Journal articles: 'Selectional principles'

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Gamallo, Pablo. "Compositional Distributional Semantics with Syntactic Dependencies and Selectional Preferences." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125743.

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This article describes a compositional model based on syntactic dependencies which has been designed to build contextualized word vectors, by following linguistic principles related to the concept of selectional preferences. The compositional strategy proposed in the current work has been evaluated on a syntactically controlled and multilingual dataset, and compared with Transformer BERT-like models, such as Sentence BERT, the state-of-the-art in sentence similarity. For this purpose, we created two new test datasets for Portuguese and Spanish on the basis of that defined for the English language, containing expressions with noun-verb-noun transitive constructions. The results we have obtained show that the linguistic-based compositional approach turns out to be competitive with Transformer models.

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Christiansen, Morten H., and Nick Chater. "Language as shaped by the brain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 5 (October 2008): 489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004998.

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AbstractIt is widely assumed that human learning and the structure of human languages are intimately related. This relationship is frequently suggested to derive from a language-specific biological endowment, which encodes universal, but communicatively arbitrary, principles of language structure (a Universal Grammar or UG). How might such a UG have evolved? We argue that UG could not have arisen either by biological adaptation or non-adaptationist genetic processes, resulting in alogical problem of language evolution. Specifically, as the processes of language change are much more rapid than processes of genetic change, language constitutes a “moving target” both over time and across different human populations, and, hence, cannot provide a stable environment to which language genes could have adapted. We conclude that a biologically determined UG is not evolutionarily viable. Instead, the original motivation for UG – the mesh between learners and languages – arises because language has been shaped to fit the human brain, rather than vice versa. Following Darwin, we view language itself as a complex and interdependent “organism,” which evolves under selectional pressures from human learning and processing mechanisms. That is, languages themselves are shaped by severe selectional pressure from each generation of language users and learners. This suggests that apparently arbitrary aspects of linguistic structure may result from general learning and processing biases deriving from the structure of thought processes, perceptuo-motor factors, cognitive limitations, and pragmatics.

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Takano, Yuji. "Why Japanese is different." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2003 3 (December 31, 2003): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.3.08tak.

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A new theory of parametric variation is developed to explain certain differences between English and Japanese. Under a syntactic approach to derivational morphology, a fundamental hypothesis is proposed which states that Japanese is a ‘nominal language’, where all verbs are derived from nouns, and thus differs from English, where verbs and their nominal counterparts are derived from common roots in a parallel way. More specifically, it is argued that whereas in English verbs are derived by verbalization of simple roots, in Japanese they are derived by verbalization of nominalized roots. It is proposed that a parameter couched in terms of selectional relations between syntactic heads is responsible for the difference. It is shown that this parametric difference, coupled with syntactic principles, makes it follow that all Japanese nouns are non-θ-markers, which in turn explains unexpected properties related to the distribution of arguments in Japanese nominals. It is also shown that the proposed approach provides a simple account of the properties exhibited by lexical and null arguments in Japanese clauses that would otherwise remain mysterious.

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Dr. K. Vijayalakshm, Dr K. Vijayalakshmi, R. Ragavendran R. Ragavendran, and P. Rajendran P. Rajendran. "Selection Principles and D-Spaces." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/123.

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Cheremisinova, Irina S. "Principles and criteria of learning speech material’s selection and organisation for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence among university’s students." Vestnik of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics 26, no. 4 (February 24, 2021): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-4-180-186.

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Principles and criteria of selection and organisation of learning speech material are shown and analysed for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence among students of a linguistic university. The research is based on intercultural and competency building approaches. Its main methods are a scientifical literature searching in regards to selection and organisation of learning speech material, analysis and synthesis methods of current principles and criteria. The author chooses three principles of selection and organisation of learning speech material for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence – the principle of the intercultural orientation, the functional principle and the principle of cognitive orientation. These principles are divided into universal and variable groups. Each principle is realised in some criteria, which detail it. An important issue in the article is a systematised list of principles and criteria of selection and organisation of learning speech material for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence.

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Repsilber, D., L. Fink, M. Jacobsen, O. Bläsing, and A. Ziegler. "Sample Selection for Microarray Gene Expression Studies." Methods of Information in Medicine 44, no. 03 (2005): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633994.

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Summary Objectives: The choice of biomedical samples for microarray gene expression studies is decisive for both validity and interpretability of results. We present a consistent, comprehensive framework to deal with the typical selection problems in microarray studies. Methods: Microarray studies are designed either as case-control studies or as comparisons of parallel groups from cohort studies, since high levels of random variation in the experimental approach thwart absolute measurements of gene expression levels. Validity and results of gene expression studies heavily rely on the appropriate choice of these study groups. Therefore, the so-called principles of comparability, which are well known from both clinical and epidemiological studies, need to be applied to microarray experiments. Results: The principles of comparability are the study-base principle, the principle of deconfounding and the principle of comparable accuracy in measurements. We explain each of these principles, show how they apply to microarray experiments, and illustrate them with examples. The examples are chosen as to represent typical stumbling blocks of microarray experimental design, and to exemplify the benefits of implementing the principles of comparability in the setting of micro-array experiments. Conclusions: Microarray studies are closely related to classical study designs and therefore have to obey the same principles of comparability as these. Their validity should not be compromised by selection, confounding or information bias. The so-called study-base principle, calling for comparability and thorough definition of the compared cell populations, is the key principle for the choice of biomedical samples and controls in microarray studies.

