Journal articles: 'Selective enforcement'

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Chen, Donghua, Dequan Jiang, Shangkun Liang, and Fangping Wang. "Selective enforcement of regulation." China Journal of Accounting Research 4, no. 1-2 (June 2011): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2011.04.002.

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Feria, Rita. "Tax Fraud and Selective Law Enforcement." Journal of Law and Society 47, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): 240–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jols.12221.

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Begoore, Yateesh. "Uniting for Enforcement: Resolving the World Court’s Enforcement Gap." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 17, no. 2 (August 17, 2018): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341383.

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Abstract This article, which identifies the United Nations Security Council’s selective enforcement of the International Court of Justice’s rulings as an enforcement deficit within the Court’s system, delves into the possibility – and legality – of utilising the Uniting for Peace Resolution as an alternative enforcement mechanism in the event of a veto precluding enforcement by the Security Council.

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Fagan, Jeffrey, Garth Davies, and Adam Carlis. "Race and Selective Enforcement in Public Housing." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 9, no. 4 (November 6, 2012): 697–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2012.01272.x.

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Kleinig, John. "Selective Enforcement and the Rule of Law." Journal of Social Philosophy 29, no. 1 (March 1998): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.1998.tb00100.x.

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Liu, Jianhong, Ivan Y. Sun, Yuning Wu, and Yugang Chang. "Police supervisors' work-related attitudes in China." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 3 (March 17, 2016): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865816638907.

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While the past two decades have witnessed a fast growing of policing literature in China, officers' job-related attitudes remain severely under-researched. Using survey data collected from 212 police supervisors in a major Chinese city, this study examined the patterns of Chinese police officers' occupational attitudes toward selective enforcement, legal restrictions, community policing, and use of force, and factors that influence such attitudes. About half the respondents were in favor of legal restrictions, and the majority of officers supported the notions of selective enforcement, community policing, and use of force. Male, older officers, those who had no military experience, and officers who worked at field stations favored selective enforcement than their counterparts, whereas supervisor who were younger and worked at nonfield stations were more supportive for legal restrictions. Supervisors' role orientations toward law enforcement and order maintenance influenced their preference for community policing. Implications for future research and policy were discussed.

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Sun, Xin. "Selective Enforcement of Land Regulations: Why Large-Scale Violators Succeed." China Journal 74 (July 2015): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681938.

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Morales, Jesus, Jean Mahseredjian, Keyhan Sheshyekani, Abner Ramirez, Edgar Medina, and Ilhan Kocar. "Pole-Selective Residue Perturbation Technique for Passivity Enforcement of FDNEs." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 33, no. 6 (December 2018): 2746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2018.2810706.

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Allison, Olivia. "Selective enforcement and irresponsibility: Central Asia's shrinking space for independent media." Central Asian Survey 25, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634930600903072.

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Chetverikova, Iryna V., and Kirill D. Titaev. "Sociological perspective on the optimal law enforcement: Typical cases of overcriminalization of economic activity in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-3-142-158.

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Based on the analysis of verdict texts, we demonstrate that many criminal cases against individuals who were prosecuted for economic crimes in Russian courts in the past few years do not correspond with the level of optimal law enforcement. Economic crimes (a) did not cause substantial harm, (b) did not have harmful externalities, (c) were common, but the enforcement was selective. Economic activity was most often overcriminalized by the law enforcement when illegal behavior consisted of accounting or tax mistakes, breach of a contract, violations of special-purpose loan regulations, or licensing offences.

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Anugerah, Nilam Rizky, and Surya Pranata. "LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS AGAINST IMMIGRATION CRIMES." Journal of Law and Border Protection 1, no. 2 (December 25, 2019): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v1i2.175.

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the development of information technology, communication and transportation are tendency in terms of increasing relations between nations globally which drives human traffic between countries, giving rise to the complexity of the problems of human mobility between countries. Based on selective policy that upholds the value of human rights, regulated entry of foreigners into the territory of Indonesia, so also for foreigners who obtain a residence permit in the territory of Indonesia must be in accordance with the intent and purpose of being in Indonesia. Immigration crime is basically in addition to its nature as an international and transnational crime and is carried out individually or in an organized manner, it is also very detrimental and endangering to the community so that a severe criminal threat is needed in order to provide a deterrent effect for foreigners who commit violations. forms of supervision of foreigners, namely, supervision of foreigners, field supervision, immigration detention centers, and prevention and deterrence.

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Iswanto, Reza, and Sumaidi Sumaidi. "Efektifitas Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Pembakaran Hutan di Provinsi Jambi." Wajah Hukum 4, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v4i1.117.

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The problem of forest burning has become a problem in Jambi Province because it is considering the amount of smoke generated from forest fires that is detrimental to the people of Jambi Province. Therefore, there must be law enforcement against those who carry out forest fires so that forest fires do not happen again. However, in reality law enforcement also still has selective logging so that the cases revealed only involve individual actors, whereas for companies only one company is sealed. In addition, factors affecting law enforcement itself such as the lack of human resource capacity regarding understanding of environmental crime, improper equipment and the many regulations regarding evidence in the law so that future efforts in carrying out law enforcement against forest fires are resource human law enforcement must be improved, prepare sophisticated equipment and proof does not have a lot of evidence.

