Relevant bibliographies by topics / Selective non-catalytic reduction process (SNCR)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Selective non-catalytic reduction process (SNCR)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Selective non-catalytic reduction process (SNCR)"

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Cao, Qing Xi, Hui Liu, Shao Hua Wu, Wen Yan Wu, Sui Ying Yu, Zhen Zhong Li, and Chun Hui Yang. "Numerical Study of Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction Process in Large Utility Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.258.

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To provide a theoretical guidance for the application of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) in a large capacity utility boiler, numerical study of SNCR process in a 600 MW utility boiler was performed based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent. Good agreement of the calculation results with the industrial test data confirms the reliability of the calculation model. It is found that the NO removal efficiency is low and NH3-slip is high, because the injected reducing agent could not mix with the flue gas adequately, and the furnace temperature is not uniform in utility boiler with large furnace size. Aiming at this problem, the commissioning scheme for reducing agent injection system was optimized, and CO was added together with the reducing agent. As a result, NO removal efficiency increases from 19% to 27%, and NH3-slip decreases from 59 ppm to 13 ppm.
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Wielgosiński, Grzegorz, Justyna Czerwińska, Olga Szymańska, and Janusz Bujak. "Simultaneous NOx and Dioxin Removal in the SNCR Process." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145766.

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Nitrogen oxides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans are pollutants formed during thermal processes, in particular during the combustion of various fuels, including waste. They are classified as dangerous and highly toxic environmental pollutants whose emissions are strictly regulated. Many methods for reducing their emissions are known, but all involve additional production costs. For this reason, effective and cheap methods for removing these pollutants from exhaust gases are still sought. Selective non-catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides is one of the more effective and cheaper methods for reducing these emissions. However, an alternative to expensive methods for dioxin and furan removal (catalysis, adsorption, etc.) may include using dioxin synthesis inhibitors. The authors propose a method for the simultaneous removal of both pollutants from flue gases using selective non-catalytic reduction technologies with dioxin synthesis inhibitors used as reducing agents.
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Blejchař, Tomáš, Jaroslav Konvička, Bernd von der Heide, Rostislav Malý, and Miloš Maier. "High Temperature Modification of SNCR Technology and its Impact on NOx Removal Process." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002009.

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SNCR (Selective non-catalytic reduction) Technology is currently being used to reach the emission limit for nitrogen oxides at fossil fuel fired power plant and/or heating plant and optimum temperature for SNCR process is in range 850 - 1050°C. Modified SNCR technology is able to reach reduction 60% of nitrogen oxides at temperature up to 1250°C. So the technology can also be installed where the flue gas temperature is too high in combustion chamber. Modified SNCR was tested using generally known SNCR chemistry implemented in CFD (Computation fluid dynamics) code. CFD model was focused on detail simulation of reagent injection and influence of flue gas temperature. Than CFD simulation was compared with operating data of boiler where the modified SNCR technology is installed. By comparing the experiment results with the model, the effect on nitrous oxides removal process and temperature of flue gas at the injection region.
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Zheng, Minggang, Yuankun Zhang, and Lei Shi. "Research on selective non-catalytic NOx reduction (SNCR) for diesel engine." International Journal of Heat and Technology 36, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.360326.

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Modliński, Norbert. "Numerical simulation of SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction) process in coal fired grate boiler." Energy 92 (December 2015): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.124.

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Krawczyk, Piotr. "Experimental investigation of N2O formation in selective non-catalytic NOx reduction processes performed in stoker boiler." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2016-0078.

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Abstract Stoker fired boiler plants are common throughout Eastern Europe. Increasingly strict emission standards will require application of secondary NOx abatement systems on such boilers. Yet operation of such systems, in addition to reducing NOx emissions, may also lead to emission of undesirable substances, for example N2O. This paper presents results of experimental tests concerning N2O formation in the selective non-catalytic NOx emission reduction process (SNCR) in a stoker boiler (WR 25 type). Obtained results lead to an unambiguous conclusion that there is a dependency between the NOx and N2O concentrations in the exhaust gas when SNCR process is carried out in a coal-fired stoker boiler. Fulfilling new emission standards in the analysed equipment will require 40–50% reduction of NOx concentration. It should be expected that in such a case the N2O emission will be approximately 55–60 mg/m3, with the NOx to N2O conversion factor of about 40%.
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Bae, Sang Wook, Seon Ah Roh, and Sang Done Kim. "NO removal by reducing agents and additives in the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process." Chemosphere 65, no. 1 (September 2006): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.040.

