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D'Alessio, Dave, and Mike Allen. "Selective Exposure and Dissonance after Decisions." Psychological Reports 91, no. 2 (October 2002): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.527.
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Well-known literature reviews from the 1960s question whether cognitive dissonance underlies experimental participants' selective exposure of themselves to consonant messages and avoidance of dissonant ones. A meta-analytic review of 16 studies published from 1956 to 1996 and involving 1,922 total participants shows that experimental tests consistently support the supposition that dissonance is associated with selective exposure ( r = .22, p < .001). Statistical power exceeded .99. Advances in statistical methodology and increased attention to selecting appropriate tests of dissonance theory were essential to finally resolving this question.
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Camaj, Lindita. "From Selective Exposure to Selective Information Processing: A Motivated Reasoning Approach." Media and Communication 7, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2289.
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Literature suggests that while without doubt people engage in selective exposure to information, this does not entail that they also engage in selective avoidance of opinion-challenging information<em>.</em> However, cross-cutting exposure does not always lead to dispassionate deliberation. In this commentary I explore psychological conditions as they apply to attitude-based selection and make an argument that selectivity does not stop at exposure but continues as audiences engage with information they encounter and incorporate in their decision-making. I propose the theory of motivated reasoning as a rich theoretical underpinning that helps us understand selective exposure and selective information processing.
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Zillmann, Dolf. "Mood Management in the Context of Selective Exposure Theory." Annals of the International Communication Association 23, no. 1 (January 2000): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2000.11678971.
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Humanes, María Luisa. "Selective Exposure in a Changing Political and Media Environment." Media and Communication 7, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2351.
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Currently, the transformations occurring in media systems (especially those relating to technologies, the Internet and social networks) have led to a renewed interest in analysing the conditions that potentially foster selective exposure and, specifically, politically-oriented selection. As a result, that theory is now among the 21st century’s top eight most used approaches (Bryant & Miron, 2004, p. 696). This thematic issue addresses some of the key questions about selective exposure and associated phenomena by means of two comment articles and three research articles.
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Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, and Gregory J. Hoplamazian. "Gendering the Self." Communication Research 39, no. 3 (November 14, 2011): 358–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650211425040.
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Based on gender schema theory, social role theory, and social-cognitive theory, this study investigated whether biological sex and gender conformity (femininity and masculinity) predict selective exposure to gender-typed magazines and whether this exposure, in turn, reinforces gender conformity. Participants browsed full issues—three women’s magazines, three associated with male readers, and three news magazines—while being taped. Before and after browsing, participants indicated their femininity and masculinity. Results show a strong impact of biological sex on selective magazine reading, resulting in gender-typed media use. However, gender conformity also influenced exposure. Moreover, mediation analyses showed that selective exposure to gender-typed magazines had a reinforcing effect on the gendered self-concept.
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Barnidge, Matthew, and Cynthia Peacock. "A Third Wave of Selective Exposure Research? The Challenges Posed by Hyperpartisan News on Social Media." Media and Communication 7, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2257.
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Hyperpartisan news on social media presents new challenges for selective exposure theory. These challenges are substantial enough to usher in a new era—a third wave—of selective exposure research. In this essay, we trace the history of the first two waves of research in order to better understand the current situation. We then assess the implications of recent developments for selective exposure research.
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Dahlgren, Peter M., Adam Shehata, and Jesper Strömbäck. "Reinforcing spirals at work? Mutual influences between selective news exposure and ideological leaning." European Journal of Communication 34, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323119830056.
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The growth of partisan news sources has raised concerns that people will increasingly select attitude-consistent information, which might lead to increasing political polarization. Thus far, there is limited research on the long-term mutual influences between selective exposure and political attitudes. To remedy this, this study investigates the reciprocal influences between selective exposure and political attitudes over several years, using a three-wave panel survey conducted in Sweden during 2014–2016. More specifically, we analyse how ideological selective exposure to both traditional and online news media influences citizens’ ideological leaning. Findings suggest that (1) people seek-out ideologically consistent print news and online news and (2) such attitude-consistent news exposure reinforces citizens’ ideological leaning over time. In practice, however, such reinforcement effects are hampered by (3) relatively low overall ideological selective exposure and a (4) significant degree of cross-cutting news exposure online. These findings are discussed in light of selective exposure theory and the reinforcing spirals model.
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Wojcieszak, Magdalena, Erik C. Nisbet, Lea Kremer, Golnoosh Behrouzian, and Carroll Glynn. "What Drives Media Use in Authoritarian Regimes? Extending Selective Exposure Theory to Iran." International Journal of Press/Politics 24, no. 1 (November 7, 2018): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161218808372.
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Most work on selective exposure comes from the United States or other western democracies and typically examines partisan attitudes as the cognitive or motivational drivers of selectivity. This study extends the boundary conditions of existing literature by studying the factors affecting media choice in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a drastically understudied context. Within the overarching framework of motivated reasoning, we propose two theoretically relevant factors that should drive selective exposure into regime media or non-regime alternatives in authoritarian contexts: (1) system-justifying attitudes and (2) regime-sanctioned identities, here religiosity. Relying on two different surveys conducted within Iran in 2012 and 2016, we find that religiosity strongly predicts the reliance on non-regime media in both studies, whereas system-justifying attitudes predict selectivity in Study 2. Theoretical implications for the selectivity literature are discussed.
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Illarionov, Valery. "Modern concepts of the general theory of physiotherapy." Fizioterapevt (Physiotherapist), no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-14-2006-08.
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The article highlights the causes and eff ects of the interaction of external physical factors with the human body. The author refl ected the concepts of a “specifi c” reaction, a compensatory reaction, and an “selective” sensitivity of an organism to exposure to physiotherapeutic factors, a general adaptation syndrome, an activation reaction, a training reaction, resonance, and synchronization. In the article, the author talks about the main factors in constructing the general theory of physiotherapy.
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Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, Cornelia Mothes, and Nick Polavin. "Confirmation Bias, Ingroup Bias, and Negativity Bias in Selective Exposure to Political Information." Communication Research 47, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650217719596.
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Selective reading of political online information was examined based on cognitive dissonance, social identity, and news values frameworks. Online reports were displayed to 156 Americans while selective exposure was tracked. The news articles that participants chose from were either conservative or liberal and also either positive or negative regarding American political policies. In addition, information processing styles (cognitive reflection and need-for-cognition) were measured. Results revealed confirmation and negativity biases, per cognitive dissonance and news values, but did not corroborate the hypothesis derived from social identity theory. Greater cognitive reflection, greater need-for-cognition, and worse affective state fostered the confirmation bias; stronger social comparison tendency reduced the negativity bias.
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Chung, Sunghun. "Solving strategy for unintended criticism in online space." Internet Research 25, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-01-2014-0005.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how information load, consumers’ regulatory focus, and prior attitudes interact to influence consumers’ response to firm crisis in the context of online discussion forum. By doing this, this study presents the solving strategy for unintended criticism in online space. Design/methodology/approach – Based on selective exposure and regulatory focus theory, the author proposes that consumers’ regulatory focus and prior attitudes toward a focal firm influence the relationship between information load and selective exposure phenomenon. The data for this study are obtained from an experimental research design. Data were collected from 165 college students who have an experience with an online discussion forum. Findings – The author finds that selective exposure is likely to occur when information load is high (vs low). More importantly, this selective exposure is influenced by regulatory focus. Prevention-focussed consumers with favorable (vs unfavorable) prior attitudes toward the target firm tend to evaluate it less favorably, whereas promotion-focussed consumers with unfavorable (vs favorable) prior attitudes are likely to evaluate it more favorably when information load is high. Originality/value – Evidence is found that consumers’ regulatory focus moderates the effect of information quantity on confirmatory information search, and induces different response strategies to firm crisis information.