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Camera, Gabriele, and Marco Casari. "Cooperation among Strangers under the Shadow of the Future." American Economic Review 99, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 979–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.3.979.

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We study the emergence of norms of cooperation in experimental economies populated by strangers interacting indefinitely. Can these economies achieve full efficiency even without formal enforcement institutions? Which institutions for monitoring and enforcement facilitate cooperation? Finally, what classes of strategies do subjects employ? We find that, first, cooperation can be sustained even in anonymous settings; second, some type of monitoring and punishment institutions significantly promote cooperation; and, third, subjects mostly employ strategies that are selective in punishment. (JEL C71, C73, D12, Z13)

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Jonah, Brian A., and Brian A. Grant. "Long-term effectiveness of selective traffic enforcement programs for increasing seat belt use." Journal of Applied Psychology 70, no. 2 (1985): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.2.257.

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Sodhi, Aparna, Nathan Aguilar, Deanna E. Choma, Jackie Marie Steve, Desmond Patton, and Marie Crandall. "Social Media Representations of Law Enforcement within Four Diverse Chicago Neighborhoods." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 49, no. 6 (July 22, 2020): 832–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241620943291.

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The perception of excessive use of force by law enforcement towards minorities has become an increasing focus of attention in the national media and public consciousness. With greater ability to record conflicts using smartphones and dissemination of videos via social media, the public may more readily judge the circumstances of law enforcement interactions. The purpose of this study was (a) to understand the general sentiment about law enforcement on social media among communities of color in Chicago, (b) to see if local or national incidents of police conflicts with people of color were mentioned, and (c) identify key themes within these social media posts. Publicly available social media posts were collected from four ethnically and socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods in Chicago. Using a five-person team and keyword searches, the posts were reviewed for content and abstracted if they pertained to law enforcement. They were then analyzed in stages of open, axial, and selective coding methods. Eight main themes were identified. These included the following: (a) law enforcement participation in the community, (b) law enforcement activity in the neighborhood, (c) posts regarding criminal activity, (d) immigration, (e) political protests against police, (f) African American men and law enforcement, (g) sympathy with Sandra Bland case, and (h) #Blacklivesmatter. There appears to be chasm of trust between law enforcement and communities of color. Our findings may help inform law enforcement, public policy-makers, and social workers in their efforts to better address these issues and to institute policies and interventions that not only bridge this gap but also strengthen and empower these communities.

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Florou, Annita, Serena Morricone, and Peter F. Pope. "Proactive Financial Reporting Enforcement: Audit Fees and Financial Reporting Quality Effects." Accounting Review 95, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 167–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52497.

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ABSTRACT We examine the costs and benefits of proactive financial reporting enforcement by the U.K. Financial Reporting Review Panel. Enforcement scrutiny is selective and varies by sector and over time, yet can be anticipated by auditors and companies. We find evidence that increased enforcement intensity leads to temporary increases in audit fees and more conservative accruals. However, cross-sectional analysis across market segments reveals that audit fees increase primarily in the less-regulated AIM segment, and especially those AIM companies with a higher likelihood of financial distress and less stringent governance. On the contrary, less reliable operating asset-related accruals are more conservative in the Main segment and, in particular, those Main companies with stronger incentives for higher financial reporting quality. Overall, our study indicates that financial reporting enforcement generates costs and benefits, but not always for the same companies. JEL Classifications: K42; M41; M42; M48. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.

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Junaidi, Junaidi, Muhammad Rusdi Bin Muhammadiah, and Muhazir Muhazir. "Revitalisasi Penerapan Qanun Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Hukum Jinayat di Kota Langsa Aceh." Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 14, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v14i1.3261.

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This paper examines the problem of implementing the qanun jinayat in Langsa City Aceh Darussalam after the stipulation of Qanun Number 6 of 2016 concerning Jinayat Law, there are at least two groups of pros and cons to the enforcement of the Qanun Jinayat, the pro groups consider that the enforcement of the Jinayat Qanun is already good otherwise the contra group views that the enforcement of the Jinpu Law Qanun Jinayat is not optimal and seems to be selective so that many people underestimate the task of wilayatul hisbah and the Islamic Sharia Service. This type of research is non-doctrinal and the approach used is the sociological approach. Data collection techniques used are interviews and documentation. After conducting research it was found that enforcement of qanun jinayat in Langsa City Aceh Darussalam has not been implemented well. This is caused by several factors, namely: (1) the legal substance which shows that the contents of the qanun jinayat in Aceh are weak from the aspect of legal protection for women so that it is considered discrimination; (2) the legal structure relating to law enforcement is felt not to be firm against perpetrators of violations of the qanun jinayat; (3) the culture of legal awareness of the community is low so that jinayat violations still occur; (4) morality of law enforcement and fifth, legal support facilities.