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Xu, Shun Sheng, Bo Deng, Luo Jun Li, and Ri Sheng Huang. "Research on Mechanism in the SNCR DeNox Process." Advanced Materials Research 852 (January 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.852.3.

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The reaction mechanism of selective non-catalytic reduction on NH3-NO has been investigated experimentally in high temperature. The result has shown several basic conclusions: a) The reaction of NH3-NO is self-sustaining; b) oxygen must be involved in the reaction process of NH3-NO; c) Denitration reaction of NH3-NO in the temperature range centered at T1250K; d) the temperature window for NO removal moves to lower temperature, with adding hydrogen (H2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well keeping the width of the window unaltered; e) the reaction is not explosive, and it takes place relatively smoothly in the course of approximately 0.1 sec.
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Wu, Bang, Ge Pu, and Jiantai Du. "Experiment and simulation study of the effect of ethanol and compound additives on the urea-based selective non-catalytic reduction process under moderate temperature conditions." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (October 2018): 180969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180969.

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An experiment and simulation study of the effect of using liquid additives on the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process is presented, providing a novel way for plants reducing NO X emissions. An experimental study is conducted in an entrained flow reactor, and CHEMKIN is applied for simulation study. Ethanol additive can effectively shift the temperature window of the NO X OUT process to a lower range and the NO X OUT efficiency ranges from 29 to 56% at 700–800°C. Furthermore, ethanol additive has a significant inhibitory effect on ammonia slip. Na 2 SO 4 and C 2 H 5 OH can be combined into a compound additive, which has a synergistic effect on NO reduction. The addition of methanol can greatly promote denitrification efficiency from 650°C to 725°C, indicating the potential of compound additives in NO reduction. The HNCO + OH = H 2 O + NCO pathway is also proven to be enhanced for ethanol decomposition, thereby providing OH•, which is active in NO reduction. Finally, the reaction routes for ethanol on the urea-based SNCR process at the proper temperature are proposed.
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Zhao, Yu-Jie, Jun-Xiao Feng, Shi-Ping Huang, and Shou-Yong Hu. "Analysis and evaluation of the influence of heat storage material on coke oven flue gas exothermic process." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2019): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190715446z.

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Sufficient heat storage and proper flue-gas outlet temperature were prerequisites for selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) denitrification in coke oven regenerators. This work performed an energy balance analysis on the established regenerator model to obtain a new thermal storage evaluation index-Total thermal storage temperature (TTST). Furthermore, ten cases of thermal storage parameters were set to analyze the effects of thermal effusivity and thermal diffusivity on heat storage and transfer. The transient simulation results shown that the channel shape of the lattice brick limited the uniformity of fluid-solid heat transfer and temperature distribution during the 30min commutation period, and the temperature window (1100~1300K) suitable for SNCR denitration slowly moved down. The increase of thermal effusivity led to the rise of heat storage and reduction of flue-gas outlet temperature. However, the transform in thermal diffusivity did not contribute substantially to the heat storage performance. Besides, the temperature-time-height equation obtained by fitting was used for predicting the suitable location of SNCR denitration temperature. The TTST was positively correlated with the flue-gas outlet temperature and negatively correlated with the heat storage capacity. The TTST evaluated the effects of material properties on heat storage and flue gas outlet temperature.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Selective non-catalytic reduction process (SNCR)"

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Kozlová, Romana. "Možnosti využití popílků po SNCR pro výrobu portlandského cementu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240583.

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The Master thesis deals with utilization possibilities of fly ash after selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process for Portland cement preparation as a correction component to the raw material with regard to contaminated fly ash by ammonium sulphate or ammonium hydrogensulfate that is one of the products from SNCR process. Presented thesis was focused on behaviour of raw meal with ammonia hydrogensulfate contaminated fly ash after SNCR during burning of Portland clinker in simulated kiln conditions. The thesis deals with Portland clinker preparation from this kind of raw mix and it studies mainly clinker quality, clinker phases and structure. Quantitative phase composition of prepared samples of clinker was performed by optical microscopy measurements using point counting method and XRD analysis (Rietveld method). Hydration heat flow of prepared clinker was measured by Isothermal Calorimetry. TG-DTA analysis of prepared raw meal was studied due to better comparison of prepared samples and better understanding of processes during burning process.
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Nárovec, Jiří. "Moderní metody denitrifikace uhelných kotlů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231795.