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Bae, Joonheui, Sang Jin Kim, Kyung Hoon Kim, and Dong-Mo Koo. "Affective value of game items: a mood management and selective exposure approach." Internet Research 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-12-2017-0477.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between game items and mood management to show the affective value of game items. Specifically, the study examines the impact of interaction between two negative mood states (stress vs boredom) and types of game items (functional vs decorative) on the purchasing intention of game items.Design/methodology/approachTwo experiments were conducted to predict the outcomes of using game items.FindingsGame users effectively manage their level of arousal and mood valence using game items. The selective exposure theory provides additional understanding of different purchasing behaviors, suggesting that stressed users are more likely to purchase decorative items while bored users purchase functional items to manage their mood.Research limitations/implicationsThe study results show the affective role of game items in mood management. While previous studies focused on the cognitive and functional aspects of purchasing game items, this study extends the value of game items as augmented products.Practical implicationsWhen launching new games, companies should provide game users free game items for mood management. In addition, to increase intervention potential and behavioral affinity, marketers need to develop and launch more game item types.Originality/valueThis study extends the understanding of affective value of game items by applying mood management and selective exposure theories to explain the purchase intention of game items.
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Camaj, Lindita. "Motivational Theories of Agenda-Setting Effects: An Information Selection and Processing Model of Attribute Agenda-Setting." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 31, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edy016.
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Abstract This study explores how agenda-setting theory works in a fragmented media environment while examining psychological motivations that drive selective exposure and information processing in an electoral context. The data suggest that regardless of motivational goals, people with a moderate active need for orientation (NFO) spent more time engaged in cross-network exposure to news media than the other groups. However, driven by directional goals, they were more apt to engage in biased information processing that increased agenda-setting outcomes on candidate attributes. Overall, this study suggests that NFO predicts information-seeking behavior, while motivated reasoning explains how people processed information. Exposure to partisan news reporting on cable television exhibited the strongest agenda-setting associations on candidate attributes.
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Rosaen, Sarah F., Aaron R. Boyson, and Stacy L. Smith. "Aggression-Related Characteristics and the Selection of Media Violence." Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie 18, no. 3 (July 2006): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/1617-6383.18.3.119.
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Abstract. A survey of 341 undergraduate students (118 males, 223 females) assessed five aggression-related personality characteristics and their relationships to the preference for violent media. Positive relationships were predicted for aggression, impulsivity and sensation seeking with exposure to media violence and negative relationships for empathy and guilt. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed consistent results only for aggression, where significant positive relationships existed with the frequency of consuming violent media. Sex was also found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between sensation seeking, impulsivity, guilt and violent media and suggests that women may derive much different value from media violence. These findings are predicted and interpreted using a selective exposure theory perspective. Generally, the present study suggests that a general predisposition toward anger, hostility and aggression is the best, albeit small, predictor of who chooses to consume media violence.
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Meernik, James, and Kimi King. "The Security Consequences of Bearing Witness." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 5 (November 22, 2019): 933–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719883369.
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It is a central assumption of our research that threats to a fragile security and violence can continue during postconflict peacebuilding and that these threats are driven by many of the same sociopolitical dynamics that initially led to war. We examine a critical but much less queried area of postwar societal instability—violence directed at segments of the population who may still be targets for those seeking dominance. Using a survey of 300 individuals who testified before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), we seek to explain violence, threats of violence, and other forms of intimidation directed at those who witnessed human rights violations during the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Our theory of postwar violence emphasizes the vulnerability of the (potential) victims of postwar violence. We argue that victims are selectively chosen because of their vulnerability. We develop and test an alternative explanation for this selective targeting that emphasizes the level of exposure an individual may have because of testifying at the ICTY. The results demonstrate quite convincingly, however, that it is vulnerability rather than exposure risk that predicts who is most likely to be targeted with human security threats.
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Foglietta, Federica, Vanessa Pinnelli, Francesca Giuntini, Nadia Barbero, Patrizia Panzanelli, Gianni Durando, Enzo Terreno, Loredana Serpe, and Roberto Canaparo. "Sonodynamic Treatment Induces Selective Killing of Cancer Cells in an In Vitro Co-Culture Model." Cancers 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153852.
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Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) is a new anticancer strategy based on ultrasound (US) technique and is derived from photodynamic therapy (PDT); SDT is still, however, far from clinical application. In order to move this therapy forward from bench to bedside, investigations have been focused on treatment selectivity between cancer cells and normal cells. As a result, the effects of the porphyrin activation by SDT on cancer (HT-29) and normal (HDF 106-05) cells were studied in a co-culture evaluating cell cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial function and plasma membrane fluidity according to the bilayer sonophore (BLS) theory. While PDT induced similar effects on both HT-29 and HDF 106-05 cells in co-culture, SDT elicited significant cytotoxicity, ROS production and mitochondrial impairment on HT-29 cells only, whereas HDF 106-05 cells were unaffected. Notably, HT-29 and HDF 106-05 showed different cell membrane fluidity during US exposure. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a marked difference between cancer cells and normal cells in co-culture in term of responsiveness to SDT, suggesting that this different behavior can be ascribed to diversity in plasma membrane properties, such as membrane fluidity, according to the BLS theory.
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Chaudhury, Suprakash, NarendraNath Samantaray, and Preeti Singh. "Efficacy of inhibitory learning theory-based exposure and response prevention and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in obsessive-compulsive disorder management: A treatment comparison." Industrial Psychiatry Journal 27, no. 1 (2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_35_18.
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Dvir-Gvirsman, Shira, R. Kelly Garrett, and Yariv Tsfati. "Why Do Partisan Audiences Participate? Perceived Public Opinion as the Mediating Mechanism." Communication Research 45, no. 1 (August 17, 2015): 112–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650215593145.
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The bulk of current literature on partisan media explores its various detrimental influences on the democratic sphere. This study highlights a possible positive outcome of partisan media consumption: enhanced political participation. It is hypothesized that consumption of congruent partisan media will tilt perceptions of opinion climate so that it is viewed as more supportive of one’s views, while consumption of incongruent partisan media is viewed as less supportive. Consequently, consumers of congruent partisan media will participate more, and vice versa. The hypotheses are tested using two panel studies: the first conducted during the 2012 U.S. presidential elections ( N = 377) whereas the second, during the 2013 Israeli election ( N = 340). In the Israeli case, survey data are supplemented with behavioral measures. All hypotheses are supported except the one regarding the effects of incongruent partisan media exposure. The results are discussed in light of the spiral of silence theory and the selective exposure hypothesis.
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Khan, Imroze, Arun Prakash, and Deepa Agashe. "Experimental evolution of insect immune memory versus pathogen resistance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1869 (December 13, 2017): 20171583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1583.
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Under strong pathogen pressure, insects often evolve resistance to infection. Many insects are also protected via immune memory (immune priming), whereby sublethal exposure to a pathogen enhances survival after secondary infection. Theory predicts that immune memory should evolve when the pathogen is highly virulent, or when pathogen exposure is relatively rare. However, there are no empirical tests of these hypotheses, and the adaptive benefits of immune memory relative to direct resistance against a pathogen are poorly understood. To determine the selective pressures and ecological conditions that shape immune evolution, we imposed strong pathogen selection on flour beetle ( Tribolium castaneum ) populations, infecting them with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for 11 generations. Populations injected first with heat-killed and then live Bt evolved high basal resistance against multiple Bt strains. By contrast, populations injected only with a high dose of live Bt evolved a less effective but strain-specific priming response. Control populations injected with heat-killed Bt did not evolve priming; and in the ancestor, priming was effective only against a low Bt dose. Intriguingly, one replicate population first evolved priming and subsequently evolved basal resistance, suggesting the potential for dynamic evolution of different immune strategies. Our work is the first report showing that pathogens can select for rapid modulation of insect priming ability, allowing hosts to evolve divergent immune strategies (generalized resistance versus specific immune memory) with potentially distinct mechanisms.