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Thompson, R. Alan, and Lisa S. Nored. "Law enforcement employment discrimination based on sexual orientation: A selective review of case law." American Journal of Criminal Justice 26, no. 2 (March 2002): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02887827.

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Campesi, Giuseppe, and Giulia Fabini. "Immigration Detention as Social Defence: Policing ‘Dangerous Mobility’ in Italy." Theoretical Criminology 24, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480619859350.

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Drawing on an empirical study, this article explores the role of immigration detention in Italy by analysing the way a specific rhetoric of ‘dangerousness’ has developed and is being used within the framework of immigration enforcement policies. Our argument is that immigration detention has been transformed into an instrument of crime prevention and ‘social defence’, and that this transformation is fuelled by the central position that the legal categories of ‘risk’ and ‘danger’ have assumed in the regulation of the return procedure. The article contends that immigration law enforcement agencies can make use of immigration detention as a flexible control tool to manage what are perceived as the most problematic populations in urban areas, thus practising a policy of selective enforcement that while not explicitly built along racial and ethnic lines, clearly discriminates among migrants according to their ‘social marginality’ or supposed ‘social dangerousness’.

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Zajko, Mike. "The Copyright Surveillance Industry." Media and Communication 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i2.270.

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Creative works are now increasingly distributed as digital “content” through the internet, and copyright law has created powerful incentives to monitor and control these flows.<strong> </strong>This paper analyzes the surveillance industry that has emerged as a result. Copyright surveillance systems identify copyright infringement online and identify persons to hold responsible for infringing acts. These practices have raised fundamental questions about the nature of identification and attribution on the internet, as well as the increasing use of algorithms to make legal distinctions. New technologies have threatened the profits of some media industries through copyright infringement, but also enabled profitable forms of mass copyright surveillance and enforcement. Rather than a system of perfect control, copyright enforcement continues to be selective and uneven, but its broad reach results in systemic harm and provides opportunities for exploitation. It is only by scrutinizing copyright surveillance practices and copyright enforcement measures that we can evaluate these consequences.

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Kamarudin, Muhammad Faisal, Abdul Agis, and Ahmad Fadil. "Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Narkotika: Studi Kota Makassar." Journal of Lex Philosophy (JLP) 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2020): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52103/jlp.v1i1.25.

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Tujuan penelitian: (1) Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis tentang penegakan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika di kota makassar; (2) Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis tentang faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika di kota makassar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penulisan ini adalah penelitian empiris. Kesimpulan penelitian: (1) Penegakan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika di kota makassar dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan sarana penal dan non penal. (2) Faktor yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika di kota makassar adalah Faktor kesulitan terhadap saksi yang masih menghambat kepolisian dalam hal penanganan terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika di masyarakat; Faktor kemampuan finansial menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika; Faktor mental atitude para penegak hukum juga mempengaruhi penegakan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika karena faktanya di masyarakat ada yang beranggapan atitude para penegak hukum dalam hal pemberantasan tindak pidana narkotika terkesan tebang pilih. Research purposes: (1) To find out and analyze the law enforcement of narcotics abuse in Makassar; (2) To find out and analyze what factors influence the law enforcement of narcotics abuse in Makassar. The research method used in this paper is empirical research. Research conclusions: (1) Law enforcement against narcotics misuse in the city of Makassar is carried out by using penal and non-penal means. (2) Factors that influence law enforcement against narcotics abuse in the city of Makassar are the difficulties for witnesses who are still hampering the police in handling narcotics abuse in the community; The financial capability factor is one of the factors that influence law enforcement against narcotics abuse; Mental factor atitude of law enforcement also influences law enforcement against narcotics abuse because the fact is that there are those in the community who assume that the attitudes of law enforcers in the eradication of narcotics crime seem to be selective.

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Roscini, Marco. "The United Nations Security Council and the Enforcement of International Humanitarian Law." Israel Law Review 43, no. 2 (2010): 330–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000790.

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This Article discusses the competences and powers of the UN Security Council in securing compliance with international humanitarian law, in particular through the adoption of the measures provided in Chapter VII of the Charter: The competence of the Council in this field can be founded on several legal grounds: on a broad interpretation of the notion of “threat to the peace” (Article 39 of the Charter), on Article 94(2) with regard to the International Court of Justice's judgments establishing violations of the jus in bello and also on the customary duty to ensure respect for international humanitarian law as reflected in Article 1 Common to the 1949 Geneva Conventions on the Protection of the Victims of War. In particular, such customary provision empowers the Security Council to react to any violation of international humanitarian law regardless of a nexus with concerns of international stability. Although the Council has adopted a variety of measures in relation to violations of the laws of war, the most incisive ones are those provided in Articles 41 and 42 of Chapter VII, which however are not without problems. The role the Security Council has played in the enforcement of international humanitarian law has been criticized because of its selective and opportunistic approach, which is due to the political nature of the organ. Also, in several instances the Council, far from securing compliance with the jus in bello, has instead interfered with its application. However selective and imperfect the Council's approach might be, though, its power to adopt decisions binding on UN members and its competence to take or authorize coercive measures involving the use of force make it potentially a formidable instrument against serious violations of international humanitarian law, partly remedying the lack of enforcing mechanisms in the treaties on the laws of war.