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Avena-Koenigsberger, Andrea, Joaquín Goñi, Ricard Solé, and Olaf Sporns. "Network morphospace." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 103 (February 2015): 20140881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0881.

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The structure of complex networks has attracted much attention in recent years. It has been noted that many real-world examples of networked systems share a set of common architectural features. This raises important questions about their origin, for example whether such network attributes reflect common design principles or constraints imposed by selectional forces that have shaped the evolution of network topology. Is it possible to place the many patterns and forms of complex networks into a common space that reveals their relations, and what are the main rules and driving forces that determine which positions in such a space are occupied by systems that have actually evolved? We suggest that these questions can be addressed by combining concepts from two currently relatively unconnected fields. One is theoretical morphology, which has conceptualized the relations between morphological traits defined by mathematical models of biological form. The second is network science, which provides numerous quantitative tools to measure and classify different patterns of local and global network architecture across disparate types of systems. Here, we explore a new theoretical concept that lies at the intersection between both fields, the ‘network morphospace’. Defined by axes that represent specific network traits, each point within such a space represents a location occupied by networks that share a set of common ‘morphological’ characteristics related to aspects of their connectivity. Mapping a network morphospace reveals the extent to which the space is filled by existing networks, thus allowing a distinction between actual and impossible designs and highlighting the generative potential of rules and constraints that pervade the evolution of complex systems.

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Barbiers, Sjef, Hans Bennis, and Lotte Dros-Hendriks. "Merging verb cluster variation." Romance Parsed Corpora 18, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 144–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00008.bar.

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Abstract In this paper we argue that verb clusters in Dutch varieties are merged and linearized in fully ascending (1-2-3) or fully descending (3-2-1) orders. We argue that verb clusters that deviate from these orders involve non-verbal material: adjectival participles, or nominal infinitives. As a result, our approach does not involve any unmotivated movements that are specific for verb clusters. Support for our analysis comes from (i) the interpretation of verb clusters; (ii) the fact that order variation depends on the types of verbs involved, which can be explained by selectional requirements of the verbs; and (iii) the geographic co-occurrence patterns of various orders. First, the 1-3-2 and 3-1-2 orders are argued to be ascending orders with a non-verbal 3. Indeed these orders occur in grammars that have ascending, rather than descending, verb clusters. Secondly, the 1-3-2 order is argued to be an interrupted V1-V2 cluster with a non-verbal 3. Indeed, this order is most common in the region where non-verbal material can interrupt the verb cluster. Our analysis of word order variation in verb clusters in terms of principles of grammar is further supported by an experiment in which we asked a large number of speakers distributed over the Dutch language area to rank all logically possible orders, including orders that are not common in their own variety of Dutch. The results demonstrate that speakers apply their syntactic knowledge to rank verb cluster orders that they do not use themselves. We argue that this knowledge cannot be due to familiarity with the various orders.

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Djurcic, Dragan, Malisa Zizovic, and Aleksandar Petojevic. "Note on selection principles of Kocinac." Filomat 26, no. 6 (2012): 1291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1206291d.

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This paper investigates ?di, i? {2,3,4}, selection principles (which are modification of known selection principles of Kocinac) on a double sequence of double sequences of real numbers which converge to a point a?R in Pringsheim?s sense. A stronger result than one given in [6] will be proved for the ?d2 selection principle. Also, two more propositions will be proved for the Sd1 and S?1 selection principles, which 11 are also improvements of results given in [6].

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Landau, Idan. "EPP Extensions." Linguistic Inquiry 38, no. 3 (July 2007): 485–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.485.

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The fact that the specifier of T0 is subject both to the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) and to the Empty Category Principle (ECP) has remained an unexplained accident within Government-Binding Theory. I propose a principled account of this correlation. The EPP is a selectional requirement of functional heads (e.g., T, Top, C) that applies at PF—an instance of p-selection for an overt element. Like all selectional requirements, it applies to the head of the selected phrase, explaining why null heads cannot appear in EPP positions (thus deriving certain representational ECP effects). A wide range of empirical results follow, all unified by the exclusion of null-headed phrases from EPP positions: subject-object asymmetries in the distribution of bare nouns in Romance and sentential complements; failure of certain adjuncts to occur in clause-initial position; resistance of indirect objects to Ā-movement; and phonological doubling of heads of fronted categories. I argue against the agreement/checking view of the EPP and show that only the selectional construal allows a natural explanation of its puzzling properties.

