. They showed low to moderate heritabilities (from 0.08 ± 0.02 to 0.21 ± 0.03) during lactation. The use of MIR spectra to distinguish the most efficient or inefficient animals showed moderate classification accuracy (average accuracy from 0.59 to 0.81). The genetic study of MIR spectra showed that transmittances along the MIR spectra of Lacaune ewe's milk were heritable traits (from 0.13 ± 0.01 to 0.42 ± 0.02), showing different heritability profiles between the first and second half of lactation that could not be explained by a genetic-environmental interaction. As expected, these transmittances showed strong genomic correlations with milk components estimated by spectrometry, but also low to moderate genomic correlations with other, not directly related traits to the spectrum (somatic cell score (SCS), mobilization of body reserves). In addition, we have shown that spectral data are a useful source of information for the study of complex traits, as they are moderately to strongly genetically correlated with approximate feed efficiency traits. Finally, milk MIR spectra have shown promise in phenomic predictions of milk production traits and a health trait (SCS in lactation) included in current breeding goals, but not for udder morphology traits
Robin, Frédéric. "Dynamique de la distribution, sélection de l’habitat et stratégie d’alimentation chez la barge à queue noire limosa limosa à l’échelle des sites d’hivernage français." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS324.
Full textThe Black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa is a shorebird species commonly observed in France throughout the year. Two sub-species are dissociated in West European. The so called “continental” Godwit L. l. limosa is observed in France during migration cycles and some pairs breed in marshes on the Atlantic coast; the so called “Icelandic” Godwit winters exclusively along coast of the Western Europe. This present work mainly investigates the wintering ecology of Icelandic–godwit in coastal mudflats of France. Contrarily to the continental sub-species, the whole Icelandic-godwit L. l. islandica population increased quantitatively as long as the number of sites used. In France, national counts pointed out that wintering population follows this trend and have increased from 1350 to 27000 individuals during the last twenty years. This population represents now around 30% of the whole islandica population but individuals stage in large flocks in a very limited number of sites, mainly included in Nature Reserves. From standard biometrics, molecular analyses and resighting data, phenologies of the both sub-species can then be specified for France. Furthermore, this study allowed to define how long the wintering period lasts in France for Icelandic-Godwits, between 2 and 8 months depending on individuals. Phenology at site scale suggested that godwits used several sites throughout the winter. As currently used for understanding the distribution of bird populations, trophic resource availability was studied in regard to the diet of the Black-tailed godwit from macrofauna sampling, droppings collection and stable isotope analyses. At the Pertuis Charentais scale, two feeding behaviors were clearly distinguished: seagrass grazing (Zostera notlii) or bivalve probing (Macoma balthica). Food depletion along the winter is expected to lead to the decrease of local populations, and to the selection of new feeding area or roost. Considering the distribution of the species at the national level, the diets were recorded depending on the mudflats’ characteristics. Even if food distribution is commonly used to understand at first the bird population distribution, our observations point out that, here at a local level, more parameters may influence the wintering distribution such as sediment characteristics, intra and inter-specific interactions, high tide roosts availability and human disturbances as the hunt. This work allowed to establish a solid knowledge and to collect many complementary data to test the distribution theories on the Black-tailed Godwit population wintering in France
Vandeputte, Marc. "Genetic variation of growth and sex ratio in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) as revealed by molecular pedigrees." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00957623.
Full textDavid, Morgan. "Personnalité, stratégies d'approvisionnement et d'appariement chez les diamants mandarins (Taeniopygia guttata)." Thèse, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4943/1/D2346.pdf.
Full textLansade, Léa. "Le tempérament du cheval : étude théorique : application à la sélection des chevaux destinés à l'équitation." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4005.