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Sandhu, Simran K., Christopher D. Bayliss, and Andrew Yu Morozov. "How does feedback from phage infections influence the evolution of phase variation in Campylobacter?" PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): e1009067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009067.
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Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) causes gastroenteritis following the consumption of contaminated poultry meat, resulting in a large health and economic burden worldwide. Phage therapy is a promising technique for eradicating C. jejuni from poultry flocks and chicken carcasses. However, C. jejuni can resist infections by some phages through stochastic, phase-variable ON/OFF switching of the phage receptors mediated by simple sequence repeats (SSR). While selection strength and exposure time influence the evolution of SSR-mediated phase variation (PV), phages offer a more complex evolutionary environment as phage replication depends on having a permissive host organism. Here, we build and explore several continuous culture bacteria-phage computational models, each analysing different phase-variable scenarios calibrated to the experimental SSR rates of C. jejuni loci and replication parameters for the F336 phage. We simulate the evolution of PV rates via the adaptive dynamics framework for varying levels of selective pressures that act on the phage-resistant state. Our results indicate that growth reducing counter-selection on a single PV locus results in the stable maintenance of the phage, while compensatory selection between bacterial states affects the evolutionary stable mutation rates (i.e. very high and very low mutation rates are evolutionarily disadvantageous), whereas, in the absence of either selective pressure the evolution of PV rates results in mutation rates below the basal values. Contrastingly, a biologically-relevant model with two phase-variable loci resulted in phage extinction and locking of the bacteria into a phage-resistant state suggesting that another counter-selective pressure is required, for instance the use of a distinct phage whose receptor is an F336-phage-resistant state. We conclude that a delicate balance between counter-selection and phage-attack can result in both the evolution of phase-variable phage receptors and persistence of PV-receptor-specific phage.
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Rivera, Jesús Miguel, and Margarita Rivera. "Tetraphenyl porphyrin films as selective detectors for amino acid molecules." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 24, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424620500340.
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The interaction of different amino acids and vacuum evaporated tetraphenyl porphyrin films was investigated by using kinetic isotherms, UV-vis spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance and density functional theory techniques. The adsorption process was analyzed by using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. From these results, the adsorption order changed depending on the chemical characteristics of the porphyrin film, although most of the interactions were classified as pseudo-second-order at the films interface. From absorbance measurements, red shifts on the Soret peak positions were observed for all amino acids interacting with the metal free and the ZnTPP systems, while the position of the Soret peak barely change for the CuTPP surface, except for a slight bathocromic shift for arginine. On the other hand, the broadening of the Soret peak was more important for the ZnTPP and H2TPP surfaces, but the interaction with the CuTPP interfaces decreased the width of the peaks in all cases. In addition, a quartz crystal microbalance analysis was employed to investigate the film sensing performance during amino acid exposure. From these results, positively charged amino acids were more easily adsorbed on the films in contrast with the polar (serine) molecule. DFT calculations exhibited important deformations for H2TPP, the out-of-plane displacement of the Zn atom for ZnTPP, and hydrogen bond interactions with the CuTPP molecule. DFT also showed high binding energies for the positively charged amino acids but low binding energies for serine in agreement with experimental data. From these results, porphyrin films could be used as selective detectors for various L-amino acid molecules.
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Tamborini, Ron. "Moral Intuition and Media Entertainment." Journal of Media Psychology 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000031.
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This paper applies the social intuitionist perspective of moral foundations theory (MFT) to the study of media entertainment. It begins by introducing the MFT’s conception of morality as an intuitive evaluative response governed by the association of moral codes organized in five mental modules. These include harm/care (concerned with suffering and empathy); fairness (related to reciprocity and justice); loyalty (dealing with common good and punitiveness toward outsiders); authority (negotiating dominance hierarchies); and purity (concerned with sanctity and contamination). After discussing initial tests examining MFT’s application to narrative appeal, and its potential broad application to entertainment theory, a model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) is presented. The model describes long-term and short-term processes of reciprocal influence between media and moral intuition. In the long-term, the model predicts that repeated exposure to module-related content will lead to an individual and culturally-shared increase in the salience of specific modules and module exemplars. In the short-term, resulting patterns of module salience will affect the immediate appraisal of media content or, if content presents ambiguous or complex moral patterns, a delayed response though careful reappraisal. Patterns of positive or negative evaluative responses resulting from these appraisal processes are expected to shape individual and aggregate patterns of selective exposure to media, as well as the subsequent production of content within media systems driven by these exposure patterns. The paper concludes with an example of the model’s utility by showing how its short-term components can be applied to address conceptual difficulties in distinguishing enjoyment from appreciation.
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Vössing, Konstantin, and Till Weber. "Information Behavior and Political Preferences." British Journal of Political Science 49, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000600.
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This article shows that citizens consider policy positions for the formation of their political preferences when they actively seek and find high-quality information, while they dismiss passively acquired and low-quality information. The study develops an extended theory of information and political preferences that incorporates the process of information acquisition and its connection with information quality. A novel experimental design separates the effects on political preferences due to information behavior as an activity from those due to selective exposure to information. The study applies this design in a laboratory experiment with a diverse group of participants using the example of issue voting and European integration in the context of the 2014 European Parliament elections.
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Taddicken, Monika, and Laura Wolff. "‘Fake News’ in Science Communication: Emotions and Strategies of Coping with Dissonance Online." Media and Communication 8, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i1.2495.
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In view of events such as the public denial of climate change research by well-known politicians, the effects of postfactual disinformation and emotionalisation are discussed for science. Here, so-called ‘fake news’ are of focus. These are considered problematic, particularly in a high-choice media environment as users tend to show selective behaviour. Much research has demonstrated this selective exposure approach, which has roots in the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger, 1957). However, research on the processes of coping with dissonance is still considered sparse. In particular, communication scholars have overlooked emotional states and negotiations. This article analyses the affects that are aroused when users are confronted with opinion-challenging disinformation and how they (emotionally) cope by using different strategies for online information. For this, we used the context of climate change that is widely accepted in Germany. The innovative research design included pre- and post-survey research, stimulus exposure (denying ‘fake news’), observations, and retrospective interviews (n = 50). Through this, we find that perceptions and coping strategies vary individually and that overt behaviour, such as searching for counter-arguments, should be seen against the background of individual ideas and motivations, such as believing in an easy rejection of arguments. Confirming neuroscientific findings, participants felt relieved and satisfied once they were able to dissolve their dissonant state and negative arousal. Dissatisfaction and frustration were expressed if this had not been accomplished.
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Liao, Hsiao-Wen, Yochai Z. Shavit, and Laura L. Carstensen. "SELECTIVE NARROWING OF PERIPHERAL SOCIAL NETWORKS PREDICTS POOR LONG-TERM COGNITION IN OLD AGE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S174—S175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.621.
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Abstract Socioemotional selectivity theory posits that emotionally meaningful goals such as spending precious time with close family and friends are prioritized in late life as a function of limited future time horizons. Research documents that older individuals include a smaller proportion of peripheral social partners than younger individuals in their social networks, and that this selectivity is associated with better daily emotional experience (English & Carstensen, 2014). Such limitation of social partners, however, might adversely affect cognitive function in the long run, since exposure to novel and cognitively stimulating environments has been tied to better cognitive functioning (Park et al., 2014). The current study examined the long-term association between proportions of peripheral social partners in older adults’ social networks and cognitive performance. Sixty-one older participants (Mage = 71.53) reported the size of their inner, middle, and outer social circles using the Social Convoy Questionnaire (Kahn & Antonucci, 1980) and completed Digit Span Backward, Digit Span Forward, and Digit Symbol tasks at baseline and five years later. Results of multiple regression analysis show that participants who had a smaller proportion of social partners in their outer social circle at baseline performed poorer on the Backward Span task assessed five years later than those with a larger outer circle proportion. Results hold controlling baseline cognition, physical health, age, SES, education, and trait openness. We discuss the findings in terms of potential tradeoffs between the age-related social selection and working memory in the long run.