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Asri, Kholidun. "PROBLEMATIKA PEMILIHAN MATERI MUFRODAT MENURUT PERSPEKTIF RUSYDI AHMAD THU’AIMAH." El-Tsaqafah : Jurnal Jurusan PBA 19, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/tsaqafah.v19i2.2952.

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The aim of this study is therefore to identify the types of problemsof teachers in the selection of Arabic mufrodat in Grade VII students ofMadrasah Tsanawiyah Fadllillah. The method used in this research, usingresearch and development methods (R&D) refers to the Thiagarajan 4Dmodel, which focuses on the definition or definition phase, using the RusydiAhmad Thu’aimah mufrodat selection principle, which is divided into sevenmufrodat selection principles. This research was carried out at one of the mostcumbersome educational institutions in the Waru area , at MTs. Fadllillah Jl.Kyai Ali No 57 A Sidoarjo Waru Sidoarjo. The results of this study have ledto the discovery of many of the problems faced by teachers in determininggood, accurate and effective mufrodats to be taught to students. For example,the appropriateness of the principles for the selection of mufrodat accordingto the principle of frequency is the choice of mufrodat in accordance withthe application of everyday language, but there are also principles that arenot appropriate, such as the principle of availability of teachers who do notknow the ability of students to understand words.

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Asri, Kholidun. "PROBLEMATIKA PEMILIHAN MATERI MUFRODAT MENURUT PERSPEKTIF RUSYDI AHMAD THU’AIMAH." El-Tsaqafah : Jurnal Jurusan PBA 19, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/tsaqafah.v19i2.2952.

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The aim of this study is therefore to identify the types of problemsof teachers in the selection of Arabic mufrodat in Grade VII students ofMadrasah Tsanawiyah Fadllillah. The method used in this research, usingresearch and development methods (R&D) refers to the Thiagarajan 4Dmodel, which focuses on the definition or definition phase, using the RusydiAhmad Thu’aimah mufrodat selection principle, which is divided into sevenmufrodat selection principles. This research was carried out at one of the mostcumbersome educational institutions in the Waru area , at MTs. Fadllillah Jl.Kyai Ali No 57 A Sidoarjo Waru Sidoarjo. The results of this study have ledto the discovery of many of the problems faced by teachers in determininggood, accurate and effective mufrodats to be taught to students. For example,the appropriateness of the principles for the selection of mufrodat accordingto the principle of frequency is the choice of mufrodat in accordance withthe application of everyday language, but there are also principles that arenot appropriate, such as the principle of availability of teachers who do notknow the ability of students to understand words.

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13

Toro, M. A. "Future trends in Animal Breeding due to new genetic technologies." Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, no. 3 (January 6, 2011): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470010005431.

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The Darwin theory of evolution by natural selection is based on three principles: (a) variation; (b) inheritance; and (c) natural selection. Here, I take these principles as an excuse to review some topics related to the future research prospects in Animal Breeding. With respect to the first principle I describe two forms of variation different from mutation that are becoming increasingly important: variation in copy number and microRNAs. With respect to the second principle I comment on the possible relevance of non-mendelian inheritance, the so-called epigenetic effects, of which the genomic imprinting is the best characterized in domestic species. Regarding selection principle I emphasize the importance of selection for social traits and how this could contribute to both productivity and animal welfare. Finally, I analyse the impact of molecular biology in Animal Breeding, the achievements and limitations of quantitative trait locus and classical marker-assisted selection and the future of genomic selection.

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Frolova, Tat'yana P. "Selection of lexical units in order to form and expand the vocabulary for reading texts in the specialty." Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, no. 3 (2019): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2019-25-3-203-206.

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The article discusses the principles of selection of lexical units in teaching a foreign language in a technical higher education institution. The author analyses the matter described in the works of such scientists as Igor' Rakhmanov, Lev Shcherba, Natal'ya Gal'skova, Nadezhda Gez etc. Based on the analysis of the literature the author describes the basic principles of selection of lexical units. The principle of frequency, the thematic principle, the principles of semantic and word-formative value are chosen as efficient ones for the formation and expansion of vocabulary in the process of learning a foreign language in the first year at a technical higher education institution. According to the principles identified by the author the vocabulary was formed for first-year students of engineering specialties. On the basis of these principles a system of exercises for the formation and expansion of vocabulary for reading texts in the specialty will be developed in the future.

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Volovyk, S. V. "Principles of IP-Court Activity in Ukraine." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 89, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2020.2.11.

