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Mazariegos, George V. "Critical elements in pediatric allograft selection." Liver Transplantation 23, S1 (October 2017): S56—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.24818.
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Fazlollah, Agamohamadi Basmenj, M. Yusuff Rosnah, Zulkifli Norzima, Ismaiel Yusof, and Sorooshian Shahryar. "Modeling Approach to the Elements of TQM Practice." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 719–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.719.
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This paper considers three factors; the selection of the Performance Measures, selection of the Critical Success Factors, and selection of quality tools as three elements of TQM. The qualitative research of this study tries to find and model the interrelation between elements of Total Quality Management (TQM) practice in companies.
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Bhatt, Anil. "Critical Elements in the Design of Poverty Alleviation Programmes." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 16, no. 3 (July 1991): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919910302.
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In general, poverty alleviation programmes (PAPs) have been ineffective because of various factors : the selection of the activity is faulty or the intended beneficiaries are not clearly defined or the procedures for identifying beneficiaries leave much to be desired. An important need, therefore, is to identify certain critical elements which will help in improving the design of PAPs. Based on the experiences of some governmental and voluntary efforts in the Asian region, Anil Bhatt discusses the more critical components and concludes that poverty alleviation is a tough and difficult proposition and calls for imaginative and unorthodox political and administrative changes.
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Miner, Thomas J., and Martin S. Karpeh. "Gastrectomy for gastric cancer: defining critical elements of patient selection and outcome assessment." Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 13, no. 3 (July 2004): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2004.03.004.
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Manning, Nathan W., René Chapot, and Philip M. Meyers. "Endovascular Stroke Management: Key Elements of Success." Cerebrovascular Diseases 42, no. 3-4 (2016): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445449.
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Background: In the last 12 months, treatment of acute ischaemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusion has undergone a paradigm shift. The success of endovascular surgery, and in particular, the use of stent-retrievers, is remarkable. Summary: Beyond percentages and p values, the endovascular trials demonstrated, in their similarities and their differences, the critical elements of successful intervention in acute ischaemic stroke. Patient selection based on non-invasive neuroimaging has emerged as a critical step in acute ischaemic stroke management. The more sophisticated imaging-based selection, those assessing collateral blood flow or ischaemic penumbra appear to be associated with better outcomes and possibly fewer complications. The importance of achieving effective, quality reperfusion is also demonstrated, in a remarkably linear fashion, across the 5 published trials. This may emerge as the single most important determinant of functional outcomes. While reperfusion may succeed time as the preeminent modifiable variable, it remains clear that achieving quality reperfusion in a timely manner should remain the goal of all acute stroke programs. Key Message: Comparing the recent successful endovascular stroke trials, both between one another, and to their unsuccessful predecessors, emphasizes the importance of patient selection, time and reperfusion. Highlighting these factors allows for a better understanding of the challenges facing clinicians and the changes required to be made in hospital systems in order to achieve a new standard of care in treating acute ischaemic stroke.
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Li, Hongzhao, Guodong Liu, Jiankun Yu, Wenguang Cao, Vincent G. Lobo, and Jiuyong Xie. "In Vivo Selection of Kinase-responsive RNA Elements Controlling Alternative Splicing." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 24 (April 22, 2009): 16191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m900393200.
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Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is often controlled by cell signals, for example, those activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) or the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV). We have shown that CaMKIV regulates alternative splicing through short CA repeats and hnRNP L. Here we use a splicing reporter that shows PKA/CaMKIV promotion of exon inclusion to select from exons containing random 13-nt sequences for RNA elements responsive to the kinases in cultured cells. This selection not only identified both PKA- and CaMKIV-responsive elements that are similar to the CaMKIV-responsive RNA element 1 (CaRRE1) or CA repeats, but also A-rich elements not previously known to respond to these kinases. Consistently, hnRNP L is identified as a factor binding the CA-rich elements. Analyses of the motifs in the highly responsive elements indicate that they are indeed critical for the kinase effect and are enriched in alternative exons. Interestingly, a CAAAAAA motif is sufficient for the PKA/CaMKIV-regulated splicing of the exon 16 of the CaMK kinase β1 (CaMKK2) transcripts, implying a role of this motif in signaling cross-talk or feedback regulation between these kinases through alternative splicing. Therefore, these experiments identified a group of RNA elements responsive to PKA and CaMKIV from in vivo selection. This also provides an approach for selecting RNA elements similarly responsive to other cell signals controlling alternative splicing.
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Behara, Ravi S., and Somnath Bhattacharya. "DNA Of A Successful BPO." Journal of Service Science (JSS) 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jss.v1i1.4306.
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This paper identifies some of the critical elements of a successful BPO through a case study of an U.S. financial services firm that had BPO operations in India. The important dimensions of selection, training, motivation, respecting cultural differences, treating quality as paramount in all operations, and understanding how appropriate control has to be exercised in the area of knowledge-intensive services, were identified as being critical to success. Specific propositions are developed based on these critical elements, and provide a potentially new direction to service outsourcing research.
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Bligh, Roger P., and King K. Mak. "Critical Impact Points for Transitions and Terminals." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1797, no. 1 (January 2002): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1797-13.
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Guidelines for evaluating the safety performance of roadside safety features generally recommend that a worst case or critical impact point (CIP) be selected for crash testing. NCHRP Report 350 presents families of curves that can be used to determine the CIP for a transition section. However, these curves have been observed to overestimate the stiffness of a transition system and provide CIP values closer to the more rigid system of the transition (e.g., bridge rail end) than appropriate. New CIP selection curves for transitions are presented. A procedure is provided to aid in determining the CIP for transition sections with multiple rail elements or variations in post strength and post spacing. Various existing and theoretical transitions systems with wide-ranging combinations of beam and post strengths were used to validate the curves. The newly developed CIP relationships for transitions are recommended in lieu of the existing relationships contained in NCHRP Report 350. To facilitate the development of guidelines for the selection of a CIP for terminals, a new definition is proposed. The proposed definition for the CIP is the point along the terminal at which vehicle behavior transitions from gating to redirection. A methodology for determining the CIP using computer simulation techniques is investigated. The data clearly demonstrate that the selection of a single default impact location for all terminal configurations may not provide the CIP for many designs.