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Ingelaere, Bert, and Marijke Verpoorten. "Trust in the aftermath of genocide: Insights from Rwandan life histories." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 521–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319899136.
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We study changes in inter- and intra-ethnic trust in Rwanda. We focus on the impact of the 1994 genocide against Tutsi, which is a case of group-selective violence marked by a clear perpetrator-group and victim-group as well as within-group variation with respect to exposure to violence. In our empirical analysis, we rely on more than 400 individual life histories in which intra- and inter-ethnic trust were systematically ranked for all life history years. Overall, we find that, while intra-ethnic trust remains largely unchanged, inter-ethnic trust decreases with the onset of violence and sharply so for those targeted in the genocide. Inter-ethnic trust gradually recovers over time. Only members of a subset of the victim-group, namely those with the highest probability of individual physical exposure to violence, portray signs of continued out-group mistrust, 17 years after the genocide. Our results suggest that taking into account the element of time, establishing a fine-grained differentiation of the relevant in- and out-groups in the conflict, and identifying the level of exposure to violence, are necessary steps to better understand the impact of political violence on trust. Regarding theory, our findings further qualify what is known about the twofold theoretical foundation of trust relationships, namely that changes in interpersonal trust reside in altered personal predispositions due to traumatic experiences and/or evolving experiences of trustworthiness in social interaction.
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Fadhilla, Intan. "Upaya pedagang kaki lima dalam mengatasi terpaan berita penyebaran Covid-19 di televisi." Islamic Communication Journal 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/icj.2020.5.2.6158.
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<p>In a covid-19 pandemic situation like this, television media as information presenters, make social contributions by reporting to discussing social realities regarding the latest developments regarding the spread of the covid-19virus that is currently happening. In this case, news on television is the daily intake of the community, including the street vendors. Many media continued to launch and report the news to street vendors, who could not follow the government's directives to stay at home, because of the demands of work and the daily economy. However, the effect of news exposure is felt by street vendors and has its impact on them, so efforts are needed to overcome the exposure to the covid-19 news. This study aims to determine how the community's efforts to deal with exposure to covid-19 news on television. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative research method, using the theory of individual differences. The results of the research obtained from this research are street vendors in Cikedokan village, who are often exposed to news about covid-19 on television every day with a high frequency of broadcasts (often), so an effort to overcome exposure to the news is to limit yourself to watching. the latest news about covid-19 that is broadcast, besides that, street vendors are more selective in choosing good news for consumption so that it does not affect their attitudes and work in their day to day and do not forget to also obey government directions and ask more people. understand a situation like this pandemic.</p>
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Shtepliuk, Ivan, and Rositsa Yakimova. "Interband Absorption in Few-Layer Graphene Quantum Dots: Effect of Heavy Metals." Materials 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071217.
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Monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with different binding abilities to elemental heavy metals (HMs: Cd, Hg, and Pb) were designed, and their electronic and optical properties were investigated theoretically to understand deeply the optical response under heavy metal exposure. To gain insight into the nature of interband absorption, we performed density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations for thickness-varying GQDs. We found that the interband absorption in GQDs can be efficiently tuned by controlling the thickness of GQDs to attain the desirable coloration of the interacting complex. We also show that the strength of the interaction between GQDs and Cd, Hg, and Pb is strongly dependent on the number of sp2-bonded layers. The results suggest that the thickness of GQDs plays an important role in governing the hybridization between locally-excited (LE) and charge-transfer (CT) states of the GQDs. Based on the partial density-of-states (DOS) analysis and in-depth knowledge of excited states, the mechanisms underlying the interband absorption are discussed. This study suggests that GQDs would show an improved sensing performance in the selective colorimetric detection of lead by the thickness control.
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Malek, Samaneh, and Reza Poursalehi. "Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Heating of Colloidal Copper Nanoparticles in Water." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.263.
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In this study, localized heating of homogenous spherical copper nanoparticles surrounded by water on exposure to short laser pulses is investigated. We are intended to estimate the maximum temperatures of nanoparticles by calculating the absorption efficiency and absorbed energy with some radii in the range 1-50 nm at the laser wavelengths of 248 and 633 nm using Mie theory. The dependency of the melting temperature of nanoparticles upon the particle size is also considered. Our calculations show the appropriate laser wavelength and nanoparticle size which are preferred for large area heating, localized heating without thermal damage or completely localized destroying of small amount of species and polymeric materials modification. The significant temperature rising and the heat transfer to the immediate vicinity is of exceptional interest in selective cell targeting, diagnosis and therapeutic applications, surface modification, and particle removing below damage threshold energy of surrounding media.
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Kotorri, Mrika, and Besnik A. Krasniqi. "Managerial Characteristics and Export Performance – Empirical Evidence from Kosovo." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2018-0008.
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Abstract Guided by managerial theory and behavioural economics, as well as the literature on exporting, this study combines the upper echelons perspective with the Melitz model to analyse the export behaviour of firms. Hence, it controls for the influence of managerial characteristics, neglected thus far in the literature on firms’ export choice and volume in transition countries. The empirical analysis is based on a random sample of 500 Kosovan SMEs. The results support the key hypothesis that both subjective and objective managerial characteristics are crucial for export decisions. In line with the strategic choice paradigm and behavioural economics, the findings provide support regarding the influence of the habituation and rational expectations effect, as well as the manager’s education and international exposure concerning export performance. Further, the Kosovan firms are self-selective in their export behaviour in terms of productivity supporting the Melitz model. No evidence, however, is found for the significance of institutional factors, even after performing factor analysis.
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Schade, Andrew E., Megan M. Quimper, Jennifer Powers, and Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski. "Lipid Raft Dependent Signaling Pathways Define a Mechanism for Selective Survival Advantage of PNH Cells." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.1044.1044.
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Abstract Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by somatic mutation of the PIGA gene, resulting in a clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that lack glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored proteins (GPI-AP) on the cell surface. According to the extrinsic theory, PNH stem cells enjoy a selective growth advantage in the context of a cellular immune attack eliciting proinflammatory cytokines, such as seen during the course of aplastic anemia (AA). Since GPI-AP associate with lipid rafts in the plasma membrane and we have previously shown that lipid rafts exist as heterogeneous microdomains on the cell surface, we proposed that GPI-AP deficiency in PNH cells may result in altered raft-dependent signaling pathways to confer a potential growth advantage on PNH cells. The p38 MAPK pathway has been shown to mediate the suppressive effects of proinflammatory cytokines on HSC. When we stimulated GPI-AP deficient K562 leukemic cells (PNH cells) with 0.2 to 20 ng/ml TNFα , there was markedly reduced p38 phosphorylation compared to K562 cells with intact GPI-AP (WT cells), determined by immunoblot analysis. While TNF receptor 1 has been shown to associate with lipid rafts, not all TNFR1 signaling is raft-dependent. To determine if all or only a subset of TNF signaling was affected by lack of GPI-AP, NFκ B p65(S536) phosphorylation was also examined. We observed increased levels of phospho-NFκ B in unstimulated PNH cells that was further induced upon TNFα stimulation. When methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) was used to disrupt lipid rafts, there was a differential effect on PNH versus WT cells. PNH cells displayed increased phospho-NFκ B after MCD treatment, while WT cells increased phospho-p38 slightly, with no change in phospho-NFκ B. This finding suggests that lipid rafts in PNH cells normally sequester signaling components negatively regulating NFκ B, and disruption of rafts allows for potentiated NFκ B signaling. This imbalance in signaling pathway activation is manifest after culturing WT and PNH cells in the presence of MCD. Following a 5 hour exposure to MCD, a notable decrease in the population of WT cells (from 53% untreated to 33% after MCD) correlates with an increase in PNH cells (from 43% untreated to 59% after MCD), determined by flow cytometric analysis of CD55 and CD59 surface co-expression. When WT and PNH cells were cultured overnight with MCD, WT cells showed extensive apoptosis, from 90% viable untreated, to 8% viable after MCD. However, in agreement with the signaling analysis, PNH cells appeared morphologically identical to their untreated controls, with 83% viable in the MCD-treated group and 90% in the untreated control. These observations in paired wild type and GPI-AP cell lines were confirmed in primary cell cultures. Upon culture of monocytes from PNH patients in the presence of TNFα , GPI-AP-deficient monocytes selectively expanded while normal monocytes decreased numbers. Thus, in comparison to normal cells, the relative increase of NFκ B to p38 activation in PNH cells after TNFα exposure may play a role in their selective survival/proliferation advantage the context of an immune attack. In summary, we propose that altered lipid raft-dependent signaling in GPI-AP deficient cells may cue different responses to proinflammatory cytokines than normal cells with intact GPI-AP. Hence, an increased proportion of cells with a PNH phenotype, having survived the hostile bone marrow environment, will contribute a greater share to reconstitution of mature hematopoietic lineages.