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The principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine have been studied. It has been emphasized that the urgent issues currently are to review the existing approaches to reforming the judicial system of Ukraine, based on the gained experience of establishing specialized courts, defining principles as guidelines for the functioning of IP-court in Ukraine as the Higher Specialized Judicial System of Ukraine. The concept of “principles” and their classification have been defined. The author has noted the importance of international principles of court activity in Ukraine. The regulatory base of courts activity has been characterized, where the principles of functioning of courts and judges in Ukraine have been defined. The author has singled out such an international legal document as the Basic Principles of Judicial Agencies’ Independence, which enshrines the following principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine: the principle of judicial agencies’ independence; the principle of freedom of speech and associations; the principle of qualification, selection and training; the principle of professional secrecy and immunity. The category of “principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine” has been offered to understand as a set of guiding (fundamental) ideas, grounds, principles of operation and functioning of IP-court in Ukraine that ensure the proper administration of justice, respect for rights and fundamental freedoms during the trial and ensuring the right to a fair trial. The principles of the IP-court activity in Ukraine are as follows: 1) general and legal: the rule of law principle; the principle of observance of human rights and fundamental human and civil freedoms; the principle of legality; the principle of openness and transparency of court proceedings; the principle of political or other impartiality; the principle of reasonable terms; 2) special principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine: the principle of independence of judicial agencies; the principle of freedom of speech and associations; principle of qualification; the principle of professional secrecy. It has been concluded that enshrining the principles of operation and functioning of the Supreme Court on Intellectual Property Issues in the Law of Ukraine “On the Supreme Court on Intellectual Property Issues” will increase the efficiency of the judicial system of Ukraine and significantly affect the authority and prestige of IP-court in Ukraine.

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Havrilova, Liudmyla H. "ПРИНЦИПИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ МУЗИКИ ЗАСОБАМИ МУЛЬТИМЕДІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ." Information Technologies and Learning Tools 46, no. 2 (April 8, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v46i2.1210.

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The article focuses on an urgent problem of contemporary artistic education and concerns implementation of multimedia computer aids of learning in the process of music teachers training. The author considers the principles of music teachers professional competence formation using multimedia technologies and defines them as follows: principle of informatization of learning; principle of visualization, supported with multimedia aids; principle of optimal selection of learning aids; principle of integration of traditional approaches to music education with innovative multimedia technologies; principle of purposeful interaction and creative cooperation between teacher and students; principle of promotion creative musical activities and personal self-expression. Adherence to these principles determines effective professional development of music teachers through the means of multimedia technologies.

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Kaila, Ville R. I., and Arto Annila. "Natural selection for least action." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2099 (July 22, 2008): 3055–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2008.0178.

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The second law of thermodynamics is a powerful imperative that has acquired several expressions during the past centuries. Connections between two of its most prominent forms, i.e. the evolutionary principle by natural selection and the principle of least action, are examined. Although no fundamentally new findings are provided, it is illuminating to see how the two principles rationalizing natural motions reconcile to one law. The second law, when written as a differential equation of motion, describes evolution along the steepest descents in energy and, when it is given in its integral form, the motion is pictured to take place along the shortest paths in energy. In general, evolution is a non-Euclidian energy density landscape in flattening motion.

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Hochachka, P. W. "The nature of evolution and adaptation: resolving the unity–diversity paradox." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-167.

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The concept of the unity of biochemical structures and functions creates the problem for biology of how to account for the pervasive species diversity and obvious adaptedness of living systems. A review of the current literature indicates that four principles, (i) the principle of conservation of critical sequences in both structural and regulatory loci, (ii) the principle of unique assembly of parts via unique (tissue-specific and temporal) activation of regulatory loci, (iii) the principle of genetic innovation via mechanisms internal or external to the genome, and (iv) the principle of biochemical adaptation via selection for favourable alleles of structural and regulatory genes or selection for advantageous genetic innovations, seem capable of resolving the paradox of the unity of biochemical systems despite patently vast species diversity and species adaptation. Evaluation of the current status of each of these principles suggests the especial need for more experimental studies of the role of regulatory loci in species diversification and adaptation.

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�� and M. Tatarinova. "Principles and Criteria of Content Selection of Emotional-Value Component of the Content of Foreign Language Education." Standards and Monitoring in Education 5, no. 2 (April 11, 2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25141.

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The article considers the system of general didactic, specifi c principles and criteria for the selection of the content of the emotional-value component (EVC) of the content of foreign language education. It is intended to facilitate the formation and development of students� motivational and value orientations, emotional-volitional relationship and personal universal educational actions (UEA). In the description of the principles of selection of the content of foreign language education we have identifi ed information that is associated with the accentuation of individual (emotional-value and volitional) aspects of students� perceiving diff erent linguistic culture and their experience in it. The system of principles and criteria for the selection of the content of EVC is the basis of the achievement of the objectives of modern foreign language education, ensuring the priority of its moral component. The backbone principle, performing the integrating and coordinating functions of the system, is the principle of conformity of the content of education (CE) to the requirements of the society, science, culture and personality development.

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MALIM, MUHAMMAD ROZI, and FARIDAH ABDUL HALIM. "IMMUNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 21, no. 06 (December 2012): 1250031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213012500315.

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Artificial immune system is inspired by the natural immune system for solving computational problems. The immunological principles that are primarily used in artificial immune systems are the clonal selection principle, the immune network theory, and the negative selection mechanism. These principles have been applied in anomaly detection, pattern recognition, computer and network security, dynamic environments and learning, robotics, data analysis, optimization, scheduling, and timetabling. This paper describes how these three immunological principles were adapted by previous researchers in their artificial immune system models and algorithms. Finally, the applications of various artificial immune systems to various domains are summarized as a time-line.