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V současnosti musí velké energetické podniky k dodržení emisních předpisů, zejména pak vyžadovaných limitů NOx, uplatňovat denitrifikační metody. Tématem předkládané diplomové práce jsou moderních denitrifikační metody a jejich praktické uplatnění v lokálních poměrech uhelného kotle s parním výkonem 640 t.h-1 v elektrárně Počerady. Práce obsahuje rešerši moderních denitrifikačních metod používaných velkými uhelnými kotli se zaměřením zejména na sekundární denitrifikační metody. Jsou uvažovány dvě možné varianty denitrifikace – varianta 1 využívá selektivní katalytickou redukci (SCR) a varianta 2 selektivní nekatalytickou redukci (SNCR) společně s nízkoemisními hořáky a stupňovaným přívodem spalovacího vzduchu. Pro výběr vhodné denitrifikační metody jsou studovány investiční náklady jednotlivých variant – nižší investiční náklady (o 19.4%) slibuje varianta 2. Při srovnávání SCR se SNCR vyšlo najevo, že investiční náklady metody SNCR jsou 5krát nižší než metody SCR. V souladu s investičními náklady, s dispozicí kotle a se složitostí jeho instalace je pro navazující studium problematiky využita varianta 2. Stěžejní část práce se zabývá stanovením optimálního tzv. teplotního okna pro konkrétní metodu SNCR. Těžištěm práce je tepelný výpočet ohniště a části deskového přehříváku pro stanovený rozsah paliv a výkon kotle v rozmezí 60-100%. S uvažováním výsledků z výpočtu jsou navrženy dvě vstřikovací roviny, které mají zaručit vysokou efektivitu denitrifikačního procesu při uvažovaných provozních podmínkách kotle. Diplomová práce rovněž diskutuje obecnou vhodnost instalace SNCR a SCR ve stávajících uhelných kotlích.
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Timpanaro, Anthony. "Reduction of NOx Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using SNCR with In-Cylinder Injection of Aqueous Urea." UNF Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/876.

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The subject of this study is the effect of in-cylinder selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of NOx emissions in diesel exhaust gas by means of direct injection of aqueous urea ((NH2)2CO) into the combustion chamber. A single cylinder diesel test engine was modified to accept an electronically controlled secondary common rail injection system to deliver the aqueous urea directly into the cylinder during engine operation. Direct in-cylinder injection was chosen in order to ensure precise delivery of the reducing agent without the risk of any premature reactions taking place. Unlike direct in-cylinder injection of neat water, aqueous urea also works as a reducing agent by breaking down into ammonia (NH3) and Cyanuric Acid ((HOCN)3). These compounds serve as the primary reducing agents in the NOx reduction mechanism explored here. The main reducing agent, aqueous urea, was admixed with glycerol (C3H8O3) in an 80-20 ratio, by weight, to function as a lubricant for the secondary injector. The aqueous urea injection timing and duration is critical to the reduction of NOx emissions due to the dependence of SNCR NOx reduction on critical factors such as temperature, pressure, reducing agent to NOx ratio, Oxygen and radical content, residence time and NH3 slip. From scoping engine tests at loads of 40 percent and 80 percent at 1500 rpm, an aqueous urea injection strategy was developed. The final injection strategy chosen was four molar ratios, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 with five varying injection timings of 60, 20, 10, 0, and -30 degrees after top dead center (ATDC). In addition to the base line and aqueous urea tests, water injection and an 80-20 water-glycerol solution reduction agent tests were also conducted to compare the effects of said additives as well. The comparison of baseline and SNCR operation was expected to show that the urea acted as a reducing agent, lowering NOx emissions up to 100% (based on exhaust stream studies) in the diesel exhaust gas without the aid of a catalyst. The data collected from the engine tests showed that the aqueous urea-glycerol solution secondary had no effect on the reduction of NOx and even resulted in an increase of up to 5% in some tests. This was due to the low average in-cylinder temperature as well as a short residence time, prohibiting the reduction reaction from taking place. The neat water and water-glycerol solution secondary injection was found to have a reduction effect of up to 59% on NOx production in the emissions due to the evaporative cooling effect and increased heat capacity of the water.
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Conference papers on the topic "Selective non-catalytic reduction process (SNCR)"

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Zhang, Bo, Hongjie Xu, Xiangyu Zhang, Xiaofeng Xiang, Ning Gao, and Xu Lu. "Study on Optimization of Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction for W-Flame Boiler." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3110.