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Lou, H., A. J. McCullough, and M. A. Schuler. "3' splice site selection in dicot plant nuclei is position dependent." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 8 (August 1993): 4485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.8.4485.
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In contrast to mammalian and yeast systems, the mechanism for intron recognition and splice site selection in plant pre-mRNAs is poorly understood. Splice site sequences and putative branchpoint sequences are loosely conserved in plant introns compared with other eukaryotes. Perhaps to compensate for these variations, plant introns are significantly richer in adenosine and uridine residues than are their adjacent exons. To define elements critical for 3' splice site selection in dicotyledonous plant nuclei, pre-mRNA transcripts containing intron 3 of the maize Adh1 gene were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana nuclei by using an autonomously replicating plant expression vector. Using a series of intron rearrangements which reposition the 3' intron-exon border, we demonstrate that the normal 3' splice site is defined in a position-dependent manner and that cryptic 3' splice sites within the intron are masked by the presence of a functional downstream 3' splice site. Disruption of the AU-rich elements upstream from the normal 3' splice site indicates that multiple AU elements between -66 and -6 cooperatively define the 3' boundary of the intron. These results are consistent with a model for plant intron recognition in which AU-rich elements spread throughout the length of the intron roughly define the intron boundaries by generating strong AU transition points. Functional 3' splice sites located downstream from these AU-rich sequences are preferentially selected over sites embedded within them.
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Lou, H., A. J. McCullough, and M. A. Schuler. "3' splice site selection in dicot plant nuclei is position dependent." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 8 (August 1993): 4485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.8.4485-4493.1993.
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In contrast to mammalian and yeast systems, the mechanism for intron recognition and splice site selection in plant pre-mRNAs is poorly understood. Splice site sequences and putative branchpoint sequences are loosely conserved in plant introns compared with other eukaryotes. Perhaps to compensate for these variations, plant introns are significantly richer in adenosine and uridine residues than are their adjacent exons. To define elements critical for 3' splice site selection in dicotyledonous plant nuclei, pre-mRNA transcripts containing intron 3 of the maize Adh1 gene were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana nuclei by using an autonomously replicating plant expression vector. Using a series of intron rearrangements which reposition the 3' intron-exon border, we demonstrate that the normal 3' splice site is defined in a position-dependent manner and that cryptic 3' splice sites within the intron are masked by the presence of a functional downstream 3' splice site. Disruption of the AU-rich elements upstream from the normal 3' splice site indicates that multiple AU elements between -66 and -6 cooperatively define the 3' boundary of the intron. These results are consistent with a model for plant intron recognition in which AU-rich elements spread throughout the length of the intron roughly define the intron boundaries by generating strong AU transition points. Functional 3' splice sites located downstream from these AU-rich sequences are preferentially selected over sites embedded within them.
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Goossen, B., and M. W. Hentze. "Position is the critical determinant for function of iron-responsive elements as translational regulators." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 5 (May 1992): 1959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.5.1959.
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At least two groups of eukaryotic mRNAs (ferritin and erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase) are translationally regulated via iron-responsive elements (IREs) located in a conserved position within the 5' untranslated regions of their mRNAs. We establish that the spacing between the 5' terminus of an mRNA and the IRE determines the potential of the IRE to mediate iron-dependent translational repression. The length of the RNA spacer rather than its nucleotide sequence or predicted secondary structure is shown to be the primary determinant of IRE function. When the position of the IRE is preserved, sequences flanking the IRE in natural ferritin mRNA can be replaced by altered flanking sequences without affecting the regulatory function of the IRE in vivo. These results define position as a critical cis requirement for IRE function in vivo and imply the potential to utilize transcription start site selection to modulate the function of this translational regulator.
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Goossen, B., and M. W. Hentze. "Position is the critical determinant for function of iron-responsive elements as translational regulators." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 5 (May 1992): 1959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.5.1959-1966.1992.
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At least two groups of eukaryotic mRNAs (ferritin and erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase) are translationally regulated via iron-responsive elements (IREs) located in a conserved position within the 5' untranslated regions of their mRNAs. We establish that the spacing between the 5' terminus of an mRNA and the IRE determines the potential of the IRE to mediate iron-dependent translational repression. The length of the RNA spacer rather than its nucleotide sequence or predicted secondary structure is shown to be the primary determinant of IRE function. When the position of the IRE is preserved, sequences flanking the IRE in natural ferritin mRNA can be replaced by altered flanking sequences without affecting the regulatory function of the IRE in vivo. These results define position as a critical cis requirement for IRE function in vivo and imply the potential to utilize transcription start site selection to modulate the function of this translational regulator.
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Kelly, Nathan J., and Casey D. Morrow. "Structural Elements of the tRNA TΨC Loop Critical for Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Are Important for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primer Selection." Journal of Virology 79, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 6532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.10.6532-6539.2005.
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ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) selects a host cell tRNA as the primer for the initiation of reverse transcription. In a previous study, transport of the intact tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during tRNA biogenesis was shown to be a requirement for the selection of the tRNA primer by HIV-1. To further examine the importance of tRNA structure for transport and the selection of the primer, yeast tRNAPhe mutants were designed such that the native tRNA structure would be disrupted to various extents. The capacity of the mutant tRNAPhe to complement a defective HIV-1 provirus that relies on the expression of yeast tRNAPhe for infectivity was determined. We found a direct relationship between intact tRNA conformation and the capacity to be selected by HIV-1 for use in reverse transcription. tRNAPhe mutants that retained the capacity for nucleocytoplasmic transport, indicative of overall intact conformation, complemented the defective provirus. The mutant tRNAs were not aminoacylated, and the levels of complementation were lower than that for wild-type tRNAPhe, which did undergo transport and aminoacylation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HIV-1 primer selection is most dependent on a tRNA structure necessary for nucleocytoplasmic transport, consistent with primer selection occurring in the cytoplasm at or near the site of protein synthesis.
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Kim, Dae-Suk, and Karthikeyan Dhandapani. "Solder Joint Reliability Modeling of WLP and FOWLP with Crack Path Evaluation Method under Thermal Cycling." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 000001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000001.