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Hild, Matthias, and Alex Voorhoeve. "EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND OPPORTUNITY DOMINANCE." Economics and Philosophy 20, no. 1 (April 2004): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267104001282.

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All conceptions of equal opportunity draw on some distinction between morally justified and unjustified inequalities. We discuss how this distinction varies across a range of philosophical positions. We find that these positions often advance equality of opportunity in tandem with distributive principles based on merit, desert, consequentialist criteria or individuals' responsibility for outcomes. The result of this amalgam of principles is a festering controversy that unnecessarily diminishes the widespread acceptability of opportunity concerns. We therefore propose to restore the conceptual separation of opportunity principles concerning unjustified inequalities from distributive principles concerning justifiable inequalities. On this view, equal opportunity implies that that morally irrelevant factors should engender no differences in individuals' attainment, while remaining silent on inequalities due to morally relevant factors. We examine this idea by introducing the principle of ‘opportunity dominance' and explore in a simple application to what extent this principle may help us arbitrate between opposing distributive principles. We also compare this principle to the selection rules developed by John Roemer and Dirk Van de Gaer.

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Astuti, Efi Tri. "Prinsip Manajemen Tenaga Kependidikan Perspektif Al-Qur’an." Jurnal Iqra' : Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan 4, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25217/ji.v4i1.465.

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As an effort to improve the quality of human resources, the development of human resources was important for the goverment to focus on improving the quality of education by provision learning processes with quality education personnel. This article aimed to discussed the principle management of educational staff of the Al-Qur'an perspective. This research was literature studies, namely by examining journals, books, research reports. The result showed that : (1) the Principle of Tawheed, covering the principle of unity of direction and unity of command; (2) Principles of justice and prosperity; (3) The principle of deliberation; (4) Principles of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity; (5) Disilpin principle, integrity and loyalty; (6) The principle of division of authority and responsibility; (7) Principle of Ukhuwah. An understanding of the management principle of the Al-Qur'an perspective in the management of Islamic education institutions will be able to contribute positively, including planning of education personnel, the process of recruitment, selection and placement, and the development of education personnel. Key words: Principle of Management, Educational Personnel, Al-Qur’an Perspektive

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Blythe, Mark. "The Means to Social Justice: Accounting for Functional Capabilities in the Rawlsian Approach." Canadian Journal of Political Science 41, no. 4 (December 2008): 1003–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423908081146.

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Abstract. In developing his theory “Justice as Fairness,” John Rawls imagined a hypothetical initial situation designed to yield principles of justice to regulate society's main institutions, or what he called the “basic structure.” The positing of citizens as fully capable in this hypothetical “original position” allowed Rawls to consider advantage in terms of the primary social goods (all-purpose means) a citizen held. Rawls reasoned that the representatives of free and equal citizens would design principles of justice that yield equal liberties and “a fair equality of opportunity,” while ensuring that permissible inequalities are those which “contribute effectively to the benefit of the least-advantaged” citizens (2001: 64). This essay considers two criticisms of the Rawlsian approach to distributive justice made by capability theorists (principally, Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum). Sen's criticism is that primary social goods will not be equally usable by citizens because of variances in functional capabilities. Extending Sen's criticism, Nussbaum argues that disadvantaged citizens are not represented in the selection of the principles of justice, and this is problematic for a theory that emphasizes a fair equality of opportunity, especially for society's least advantaged members. This paper argues that the Rawlsian approach can successfully respond to and accommodate these concerns. The main ideas are as follows: (1) The representatives in “the original position” are to represent the known range of citizen capability rather than the normal range. (2) Rawls's two principles of justice would still be chosen, but these would be preceded by a lexically prior principle of basic citizen capabilities, which Rawls characterized as the “two moral powers” (rationality and reasonableness). (3) The desirability of other functional capabilities (those which enable persons to use primary social goods to realize their ends) and their development are to be publicly debated.Résumé. En développant sa théorie dans «La justice comme équité» John Rawls a imaginé une situation initiale hypothétique, conçue de telle sorte qu'elle produise des principes de justice régissant les principales institutions de la société, ou ce qu'il a appelé «la structure de base». Le positionnement des citoyens comme jouissant de toutes leurs capacités dans cette «position originelle» hypothétique a permis à Rawls de considérer la notion d'avantage en termes de biens sociaux primaires (moyens adéquats à tous les buts) détenus par le citoyen ou la citoyenne. Rawls maintenait alors que les représentants de citoyens égaux et libres concevraient des principes de justice produisant des libertés égales et une «juste égalité des chances», et ceci tout en s'assurant que les inégalités permises soient celles qui «bénéficient efficacement aux [citoyens] les moins avantagés» (2001 : 64). Cet article considère deux critiques faites à l'approche Rawlsienne de la justice distributive par les théoriciens des capacités (notamment Amartya Sen et Martha Nussbaum). La critique de Sen objecte que les biens sociaux primaires ne seront pas une égalité utilisable par les citoyens à cause des variations de leurs capacités fonctionnelles. Poursuivant la critique de Sen, Nussbaum montre que les citoyens désavantagés ne sont pas représentés lors de la sélection des principes de justice, ce qui est est problématique pour une théorie qui met l'accent sur une juste égalité des chances, en particulier pour les membres les plus défavorisés de la société. Le présent article soutient que l'approche Rawlsienne peut répondre avec succès à ces objections et s'en accommoder. Les idées principales suivantes seront développées : (1) les représentants dans la position originelle sont censés représenter l'éventail connu des capacités des citoyens plutôt que l'éventail normal; (2) les deux principes de justice de Rawls seraient toujours choisis, mais ceux-ci seraient alors précédés par un principe, lexicalement prioritaire, de capacités de base des citoyens, principe que Rawls a caractérisé comme les deux pouvoirs moraux (rationnel et raisonnable) (3) La désirabilité des autres capacités fonctionnelles (celles qui donnent aux personnes la possibilité d'user de biens sociaux primaires afin de réaliser leurs fins) et leur développement sont des questions qui doivent être débattues publiquement.