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Dussault, Claude. "Effectiveness of a selective traffic enforcement program combined with incentives for seat belt use in Quebec." Health Education Research 5, no. 2 (1990): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/5.2.217.

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Simandl, Jenna K., Andrew J. Graettinger, Randy K. Smith, Steven Jones, and Timothy E. Barnett. "Making Use of Big Data to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Selective Law Enforcement in Reducing Crashes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2584, no. 1 (January 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2584-02.

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Pedersen, Karin Hilmer. "Håvard Bækken: Selective Law Enforcement in Russian Politics 2007-2011. Legal Action for Extra-Legal Purposes." Nordisk Østforum, no. 04 (December 16, 2014): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-1773-2014-04-07.

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Tsiabus, Alesia, and Guillaume Croisant. "Investment Arbitration and EU (Competition) Law – Lessons Learned from the Micula Saga." European Investment Law and Arbitration Review Online 5, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 330–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689017_014.

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On 19 February 2020, in the latest episode to date of the long-running Micula saga, the United Kingdom (UK) Supreme Court gave its green light to the enforcement in the (UK) of the award obtained by the Micula brothers against Romania (Award) under the 2002 Sweden-Romania bilateral investment treaty (BIT), despite the fact that the question of whether this Award constitutes state aid prohibited under EU law was pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The Supreme Court ruled that the UK enforcement obligations under the ICSID Convention could not be affected by the EU duty of sincere cooperation, as the UK’s ratification of the ICSID Convention preceded its accession to the EU. The UK Supreme Court judgment, and the prior main episodes of the Micula saga in the framework of the ICSID, EU state aid and enforcement proceedings, offer a great opportunity to explore the increasingly tumultuous relationship between investment arbitration and EU (competition) law, in particular the compatibility of intra- EU investment arbitrations under the ICSID Convention with EU law and the coexistence of selective protections under international investment law with EU state aid law.

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Musayelyan, L. A. "On the worldview pluralism, competing theories of law and the elaboration of a unified integrative theory of law: philosophical analysis of the proble." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18143.

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Philosophy has historically served as metatheory of law. The world view prevailed in every age has determined legal consciousness and law enforcement. Abolition of the state ideology in the early 1990s in Russia apart from the recognized positive effect had some negative implications. During this period it was possible to observe the following phenomena: origin of many competing theories of legal consciousness, disappearance of a single legal space, spreading of the selective right that violates of equality of citizens before the law and the principle of justice. The lawyers’ idea of integrative theory of law turns out to be impractical because of the lack of a generally recognized basis of law. The author attempts to show, that the unified ontological basis of law exists. The institutionalization of such a basis allows solving complex problems connected with modern legal consciousness and law enforcement.

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Walther, Thomas, and Edward S. Fry. "On Some Aspects of an Hg Based EPR Experiment." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 52, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1997): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1997-1-208.

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Abstract An experimental realization of Bohm's spin-1/2 EPR gedanken-experiment is possible using the spin-1/2 nuclei of the isotope 199 Hg. The dissociation of dimers of the 199 Hg 2 isotopomer, using a spectroscopically selective stimulated Raman process, leads to the generation of an entangled state between the two 199 Hg atoms. The measurement of nuclear spin correlations between the two atoms in this entangled state is achieved by detection of the atoms using a spin state selective two photon excitation-ionization scheme. The experiment will not only close the detector efficiency loophole, but in addition will permit enforcement of the locality condition. Effects of imperfect analyzers will also be discussed.

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Cai, Meina, Ilia Murtazashvili, and Jennifer Murtazashvili. "The politics of land property rights." Journal of Institutional Economics 16, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137419000158.

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AbstractLegal reforms that improve the security of private property rights to land have characteristics of a public good with dispersed benefits. However, nothing ensures that the state will provide property protection as a public good. Some states provide property protection selectively to powerful groups. Others are unable to provide property protection. In this paper, we argue that whether the state provides property protection as a public good, selectively, or cannot establish private property rights depends on the following features of politics: political stability, government capacity to administer and enforce private property rights, constraints on political decision-makers, and the inclusivity of political and legal institutions. We illustrate the theory using evidence from reforms that increased opportunities to privately own land in the US from the late eighteenth through nineteenth centuries, selective enforcement of land property rights in China, and the absence of credible legal rights to land in Afghanistan.

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Durneika, Erik. "China’s Favored Muslims? The Complex Relationship between the Chinese Communist Party and the Hui Ethnic Group." Sociology of Islam 6, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00604003.