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Correia, João Carlos, Pedro Jerónimo, and Anabela Gradim. "Fake news: emotion, belief and reason in selective sharing in contexts of proximity." Brazilian Journalism Research 15, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 590–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v15n3.2019.1219.
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This text addresses the phenomenon of so-called fake news in the new media ecosystem, namely in contexts of increasing influence of populist discourse and action, such as Brazil, the UK, the USA, Italy, among others. It does so by way of some characteristics already implicit in the limited effects theory: a) fake news involves, in a specific way, the participation of its receivers in disseminating and sharing it; b) producers/consumers (prosumers) are involved in contexts of proximity that facilitate selective exposure, perception, and memorization; c) these phenomena are joined by another (selective sharing): the stakeholders share ideas they agree with more intensely. Information bubbles reinforce existing beliefs and predispositions; d) the phenomenon is increased in contexts of proximity, be it geographical proximity provided by regional media or thematic and ideological proximity shared in online groups. Despite this, there is a difference between contexts of proximity in traditional communities and mechanisms of propaganda that have a significant level of organization and ideological polarization.Este texto aborda o fenômeno das chamadas fake news no novo ecossistema midiático, nomeadamente em contextos de aumento da influência do discurso e das ações populistas, como Brasil, Reino Unido, EUA, Itália entre outros, através de algumas características, já implícitas na teoria dos efeitos limitados: a) as fake news implicam, de um modo especial, a participação dos seus receptores na sua divulgação e dispersão; b) os produtores/consumidores (prosumers) estão envolvidos em contextos de proximidade que facilitam a exposição, percepção, memorização seletivas; c) a estes fenômenos acrescenta-se outro (partilha seletiva): os stakeholders compartilham com mais intensidade as ideias com que estão de acordo. As bolhas de informação reforçam crenças e predisposições já existentes; d) o fenômeno agrava-se em contextos de proximidade, seja esta a proximidade geográfica e temática proporcionada nos media regionais, seja a proximidade temática e ideológica partilhadas nos grupos online. Apesar disso, há uma diferença liminar entre os contextos de proximidade em comunidades tradicionais e os mecanismos de propaganda com forte índice de organização e mobilização ideológica.Este texto aborda el fenómeno de las llamadas fake news en el nuevo ecosistema mediático, a saber, en contextos de creciente influencia del discurso y la acción populistas como Brasil, EE.UU., U.K., Italia, entre otros, mediante algunas características implícitas en la teoria de los efectos limitados: a) las fake news implican, de modo especial, la participación de sus receptores en su divulgación y dispersión; b) los productores / consumidores (prosumers) participan en contextos de proximidad que facilitan la exposición, la percepción y la memorización selectiva; c) a estos fenómenos se añade otro (compartición selectiva): los stakeholders, quienes comparten con más intensidad las ideas con que están de acuerdo. Las burbujas de información refuerzan creencias y predisposiciones ya existentes; d) el fenómeno se agrava en contextos de proximidad, es decir, la proximidad geográfica y temática proporcionada en los medios regionales, sea la proximidad temática y ideológica compartida en los grupos online. Apesar de ello, hay una diferencia entre los contextos de proximidad en comunidades tradicionales y los mecanismos de propaganda con fuerte índice de organización y movilización ideológica.
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Gish, Moshe, Mark C. Mescher, and Consuelo M. De Moraes. "Targeted predation of extrafloral nectaries by insects despite localized chemical defences." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1816 (October 7, 2015): 20151835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1835.
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Extrafloral (EF) nectaries recruit carnivorous arthropods that protect plants from herbivory, but they can also be exploited by nectar thieves. We studied the opportunistic, targeted predation (and destruction) of EF nectaries by insects, and the localized chemical defences that plants presumably use to minimize this effect. In field and laboratory experiments, we identified insects that were possibly responsible for EF nectary predation in Vicia faba (fava bean) and determined the extent and accuracy of the feeding damage done to the EF nectaries by these insects. We also performed biochemical analyses of plant tissue samples in order to detect microscale distribution patterns of chemical defences in the area of the EF nectary. We observed selective, targeted feeding on EF nectaries by several insect species, including some that are otherwise not primarily herbivorous. Biochemical analyses revealed high concentrations of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a non-protein amino acid that is toxic to insects, near and within the EF nectaries. These results suggest that plants allocate defences to the protection of EF nectaries from predation, consistent with expectations of optimal defence theory, and that this may not be entirely effective, as insects limit their exposure to these defences by consuming only the secreting tissue of the nectary.
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Alyan, Emad, Naufal M. Saad, Nidal Kamel, Mohd Zuki Yusoff, Mohd Azman Zakariya, Mohammad Abdul Rahman, Christophe Guillet, and Frederic Merienne. "Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha Asymmetry during Mental Stress Related to Workplace Noise." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061968.
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This study aims to investigate the effects of workplace noise on neural activity and alpha asymmetries of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during mental stress conditions. Workplace noise exposure is a pervasive environmental pollutant and is negatively linked to cognitive effects and selective attention. Generally, the stress theory is assumed to underlie the impact of noise on health. Evidence for the impacts of workplace noise on mental stress is lacking. Fifteen healthy volunteer subjects performed the Montreal imaging stress task in quiet and noisy workplaces while their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography. The salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) was measured before and immediately after each tested workplace to evaluate the stress level. The results showed a decrease in alpha rhythms, or an increase in cortical activity, of the PFC for all participants at the noisy workplace. Further analysis of alpha asymmetry revealed a greater significant relative right frontal activation of the noisy workplace group at electrode pairs F4-F3 but not F8-F7. Furthermore, a significant increase in sAA activity was observed in all participants at the noisy workplace, demonstrating the presence of stress. The findings provide critical information on the effects of workplace noise-related stress that might be neglected during mental stress evaluations.
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Rahmiputri, Aisha Andari, and Irwansyah Irwansyah. "Paparan Selektif Penggunaan Fitur Senyap dan Teman Dekat pada Twitter dan Instagram." Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 3, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v3i3.1681.
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Social media has become a part of human’s life. Social Networking Sites or SNS which a part of social media allows the users to create their own network. Not only that but users can also choose their friends, what kind of content they want to see, what kind of relationship then want to have, or to keep certain content just for a few people to see through social media. A few features like mute feature to close friends feature are there for users to use on Twitter and Instagram. This research will try to find out how those features are being used by the users and why those features are needed. In depth interview is used to six informants who use the mute and close friend feature on Twitter or Instagram. Selective exposure theory is used to see how someone is more interested in seeing contents that match their believes and interests. It shows that mute feature is used to filter some stuff that they want to see and avoid things they don’t like. The mute feature also useful for keeping the relationship in a good term between the users and other people. Meanwhile, close friends feature is used to maintain the connection users have with a few people where they can share stuff to those people only. Users also think that close friends feature is useful to protect their privacy.