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Popovich, E. N. "PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF AUTOMATED SYSTEMS IN FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITY." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.27.

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This article presents problems related to understanding, classification and implementation of the principles of organization and operation of automated systems in forensic expert activity. The basis of the classification is adoption of systems that can be used in activities of forensic science institutions. Depending on the destination, information systems differentiate into the following types: documentary and factographic. Forensic science institutions mainly use factographic information systems in their activities. Each information system, depending on the purpose of creation, can be constructed according to certain principles. We have provided a detailed analysis of such fundamental principles of automated system activity, namely: principle of legality; principle of information selection; principle of using hardware and software modules; principle of the possibility of step-by-step creating an information system; principle of simplicity and flexibility in terms of specific requirements of concrete information system application; principle of system acceptance for user of the "human – machine" dialogue; principle of distribution of information support; principle of task originality; principle of structural organization; principle of system approach; principle of combining the preparation of primary and machine documents; the principle of consistency of bandwidth of individual parts of a system; principle of data bank security; principle of using a professional language, etc. Author's definition of legality in forensic expert activity is presented that is understood as a complex social and legal phenomenon which main criterion is the legality category consisting of a set of subjective rights reflected and fixed in current legislation, formed as a result of objective social development.

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Mukherjee, Joybrato. "Principles of Pattern Selection." Journal of English Linguistics 29, no. 4 (December 2001): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00754240122005459.

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VanderWeele, Tyler J. "Principles of confounder selection." European Journal of Epidemiology 34, no. 3 (March 2019): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00494-6.

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Reif, Wolf-Ernst. "Problematic issues of cladistics: 20. DARWIN’s “Principle of Divergence” and the levels of selection." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 241, no. 1 (August 8, 2006): 25–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/241/2006/25.

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Zavodchikova, Nadezhda I., and Irina А. Bykova. "Refining the system of principles in teaching methodical disciplines in conditions of higher education digital transformation." Vestnik of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics 26, no. 4 (February 24, 2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-4-166-173.

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The purpose of the article is to refine the system of principles in teaching disciplines with methodological direction in conditions of higher pedagogic education digitalisation. The authors note that in the modern practice of teaching methodological disciplines, such laws can be distinguished that are not presented in the existing system of general ideological principles, principles of higher education and principles of teaching using digital support, and propose to supplement the existing list with the principles of operationalisation, interiorisation and integration. The principle of operationalisation of professional actions in teaching methodology in conditions of digital transformation of education provides for the need to include methodological materials course into the digital content where professional actions would be for students in the form of a sequence of elementary operations. The dedicated sequence of operations must meet the requirements of efficiency, mass, discreteness, clarity. The principle of consistent interiorisation of methodological skills consists in the implementation, using digital technologies, of a phased formation of an indicative basis for the professional actions of a future teacher, due to the strengthening of students’ independence in constructing an indicative basis for professional actions in the course study process. The principle of integration of in-class and digital methodological tasks implies a purposeful organisation of mutual influence between students’ in-class and online work. The article concludes with proposals on the structure, selection of the online course content with methodological direction; conditions for upholding the proposed principles are considered.

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Bouman, Claudette E., and Daniel J. Brown. "Public School Fees as Hidden Taxation." Educational Administration Quarterly 32, no. 1_suppl (December 1996): 665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x960321005.

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The imposition of public schoolfees may be growing in importance as a supplement to general revenues that support schools. This article considers user charges from the perspective of taxation theory. Its most relevant aspects are the benefit principle, ability-to-pay, yield, neutrality, and administrative costs. Information about schoolfees was gathered from 18 public secondary schools within five districts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 43 superintendents, principals, and teachers using a purposeful sampling strategy. Interviewees invoked both the benefit and ability-to-pay principles regarding fees and fee waivers. Students were offered more extensive choices, but the imposition of fees probably distorted their selection. Administrative costs were incurred through extensive collection arrangements, some burden on teachers, and problems of compliance. In general, taxation theory provided an appropriate framework for this inquiry, and the interview technique was a very useful method to gain knowledge about school fees.

