Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sélectivités'
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Pastor, Julien. "Apport de la modélisation en organocatalyse : sélectivités, mécanismes et propriétés." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01089342/document.
Full textNowadays, molecular modelling, and more particularly density functional theory methods (DFT), is a great way to describe and rationalize properties of chemical systems. In this work, we used these computational methods to study organocatalyzed reactions. Organocatalysis, which is part of the green chemistry field by the absence of metal atoms, proved to be a very successful mode of catalysis over the last decade in terms of yields, but also in terms of enantiomeric excesses when using a chiral catalyst. In this thesis we were interested in two types of organocatalysts : phosphines and phosphoric acids. Phosphines catalyze the reaction between a conjugated diene and an imine, yielding a pyrroline in a selective manner. The understanding of the regioselectivity of this reaction was the main topic of our theoretical study, in which we modelled different possible reaction pathways. These theoretical works were joined by experimental kinetic measures which allowed us to confirm the rate-determining step of the reaction. These studies lead us to propose a new reaction mechanism which explains the experimental results observed in the literature. Phosphoric acids catalyze the enantioselective reduction of quinolines by Hantzsch esters. A complete theoretical study of the mechanism of this reaction allowed us to reproduce the enantiomeric excesses obtained experimentally. On this basis, we were also interested in the rationalization between the chemical properties of these phosphoric acids and their ability to catalyze reactions
Aribi-Zouioueche, Louisa. "Réactivité, sélectivités et mécanismes dans les couplages allyliques catalysés par des complexes de palladium." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112076.
Full textThis work deals with the study of various aspects of the selectivity observed in palladium-catalyzed reactions of allylic derivatives, in relationship with their mechanism: the stereoselectivity of the decarboxylation of allylic acetoacetates and the énantio- and regioselectivity in the coupling reaction between allylic acetates and organozinc or organoaluminium compounds. In the second part, through the use of properly designed stereochemical models, is revealed – in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions – a relation between the stereochemistry of the allylic substrate and its reactivity. This stereoelectronic control is displayed in the oxidative addition step of the allylic derivative onto the palladium complex. It is also observed in reactions of allylic alcohols catalyzed by low oxidation state transition-metal complexes (nickel-catalyzed alkylation and molybdenum-catalyzed isomerization of allylic alcohols)
Dinut, Aurélia Viorica. "Etude des sélectivités de la réaction d'alkylation de friedel-crafts catalysée par des complexes de lanthanides." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112166.
Full textFriedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is one of the most fundamental C-C bond forming reactions in organic synthesis. This work concerns the study of Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction involving various arenes and electrophiles such as imines and trifluoropyruvates. The addition of electron-rich aromatic compounds to imines, known as the aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction has been realized in the presence of a catalytic amount of samarium diiodide. This one showed good activity and provided access to new products such as triarylmethanes, a-amino esters and diarylamines. For the latter two compounds, a second Friedel-Crafts reaction, catalyzed by samarium diiodide, was performed using an aromatic compound different from the first step. This methodology has provided new unsymmetrical diarylesters and triarylmethanes. The study of the asymmetric aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction was also undertaken using samarium iodobinaphtholate as a chiral catalyst; maximum selectivity of 78% is then obtained. The enantioselective addition of various indole derivatives to alkyl trifluopyruvates is described in the presence of a new catalytic system based on ytterbium triflate and chiral pyridylalkylamines. Good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 83% ee) in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation were obtained. This is the first report concerning the use of a chiral ytterbium complex in asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions. Moreover, the alkylation of anisole, phenol and naphthols by methyl trifluopyruvate was affectively performed in the presence of iron chloride (II) and indium chloride (III)
Hamon, Sylvain. "Synthèse totale du squelette diterpénique des taxoïdes par la stratégie aldolisation-annélation-fragmentation." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112254.
Full textThe goal of the present investigation was to assemble the 20-carbon unit of the taxoid diterpene skeleton in a step efficient and stereocontrolled way. We have developed an attractive approach that relies on the aldol reaction. The requisite taxoid diterpene carbon skeleton was prepared from two achiral aldol partners derived from methylcyclopentenone and benzoic acid. The central role played by the enolate geometry for the simple diastereoselection during the formation of the C9-C10 bond, has led to the accumulation of an enormous wealth of control elements. To avoid the problems associated with 8-membered B-ring formation, our strategy was based on a fragmentation rather than a ring closure operation. We investigated ways for the introduction of the C-11 functionality, necessary for the C11-C12 ring closure. Methods for accomplishing this synthetic transformation at carbon atoms adjacent to olefins, ketones or alcohols especially in highly functionalized eight-membered ring templates, heavily substituted in periphery, face difficulties inherent to the ring system. We explored conditions for connecting the C-11/C-12 carbons to complete the synthesis of the ABC ring system and finally achieved a convenient, stereocontrolled synthesis of the taxoid ABC subunit embodying the whole carbon framework and most of the required oxygen functionalities. The efficiency of the synthetic sequence allows us to continue on the synthesis of target molecules, to include a route which would be amenable to a series of taxoid representatives with minor structural modifications. To summarize, the aldol-annelation-fragmentation approach represents a working method for the taxoid construction
Zidelmal, Nacim. "SILIPOLYSALEN : étude du greffage par polymérisation contrôlée de complexes de salen sur silicium pour une application en catalyse asymétrique hétérogène." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS058.