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For the optimal design of the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) for a 600MW W-flame boiler, the SNCR process was simulated through method of chemical kinetics analysis and fluid dynamics analysis. The design temperature, de-nitrification efficiency in theory, position of spray gun and other parameters were determined and 46% de-nitrification rate was finally obtained. Chemical kinetics analysis, without considering the effect of reducing agent mixed with NOx, the theoretical efficiency is higher. Fluid dynamics analysis, taking into account the effect of mass transfer, the de-nitrification efficiency is lower than the theoretical value. In practical engineering, the mixed mass transfer is an important factor affecting the efficiency of SNCR. (CSPE)
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Swanson, Larry, Wei Zhou, David Moyeda, and Christopher Samuelson. "Enhanced Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) for Refinery Applications: Pilot-Scale Test Data With a Hydrogen Promoter." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62038.

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Selective non-catalytic reduction technology (SNCR) is an effective and economical method of reducing NOX emissions for a wide range of industrial combustion systems. It is widely known that the traditional SNCR temperature window is centered around 1,200 to 1,255 K [1]. However, for some applications, the flue gas temperatures in boilers, oxidizers, and heaters range from 950 to 1150 K. At these lower temperatures, injection of an amine reagent into flue gas no longer actively reduces NOX, but instead passes through the system and exits as ammonia slip. Earlier studies have shown that at lower temperatures, hydrogen and other promoters can be added to the system to shift the SNCR window to a lower temperature range, enhancing or promoting SNCR NOX reduction performance [2–5]. This extended abstract describes pilot-scale test results for an enhanced SNCR process (ESNCR) that uses hydrogen as the SNCR promoter. The impacts of flue gas temperature, hydrogen concentration, CO concentration, and SO2 concentration on ESNCR NOX reduction performance are presented.
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Zhenzhen Guan and Dezhen Chen. "NOx removal in the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process and combined NOx and PCDD/Fs control." In 2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peam.2011.6134838.

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Koralewska, Ralf. "NOx Reduction: The Challenge for Innovative Concepts in Europe." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5438.

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During combustion, most of the waste’s nitrogen content is transferred to the flue gases as nitrogen oxide, NOx. The EU Waste Incineration Directive defines a maximum emission limit value for NOx of 200 mg/Nm3 as a daily average value referred to 11% O2. Based on National Emission Ceilings (NEC) defined by the Gothenburg Protocol, it can be expected that the limit values for NOx in the EU will become even more stringent. In some European countries (e.g. The Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland) a lower emission limit has already been introduced. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technologies are used in many cases to achieve the above-mentioned NOx limits. However, there are drawbacks to SCR systems such as high investment cost. Operation cost is also quite high due to the energy consumption necessary for the reheating of the flue gas as well as the increased pressure loss. Innovative technologies are therefore required to make it possible to reconcile both requirements: reduced emissions and increased energy efficiency. Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) systems are based on the selective reaction of ammonia or urea injected into the upper furnace. In many cases SNCR technologies are limited by the ammonia slip which increases in case of more stringent NOx requirements. According to the relevant BREF document, an ammonia slip limit of 10 mg/Nm3 is generally required at the stack. In order to achieve reduced NOx values, it is necessary to implement measures to reduce ammonia slip, by means of either a wet scrubber or a High-dust catalytic converter. EfW plants in Mainz (Germany) and Brescia (Italy) are examples of operational plants combining SNCR with such a catalytic converter type. In addition R&D activities are carried out on the development of simplified reaction mechanisms to be implemented in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. With these tools it will be possible to describe the interaction between turbulent mixing, radiation and chemical reaction rates. Another option to achieve low NOx values (below 100 mg/Nm3) is the reduction of NOx by so-called primary measures, e.g. the Very Low NOx process (VLN), which has been developed by MARTIN jointly with its cooperation partners. The VLN process is based on a grate-based combustion system. The “VLN gas” is drawn off at the rear end of the grate and is reintroduced into the upper furnace in the vicinity of the SNCR injection positions. NOx will be reduced significantly, ensuring low NOx emission values at the stack as required, at low values for ammonia slip. The new EfW plant in Honolulu (USA) will be equipped with the VLN process. In Coburg (Germany), the VLN process will be retrofitted in an existing installation. This paper documents the potential and the limitations of different measures for NOx reduction as well as examples of recent innovative EfW plants in Europe using MARTIN technologies successfully.
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Sigg, Fred, Roland Halter, and Peter Chromec. "DyNOR™ DeNOx Performance Confirmed in Further MSW Plants." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3504.