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Moldau, Juan Hersztajn. "On the Lexical Ordering of Social States According To Rawls' Principles of Justice." Economics and Philosophy 8, no. 1 (April 1992): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100000523.

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This article is concerned with the selection of an appropriate model of choice to underlie Rawls' (1971) two principles of justice. Rawls' first principle of justice states that basic liberty is not to be sacrificed for other objectives, including wealth. His second principle of justice suggests that even a minute decrease in the well-being of the least prosperous classes should not be accepted in exchange for an increase, no matter how large, in the well-being of more well-to-do citizens.

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SCHUMACHER, SALOME. "THE RELATION BETWEEN TWO DIMINISHED CHOICE PRINCIPLES." Journal of Symbolic Logic 86, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsl.2021.20.

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AbstractFor every $n\in \omega \setminus \{0,1\}$ we introduce the following weak choice principle:$\operatorname {nC}_{<\aleph _0}^-:$ For every infinite family$\mathcal {F}$ of finite sets of size at least n there is an infinite subfamily$\mathcal {G}\subseteq \mathcal {F}$ with a selection function$f:\mathcal {G}\to \left [\bigcup \mathcal {G}\right ]^n$ such that$f(F)\in [F]^n$ for all$F\in \mathcal {G}$ . Moreover, we consider the following choice principle:$\operatorname {KWF}^-:$ For every infinite family$\mathcal {F}$ of finite sets of size at least$2$ there is an infinite subfamily$\mathcal {G}\subseteq \mathcal {F}$ with a Kinna–Wagner selection function. That is, there is a function$g\colon \mathcal {G}\to \mathcal {P}\left (\bigcup \mathcal {G}\right )$ with$\emptyset \not =f(F)\subsetneq F$ for every$F\in \mathcal {G}$ . We will discuss the relations between these two choice principles and their relations to other well-known weak choice principles. Moreover, we will discuss what happens when we replace $\mathcal {F}$ by a linearly ordered or a well-ordered family.

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Di Maio, G., Lj D. R. Kočinac, and E. Meccariello. "Selection principles and hyperspace topologies." Topology and its Applications 153, no. 5-6 (December 2005): 912–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2005.01.020.

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Bonanzinga, Maddalena, Filippo Cammaroto, and Mikhail Matveev. "Projective versions of selection principles." Topology and its Applications 157, no. 5 (April 2010): 874–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2009.12.004.

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Bukovský, Lev, and Jaroslav Šupina. "Modifications of sequence selection principles." Topology and its Applications 160, no. 18 (December 2013): 2356–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2013.07.030.

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Petersen, Joseph W. "Principles for Calibration Point Selection." NCSLI Measure 8, no. 3 (September 2013): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2013.11721652.

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Ganser, Tom. "Principles for Mentor Teacher Selection." Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 68, no. 5 (June 1995): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00098655.1995.9957257.

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Kocev, D. "Selection principles in relator spaces." Acta Mathematica Hungarica 126, no. 1-2 (November 6, 2009): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10474-009-9012-2.

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Scheepers, Marion. "Selection Principles and Sierpinski Sets." Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series 23, no. 7 (October 1, 2006): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10114-005-0810-3.

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Fefferman, Charles, Arie Israel, and Garving K. Luli. "Finiteness Principles for Smooth Selection." Geometric and Functional Analysis 26, no. 2 (April 2016): 422–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00039-016-0366-7.

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Cramer, Michael D. "Book selection: Principles and practice." Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory 16, no. 2 (January 1992): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0364-6408(92)90098-d.

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Brown, Guy C. "The principle of sufficiency and the evolution of control: using control analysis to understand the design principles of biological systems." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 5 (September 24, 2010): 1210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0381210.

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Control analysis can be used to try to understand why (quantitatively) systems are the way that they are, from rate constants within proteins to the relative amount of different tissues in organisms. Many biological parameters appear to be optimized to maximize rates under the constraint of minimizing space utilization. For any biological process with multiple steps that compete for control in series, evolution by natural selection will tend to even out the control exerted by each step. This is for two reasons: (i) shared control maximizes the flux for minimum protein concentration, and (ii) the selection pressure on any step is proportional to its control, and selection will, by increasing the rate of a step (relative to other steps), decrease its control over a pathway. The control coefficient of a parameter P over fitness can be defined as (∂N/N)/(∂P/P), where N is the number of individuals in the population, and ∂N is the change in that number as a result of the change in P. This control coefficient is equal to the selection pressure on P. I argue that biological systems optimized by natural selection will conform to a principle of sufficiency, such that the control coefficient of all parameters over fitness is 0. Thus in an optimized system small changes in parameters will have a negligible effect on fitness. This principle naturally leads to (and is supported by) the dominance of wild-type alleles over null mutants.

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Abuarrah, Sufyan. "A pragmatic framework to note-taking in consecutive interpretation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 64, no. 3 (November 6, 2018): 414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00044.abu.