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Abstract An updated solder joint reliability (SJR) modeling methodology under thermal cycling (TC) is proposed and implemented for the diagonal solder crack path case as well as the SJR correlation of wafer-level package (WLP) and fan-out wafer-level package (FOWLP) data, which have the conventional solder failure mode around the under-bump metallization (UBM). First, two critical element layers near by the UBM layer and the printed circuit board (PCB) Cu pad are defined as the percentage of the total solder height in order to differentiate the critical element size around the UBM and the PCB Cu pad. Secondly, a crack path evaluation (CPE) method is developed for the gradual selection of the elements from the highest creep strain energy density (SED) value up to the predefined volume. The conventional solder crack path at the package interface or the diagonal solder crack path can be analyzed depending on the package technology because the critical solder elements are selected depending on the SED level and the failure path. The proposed SJR modeling method successfully demonstrates the diagonal solder crack path selection and further improves the SJR correlation of WLP and FOWLP.
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Jain, Divij, and D. K. Banwet. "Modelling critical elements of selection for strategic alliance partner for network managed services using interpretive structural modelling (ISM)." Journal of Modelling in Management 8, no. 3 (October 28, 2013): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-04-2011-0024.
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Faiz, Pan Mohamad. "A Critical Analysis of Judicial Appointment Process and Tenure of Constitutional Justice in Indonesia." Hasanuddin Law Review 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v1i2.301.
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The judicial appointment process is one of essential elements for maintaining judicial independence and public confidence of a court. This article analyses the practices of judicial appointment process exercised by three different main state institutions in selecting constitutional justice in Indonesia where the mechanism and process for selecting them have been implemented differently. It also examines the tenure of constitutional justice, which is a five-year term and can be renewed for one term only, that may lead to another problem concerning the reselection process of incumbent constitutional justices for their second term. The article concludes that the judicial appointment process and tenure of constitutional justice in Indonesia have to be improved. It suggests that if the proposing state institutions could not meet the principles of transparency, participation, objective and accountable required by the Constitutional Court Law, the judicial appointment process should be conducted by creating an independent Selection Committee or establishing a cooperation with the Judicial Commission. Additionally, the tenure of constitutional justices should also be revised for a unrenewable term with a longer period of nine or twelve years.
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Faiz, Pan Mohamad. "A Critical Analysis of Judicial Appointment Process and Tenure of Constitutional Justice in Indonesia." Hasanuddin Law Review 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v1n2.301.
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The judicial appointment process is one of essential elements for maintaining judicial independence and public confidence of a court. This article analyses the practices of judicial appointment process exercised by three different main state institutions in selecting constitutional justice in Indonesia where the mechanism and process for selecting them have been implemented differently. It also examines the tenure of constitutional justice, which is a five-year term and can be renewed for one term only, that may lead to another problem concerning the reselection process of incumbent constitutional justices for their second term. The article concludes that the judicial appointment process and tenure of constitutional justice in Indonesia have to be improved. It suggests that if the proposing state institutions could not meet the principles of transparency, participation, objective and accountable required by the Constitutional Court Law, the judicial appointment process should be conducted by creating an independent Selection Committee or establishing a cooperation with the Judicial Commission. Additionally, the tenure of constitutional justices should also be revised for a unrenewable term with a longer period of nine or twelve years.
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Brady, Troy L., Peter G. Fuerst, Robert A. Dick, Clarice Schmidt, and Daniel F. Voytas. "Retrotransposon Target Site Selection by Imitation of a Cellular Protein." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 4 (December 17, 2007): 1230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01502-07.
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ABSTRACT Mobile elements rely on cellular processes to replicate, and therefore, mobile element proteins frequently interact with a variety of cellular factors. The integrase (IN) encoded by the retrotransposon Ty5 interacts with the heterochromatin protein Sir4, and this interaction determines Ty5's preference to integrate into heterochromatin. We explored the hypothesis that Ty5's targeting mechanism arose by mimicking an interaction between Sir4 and another cellular protein(s). Mutational analyses defined the requirements for the IN-Sir4 interaction, providing criteria to screen for cellular analogues. Esc1, a protein associated with the inner nuclear membrane, interacted with the same domain of Sir4 as IN, and 75% of mutations that disrupted IN-Sir4 interactions also abrogated Esc1-Sir4 interactions. A small motif critical for recognizing Sir4 was identified in Esc1. The functional equivalency of this motif and the Sir4-interacting domain of IN was demonstrated by swapping these motifs and showing that the chimeric IN and Esc1 proteins effectively target integration and partition DNA, respectively. We conclude that Ty5 targets integration by imitating the Esc1-Sir4 interaction and suggest molecular mimicry as a general mechanism that enables mobile elements to interface with cellular processes.
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Zhou, Hua Wen. "System Precision of Thermal Insulating Door in Environmental Laboratory." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.782.
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Thermal insulating door is a critical component of environmental laboratory. By analyzing the structure, manufacturing and installing precision of thermal insulating door, the installation error of guide, and the selection of elements applied in electric control system of thermal insulating door etc, the research proposed the method of ensuring the system precision of thermal insulating door.
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Beresneva, Natalia, and Natalia Pyatkova. "Features of the FEC functioning modeling for solving the selecting critical facilities problem." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601004.
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The paper presents the system of models for the fuel and energy complex functioning used to determine the critically important facilities, built on the basis of the fuel and energy complex territorial production model of the . A formalized representation of the model is given, a three-stage scheme for working with it is described. For the selection of the fuel and energy complex critically important facilities , the most important and accompanying model indicators are highlighted, an integral indicator of the industry elements criticality is proposed. The results of testing the developed models are presented (illustrative example).
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Alderson, Marie, Xavier Parent-Rocheleau, and Brian Mishara. "Critical Review on Suicide Among Nurses." Crisis 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000305.
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Background: Research shows that there is a high prevalence of suicide among nurses. Despite this, it has been 15 years since the last literature review on the subject was published. Aim: The aim of this article is to review the knowledge currently available on the risk of suicide among nurses and on contributory risk factors. Method: A search was conducted in electronic databases using keywords related to prevalence and risk factors of suicide among nurses. The abstracts were analyzed by reviewers according to selection criteria. Selected articles were submitted to a full-text review and their key elements were summarized. Results: Only nine articles were eligible for inclusion in this review. The results of this literature review highlight both the troubling high prevalence of suicide among nurses as well as the persistent lack of studies that examine this issue. Conclusion: Considering that the effects of several factors related to nurses' work and work settings are associated with high stress, distress, or psychiatric problems, we highlight the relevance of investigating work-related factors associated with nurses' risk of suicide. Several avenues for future studies are discussed as well as possible research methods.