Full textTemperament is defined as a set of behavioural characteristics which are stable over time and across situations, called “traits”. This stability means that, to a certain extent, the behaviour of the individual is predictable. By testing the stability of behavioural responses in various situations and over time (between 8 months to 2. 5 years of age), we identified four temperamental traits, which are relatively or totally independent of each other: fearfulness, social motivation, responsiveness to humans and locomotor activity. For each of these traits, we developed a set of standardised tests and identified the most appropriate behavioural indicators to characterise them. The second part of the study examined the ontogeny of temperament at a young age (between 3 and 24 weeks), particularly that of fearfulness and responsiveness to humans. This work showed that these traits are not expressed through specific behaviour at a very young age but appear progressively with time. Thus, it is not possible to predict temperament in very young foals. However, once a foal expresses a particular response, this remains stable over time and is therefore predictable. The third part of the study investigated the influence of genetics and environmental factors on temperament development. The study of genetic factors showed a sire and a sex effect on most of the traits previously identified. In particular, males were more fearful, more responsive to humans, less active and had weaker social motivation than females. The study of environmental factors showed that early experiences, such as foal handling, can have persistent effects on certain aspects of temperament, but only if they are present during particularly sensitive periods, such as weaning. The final part of the work identified the relationship between the temperamental traits previously identified and the horse's suitability to be used for leisure or sport. From a practical point of view, this means that foals to be used as adults can be tested as early as 8 months to predict their behavioural qualities
Salvin, Pauline. "Les signaux des femelles dans la communication intersexuelle ; études chez le canari domestique, Serinus canaria." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100137/document.
Full textMuch studies on reproduction and animal communication have considered the female as the passive sex; the role of the female during male-female interactions have often been overlooked. However, there is growing evidence that female behaviours can affect those of the males and that males can adjust their courtships to female behaviours. The aim of this thesis is to understand the signals produced by females during interactions with a male in a reproductive context in the domestic canary. Overall, my results show that females not only use their visual and acoustic signals, the copulation solicitation display and the female-specific trills, as an invitation to copulate but also to incite male to sing as an aid to sample potential mates. Then, these two signals could not have the same efficacy in different contexts of transmission. Moreover, the visual components of the communication seem to be more important than previously thought during intersexual interactions in this species. Finally, this thesis provides new elements about the female preferences for male songs and shows that methods used to test female preferences in laboratory are reliable and congruent. This thesis contributes to the growing number of researches showing that females play an active role in intersexual interactions
Gadenne, Hélène. "Les effets des changements climatiques et des changements d’usages sur les oiseaux d’eau migrateurs : une approche mécaniste chez un oiseau emblématique, la Cigogne blanche." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2278/document.
Full textUnderstanding adaptations that allow species to live in temporally and spatially variable environments is crucial to predict how species may respond to current and future global changes. Long-term studies have shown that climatic variations affect the dynamic of populations. However, the relative influence of habitat selection and density-dependence processes is still poorly understood and explained. The aim of this thesis is, firstly by a correlative approach, to investigate the density-dependent habitat selection at varying spatial scales in an increasing white stork (Ciconia ciconia) population. Secondly, by a mechanistic approach, we studied the relative effects of climate, habitat and breeder experience in terms of reproductive fitness (fledging success, body condition and sex ratio) in this population monitored for 30 years in a sensitive wetland in Charente-Maritime, western France. This work helped identifying the mechanisms that lead to nesting habitat selection. This work supports research showing that habitat degradation by human activities may affect habitat selection decisions. In addition, these results provide crucial information to understand the adaptations of this population in a changing environment, which allows predicting more efficiently the response of the population to future environmental changes
Ibos, Guilhem. "Orientation volontaire de l’attention visuelle chez l’homme et le macaque Rhésus." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10109/document.
Full textVisual attention is a critical process to a correct perception of our visual environment.This term includes all mechanisms involved in the selection of information in order to processit in priority. It is generally proposed that voluntary orientation of attentional capacity is a220slow and sustained process, while unvoluntary orientation is fast. We show here by apsychophysical study that voluntary orientation is in fact a rapid process that is easely maskedby others cognitiv process of general engagement.This phenomenon is sustained by a large network of cerebral areas, including the Frontal Eye Field (FEF), and the Lateral IntraParietal area (LIP). We recorded neuronal activity of 2monkey’s FEF and LIP neuronal activity while they were engaged in a attentional task. Weshow here that these 2 areas play 2 crucial differents roles. Contrary to FEF, that is highlyinvolved in attentional orientation and engagement, LIP neuronal activity present few attentional modulations. LIP and FEF cells present large cognitive activities selectives to selection of the important event of the task. We hypothesis that FEF controles the voluntary orientation of visual attention while LIP detects the target.More over, we highly the existence of a new FEF’s cell category involved in the executive control of cognitives function (as attentional)
Loyau, Adeline. "Sélection sexuelle et honnêteté des signaux chez le Paon bleu (Pavo cristatus)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0064.