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The People’s Republic of China remains a multinational unitary state, where the prc Constitution expressly guarantees freedom of religion and fair treatment of ethnic minorities. The Chinese Communist Party (ccp) retains ultimate authority regarding internal and external affairs, including the selective enforcement of constitutional rights. Various ethnic groups, such as the Turkic Uighurs, have long been perceived as rebellious, while the Muslim Hui have often been treated favorably, with laxer enforcement of laws and more religious autonomy. Many attribute this “model minority” perception of the Hui to cultural similarities shared with the Han. Although the ccp continues to allow religious freedoms to the Hui, the trajectory of persecution has slightly increased due to threats of global Islamist insurgencies. Leadership under President Xi Jinping seeks to maintain its power by combating “foreign infiltration” of Islam. Party officials allow Hui to interact with Muslim countries internationally under one circumstance—beneficial business transactions.

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Ziade, N. G. "Selective Bibliography on the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards." ICSID Review 4, no. 2 (September 1, 1989): 434–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/4.2.434.

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Millar, Hayli, and Tamara O’Doherty. "Racialized, Gendered, and Sensationalized: An examination of Canadian anti-trafficking laws, their enforcement, and their (re)presentation." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 35, no. 1 (April 2020): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2020.2.

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AbstractIn Canada, there are persistent allegations and some empirical evidence suggesting racialized police bias; certain (non-White) groups appear to face over-enforcement as criminal suspects and under-enforcement as victims. Yet, it is challenging to prove or disprove these claims. Unlike other countries, where governments routinely publish police-reported crime and criminal court data identifying the race/ethnicity of criminal suspects and victims, Canada maintains a ban on the publication of such data. In this article, using an intersectional and critical analysis, we examine 127 prosecuted (predominantly domestic sex) trafficking cases and explore related claims of racial and gender bias together with sensationalism in the enforcement of Canadian anti-trafficking in persons laws. Our findings align with other empirical research observing the racially selective identification and prosecution of sex trafficking cases through a heteronormative and gender binary lens. Whether real or perceived, racial—alongside gender, sexuality, economic, citizenship, and occupational—bias has significant adverse consequences for the equality, liberty, security, mobility, labour, and access to justice rights of the Indigenous, Black, Arab/Muslim and other racialized communities being policed. Our data reveal a clear and pressing need to publish race-disaggregated crime and criminal court data and to challenge deeply ingrained stereotypes using various means.

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Moule Jr, Richard K., Megan M. Parry, and Bryanna Fox. "Legal socialization and selective exposure to “cop-watching” websites." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 1063–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2019-0027.

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Purpose The legitimacy crisis faced by law enforcement has been suggested to be the result of a new media environment where citizens can record encounters with police and place these recordings online. The purpose of this paper is to examine the motives of individuals who cop-watch, or record the police, but not the factors influencing visiting cop-watching websites. Design/methodology/approach Using a cross-sectional, national sample of 702 American adults, and drawing on theories of legal socialization and selective exposure, the current study examines the prevalence and correlates visiting “cop-watching” websites. Findings Approximately 9 percent of the sample reports having ever visited these sites. Results from a series of logistic regressions indicate legal cynicism is positively associated with having ever visited these sites, having done so recently, following these sites on social media and visiting these sites more frequently after Ferguson. Police legitimacy reduced the likelihood that individuals had ever visited these sites, but was unrelated to other outcomes. Research limitations/implications The cross-sectional nature of the survey precludes discussion of causality, but results are fairly consistent with theoretical expectations. Originality/value The current study reflects an early attempt to understand correlates of public consumption of “cop-watching” material.

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Fabini, Giulia. "Managing illegality at the internal border: Governing through ‘differential inclusion’ in Italy." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 1 (January 2017): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816640138.

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This article interrogates whether a crimmigration frame could be used to assess immigration control in Italy. It argues that even if crimmigration laws are similar across European countries, the outcomes of European border control depend on the local context. It looks at the interaction between police, judges, and migrants at the internal borders in Bologna, Italy. The article is based on quantitative data (analysis of case files on pre-removal detention in Bologna’s detention centre) and qualitative data (one-to-one in-depth interviews with migrants and justices of the peace, and participant observation). The case study focuses on ‘differential inclusion’ of undocumented migrants informally allowed to remain in the Italian territory. Police manage illegality rather than enforcing removals, using selective non-enforcement of immigration laws as effectively as enforcement itself. The article’s main hypothesis is that, at the local level, the production of borders works as a provisional admission policy to include undocumented migrants, though in a subordinated position.

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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Alexey Lebedev, Boris Toropov, Alexey Babkin, and Boris Spasennikov. "Mathematical Methods in Law Enforcement: Counteracting Extremism on Social Media." Russian Journal of Criminology 12, no. 4 (September 14, 2018): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(4).468-475.