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Alghamdi, Ahmad, Martin Leary, Ma Qian, Wei Xu, and Milan Brandt. "Critical Buckling Load for Lattice Column Elements with Variable Dimensions." KnE Engineering 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v2i2.599.
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<p>Lattice structures are used in a variety of high-value engineering applications; for example, in automobile, aerospace and biomedical applications, due to their light weight, high specific strength, stiffness, heat transfer control and energy absorption. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM), offer radical net-shape manufacturing solutions for metallic structures directly from digital data. The prediction of AM lattice structure mechanical properties prior to manufacture is both cost and time-consuming; particularly as existing models do not readily accommodate the effects of manufacturing defects and lattice node geometry on column buckling. The critical buckling load of columns was algebraically and numerically simulated for a full Design of Experiments (DOE) of independent variables, including column length, column radius, node radius and material type. This simulation data quantifies the effect of independent variables on critical buckling load and demonstrates the limitations of algebraically prediction. This research can be extended to allow the simulation of the load carrying capacity of entire lattice structures; and to accommodate the effect of manufacturing variation on the associated load carrying capacity of AM lattice structures.</p>
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Al Qur’an, Marwan. "Success factors influencing the selection of the location of international firms." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 30, no. 5 (April 2, 2020): 665–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-05-2018-0030.
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Purpose This study aims to explore critical success factors contributing to the selection of beneficial foreign markets by Arabian international firms. Design/methodology/approach Multiple case study method was adopted in the study, and thus, two rich-information comparative case studies were purposefully selected from Arabian large firms. Additionally, seven international market selection (IMS) decisions were examined through relying on personal interviews and archival data, and field notes as secondary data resources. Two main stages of analysis were undertaken, i.e. within and cross-case analyses. Findings The results showed four critical factors contributing to the selection of beneficial international markets by Arabian firms, i.e. international business experience of the selected management team, the market knowledge about the potential international markets, in-house and external consultations with international business experts and identification of a trustworthy and internationally experienced manager for the international operation. Practical implications The results have important implications to business managers by improving their foreign market selection behavior. Further, the research’s findings can assist less-experienced firms, willing to internationalize their businesses, in enhancing their decision-making process to arrive at beneficial country for their international operations. Originally/value The research findings provide significant theoretical contribution to literature review on the internationalization process of firms through addressing critical success factors in IMS decision process. Further, it provides significant methodological contributions in relation to the effectiveness of the case study approach in capturing elements of the IMS process.
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Dołęgowska, Sabina, and Zdzisław M. Migaszewski. "Plant sampling uncertainty: a critical review based on moss studies." Environmental Reviews 23, no. 2 (June 2015): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2014-0052.
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Estimates of the distribution, migration, and accumulation of trace elements using mosses as bioindicators have successfully been used in biomonitoring studies since at least the 1970s. Chemical analysis of moss samples is also an important tool for assessing concentrations of elements in analyzed material at a given time. To achieve satisfactory accuracy in environmental studies, the best sampling approach must be used. Methods for the estimation of uncertainty derived from analytical procedures are well recognized, but the errors generated as a result of sampling are very often overlooked. Sampling uncertainty can be managed by a judicious selection of the sampling method, the amount of samples collected, and by following appropriate type of sampling protocols. The sampling protocol generally contains information about location of sampling sites, time of sampling (e.g., season), the species collected, type of sample (single, sub-sample), and monitored parameters (e.g., climate, analyzed substances). Information about seasonal variability; topographic, climatic, edaphic, and hydrologic conditions (type and amount of precipitation, rosewind); age; and part of plant that was collected is often ignored. There is no precise information on how these factors affect the sampling step and overall uncertainty over what procedures must be followed to reduce errors derived from plant sampling. This information is necessary when long-range and comparative studies are conducted. In this paper, we review how individual factors, such as (i) type of sampling strategy, (ii) representative sampling, (iii) seasonal variability, and (iv) which part of the plant is collected, may influence the concentration of trace elements in moss tissues and the level of uncertainty associated with sampling. In addition, we also discuss plant sample preparation techniques and how this may cause an uncontrolled element loss.
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Feldmann, Jörg, Pascal Salaün, and Enzo Lombi. "Critical review perspective: elemental speciation analysis methods in environmental chemistry - moving towards methodological integration." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 4 (2009): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en09018.
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Environmental context. Elemental speciation defines mobility, accumulation behaviour and toxicity of elements in the environment. Environmental processes are then modelled using species information. Hence, it is important for environmental chemists to rely on unequivocal, precise and accurate analytical data for the identification and quantification of elemental species. Abstract. We review the application of speciation analysis used in environmental chemistry studies to gain information about the molecular diversity of elements in various environmental compartments. The review focuses on three major analytical methodologies: electrochemical, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and methods that couple chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. In particular, the review aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods, and to demonstrate that both the chemistry of the element and the nature of the environmental compartment determine the choice of the preferred analytical technique. We demonstrate that these two factors can lead to technique-dependent shortcomings that contribute to the current gaps in knowledge of elemental speciation in the environment. In order to fill those gaps, multi-method approaches are urgently needed. Finally, we present a selection of recent studies that exhibit the potential to use complementary techniques to overcome method-dependent limitations in order to reduce ambiguities and to gain more confidence in the assignment of the molecular structure of elements in environmental samples.
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Leitner, Bohus, David Rehak, and Robertas Kersys. "The New Procedure for Identification of Infrastructure Elements Significance in Sub-Sector Railway Transport." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2018.2.41-48.
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The paper focuses on the problem of importance/significance elements evaluation in the railway transport infrastructure sub-systems. It contains main features of the proposed theoretical approach to the significance assessment of the key typological elements of railways infrastructure. The research also attempted to design an effective methodology, which allows assessing the significance of infrastructure objects. The purpose of the multi-criteria assessment of selected sections and typological objects is to select the most significant/important ones from the point of view of maintaining the railway operability. The selection is conducted using the assessment of a section or an object, following the pre-defined criteria. The developed methodology should help to set a group of potential elements of critical infrastructure in the railway sub-sector.
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Vicente, Eloy, Alfonso Mateos, and Antonio Jiménez-Martín. "Fuzzified risk management: Selection of safeguards to minimize the maximum risk." Computer Science and Information Systems 12, no. 2 (2015): 567–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis140925017v.