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Von Roll Inova’s innovative new SNCR process is up to the task. This new approach takes the well known Selective non-catalytic reduction process to new heights (lows). By monitoring process conditions very closely and implementing a quick-reacting, highly precise mechanical system for distribution of the reducing agent, emissions can be limited to levels comparable to those demonstrated by SCR. Von Roll Inova’s DyNOR™ (Dynamic NOx Reduction) process takes advantage of fast and precise infrared pyrometer measurements in the exact locations where reagent is needed. Coupled with a patented distribution system, reagent injection is continuously directed to the optimal location in the furnace. The system is capable of responding to changes in a matter of seconds and thus can correct for uneven temperature profiles which are typical in combustion systems with inhomogeneous waste fuel such as MSW. Good combustion control can limit uncontrolled NOx emissions to less than 200 ppmv and forms the platform upon which secondary NOx reduction measures should build. The conventional Von Roll Inova SNCR process limits NOx emissions to 100 ppmv. DyNOR™ pushes the envelope further towards 70 ppmv NOx and less than 10 ppmv ammonia slip and closes the gap towards capital intensive catalytic systems. Long term trials at a full scale industrial installation have demonstrated emission levels well below 75 ppmv with ammonia slip below 15 ppmv. Now this process has successfully been implemented as a retrofit in a commercial unit. Results confirm that these levels can be safely achieved without compromising furnace air distribution and residence time.
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Dainoff, Alexander S., and Dennis Anacker. "The Design and Operation of an Advanced NOx Control System on the New 636TPD MWC at the Lee County WTE Facility." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2322.

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In September of 2007, a new 636TPD Municipal Waste Combustor was brought on line at the Lee County WTE Facility in Fort Myers, FL operated by Covanta Energy. This unit was the first new Waste to Energy unit built in the United States in a number of years and included a lower permitted daily average NOx emissions requirement of 110ppm @ 7%O2 while maintaining ammonia slip to less than 10ppm. To meet this new stringent NOx emissions requirement, the boiler was designed with advanced combustion controls including Flue Gas Recirculation combined with a urea based Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction Process to provide a combined NOx reduction of approximately 70% while maintaining the required ammonia slip. The SNCR System provided by Fuel Tech was designed with 3 levels of seven wall injectors installed in the upper furnace. Both boiler load and Furnace Gas Temperature were used as a feed forward control with the CEM NOx signal as a feed back to automatically select the injector levels and reagent feed rates to maintain the targeted NOx while also maintaining ammonia slip control. This paper will outline the design considerations, the details of the process and the operation of the systems on this unit.
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Yang, Wenming, Hui An, Jing Li, Dezhi Zhou, and Markus Kraft. "Impact of Urea Direct Injection on NOx Emission Formation of Diesel Engines Fueled by Biodiesel." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1059.