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The paper discusses the problem of determining the most influential people on social media while taking into consideration the possibilities of forming coalitions with their sets. The authors analyze social media networks created by criminal elements. Modern Russia has a practice of criminal and administrative prosecution of social media users who post information that violates Russian legislation. Today, there is an opportunity to study various aspects of society and obtain new research results using social media, which often play a key role. The authors suggest that the methodology of identifying social media users who are sources of extremist information should be examined and streamlined with the goal of improving the law enforcement practice of counteracting the spread of socially dangerous information on the Internet. They use mathematical methods to show that the problem of finding the maximally influential group consisting of k number of participants cannot have an optimal solution if this group includes k most influential participants individually. To solve this problem, the authors suggest using the game theory concept of Shapley vector, which makes it possible to evaluate the individual contribution of each participant into the formed group, i.e., to find out to what degree each of them could be useful as a team player. Law enforcement bodies already have certain experience of using software to upload data and analyze social networking sites. The presented method of calculating the significance of network users gives an opportunity to widen and improve this experience and to move from the ad hoc selective prosecution of separate users to the methodical work of suppressing and preventing crimes connected with the dissemination of information that constitutes an offence. The research area selected by the authors will, in its turn, contribute to improving the effectiveness of suppressing and preventing crimes connected with spreading information that contains constituting elements of different offences.

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Arifin, Ridwan. "REFUSAL OF FOREIGNERS TO INDONESIA THROUGH IMMIGRATION CHECKPOINTS AT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS: AN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY." Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jikk.v1i1.18.

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This paper is to discuss the implementation of denied entry person into Indonesia in term of a national sovereignty. The security approach and selective policy are two main features in analyzing the provisions and practice of refusing an inadmissible person for immigration reasons at Immigration border controls across Indonesian international airports. Relating to law enforcement at borders, this is also to identify how immigration officers play important roles subject to Indonesian immigration policy and laws.

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Condie, Harriet M., Thomas L. Catchpole, and Alastair Grant. "The short-term impacts of implementing catch quotas and a discard ban on English North Sea otter trawlers." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 5 (November 14, 2013): 1266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst187.

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Abstract A key objective of the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy reforms is the elimination of discards and a reduction in unwanted catches. Combining a discard ban with catch quotas, where all fish, independent of size, count towards quotas could create economic incentives for more selective fishing, reducing unwanted catches. We use fishing activities data from English North Sea otter trawlers to examine the impact of these measures on this fleet. Initial impacts depend on the scale of increase and distribution of quotas and are unevenly distributed, depending on catch and discard characteristics of vessels. Selective fishing will be rewarded as vessels that currently have low discards could increase catches and profits. Fishing by less selective vessels will be curtailed, reducing profits by 1–14%. This could be partially mitigated through reducing regulated catches but will require changes to fishing patterns as using currently available selective fishing gears may impact on profitability. So, catch quotas and a discard ban create strong incentives for more selective fishing practices, but also for non-compliance with full documentation of catches. A high level of monitoring and enforcement will be required to ensure that fishers improve profitability through more selective fishing practices rather than illegal discarding.

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Rueth, Thomas W. "On Site Psychological Evaluation of a Hostage Taker." Psychological Reports 73, no. 2 (October 1993): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.659.

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Many law enforcement agencies have responded to the challenge of dealing with hostage situations by developing negotiation teams that include psychological consultants. These consultants are useful in determining whether the hostage taker is mentally ill and suggesting possible strategies for negotiation. The traditional psychological evaluation must be modified to fit the unique stresses and requirements of a hostage situation. Suggested is an onsite assessment that includes a mental status evaluation based on observation of a client and a selective history taken from collateral sources.

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Bogad, L. M. "Facial Insufficiency: Political Street Performance in New York City and the Selective Enforcement of the 1845 Mask Law." TDR / The Drama Review 47, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420403322764034.

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Bogad, L. M. "Facial Insufficiency Political Street Performance in New York City and the Selective Enforcement of the 1845 Mask Law." TDR/The Drama Review 47, no. 4 (December 2003): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2003.47.4.75.

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Khalioullina, Leisan. "Ethnic profiling as negotiating: Traffic law enforcement in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia)." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 1 (January 2016): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1063593.

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Complex and ambiguous relations between state officials and civilians in Russia in general, and in Tatarstan in particular, are best reflected by daily communications between traffic police officers and motorists and pedestrians. These short interactions bring up issues of violence and minority discrimination, bribing, and dominant political values. In this paper based on my field research, I explore the practice of ethnic profiling employed by police officers and analyze its effects. I focus on identity construction and its “quality measurement.” Unlike a standardized system of weights or “brute facts,” law enforcement involves the creation of identities, including selective and sanctioned usage of, and manipulation by, ethnic traits. I conclude that ethnic profiling exists in Tatarstan, but stems not from nationalist inspirations of the controlling agents, but rather as an effect of rational economic decision-making. I also argue that despite its haphazard nature, ethnic minorities in Tatarstan are able to interact with controlling agencies more effectively than the majority, partially due to their alleged ability to employ collective action and partially because of the specific ethnic policy of the Republic.