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Threats can trigger incidents in information systems (IS) causing damage or intangible material loss to assets. A good selection of safeguards is critical for reducing risks caused by threats. This paper deals with the selection of failure transmission, preventive and palliative safeguards that minimize the maximum risk of an IS for a specified budget. We assume that all the elements in the IS are valuated using a linguistic scale, which is capable of accounting for imprecision and/or vagueness concerning the inputs. Trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are associated with these linguistic terms, and risk analysis and management is consequently based on trapezoidal fuzzy number arithmetic. We model and solve the respective fuzzy optimization problem by means of the simulated annealing metaheuristic and give an example to illustrate the safeguard selection process.
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Kizerwetter-Świda, Magdalena, and Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak. "Staphylococci isolated from animals as a source of genes that confer multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents of critical importance to public health." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 10 (2017): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5789.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health issue. Multidrug resistance (MDR) genes that confer resistance to antimicrobials from different classes are of particular importance in the spread of AMR. Moreover, some of these MDR genes are involved in resistance to critically important antimicrobial agents used in human and veterinary medicine. Staphylococci isolated from animals and humans harbor a wide range of resistance genes, including MDR genes. Location of MDR genes on mobile genetic elements facilitate the exchange of these genes between staphylococci of animal and human origin. The emergence of resistant Staphylococcus spp. is probably linked to therapeutic or prophylactic antimicrobial use through not only direct selection of the corresponding resistance, but also indirect selections via cross-resistance and co-resistance. Judicious use of antibiotics and the knowledge of the genetics of MRD genes and other resistance genes is indispensable to counteract further dissemination of staphylococcal MDR genes.
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Macedo, Ídila Letícia Justiniana de, Cristina Mara Zamarioli, and Emilia Campos de Carvalho. "Critical incidents involving Semiology during practical activities of nursing undergraduates." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, suppl 4 (2018): 1572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0364.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify critical incidents (situations, behaviors and feelings) during practical activities, involving knowledge and skills related to the discipline of Semiology and Semiotics. Method: Descriptive research using the critical incident technique, with the Snow Ball technique for the selection of participants and an instrument for collection of data. The reports were categorized according to the elements of the critical incident (situations, behaviors and feelings). Results: A total of 62 reports from senior (n = 46), sophomore and junior (n = 16) students were analyzed. The students were predominantly female (90.3%). The majority described a situation of a physical examination, expressed mastery of the skills necessary for the activity and reported positive feelings. Conclusion: The reports showed that the knowledge and skills acquired in the discipline allowed for a development of practical activities with familiarity and positive feelings. The importance that the students attribute to the recognition of the activities by the professor, the patient and family stands out.
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Young, Tessa R., and Zhiguang Xiao. "Principles and practice of determining metal–protein affinities." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 5 (March 10, 2021): 1085–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200838.
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Metal ions play many critical roles in biology, as structural and catalytic cofactors, and as cell regulatory and signalling elements. The metal–protein affinity, expressed conveniently by the metal dissociation constant, KD, describes the thermodynamic strength of a metal–protein interaction and is a key parameter that can be used, for example, to understand how proteins may acquire metals in a cell and to identify dynamic elements (e.g. cofactor binding, changing metal availabilities) which regulate protein metalation in vivo. Here, we outline the fundamental principles and practical considerations that are key to the reliable quantification of metal–protein affinities. We review a selection of spectroscopic probes which can be used to determine protein affinities for essential biological transition metals (including Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(I), Cu(II) and Zn(II)) and, using selected examples, demonstrate how rational probe selection combined with prudent experimental design can be applied to determine accurate KD values.
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Lee, Ying-Haur, Hsin-Ta Wu, and Shao-Tang Yen. "Parameter studies and verifications on three-dimensional finite element analysis of rigid pavements." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 782–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-047.
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The main objective of this study was to conduct in-depth parameter studies and verifications on three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FEM) analysis of rigid pavements. A systematic analytical approach was utilized and implemented in a Visual Basic software package to study the effects of mesh fineness and element selection. The deflection and stress convergence characteristics of various 3-D shell and solid elements were investigated. Several guidelines in mesh fineness and element selection were developed and recommended. Using the principles of dimensional analysis, an additional dimensionless variable (h/a, where h is the thickness of the slab and a is the radius of the applied load) was identified and verified to have a substantial influence on ABAQUS runs using either 3-D shell elements or 3-D solid elements. Separate 3-D FEM stress and deflection databases were developed using all dimensionless variables. An example critical stress predictive model was developed. Together with the existing two-dimensional FEM research findings, a tentative stress prediction equation was proposed to illustrate its possible applications.Key words: rigid pavement, finite element model, stress, deflection, design, evaluation.
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Forzato, Cristina, Veronica Vida, and Federico Berti. "Biosensors and Sensing Systems for Rapid Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Plants: A Comprehensive Review." Biosensors 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10090105.
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Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites frequently found in plants that exhibit many different effects on human health. Because of the relevant bioactivity, their identification and quantification in agro-food matrices as well as in biological samples are a fundamental issue in the field of quality control of food and food supplements, and clinical analysis. In this review, a critical selection of sensors and biosensors for rapid and selective detection of phenolic compounds is discussed. Sensors based on electrochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, fluorescence, and colorimetry are discussed including devices with or without specific recognition elements, such as biomolecules, enzymes and molecularly imprinted materials. Systems that have been tested on real matrices are prevalently considered but also techniques that show potential development in the field.
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Scaramella, Evelyn. "Imagining Andalusia: Race, Translation, and the Early Critical Reception of Federico García Lorca in the U.S." Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/rceh.v41i2.2159.