Full textIn many species males exhibit varous conspicous secondary sexual traits thought to have evolved under sexual selection. These multiple traits may honestly signal male genetic quality. Prefering males able to express the most important signals, females may benefit from the genetic quality of their mates to transmit this genetic quality to their offspring. In turn, females are expected to invest more into reproduction when they are paired with more attractive males. We studied the mechanisms of sexual selection in a lekkig species, the Common peafowl, Pavo cristatus. We found that males display multiple signals. Indeed, male-male competition favored males with longer tarsis and longer trains and females preferred to mate with more ornamented males and males showing a high display rate. These males settled their territory where the probability to encounter females was the highest. The signals used by the femelles to choose a mate were honest signals of male health status and male immune capacities. When experiementally paired with attractive males, females invested more into reproduction. Overall, these results demonstrate that male multiple traits can have evolved because they were linked to “good genes” gathered by the females for their offspring
Dollé, Laurent. "Contribution d'un modèle computationnel de sélection de stratégies de navigation aux hypothèses relatives à l'apprentissage spatial." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066407.
Full textBertin, Angéline. "Variabilité morphologique et sélection naturelle chez Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda)." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS043.
Full textCompetition between males for reproduction is supposed to favour the development of traits that improve the competitive ability of males. Indeed, a reproductive advantage of large body size in males has been reported in Asellus aquaticus. Such an advantage of large size can also be the consequence of sexual selection acting directly on a character closely correlated to body size. Therefore, we studied how morphology influences male reproductive success. Using geometric morphometric methods, we have evidenced other possible targets of sexual selection. We have also assessed the relative influence of body size and antennae size on the reproductive success of males. Our results confirm that sexual selection on antennae size is partly responsible for the observed large-male advantage in mating. However, selection regimes vary between populations. Additional results from laboratory experiments indicate that population density, though regulating the frequency of both male-male and male-female interactions, can explain the variations observed in the field
Fariello, Rico María Inés. "Détection pan génomique de locus sous sélection en présence de données multi-populationnelles en marquage dense : nouvelles méthodes multipoint et applications aux espèces animales d'élevage." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2113/.
Full textSince initial domestication by Humans, farm animal species have experienced great phenotype diversification and thus represent an interesting model for the study of natural and artificial selection. Besides, the detection of selection signatures in these species can have substantial agronomic outcomes, pointing out genomic regions related to production traits or resistance to diseases. Many datasets giving access to genome wide genotypic information have become available enabling to scan entire genomes for signatures of selection. Many tests designed to detect positive selection are challenged by at least one of the following problems. First, as the number of available markers increases, so do their correlations which need to be taken into account. Second, many tests have been designed to compare populations only pairwise. Considering more than two populations simultaneously should increase the power to detect selected regions, but necessitates to account for correlations between them arising from their shared history. I proposed two statistical tests for the detection of positive selection signatures using dense genetic data collected from multiple populations. One is based on haplotypic differentiation between populations, requiring genetic data at the individual level. The second one consists in cumulating single marker signals using local score theory, requiring data at the population level. Through simulated and real datasets, I showed that these tests increased the detection power compared to other existing tests in many cases. Applied to two data sets in sheep and quail, they also point out biologically relevant candidate genes under selection
Quintana, Alexandre. "Recherche de substances pharmacologiquement actives à partir d'insectes. Sélection par criblage à haut débit." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30082.