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There are many NOx removal technologies: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), miller cycle, emulsion technology and engine performance optimization. In this work, a numerical simulation investigation was conducted to explore the possibility of an alternative approach: direct aqueous urea solution injection on the reduction of NOx emissions of a biodiesel fueled diesel engine. Simulation was performed using the 3D CFD simulation software KIVA4 coupled with CHEMKIN II code for pure biodiesel combustion under realistic engine operating conditions of 2400 rpm and 100% load. To improve the overall prediction accuracy, the Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor (KH-RT) spray break up model was implemented in the KIVA code to replace the original Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model for the primary and secondary fuel breakup processes modeling. The KIVA4 code was further modified to accommodate multiple injections, different fuel types and different injection orientations. A skeletal reaction mechanism for biodiesel + urea was developed which consists of 95 species and 498 elementary reactions. The chemical behaviors of the NOx formation and Urea/NOx interaction processes were modeled by a modified extended Zeldovich mechanism and Urea/NOx interaction sub-mechanism. Developed mechanism was first validated against the experimental results conducted on a light duty 2KD FTV Toyota car engine fueled by pure biodiesel in terms of in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate. To ensure an efficient NOx reduction process, various aqueous urea injection strategies in terms of post injection timing and injection rate were carefully examined. The simulation results revealed that among all the four post injection timings (10 °ATDC, 15 °ATDC, 20 °ATDC and 25 °ATDC) that were evaluated, 15 °ATDC post injection timing consistently demonstrated a lower NO emission level. In addition, both the urea/water ratio and aqueous urea injection rate demonstrated important roles which affected the thermal decomposition of urea into ammonia and the subsequent NOx removal process, and it was suggested that 50% urea mass fraction and 40% injection rate presented the lowest NOx emission levels.
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Gesell, Greg H., Stephen Langham, Robert L. Margolis, John R. Nelson, and Joshua R. Miller. "H-POWER Facility Expansion." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5426.

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The City and County of Honolulu on the Island of Oahu in the Hawaiian chain has been taking steps to reduce the need for landfilling and to continue to be self-sufficient for waste disposal. For an island, having the capacity to process all of its waste is crucial and producing power helps reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels. The City and County relies upon its waste-to-energy facility to manage the waste stream. The existing H-POWER Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facility, which has been in operation for about twenty years, is a 2,000 ton-per-day (tpd) refuse derived fuel (RDF) two-unit plant with a single condensing steam turbine generator. Recent actions to enhance and expand the H-POWER Facility have been undertaken to ensure the needs to the island will be met for the foreseeable future. Enhancements and an expansion of the existing H-POWER Facility have begun and are well into construction. The enhancements will improve environmental performance and reliability and the expansion will add nearly fifty percent to the facility capacity. When complete, the expanded facility will have a number of unique features that will improve its ability to manage more types of municipal solid waste. The facility expansion will utilize mass burn technology in a single 900 tpd combustion unit with an associated turbine generator. The expansion unit will feature fabric filters for particulate control and state-of-the-art Covanta Very Low NOx (VLN™) technology intended to reduce NOx emissions well below that achieved with conventional selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) used at many other WTE plants in the USA. Independent of the expansion, the existing facility has been retrofitted with new fabric filters and induced-draft fans, which offer greater particulate and heavy metal control and improve control of other emissions. The existing facility is also getting much-needed improvements to boost reliability for many years to come. When the expansion comes on line, the facility will reliably generate about 7 percent of the island’s electrical power as opposed to 5 percent from the current 2,000 tpd of waste processed. This paper explores progress to date on the revitalization of the H-POWER Facility and its expansion.
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Timpanaro, Anthony, and John Nuszkowski. "Reduction of NOx in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Emissions Using Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) with In-Cylinder Injection of Aqueous Urea." In 14th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0144.

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Sereika, Titas, Kęstutis Buinevičius, and Adolfas Jančauskas. "Comparison of NOx Emissions Decreasing Methods for Biofuel Boilers." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.047.

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The main idea of research is to figure out the emissions of nitrogen oxides reduction using various type of reduction methods. In experiments were used NOx reduction methods: high CO emissions generation, flue gas recirculation, water and water vapor supply, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), and SNCR with flammable additive. This study presents emission and combustion results obtained burning furniture production waste which generates higher rate of NOx emissions. The result of research shows, that CO emission has the biggest impact factor -on reducing NOx emission. Burning fuel in combustion zone with first and secondary air ratio (40/60) and using methods for higher generation CO emissions reached 3.000 mg/m3 which reduces NOx emissions up to 83%. Using selective non-catalytic reduction with traditional and flammable additives reduction of NOx emissions reached up to 55%.
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Reports on the topic "Selective non-catalytic reduction process (SNCR)"

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Urbas, Jerry B. HYBRID SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SNCR)/SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR) DEMONSTRATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF NOx FROM BOILER FLUE GASES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/789208.

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