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A través del estudio de las primeras traducciones de la obra de Federico García Lorca al inglés, este artículo analiza la imagen de Andalucía, con su herencia africana y árabe, en los Estados Unidos. Al examinar una selección de reseñas que aparecieron en las revistas literarias americanas entre 1929 y 1936, demuestro que los elementos andaluces de la obra de Lorca llevaron en ocasiones a que el público estadounidense creara estereotipos de la cultura española como racialmente diferente, lo cual afectó la recepción crítica de la obra temprana de Lorca en inglés. Palabras clave: García Lorca, raza, traducción, Andalucía, recepción crítica This article examines the perception of Andalusia, with its African and Arabic past, in the United States by using a case study that analyzes the early English translations of Federico García Lorca’s work. Through a selection of reviews appearing in American literary magazines between 1929 and 1936, I show that the Andalusian elements of Lorca’s poems and plays at times caused the American public to stereotype Spanish culture as racially different, thus affecting the critical success of his early work in English translation. Keywords: García Lorca, race, translation, Andalusia, critical reception
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SILVA, M. G., V. GOMES, and M. R. M. SAADE. "Selection of low impact concrete mixtures based on life-cycle assessment mixtures." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 11, no. 6 (December 2018): 1354–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952018000600010.
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Abstract Over the past decades, extensive research has been carried out to reduce the environmental impacts associated with the cement and concrete production. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) enables the quantification of the environmental loads and offers a useful perspective to scientifically support such studies. In this paper, we demonstrate LCA’s contribution to the selection of low environmental impact concretes, using breakwater coreloc components as a case study. A detailed experimental study was designed for the selection of an alkali activator for blast furnace slag (bfs) to produce concrete suitable for breakwater structures; for the evaluation of concrete properties and for the performance assessment of full scale elements in the field, as well as in the laboratory. Sodium silicate-activated bfs concrete mixtures achieved the best results in terms of performance requirements. Our cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessments showed that, though this chemical activator indeed produces lower global warming potential mixtures than the reference portland CP V-ARI concrete, it induces relevant impacts in several environmental categories. Such information is critical when selecting and optimizing low-impact concrete mixture design, and would not be detected in typical experimental studies that are exclusively guided by compliance with performance requirements.
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Lee, Yuh Chwen G., and Charles H. Langley. "Transposable elements in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1544 (April 27, 2010): 1219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0318.
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Transposable elements (TEs) are families of small DNA sequences found in the genomes of virtually all organisms. The sequences typically encode essential components for the replicative transposition sequences of that TE family. Thus, TEs are simply genomic parasites that inflict detrimental mutations on the fitness of their hosts. Several models have been proposed for the containment of TE copy number in outbreeding host populations such as Drosophila . Surveys of the TEs in genomes from natural populations of Drosophila have played a central role in the investigation of TE dynamics. The early surveys indicated that a typical TE insertion is rare in a population, which has been interpreted as evidence that each TE is selected against. The proposed mechanisms of this natural selection are reviewed here. Subsequent and more targeted surveys identify heterogeneity among types of TEs and also highlight the large role of homologous and possibly ectopic crossing over in the dynamics of the Drosophila TEs. The recent discovery of germline-specific RNA interference via the piwi-interacting RNA pathway opens yet another interesting mechanism that may be critical in containing the copy number of TEs in natural populations of Drosophila . The expected flood of Drosophila population genomics is expected to rapidly advance understanding of the dynamics of TEs.
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Charhouni, Naima, Mohammed Sallaou, and Khalifa Mansouri. "Design Analysis of Critical Concepts Influence Wind Farm Production and Efficiency." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 40 (December 2018): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.40.136.
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Wind farm deficiency caused by wake turbine interactions has received an important attention by scientific researchers in recent years. However the quality of power production is strongly depends on wind turbines location from others. In this regard, this paper proposes a comprehensive design analysis of crucial concepts that aid to plan for an efficient wind farm design. Indeed, the wake modeling problem is addressed in this analysis by comparing three models with available measured data gotten from literature. A configuration of wind turbines placement within the offshore wind farm as a function of separation distance is investigated in this study considering four wind farms layout. In addition to these elements, four rotor diameters size are evaluated as critical concept for wind turbine selection and production .The results obtained demonstrate that it is complicated to make a balance between three conflicted objectives related to the power production, efficiency and surface land area required for wind farm as a function of these crucial concepts.
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Awang Shuib, Awang Rozaimie, Senian Malie, and Lsma Izza Mohd Esa. "Critical success factors of expatriation by Malaysian international corporations." Social and Management Research Journal 5, no. 1 (June 2, 2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/smrj.v5i1.5153.
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Globalization is fuelling competition f or international expansion. As firms move from creating new products and services to marketing, this effort requires increased expatriation to achieve global business goals. This study identifies critical success factors (CSF) relating to expatriation by Malaysian corporations operating internationally and identifies a number of strategies that can be adopted by these corporations to enhance their viability overseas. In addition, this study reviews current issues related to expatriation and identifies and ranks factors that contribute to the success or failure of expatriation by Malays ian corporations. Self-a dministered questionnaires were developed to collect the primary data, yielding a response rate of 35. 2 percent. The results indicate that most Malaysian manufactur ers are involved in expatriation activities. The ability to work in international teams was identified and ranked as the most important factor in determining the effectiveness of expatriation. Language proficiency ranked next in importance. In addition, adaptability to the international assignment and expatriate sensitivity to cultural elements were considered important to the success or failure of an international assignment. Results support previous research with regard to the importance ofan effective expatriation selection process in order for a companys international expansion strategy to succeed.
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Stephenson, R. W., and K. E. Rouch. "Modeling Rotating Shafts Using Axisymmetric Solid Finite Elements with Matrix Reduction." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 115, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930376.
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An axisymmetric harmonic finite element representation is used to calculate shaft lateral critical speeds and perform stability analysis. Unlike a beam element model, an axisymmetric solid element representation allows the actual rotor geometry to be modeled. A Fourier series representation allows the three-dimensional shaft geometry to be modeled in two dimensions by only considering the radial and axial coordinates. Thus, the degrees of freedom of this element type are different from the usual two translations and two rotations at each node associated with bending of a three-dimensional beam element. A required gyroscopic matrix is also presented for completeness in analysis of rotating shafts. A matrix reduction technique is used to reduce the size of the shaft mass, gyroscopic, and stiffness matrices by condensing out slave degrees of freedom in terms of the retained master degrees of freedom. The formulation is applied to various examples for verification and to investigate the effect of selection of different master degrees of freedom for this element type on the results.
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Vinayagamoorthy, R., and T. Rajmohan. "Machining and its challenges on bio-fibre reinforced plastics: A critical review." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 16 (May 23, 2018): 1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418778356.