Full textResearch in drug discovery from natural products is essentially based on three classes of organisms : plants, micro-organisms and marine organisms. Our study aims at demonstrating that insects represent a huge potential in the search for novel therapeutic molecules, because of their biodiversity and high reliance on chemistry (communication, defence…). We describe the scientific process that has been followed in order to develop a valid protocol for preparing insect extracts (105 species) in a 96 wells format, used for high throughput screening. After a dereplication phase, we have also determined the chemical structures of those molecules that showed pharmacological activity (at few µM). Finally, we present a study on purification and chemical characterisation of Reticulitermes termite defensive compounds, by which we not only established an examplary study for dealing with molecules present in minute amounts, but it also allowed us to develop a new chemotaxonomic tool for this European Isoptera genus
Degeorges, Anne. "Investissement male et femelle à différentes étapes du cycle de reproductino et succès reproducteur chez la mouette tridactyle (Rissa tridactyla)." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066698.
Full textBollache, Loïc. "Sélection sexuelle, parasitisme et patterns d'appariement chez le crustacé amphipode Gammarus pulex." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10206.
Full textCharmantier, Anne. "Hétérogénéité de l'environnement en région méditerranéenne et évolution de la valeur sélective : paternités hors-couple et héritabilité de traits phénotypiques chez la Mésange bleue." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0021.
Full textGaudemar, Benoît de. "La sélection sexuelle chez le saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L. ) : vol. 1 (synthèse) - vol. 2 (annexes)." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28603.
Full textMarton, Monika. "Recherche de critères de sélection des graminées fourragères pour la qualité, basé sur des références avec animaux." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112466.
Full textDe, Solan Bethmale Thomas. "Évolution de la coloration : une étude de la palette des vertébrés." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. https://ged.biu-montpellier.fr/florabium/jsp/nnt.jsp?nnt=2020MONTG063.
Full textColoration often has an essential role in both the survival and the reproduction of individuals. Because of this role, its evolution is determined by multiple, and often opposite, selective pressures. These characteristics make coloration an interesting trait to understand the fine details of the processes that shape the evolution of phenotypes. During my PhD, my aim was to disentangle the different selective forces shaping the evolution of coloration and to understand the influence of coloration evolution on diversification processes. Although a solid literature on these subjects is already done, most of the previous studies were made at the species levels. The originality of my work lies in the utilization of large-scale comparative analysis, applied to different species coming from three major clades of vertebrates, Aves, Amphibia and Squamata, to address these questions. I first investigated the selective pressures determining coloration variations at the intraspecific scale. Using coloration data of two species of newts, I showed that selection for interspecific recognition determines the evolution of colorations visible at short range, while selection for crypsis influences the colorations visible at distance. Secondly, I investigated the selective forces shaping coloration at the interspecific scale. I studied how mimetic colorations evolves in communities. To detect mimetic species I developed a new method based on artificial neural networks. I also proposed a new framework to study defensive mimicry, which emphasize the role of both cues and signals in the evolution of aposematic colorations. Besides mimicry, I tested the relative influence of natural and sexual selection on the disparity and the rate of evolution of coloration in three clades of vertebrates. This analysis highlighted that sexual traits do not always have higher rates of evolution nor a higher disparity than non-sexual traits. Finally, I focused on the interplay between the evolution of coloration and species diversification. Because coloration has a role in numerous functions, it may influence diversification processes. However, in Lacertids, I showed that neither the evolution of sexual coloration nor color polymorphism affected the rates of speciation
François, Nathe. "Influence d'une sélection pour la motivation sociale sur le comportement social des cailles domestiques (Coturnix japonica)." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR4010.
Full textPhilandrianos, Cécile. "Etude de l’effet de l’hyperthermie sélective induite par laser diode 1210 nm sur les cicatrices chéloïdes : étude expérimentale et clinique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S050/document.