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Senger, Moritz, Stefan Mebs, Jifu Duan, Florian Wittkamp, Ulf-Peter Apfel, Joachim Heberle, Michael Haumann, and Sven Timo Stripp. "Stepwise isotope editing of [FeFe]-hydrogenases exposes cofactor dynamics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 30 (July 18, 2016): 8454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606178113.
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The six-iron cofactor of [FeFe]-hydrogenases (H-cluster) is the most efficient H2-forming catalyst in nature. It comprises a diiron active site with three carbon monoxide (CO) and two cyanide (CN−) ligands in the active oxidized state (Hox) and one additional CO ligand in the inhibited state (Hox-CO). The diatomic ligands are sensitive reporter groups for structural changes of the cofactor. Their vibrational dynamics were monitored by real-time attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Combination of 13CO gas exposure, blue or red light irradiation, and controlled hydration of three different [FeFe]-hydrogenase proteins produced 8 Hox and 16 Hox-CO species with all possible isotopic exchange patterns. Extensive density functional theory calculations revealed the vibrational mode couplings of the carbonyl ligands and uniquely assigned each infrared spectrum to a specific labeling pattern. For Hox-CO, agreement between experimental and calculated infrared frequencies improved by up to one order of magnitude for an apical CN− at the distal iron ion of the cofactor as opposed to an apical CO. For Hox, two equally probable isomers with partially rotated ligands were suggested. Interconversion between these structures implies dynamic ligand reorientation at the H-cluster. Our experimental protocol for site-selective 13CO isotope editing combined with computational species assignment opens new perspectives for characterization of functional intermediates in the catalytic cycle.
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Li, Xiaopeng, Huiying Zhang, Valerie Soledad-Conrad, Jiaju Zhuang, and Bruce D. Uhal. "Bleomycin-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells requires angiotensin synthesis de novo." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 284, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): L501—L507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00273.2002.
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Primary cultures of rat type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) or human AEC-derived A549 cells, when exposed to bleomycin (Bleo), exhibited concentration-dependent apoptosis detected by altered nuclear morphology, fragmentation of DNA, activation of caspase-3, and net cell loss over time. In both cell culture models, exposure to Bleo caused time-dependent increases in angiotensinogen (ANGEN) mRNA. Antisense oligonucleotides against ANGEN mRNA inhibited Bleo-induced apoptosis of rat AEC or A549 cells by 83 and 84%, respectively ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), and prevented Bleo-induced net cell loss. Apoptosis of rat AECs or A549 cells in response to Bleo was inhibited 91% by the ANG-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril or 82%, respectively, by neutralizing antibodies specific for ANG II (both P < 0.01). Antagonists of ANG receptor AT1 (losartan, L-158809, or saralasin), but not an AT2-selective blocker (PD-123319), inhibited Bleo-induced apoptosis of either rat AECs (79%, P < 0.01) or A549 cells (83%, P < 0.01) and also reduced the activity of caspase-3 by 52% ( P < 0.05). These data indicate that Bleo, like FasL or TNF-α, induces transactivation of ANG synthesis de novo that is required for AEC apoptosis. They also support the theory that ANG system antagonists have potential for the blockade of AEC apoptosis in situ.
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Bartram, Söhnke M., and Gordon M. Bodnar. "The exchange rate exposure puzzle." Managerial Finance 33, no. 9 (August 7, 2007): 642–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074350710776226.
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PurposeBased on basic financial models and reports in the business press, exchange rate movements are generally believed to affect the value of nonfinancial firms. In contrast, the empirical research on nonfinancial firms typically produces fewer significant exposures estimates than researchers expect, independent of the sample studied and the methodology used, giving rise to a situation known as “the exposure puzzle”. To this end, this paper aims to systematically analyze the existing empirical evidence of the exposure phenomenon and to attempt to understand the possible source of the exposure puzzle.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a survey of the existing research on the exposure phenomenon for nonfinancial firms. A simple model of exposure elasticity is also used to demonstrate the substantial impact of operational hedging on exposure elasticities. Furthermore, the evidence on the nature of firms’ financial derivative usage is considered.FindingsIt is suggested that the exposure puzzle may not be a problem of empirical methodology or sample selection as previous research has suggested, but is simply the result of the endogeneity of operative and financial hedging at the firm level. Given that empirical tests estimate exchange exposures net of corporate hedging, both firms with low gross exposures that do not need to hedge and firms with large gross exposures that employ one or several forms of hedging, may exhibit only weak exchange rate exposures net of hedging. Consequently, empirical tests yield only small percentages of firms with significant stock price exposures in almost any sample.Originality/valueIf firms react rationally to their exposures, most firms will either have no exposure to start with, or reduce their exposure to levels that may be too small to detect empirically. Consequently, the exposure puzzle may not be a problem with methodology or theory, but mainly the result of endogeneity of operative and financial hedging at the firm level.
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Tyne, Julian A., David W. Johnston, Fredrik Christiansen, and Lars Bejder. "Temporally and spatially partitioned behaviours of spinner dolphins: implications for resilience to human disturbance." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160626.
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Selective forces shape the evolution of wildlife behavioural strategies and influence the spatial and temporal partitioning of behavioural activities to maximize individual fitness. Globally, wildlife is increasingly exposed to human activities which may affect their behavioural activities. The ability of wildlife to compensate for the effects of human activities may have implications for their resilience to disturbance. Resilience theory suggests that behavioural systems which are constrained in their repertoires are less resilient to disturbance than flexible systems. Using behavioural time-series data, we show that spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ) spatially and temporally partition their behavioural activities on a daily basis. Specifically, spinner dolphins were never observed foraging during daytime, where resting was the predominant activity. Travelling and socializing probabilities were higher in early mornings and late afternoons when dolphins were returning from or preparing for nocturnal feeding trips, respectively. The constrained nature of spinner dolphin behaviours suggests they are less resilient to human disturbance than other cetaceans. These dolphins experience the highest exposure rates to human activities ever reported for any cetaceans. Over the last 30 years human activities have increased significantly in Hawaii, but the spinner dolphins still inhabit these bays. Recent abundance estimates (2011 and 2012) however, are lower than all previous estimates (1979–1981, 1989–1992 and 2003), indicating a possible long-term impact. Quantification of the spatial and temporal partitioning of wildlife behavioural schedules provides critical insight for conservation measures that aim to mitigate the effects of human disturbance.
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Khawaja, Mabel. "Islam and Arabs in Early American Thought." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 4 (January 1, 1992): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i4.2544.
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The introduction to this book credits the author with clarifying theoperative attitudes of Americans towards Islam by looking at the causeand result of the Muslim image in American literature. However, regretis expressed that Sha'ban had to be heroically selective about a subjectradiating in many rich directions. Apparently, the book offers fresh insightsand new possibilities for exploration and discovery, therebycontributing significantly to the enhancement of a literary tradition thatcame to the forefront with Said's Orientalism. Sha'ban studies orientalismin tenns of America's exposure to and understanding of Islam by focusingon Muslims of nineteenth-century North Africa and the Middle East.Even though the book's thrust is political, Sha 'ban challenges the readerto review familiar American writers and trends from an unfamiliar perspectiveas he traces the historically biased approach of Americans intheir dealings with the Muslim world.In chapter one, “A Place for My People,“ the author explains howAmerica’s Puritan beginnings shaped its self-image and its attitude towads“the Arab world, its people and land.” The Pilgrims saw themselvesas the chosen people in a promised land. Under the umbrella of aprovidential plan and the divine covenant, they were heirs to the kingdomof God in the new world and therefore shared a common responsibilityto execute the divine mission. Unlike European monamhs who relied onreligion for personal privilege (i.e., the Divine Right theory), Puritansshifted away from emphasizing the personal and private aspects of Christianityto its communal or corporate nature. They constantly endorsedtheir national responsibility to share the benefits of their chosen status ascitizens of God’s kingdom with the rest of the world ...