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Bio-degradability and sustainability have become major objectives in the field of materials engineering. Due to this, the utilisation of natural reinforcement is gaining immense attention among composite researchers. Among the different composites, polymeric composites are used as structural components. In the present day investigations, bio-elements are majorly utilized as reinforcements due to their properties and bio-degradability. Although polymeric components are manufactured in the shape of the final component, they need secondary processing to make it suitable for assembly. Hence, a review on machining and associated investigations on bio-composites would help the composites industries and upcoming researcher to know the scope of research and for selection of apt machining conditions. This review gives a detailed insight on the various machinability factors and their measurement, influence of machining parameters on the machinability and optimum conditions during machining of bio-composites. In addition, this review also presents about the importance of bio-fibre under various situations of machining and untraditional machining methods used for bio-composites.
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Yap, Jeremy Yee Li, Chiung Chiung Ho, and Choo-Yee Ting. "A systematic review of the applications of multi-criteria decision-making methods in site selection problems." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 9, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 548–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-05-2018-0078.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to perform a systematic review on the application of different multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods in solving the site selection problem across multiple problem domains. The domains are energy generation, logistics, public services and retail facilities. This study aims to answer the following research questions: Which evaluating criteria were used for each site selection problem domain? Which MCDM methods were frequently applied in a particular site selection problem domain? Design/methodology/approach The goals of the systematic review were to identify the evaluating criteria as well as the MCDM method used for each problem domain. A total of 81 recent papers (2014–2018) including 32 papers published in conference proceedings and 49 journal articles from various databases including IEEE Xplore, PubMed, Springer, Taylor and Francis as well as ScienceDirect were evaluated. Findings This study has shown that site selection for energy generation facilities is the most active site selection problem domain, and that the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is the most commonly used MCDM method for site selection. For energy generation, the criteria which were most used were geographical elements, land use, cost and environmental impact. For logistics, frequently used criteria were geographical elements and distance, while for public services population density, supply and demand, geographical layout and cost were the criteria most used. Criteria useful for retail facilities were the size (space) of the store, demographics of the site, the site characteristics and rental of the site (cost). Research limitations/implications This study is limited to reviewing papers which were published in the years 2014–2018 only, and only covers the domains of energy generation, logistics, public services and retail facilities. Practical implications MCDM is a viable tool to be used for solving the site selection problem across the domains of energy generation, logistics, public services and retail facilities. The usage of MCDM continues to be relevant as a complement to machine learning, even as data originating from embedded IoT devices in built environments becomes increasingly Big Data like. Originality/value Previous systematic review studies for MDCM and built environments have either focused on studying the MCDM techniques itself, or have focused on the application of MCDM for site selection in a single problem domain. In this study, a critical review of MCDM techniques used for site selection as well as the critical criteria used during the MCDM process of site selection was performed on four different built environment domains.
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McGuire, Kevin T., and Gregory A. Caldeira. "Lawyers, Organized Interests, and the Law of Obscenity: Agenda Setting in the Supreme Court." American Political Science Review 87, no. 3 (September 1993): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938746.
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Each year thousands of cases and litigants come to the Supreme Court. How can the Court find the most important cases to decide? The law of obscenity illustrates particularly well the Court's problem as it constructs its plenary agenda. Using data drawn from petitions for certiorari and jurisdictional statements filed with the Supreme Court from 1955 to 1987, we formulate and test a model of case selection in which professional obscenity lawyers and organized interests figure as critical elements in the process of agenda building. We also encounter strong evidence of the Court's differential treatment of several different litigants. Moreover, the calculus of selection changed markedly over time, as the Court itself changed; the Burger Court and Warren Court weighed several of the criteria quite differently.
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Pešlová, Františka, Adriána Pavúčková, Michaela Ďurovcová, Luba Hajdúchová, Mariana Janeková, Daniela Koštialiková, and Stanislav Krum. "The Surface Treatment Influence on the Occurrence of the Critical State Relating to the Needle as the Operating Tool." Materials Science Forum 818 (May 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.818.7.
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The research work deals with the evaluation of limit states of machine needles failure where significant operational wear was anticipated. It focuses on the description of limit states, their causes and subsequent brittle fracture as a result of degradation. The experiment dealt with an evaluation of prepared microstructures followed by the fractography observation. Due to the fact that chemical composition of the material was not originally determined distribution of the chemical elements by linear and area method was performed within the experimental part. The work confirmed incorrect selection of the base material that although coated was typical by rapid degradation and failure which resulted in economic losses.
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Gharehbaghi, Koorosh, and Maged Georgy. "Sustainable Construction by Means of Improved Material Selection Process." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i1.433.
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Whilst sustainable construction relates to both a building’s structure and the use of proper life cycle processes, the selection of the most appropriate material/s is deemed a considerable undertaking. Throughout a building’s lifecycle that extends from design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, until demolition, the selection of sustainable material/s is a particularly crucial task for the development and establishment of such structures. Traditionally, there are three main materials for general construction: (1) Steel, (2) Concrete and (3) Timber. These materials not only influence the function within the structure, but also affect the operation cost and energy usage. Operation cost reduction and energy savings are typically elements of the sustainable construction sphere. However, in developing countries, there is a variety of highly critical factors, which can impact material selection as well as the long-term sustainability of the structure, including: Fire Performance, Environmental Impact, Structural Performance (strength and durability), and Functioning Capabilities. Accordingly, this paper will first compare the sustainability of these three key materials and then converse with appropriate processes for material selection. Attention will be given to the sustainable construction recompense associated with the different material selection factors. Doing so ensures a more sustainable built environment by means of an improved material selection process.
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Venter, Christoffel J., Thomas E. Rickert, and David A. C. Maunder. "From Basic Rights to Full Access: Elements of Current Accessibility Practice in Developing Countries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1848, no. 1 (January 2003): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1848-11.
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Improving access to transport systems and mobility of people with disabilities is a necessary element of alleviating poverty in developing countries. A selected overview of the progress made toward achieving improved access is provided. It is based on an ongoing 3-year research program on access needs and approaches in a selection of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A generalized framework is suggested for describing the progress made across different countries. Many least developed countries are at the bottom of a continuum of activities in which issues of human rights and access to basic mobility are still paramount. Others, such as countries in Latin America, have made significant progress on access issues in major cities and are faced with challenges of expanding improvements to noncore areas and to less well-regulated modes. The framework is used to suggest some critical priorities for countries at various levels of development.