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Abstract This study provides a framework that immediately and efficiently guides the selection of the message components for note-taking to successfully capture implicatures in consecutive interpretation. The framework revisits the Quantity, Informativeness, and Manner (Q, I and M) heuristics of communication by Levinson (1995, 2000). Three interpretation principles are suggested (I-Q, I-I and I-M) (I for interpretation). The principles are applied to the main parts of the message (vocabulary, connectives, and marked forms) following Johns (2014). The I-Q principle advises interpreters to select the words that are most consistent with the speaker’s best knowledge of the world and to communicate them as such; the I-I principle advises interpreters to simply and systematically notate the connectives that exemplify a similar connection to the SM; the I-M principle advocates that interpreters should mark any instances of marked forms such as over-lexicalization, prolixity, and repetition, and relay them with a similar level of markedness to communicate a similar attitude of the SM speaker in the TL.

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Pratiwi, Ardhina Pratiwi. "Prinsip pustakawan dalam seleksi bahan pustaka di Perpustakaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan 1 Pacitan." Jurnal Kajian Informasi dan Perpustakaan 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkip.v6i1.14865.

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Selection of library materials is an important activity which aims to determine the selection of library materials based on characteristics and needs of users. Library selection activities are conducted by professional librarians who have the ability to develop collections. Due to the importance of library materials selection activities, the researcher conducted a study at the Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan 1 Pacitan Library. This study aimed to describe the principles of the librarian in the library material selection process at the library of Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan 1 Pacitan. The study used the descriptive qualitative method, with sampling using the purposive sampling technique to the librarian and non-librarian at the Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan 1 Pacitan Library. The data collection technique in this study used the semi-structured interview instruments. The researcher used the scope of library material selection principles consisting of the traditionalist, liberal and pluralistic view. According to the liberal view; the study results showed that librarians were not able to market the library through the approach to students. To the traditionalist view, the main principle in meeting the needs of students was based on the quality of library materials. While the pluralistic view suggested that most students were not satisfied with the literature available at the Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan 1 Pacitan Library. Based on that, the Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan 1 Pacitan Library has applied the traditionalist principles which can be seen from the quality of library materials that will be accessible to the students.

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Fefferman, Charles, and Pavel Shvartsman. "Sharp Finiteness Principles For Lipschitz Selections." Geometric and Functional Analysis 28, no. 6 (September 14, 2018): 1641–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00039-018-0467-6.

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Roffé, Ariel Jonathan, and Santiago Ginnobili. "El estatus metateórico de ZFEL." Humanities Journal of Valparaiso, no. 14 (December 29, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rhv2019iss14pp57-73.

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In a recent book, McShea and Brandon argue that the observed diversity and complexity of life are explainable by a principle they call the “zero-force evolutionary law” or “ZFEL”. Although this principle would be implicit in many explanations given by biologists, it would have never been made explicit. Assuming that this idea is interesting, and that the authors are right, we will discuss the metatheoretical way in which they present said principle, as being a part of probability theory. This allows the authors to claim that probability theory provides the reductive basis for all evolutionary biology (given that they consider other principles, such as the principle of natural selection, as part of probability theory as well). We will defend, in accordance with them, that ZFEL is not a solely biological principle, but not because it is a part of probability theory, but rather because it is a specific version of the principle of common cause.

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MAPENGO, Marta Artemísia Abel, Sílvia Helena de Carvalho SALES-PERES, and Arsênio SALES-PERES. "Bioethics criteria in Dentistry research of humans." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 66, no. 4 (December 2018): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720180004000011295.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to identify and relate the work that adopted bioethical principles applied to research on humans in the area of dentistry published in scientific journals. Methods: The selection of work was done using the Virtual Health Library (VHL), including the following databases: Literature Latino-American and Caribbean Health Sciences, Scientific Electronic Library Online and International Literature on Health Sciences. It was evaluated in the last ten years, researches using the descriptors: Bioethics, Research, Human, Dental, Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, and Justice. Results: Two hundred and seventy eight studies found, however only 12 were selected by following the criteria adopted in this study. Conclusion: Among the four principles of bioethics addressed in this study, the principle of autonomy was the most discussed in literature, followed the principle of justice. Further studies should be conducted in order to carry the development of bioethics in research with human made in dentistry.

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Sakai, Masami. "Selection principles and upper semicontinuous functions." Colloquium Mathematicum 117, no. 2 (2009): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/cm117-2-7.

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Bardos, Paul, Judith Nathanail, and Brian Pope. "General principles for remedial approach selection." Land Contamination & Reclamation 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2462/09670513.614.

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Bonanzinga, M., M. Matveev, and F. A. Basile. "Monotone versions of some selection principles." Topology and its Applications 258 (May 2019): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2019.02.053.

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Kumaraswamy, Mohan M., and Jason D. Matthews. "Improved Subcontractor Selection Employing Partnering Principles." Journal of Management in Engineering 16, no. 3 (May 2000): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0742-597x(2000)16:3(47).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Selectional principles'

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