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S, Vasudha, Neelamma K. Patil, and Dr Lokesh R. Boregowda. "Performance Improvement of Face Recognition System using Selective Local Feature Vectors." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 2 (August 10, 2013): 1330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v10i2.3299.

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Face recognition is one of the important applications of image processing and it has gained significant attention in wide range of law enforcement areas in which security is of prime concern. Although the existing automated machine recognition systems have certain level of maturity but their accomplishments are limited due to real time challenges. Face recognition systems are impressively sensitive to appearance variations due to lighting, expression and aging. The major metric in modeling the performance of a face recognition system is its accuracy of recognition. This paper proposes a novel method which improves the recognition accuracy as well as avoids face datasets being tampered through image splicing techniques. Proposed method uses a non-statistical procedure which avoids training step for face samples thereby avoiding generalizability problem which is caused due to statistical learning procedure. This proposed method performs well with images with partial occlusion and images with lighting variations as the local patch of the face is divided into several different patches. The performance improvement is shown considerably high in terms of recognition rate and storage space by storing train images in compressed domain and selecting significant features from superset of feature vectors for actual recognition.

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JENNE, DENISE L., and ROBERT C. KERSTING. "Gender, Power, and Reciprocity in the Correctional Setting." Prison Journal 78, no. 2 (June 1998): 166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885598078002006.

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Through questionnaires and phone interviews, this study provides a preliminary look at gender differences in reciprocity among correction officers (COs) employed in male prisons. Operationalized as the reported tendency to overlook minor rule infractions, no differences in reciprocity were found between men and women. Neither gender generally reported this practice. However, findings suggest that selective enforcement is the norm and that the facility is a more salient variable than gender. The study concludes that occupational socialization and the demands of the job account for the similarities between genders and suggests directions for further research.

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Siba, Kadek Fransisca, and Anindito R. Wiraputra. "ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SELECTIVE POLICY IN STRENGTHENING OF BORDER CONTROLS AT IMMIGRATION CHECKPOINT." Journal of Law and Border Protection 3, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v3i1.210.

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The problem of illegal immigrants has threatened the security and sovereignty of the Indonesian state. Even in 2013, the trend of illegal immigrants entering Indonesia increased by 12%. Most of them come from conflict-affected countries. Therefore, to prevent the increasing number of illegal immigrants from entering Indonesian territory, Indonesian immigration needs to strengthen border controls at the immigration checkpoints by continuing to implement immigration policy, namely selective policy. This policy only allows foreigners who provide benefits and does not endanger security and public order to be allowed to enter and reside in Indonesian territory. This policy supports the implementation of the immigration function, namely law enforcement and state security, particularly in preventing illegal immigrants who intend to enter Indonesian territory. The research method used is qualitative normative legal research with data analysis sourced from books, writings, scientific papers, and laws and regulations that are related to research.

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Sklansky, David Alan. "Crime, Immigration, and Ad hoc Instrumentalism." New Criminal Law Review 15, no. 2 (2012): 157–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2012.15.2.157.

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Criminal law and immigration law, once separate fields of governance in the United States, are rapidly growing less distinct. Immigration crimes now account for a majority of all federal prosecutions; deportation is widely seen as a key tool of crime control; immigration authorities run the nation’s largest prison system; and state and local law enforcement officers work hand-in-hand with federal immigration officials. This article traces these trends and assesses their significance. The rise of an intertwined regime of “crimmigration” law has generally been attributed to some combination of nativism, overcriminalization, and a cultural obsession with security, but it also exemplifies, and has helped to reinforce, a crucial and underappreciated development in U.S. legal culture—a rising tendency to treat legal rules and legal procedures as interchangeable tools, to be brought to bear pragmatically and instrumentally on an ad hoc basis. Ad hoc instrumentalism of this kind has genuine strengths, but it also raises significant concerns about the rule of law and political accountability. The accountability concerns, in particular, are exacerbated by two other features of our newly merged system of immigration enforcement and criminal justice: its bureaucratic opacity and its selective application.

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Parkhomenko, D. A. "Committing a Crime for the First Time: Validity of the Introduction of the Criminal Law and the Significance of other Circumstances." Lex Russica 73, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.163.6.160-169.

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In Russian criminal lawthe fact of committing a crime for the first time determines the operation of the fundamental institutions: responsibility and punishment. The identification of the person having committed a crime for the first time is an extremely important task not only for the further proper focus for law enforcement officials on the individualization of punishment and criminal responsibility, but in general, for a more clear perception of the enforcement of the criminal legal relations caused by the criminal act. Despite the importance of this concept, if attention is given thereto in theoretical research, it is mainly from the point of view of clarifying the legal content. The questions of expediency of introducing the concept of a person who has committed a crime for the first time into the text of the criminal law, the criminal legal significance of this circumstance among others affecting the adoption of a criminal legal decision remain little explored to date. Any concept that is applied in practice and has real significance for the qualification of crimes, determining the grounds and limits of criminal liability, as well as for the imposition of punishment, undoubtedly requires criminal law consolidation. The absence of any concept of such significance in the law means that there is a gap in criminal law. Meanwhile, the concept of a person who has committed a crime is complicated by the fact that in real law enforcement it is filled with specific legal content, different from the everyday understanding of this phenomenon. This causes problems such as the association of such persons with "legally non-indictable persons". Full identification of these concepts does not allow the legislator to provide a sufficiently selective, individualized and adequate approach to different categories of such persons. In addition, questions are raised about the differentiation of responsibility of a person who committed a first-time careless crime with a person guilty of committing an intentional criminal act. The paper attempts to answer these questions by the example of specific criminal legal norms, taking into account the experience of their enforcement.