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Yu, Qin, and Casey D. Morrow. "Identification of Critical Elements in the tRNA Acceptor Stem and TΨC Loop Necessary for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity." Journal of Virology 75, no. 10 (May 15, 2001): 4902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.10.4902-4906.2001.
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ABSTRACT A mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with a primer binding site (PBS) complementary to yeast tRNAPhe(psHIV-Phe), which relies on exogenous yeast tRNAPhe as reverse transcription primer, was used to investigate elements in the tRNA acceptor stem and TΨC stem-loop required for the tRNA primer selection and use in HIV-1 replication. tRNAPhe mutants with two- or four-nucleotide deletions in the 3′ end retained the capacity to complement replication of psHIV-Phe. tRNAPhemutants with an extended 5′ end had reduced capacity for complementation, which could be restored by extension of the 3′ end of these tRNAPhe mutants with sequences complementary to the HIV-1 U5 region. Further analysis of mutations in the acceptor stem of tRNAPhe suggested that an intact acceptor stem RNA structure is important for complementation. Analysis of single-nucleotide changes in the TΨC stem-loop of tRNAPherevealed an unexpected, essential role of this region for rescue of psHIV-Phe.
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Zaidi, Faisal B. A., Salma Ahmed, and Munish Makkad. "ROLE OF EFFECTIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN REDUCING DRUG DEVELOPMENT COST." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16186.
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ABSTRACTPharmaceuticals are passing through the difficult phase due to increasing numbers of patents expiry along with increasing cost of drug development.Protocol design, regulatory cycle time, site selection, patient enrollment and monitoring are some of the cost contributing elements for late phaseclinical trials. This paper applies the principles of project management and suggests means to reduce the cost of late phase drug development. It alsothrows light on the critical role that a project manager can play in overall drug development process.Keywords: Cost of drug development, Effective project management, Reduction in cost of drug development.
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Hernández-Silva, Daniela. "Education for the rural development. A critical analysis of the implementation process of the Escuela Nueva program in Colombia." Revista Innova Educación 2, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 526–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35622/j.rie.2020.04.002.
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The article exposes the results of a critical analysis of the implementation process of the program Escuela Nueva in Colombia. It proposes a review at the policy borrowing process from an international perspective, as well as a description of the dynamics of implementation within the Colombian context. For such aim, an exhaustive analysis was performed by implementing a qualitative documentary review, using a typological sample selection of sources. The conclusions suggest the need to consider attendance and transition indicators as key elements for decision making regarding the continuity, diversification and improvement of the program, as well as the urgency of unifying the national goals in pursuit of a coordinated implementation of rural programs.
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Lei, Haixin, and Igor Vořechovský. "Identification of Splicing Silencers and Enhancers in Sense Alus: a Role for Pseudoacceptors in Splice Site Repression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 16 (August 15, 2005): 6912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.16.6912-6920.2005.
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ABSTRACT Auxiliary splicing signals in introns play an important role in splice site selection, but these elements are poorly understood. We show that a subset of serine/arginine (SR)-rich proteins activate a cryptic 3′ splice site in a sense Alu repeat located in intron 4 of the human LST1 gene. Utilization of this cryptic splice site is controlled by juxtaposed Alu-derived splicing silencers and enhancers between closely linked short tandem repeats TNFd and TNFe. Systematic mutagenesis of these elements showed that AG dinucleotides that were not preceded by purine residues were critical for repressing exon inclusion of a chimeric splicing reporter. Since the splice acceptor-like sequences are present in excess in exonic splicing silencers, these signals may contribute to inhibition of a large number of pseudosites in primate genomes.
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BEAZLEY, KAREN, and NATHAN CARDINAL. "A systematic approach for selecting focal species for conservation in the forests of Nova Scotia and Maine." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 2 (June 2004): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001249.
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Focal species are a critical component of conservation planning, along with representation of ecosystems, special elements and ecologically sustainable management. They warrant conservation attention because they are functionally important, wide-ranging or space-demanding, habitat-quality indicators, ‘flagship’, and/or vulnerable or special populations. A delphi survey matrix-based approach, involving regional experts in the selection of potential focal species, was applied in Nova Scotia, Canada and Maine, USA. Matrices with native species on one axis and selection characteristics on the other axis were used to summarize expert knowledge and judgment. Characteristics were related to biological traits and habitat requirements that make some species more vulnerable than others in human-modified landscapes. In Nova Scotia and Maine, 19 and 11 experts, respectively, completed the matrices, which were subsequently numerically assessed. Species with the highest scores were identified as potential focal species, including wolf, cougar, lynx, river otter, eastern pipistrelle, wood turtle, four-toed salamander, golden eagle and Atlantic salmon. Concerns remain around the lack of representation of some classes of species, subjectivity in selecting and weighting characteristics, and the relative nature of assessing species against the characteristics. Accordingly, potential focal species should be subject to verification through more rigorous and quantitative analysis and monitoring. Nonetheless, if applied with care, the matrix-based approach can provide a relatively systematic and effective way of engaging regional experts in focal species selection.
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Maček, Davor, Ivan Magdalenić, and Nina Begičević Ređep. "A Model for the Evaluation of Critical IT Systems Using Multicriteria Decision-Making with Elements for Risk Assessment." Mathematics 9, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9091045.
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One of the important objectives and concerns today is to find efficient means to manage the information security risks to which organizations are exposed. Due to a lack of necessary data and time and resource constraints, very often it is impossible to gather and process all of the required information about an IT system in order to properly assess it within an acceptable timeframe. That puts the organization into a state of increased security risk. One of the means to solve such complex problems is the use of multicriteria decision-making methods that have a strong mathematical foundation. This paper presents a hybrid multicriteria model for the evaluation of critical IT systems where the elements for risk analysis and assessment are used as evaluation criteria. The iterative steps of the design science research (DSR) methodology for development of a new multicriteria model for the objectives of evaluation, ranking, and selection of critical information systems are delineated. The main advantage of the new model is its use of generic criteria for risk assessment instead of redefining inherent criteria and calculating related weights for each individual IT system. That is why more efficient evaluation, ranking, and decision-making between several possible IT solutions can be expected. The proposed model was validated in a case study of online banking transaction systems and could be used as a generic model for the evaluation of critical IT systems.