Full textIntroduction Keloid scars (KS) are pathologies of skin healing causing often functional and aesthetic disturbances. They are linked to excess production and disorganization of collagen mostly due to TGF bêta; overproduction. The thermal lasers can improve healing through a modification of the inflammatory response. Indeed, a rise of temperature between 45 and 53 ° C leads to an overexpression of HSP 70, which causes a change in the expression of TGF bêta;. The 810nm laser diode has already proven to be effective but its wavelength cannot used on dark phototypes who are prone to developing KS.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a thermal laser on keloids in animal and in the context of a clinical study.Determination of laser parameters Studies on skin explants, and on healthy volunteers have shown that 1210 nm was the most suitable wavelength for this indication because it is poorly absorbed by melanin. The laser parameters were also carefully determined in order to control the skin temperature elevation. For a 1210 nm laser diode, an irradiance of 5.1W/cm² for 10 seconds leads to a maximum temperature of 53 ° C.Development of a KS animal model. Since, there was no KS animal model of DC , an innovative one was developed for this specific study. Fragments of human KS including the dermis and epidermis were transplanted in 40 nude mice. A clinical and histological evaluation confirmed the successful integration of the graft. At 4 months, it was proven that the KS remained unchanged. Study of the 1210nm diode laser in an KS animal modelThe 1210 nm laser was evaluated on our KS animal model. Laser irradiation was performed on the grafts. Clinical and histological evaluations have shown no adverse reactions. A 45 ° C mean temperature was recorded during laser irradiation .Study of l the 1210nm diode laser after intrakeloid excision. Parallel to the animal study, a pilot study was performed to assess the feasibility and safety of a 1210nm diode laser irradiation. An intrakeloid excision was achieved; the suture was then irradiated for about 10 seconds. 20 patients were included in the study. The study is still ongoing. A 2-year follow up is scheduled. So far, it was noted that no harmful effects of the laser. 8 patients received injections of corticosteroids due to of keloid recurrence at six months.conclusionAn original KS animal model was developed for the first time to study of the in vivo effects of laser irradiation. It was demonstrated that a 1210nm diode laser (5.1W/cm², for 10 seconds) led to a 45°C skin temperature without any deleterious effect. The 1210 nm diode laser after intrakeloid excision showed no signs of toxicity in humans. In humans, the maximum temperature was 48 ° C +/- 3°C . A long term follow-up on a large series of patients is still necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this promising treatment
Vaysse, Amaury. "Identification des signatures génétiques de la sélection chez le chien." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00676015.
Full textLoywyck, Valérie. "Approches multicritères de l'évolution de la variabilité génétique et de la taille efficace au sein des populations animales soumises à sélection." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005003.
Full textLusianti, Fitri Lulu. "Les chants des canaris domestiques : leurs relations avec des caractéristiques physiologiques et le statut social des males émetteurs." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100077.
Full textThe theories of sexual selection focusing on secondary sexual traits may have evolved through mechanisms of intra- and intersexual selection. The "Good genes" hypothesis of sexual selection postulates that trait signals superior genetic quality to potential mates. Male canaries (Serinus canaria) were chosen as the study organism because sexual selection has been implicated in the evolution of its social behaviour. Traits such as song in male canary was the object of intra- and inter-sexual selection and confer honestsignals of vigour to females to disciminate males of different social status. Song trait with other factors such as sage, morphology and hormonal (testoterone) levels became the major determinants in social hierarchy, which showed different trend between adult and yearling canaries. Moreover, song trait was a condition-dependent expression on health status ; experiments on differential diet treatments demonstrated that song production was costly in relation to energetic requirement and deprived testosterone secretion that promote secondary sexual trait may also have immunosuppressive effect. Therefore, only individuals in prime condition were able to maintian costs both in the trait and immune function. Dominant male canaries showed better performance in singing and cellular-mediated immunity, but not in humoral immunity, than subordinate males. These findings indicated that dominant individuals paid different strategy to trade-off such cost, and were able to allocate resources between the expression of the trait and immunosuppression than those of subordinates. Consequently, dominant males in a social hierarchy enjoy a mating advantage over subordinate males ; females paired with dominant males showed earlier egg laying and hatching, and produced more offspring which survived better in the following year. In addition, sexual selection due to mate preference for dominant males showed earlier egg laving and hatching, and produced more offspring which survived better in the following year. In addition, sexual selection due to mate peference for dominant males has also been demonstrated in a laboratory population of canaries
Rochus, Christina. "Diversité génétique du mouton domestique : exemple de populations suédoises et françaises." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0008.