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Mensch, James, and Murray Mitchell. "Choosing a Career in Athletic Training: Exploring the Perceptions of Potential Recruits." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.1.70.
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Abstract Context: The success of any academic program, including athletic training, depends upon attracting and keeping quality students. Therefore, understanding potential recruits' perceptions of athletic training is important. Objective: To (1) gain insight regarding undergraduate students' decisions to enter or not enter an athletic training education program (ATEP), and (2) examine potential athletic training recruits' perceptions of the roles and responsibilities of certified athletic trainers. Design: We used a descriptive study employing a grounded theory approach to explore perceptions of the athletic training profession by college students with various levels of interest in athletic training. Setting: Athletic training education program from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I research-intensive university. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-six undergraduate students (23 interested in applying to an ATEP and 23 who were aware of but not interested in applying to an ATEP). Main Outcome Measure(s): Data from in-depth, semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding procedures. Member checks and peer-debriefing techniques were used to ensure trustworthiness of the study. Results: Three contributing factors appeared to influence the recruitment of students to a career in athletic training: (1) a strong affiliation to a sports/team model, (2) initial exposure at the high school level, and (3) an incomplete understanding of athletic training. Conclusions: Awareness of how students are recruited into ATEPs is important information for our profession. Educators and administrators must create a comprehensive recruitment strategy using factors that influence potential recruits' decisions to enter the athletic training profession, specifically their association with sports and their experiences during high school.
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Hayat, Tsahi, Tal Samuel-Azran, and Yair Galily. "Al-Jazeera Sport’s US Twitter followers: sport-politics nexus?" Online Information Review 40, no. 6 (October 10, 2016): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-01-2016-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to analyses of the sport-politics nexus by identifying whether the demographics of Twitter followers of Al-Jazeera Sport in the USA (rebranded in 2014 as beIN USA) can be associated with a specific political orientation. Design/methodology/approach Based on selective exposure theory, which posits that people follow news sources that reinforce their existing views, the authors identify the news outlets followed by beIN Twitter followers. To put the findings in perspective, the authors compared the results to the news outlets followed by the Twitter followers of Al-Jazeera America, Al-Jazeera’s second US outlet. Next, to understand the nature of the beIN and Al-Jazeera America communities, the authors used social network analysis to analyze the distribution of retweets within these communities. Findings The analysis shows that whereas Al-Jazeera America Twitter followers follow significantly more liberal than conservative news outlets, beIN’s followers were not identified with a specific political orientation. Analysis of beIN’s followers’ retweets shows a greater degree of connectivity among beIN’s followers than among the followers of Al-Jazeera America, indicating a more connected social network. Research limitations/implications Findings indicate that beIN’s Twitter following is characterized by more diverse and more strongly connected audience than Al-Jazeera America on Twitter, highlighting sports as a non-politicized realm on Twitter. Practical implications For practitioners, the study illustrates that controversial non-western media networks such as Al-Jazeera can gain access to diverse populations in the West by operating in the sport realm rather than the news realm. Originality/value This study offers a pioneering indication of the extent of a sport-ethnocentrism nexus on Twitter.
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Wright, S. C., Q. S. Wei, D. H. Kinder, and J. W. Larrick. "Biochemical pathways of apoptosis: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-deficient cells are resistant to tumor necrosis factor or ultraviolet light activation of the 24-kD apoptotic protease and DNA fragmentation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 183, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.2.463.
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The function of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation reactions in the mechanism of apoptotic cell death is controversial, although one theory postulates an essential role for NAD depletion by poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. The present study examined the role of intracellular NAD in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and ultraviolet (UV) light-induced activation of the 24-kD apoptotic protease (AP24) leading to internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and death. Our results demonstrate that nutritional depletion of NAD to undetectable levels in two leukemia lines (U937 and HL-60) renders them completely resistant to apoptosis. This was attributed to a block in the activation of AP24 and subsequent DNA cleavage. Normal cells show an elevation of ADP-ribosyl transferase (ADPRT) in both the cytosol and nucleus after exposure to TNF, but before DNA fragmentation. ADPRT activity as well as cell death was suppressed by an inhibitor specific for mono-ADPRT. Nuclei from NAD-depleted cells were still sensitive to DNA fragmentation induced by exogenous AP24, indicating a selective function for NAD upstream of AP24 activation in the apoptotic pathway. We confirmed a requirement for intracellular NAD, activation of ADPRT, and subsequent NAD depletion during apoptosis in KG1a, YAC-1, and BW1547 leukemia cell lines. However, this mechanism is not universal, since BJAB and Jurkat leukemia cells underwent apoptosis normally, even in the absence of detectable intracellular NAD. We conclude that TNF or UV light-induced apoptotic cell death is not due to NAD depletion in some leukemia cell lines. Rather, NAD-dependent reactions which may involve mono-ADPRT, function in signal transduction leading to activation of AP24, with subsequent DNA fragmentation and cell death.
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Yu, Lei, Xiangshan Yang, Xin Li, Lijing Qin, Weiqiang Xu, Hongli Cui, Zhen Jia, Qiang He, and Zhicheng Wang. "Pink1/PARK2/mROS-Dependent Mitophagy Initiates the Sensitization of Cancer Cells to Radiation." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (July 6, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5595652.
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Autophagy plays a double-edged sword for cancer; particularly, mitophagy plays important roles in the selective degradation of damaged mitochondria. However, whether mitophagy is involved in killing effects of tumor cells by ionizing radiation (IR) and its underlying mechanism remain elusive. The purpose is to evaluate the effects of mitochondrial ROS (mROS) on autophagy after IR; furthermore, we hypothesized that KillerRed (KR) targeting mitochondria could induce mROS generation, subsequent mitochondrial depolarization, accumulation of Pink1, and recruitment of PARK2 to promote the mitophagy. Thereby, we would achieve a new strategy to enhance mROS accumulation and clarify the roles and mechanisms of radiosensitization by KR and IR. Our data demonstrated that IR might cause autophagy of both MCF-7 and HeLa cells, which is related to mitochondria and mROS, and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could reduce the effects. Based on the theory, mitochondrial targeting vector sterile α- and HEAT/armadillo motif-containing protein 1- (Sarm1-) mtKR has been successfully constructed, and we found that ROS levels have significantly increased after light exposure. Furthermore, mitochondrial depolarization of HeLa cells was triggered, such as the decrease of Na+K+ ATPase, Ca2+Mg2+ ATPase, and mitochondrial respiratory complex I and III activities, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) has significantly decreased, and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) protein has significantly increased in the mitochondria. Additionally, HeLa cell proliferation was obviously inhibited, and the cell autophagic rates dramatically increased, which referred to the regulation of the Pink1/PARK2 pathway. These results indicated that mitophagy induced by mROS can initiate the sensitization of cancer cells to IR and might be regulated by the Pink1/PARK2 pathway.
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Fadhly, Fahrus Zaman. "EXPLORING COGNITIVE PROCESS OF RESEARCH TOPIC SELECTION IN ACADEMIC WRITING." English Review: Journal of English Education 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v7i1.1535.
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The purpose of this research is to explore and reconstruct the cognitive processes experienced by Indonesian scientific writers in selecting research topic in academic writing. By using grounded theory approach, this research explored the Indonesian scientific writers cognitive processes and revealed eleven ways or approaches in finding and selecting research topics, i.e: institutional research road map, literature review, search before research, research trends in the world, national topics of research, interpretation of regulations, court decisions, pros and cons of actual cases or topics, discussion and research sharing method, exposure of controlled data, and looking for possible space for existing papers. Each expertise background dicipline has its own ways and approaches in research topic selection, but there is red thread: the selection and determination of research topics rests on literature review. This research endorses practical approaches to find out research topics containing novelties and state of the art of the research in each discipline.Keywords: cognitive process; academic writing; research topic selection; Indonesian scientific writers; search before research.