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Gimpelson, V., and R. Kapeliushnikov. "Non-standard Employment and the Russian Labor Market." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2006): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2006-1-122-143.

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The article focuses on diversification and destandartization of employment in the Russian economy. The authors discuss global and objective preconditions for this process but underline a few specific features of the Russian case. The latter are due to the market transition as well as to incomplete and selective enforcement of the excessively restrictive employment protection legislation. This explains high incidence of household-based subsistence farming, underemployment, time-related overemployment, informal employment against low level of formal contracts for fixed-term or part-time employment. Using representative data the authors illustrate all major forms of non-standard employment in Russia that have evolved since 1992.

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Volkov, Vadim. "Hostile Enterprise Takeovers: Russia's Economy in 1998–2002." Review of Central and East European Law 29, no. 4 (2004): 527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573035042523668.

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AbstractThe period following the change of presidency in Russia in 1999–2000 featured multiple corporate confl icts and enterprise takeovers. This resulted in the largest redistribution of major assets of the Russian economy after the 1993–1994 privatization. This redistribution was exercised through extensive use of bankruptcy law enforced by state coercive organizations in the interests of powerful corporate raiders and privileged business groups. This article examines the origins, logic, methods, and outcomes of enterprise takeovers in Putin's Russia. It focuses on the uses of legislation and its selective enforcement by the state, which—to date—remains one of the major complications of the transitional period.

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Zhu, Ruilin, Aashish Srivastava, and Juliana Sutanto. "Privacy-deprived e-commerce: the efficacy of consumer privacy policies on China's e-commerce websites from a legal perspective." Information Technology & People 33, no. 6 (August 20, 2020): 1601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-03-2019-0117.

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PurposeDespite grave public concerns over information privacy and ongoing academic explorations of privacy policy, there is a general lack of understanding toward this issue in the legal context in China, the largest e-commerce market in the world. Departing from the extant literature of general discussion in nature, the authors undertook an exploratory study on the efficacy of e-commerce websites' privacy policies in China from the legal perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe authors drew on a qualitative grounded theory approach to identify selective codes relating to the focal issue and established a theoretical framework therefrom. The authors then conducted theoretical integration by linking them to the Theory of Development Blocks and the System Justification Theory.FindingsThe research identifies a general distrust of Chinese consumers toward privacy policies and highlights that despite their growing concerns about privacy, the privacy policies are largely ineffective in reflecting legal enforcement, changing their perceptions or influencing purchase behaviors. It also reveals that the current Chinese legislation is unable to fully render consumers' confidence in e-commerce websites' privacy policies effectiveness and privacy protection due to its limited recognition and influences among them.Originality/valueThe research has multiple ramifications. The authors empirically confirmed a mismatch between customers' perception of privacy policies and their actual behaviors and then theoretically explained the seemingly conflicting scenario in the context of development block of legal enforcement and system justification. The authors theorized the absence of the legal enforcement in privacy policies to supplement the legal perspective to the literature. The research further leads us to suggest that the time has come to update and strongly enforce privacy regulation in China to fuel the further development of e-commerce sector in practice.

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Darmawan*, Darmawan. "Implementasi Fungsi Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Di Kabupaten Gresik." Airlangga Development Journal 2, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/adj.v2i1.18025.

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In the implementation of the Regional Government, Civil Service Police Unit (later called Satpol PP) has a trategic role related to the implementation of the obligations of regional government. Generally, Satpol PP has three function are : 1) Implementation of Public Peace and Order; 2) Enforcement of Regional Regulations; and 3) Community Protection. On the basis of the implementation of their duties, the Satpol PP has a formative foundation to establish Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government; Government Regulation Number 16 of 2018 concerning Satpol PP; Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 54 of 2011 concerning Satpol PP Operating Standards, as well as regional regulations related to implementation technical tasks in each field. The implementation of duties in enforcement of regional regulations area, Satpol PP carried out activities such as first to provided guidance to the community and legal entities that violated regional regulations; second they conducted non-judicial control ; third they did enforce the law regarding the judiciary and the last are to supervise violation. Enforcing local regulations done by Satpol PP in Gresik Regency is carried out through pre-emptive, preventive, persuasive and represive approaches to the community without selective objectives with the aim of achieving the Regent’s vision and mission and to increase the locally- generated revenue.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Selective enforcement'

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