Full textDomestic sheep are raised for meat, milk and fibre production and are found all around the world in many types of environments. Sheep have been shown to be genetically diverse but this genetic diversity has not been fully described: there are still many sheep populations which have not yet been studied. The purpose of this thesis was to study genetic diversity in Swedish and French sheep breeds using high density marker arrays. Additional methods, including genotyping of microsatellite markers, and endogenous retroviruses and pedigree information were used to study Swedish sheep populations. Inbreeding and heterozygosity estimated in Gute sheep using the pedigree of the entire registered Swedish population and additionally microsatellite genotypes and pedigree from a sample of the population (N=94) indicated a breeding program with the purpose of reducing inbreeding. Studying genetic relationships among breeds by genotyping endogenous retroviruses indicated Klövsjö, Värmland, Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had characteristics of primitive breeds (absence of retroviruses or presence of the specific retrovirus event enJSRV-7) although Finewool, Gute and Roslag sheep breeds had moderate frequencies of enJSRV-18 which is indicative of more modern sheep breeds. Studying variants in two coat colour genes, ASIP and MC1R, and their association with black coat colour revealed different selection histories in five Swedish sheep breeds studied. Studying the population structure of Dalapäls, Fjällnäs, Gotland, Gute and Klövsjö sheep, using high density SNP genotyping revealed that these breeds are genetically distinct breeds. When comparing with other European breeds and south west Asian breeds, they grouped with other north European short-tailed sheep breeds and they had generally accumulated more drift than breeds from other geographical areas. Studying 27 French breeds with high density genotypes revealed that French sheep populations harbour much of European sheep diversity in a small geographic area. Selective sweeps identified: selection hotspots, selection targets in many species; introgression of an adaptive allele; and allelic heterogeneity, which was confirmed with targeted resequencing of a coat colour gene, MC1R, in breeds under selection
Suire, Alexandre. "Évolution de la voix humaine : le rôle de la sélection sexuelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG027.
Full textIt has been suggested that the deep voices of men have been selected through intrasexual competition to signal dominance, threat and masculinity to competitors, whereas the high voices of women have been selected through intersexual competition to signal fertility and femininity. Indeed, beyond the linguistic message, the human voice conveys valuable biological and social information about the quality and condition of the speakers such as sex, age, body configuration, personality and possibly social status. These cues are crucial when assessing competitors and potential sexual partners. In this thesis, we studied the functional role of the human voice through the lens of sexual selection. Firstly, our work suggests that vocal preferences are not universal and depend on the culture under study, since several of our results in a population of French speakers show that men are attracted by relatively low-pitched voices in women, as opposed to what has been observed in English speaking populations. Likewise, most studies have focused on pitch and timbre, but our results suggest that phenotypic quality may be expressed through other elements of voice quality such as roughness, breathiness, and various prosodic elements. Secondly, the evolutionary interpretations hitherto evoked in the literature to explain these preferences remain unsatisfactory. Indeed, our results show that, on one hand, men's voices are not correlated with testosterone levels, suggesting that they are not a “honest” signal of immunocompetence and, on the other hand, that vocal modulation, which corresponds to a dynamic modification of voice quality in an interactional context, emphasizes the importance of studying voice in ecologically valid situations. Finally, we have shown through the principle of sound symbolism that the sexual dimorphism of the human voice is also reflected in the sound composition of first names and their attribution according to sex. To conclude, the present work offers several new lines of research and establishes sexual selection as a key evolutionary paradigm to study the human voice
Mandon-Dalger, Isabelle. "Sélection de l'habitat et dynamique d'invasion d'un oiseau introduit, le cas du bulbul orphée à la Réunion." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10043.
Full textBeltran-Bech, Sophie. "Monogamie et changements de partenaire chez un parasite monogame, Schistosoma mansoni." Perpignan, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939328.
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