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Segall, Daniel O. "A Sharing Item Response Theory Model for Computerized Adaptive Testing." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 29, no. 4 (December 2004): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986029004439.
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A new sharing item response theory (SIRT) model is presented that explicitly models the effects of sharing item content between informants and test takers. This model is used to construct adaptive item selection and scoring rules that provide increased precision and reduced score gains in instances where sharing occurs. The adaptive item selection rules are expressed as functions of the item’s exposure rate in addition to other commonly used properties (characterized by difficulty, discrimination, and guessing parameters). Based on the results of simulated item responses, the new item selection and scoring algorithms compare favorably to the Sympson–Hetter exposure control method. The new SIRT approach provides higher reliability and lower score gains in instances where sharing occurs.
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Forsythe, Perry John. "Construction service quality and satisfaction for a targeted housing customer." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 23, no. 3 (May 16, 2016): 323–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-05-2015-0076.
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Purpose – The impact of service quality on customer satisfaction during detached housing construction in Australia is investigated for a targeted customer – one whose expectations focus on “price and product” and not “service quality”. The purpose of this paper is to see if service quality impacts on customer satisfaction during construction, despite the apparent conflict in expectations. Design/methodology/approach – A detailed single case study methodology is used, focusing on the aforementioned customer as the unit of measure. A longitudinal design is employed by measuring customer satisfaction and service quality “gap scores” at four stages during construction, using a survey instrument adapted from the consumer research literature. This is coupled with qualitative interview data coded into a linked set of definable service incidents. Findings – The study finds that irrespective of having price and product oriented pre-purchase expectations, customer satisfaction is closely related to perceptions of service quality during onsite construction. This only occurs for a selective set of “active” service quality dimensions – especially responsiveness and reliability dimensions. These dimensions appear to be driven by the customer’s underlying level of exposure to both positive and negative service incidents, and the ratio between the two appears to direct the strength and direction of “gap scores”. Once the physical end product materialises, the customer gradually focuses more on the objectivity and realisation this offers, and less on service quality. Originality/value – The paper facilitates theory development in terms of generating testable variables effecting the dynamic relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction, during construction. The approach enables an increased ability to identify and explain how contextual variables, linked to specific customer types, impact on the relationship. The generalisability and validity of the findings are discussed.
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Yu, Huaizhe, Kunlun Wang, Tibor Szilvási, Karthik Nayani, Nanqi Bao, Robert J. Twieg, Manos Mavrikakis, and Nicholas L. Abbott. "Design of Chemoresponsive Soft Matter Using Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051055.
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Soft matter that undergoes programmed macroscopic responses to molecular analytes has potential utility in a range of health and safety-related contexts. In this study, we report the design of a nematic liquid crystal (LC) composition that forms through dimerization of carboxylic acids and responds to the presence of vapors of organoamines by undergoing a visually distinct phase transition to an isotropic phase. Specifically, we screened mixtures of two carboxylic acids, 4-butylbenzoic acid and trans-4-pentylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, and found select compositions that exhibited a nematic phase from 30.6 to 111.7 °C during heating and 110.6 to 3.1 °C during cooling. The metastable nematic phase formed at ambient temperatures was found to be long-lived (>5 days), thus enabling the use of the LC as a chemoresponsive optical material. By comparing experimental infrared (IR) spectra of the LC phase with vibrational frequencies calculated using density functional theory (DFT), we show that it is possible to distinguish between the presence of monomers, homodimers and heterodimers in the mixture, leading us to conclude that a one-to-one heterodimer is the dominant species within this LC composition. Further support for this conclusion is obtained by using differential scanning calorimetry. Exposure of the LC to 12 ppm triethylamine (TEA) triggers a phase transition to an isotropic phase, which we show by IR spectroscopy to be driven by an acid-base reaction, leading to the formation of ammonium carboxylate salts. We characterized the dynamics of the phase transition and found that it proceeds via a characteristic spatiotemporal pathway involving the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of isotropic domains, thus amplifying the atomic-scale acid-base reaction into an information-rich optical output. In contrast to TEA, we determined via both experiment and computation that neither hydrogen bonding donor or acceptor molecules, such as water, dimethyl methylphosphonate, ethylene oxide or formaldehyde, disrupt the heterodimers formed in the LC, hinting that the phase transition (including spatial-temporal characteristics of the pathway) induced in this class of hydrogen bonded LC may offer the basis of a facile and chemically selective way of reporting the presence of volatile amines. This proposal is supported by exploratory experiments in which we show that it is possible to trigger a phase transition in the LC by exposure to volatile amines emitted from rotting fish. Overall, these results provide new principles for the design of chemoresponsive soft matter based on hydrogen bonded LCs that may find use as the basis of low-cost visual indicators of chemical environments.
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Trosko, James E., and Brad L. Upham. "A Paradigm Shift is Required for the Risk Assessment of Potential Human Health After Exposure to Low Level Chemical Exposures." International Journal of Toxicology 29, no. 4 (July 2010): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810371384.
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Chemicals are known to be associated with birth defects, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, immunological, reproductive, and neurological disorders. In response to recent reviews of limitations of current concepts and techniques for toxicity testing, this commentary challenges the paradigm that chemicals are directly responsible for DNA damage in the genomic–nuclear DNA in relevant cells of the human body. This challenge is not that mutations do not play roles in human-inherited or somatic diseases but that chemical exposures bring about disease end points by epigenetic mechanisms or by alterations in adult stem cell numbers in utero (ie, the Barker hypothesis) or postnatally, by selecting preexisting mutated cells. Classic concepts, that is, multistage, multimechanism process of carcinogenesis, stem cell theory of cancer, and newer and ignored concepts, such as cancer stem cells and cell−cell communication, will be used to support the view that the toxic effect of chemicals is mediated by nonmutagenic mechanisms at human relevant exposures.
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Claver-Cortés, Enrique, Patrocinio Zaragoza-Sáez, and Mayiya González Illescas. "Intellectual capital management: An approach to organizational practices in Ecuador." Intangible Capital 14, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.1158.
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Purpose: The present study has as its aim to identify the organizational management practices that involve intellectual capital as facilitators of innovation in its diverse formats, in Ecuador-based shrimp exporting companies.Design/methodology: The research of a qualitative nature was based on the Grounded Theory as a support for data analysis and collection. The personal interview was used in order to obtain the text corpus. The five resulting clusters served as the basis to apply inductive processes: open coding; axial coding; and selective coding, as a methodological activity meant to help interpret concepts and relationships.Findings: The organizational practices associated with intellectual capital in shrimp exporting companies are focused on structural and human capital management, where innovation has developed from the demands for the implementation of quality management systems in accordance with international regulations.Research limitations/implications: The main contribution made by the present study lies in establishing a primary reference framework for the design of strategic alternatives that involve strengthening intellectual capital as a way to generate sustainable competitive advantages in the companies belonging to this sector.Social implications: Shrimp exports, which stand out for being one of the most significant sources of income in Ecuador, contribute to local development by means of employment generation, mainly in rural communities. The exposure to organizational routines linked to intellectual capital provides a chance to come closer to the reality of this sector. This can prove useful for executives and public policy managers to prioritize an approach which influences the generation and maintenance of competitiveness at a firm level, and also impacts on the development of the regions where such business are located.Originality/value: Faced with the absence of works applied to this sector, the present work explores the reality of shrimp exporting companies, seeking to define a framework for the understanding of intellectual capital management, which might eventually imply a reference point for the design of strategies aimed at strengthening competitive positioning.