Full textChiral metal complexes of salen type are known for their efficient catalytic activity leading to the preparation of enantioselective enriched synthons. In accordance with the concept of green chemistry, one of the main challenge is to establish a procedure for the recovery and reuse of these catalysts. In this context, the objective of this work is to functionalize the silicon surface by grafting these catalysts by controlled polymerization especially by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) to facilitate their recovery and reuse.Thus, styrene copolymers containing 5 to 50 mol % of an disymmetric salen comonomer were synthesized by ATRP in solution. The controlled nature of the polymerizations is obtained only when the incorporation of the salen comonomer is less than or equal to 10%.After complexation with cobalt, these complexes are shown to be capable of effective cooperative activation, leading to the targeted product with high yields and selectivities as catalysts in Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution (HKR) of epibromohydrin.Constantio Constantini fratre imperatoris, matreque Galla.We also reported the polymerization of styrene on the silicon surface by ATRP after grafting of the initiator. Several methods of initiator grafting have been used either directly from the hydrogenated surface or indirectly from an acid or ester surface. Styrene has been successfully mass polymerized in a controlled manner on silicon with thicknesses of 9-29 nm of the layer obtained by ellipsometry and Atomic Force Microscopy
Cambon, Emmanuelle. "Plantes laticifères : mise en évidence et applications des activités lipasiques de Carica pentagona et Plumeria rubra." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20010.
Full textTo date, the lipases that have been generally used in industry have come from microbial or animal sources. Owing to their large availability and their possible use without any purification, plant lipases may be cheaper biocatalysts. In this study, the lipolytic activities of Carica pentagona and Plumeria rubra latex were identified and characterized in hydrolysis and acyl transfer reactions. Firstly, the influence of thermodynamic water activity on reaction yields in acyl transfer reactions was determined and correlated with the water sorption and desorption isotherms of the latex. With respect to C. Pentagona, the optimal latex hydration state was obtained for the values of the couple (aw, water content) of (0. 33, 4. 7 %) and (0. 44, 6. 4 %). For P. Rubra, a large hysteresis between the moisture sorption and desorption of the latex complicated the evaluation of its optimal hydrate state. Secondly, based on a partial extraction of both latex lipases in hexane, it was suggested that these enzymes are immobilized on a natural hydrophobic support similar to polyisoprens. Attempts to identify this lipase support were conducted and discussed. Finally, the further characterization of C. Pentagona latex as a lipolytic biocatalyst was conducted in order to identify potential applications. On one hand, the biocatalyst appeared to be sn-1,3-regioselective in hydrolysis reactions, and displayed a higher activity on triacylglycerols with short and unsaturated fatty acids. Consequently, this lead to the conclusion that C. Pentagona latex extract could be used in customizing lipids to obtain nutritionally improved triacylglycerols. On the other hand, in methanolysis reactions conducted by adding methanol stepwise, C. Pentagona latex biocatalyzed the conversion of 70 % of sunflower triacylglycerols in methyl esters and thus, may have potential applications in the fabrication of alkyl esters for the lipochemical industry
Ngo, Ha Son. "Photocatalytic degradation of acetic acid in gas phase in the presence and in the absence of O2 using different TiO2 and M-TiO2 : a comparative study on the conversion, mineralization and intermediates’ selectivities." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1230/document.
Full textThe objective of the thesis is to better understand the mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation occurring under air or under nitrogen by studying the disappearance, mineralization and intermediate products of a simple molecule acetic acid. The reactions are carried out under these two atmospheres in gas phase and dynamic mode in order to place themselves under conditions of depollution or of energy generation. Firstly, we studied the degradation of acetic acid using the reference photocatalyst, TiO2 P25. Regardless of the atmosphere, air or N2, we have shown that the decarboxylation reaction is the first step in the disappearance of acetic acid. However, the fate of the methyl group depends on the carrier gas and the molar flow rate (in other words, the concentration of the pollutant in the gas phase). The mechanism of degradation occurring on the surface of the photocatalyst is then represented to explain the importance of this mechanism compared to that involving the hydroxyl radicals. The schematization of the mechanism includes the regeneration of the photocatalyst and the possible formation of H2O2, which has been observed in the literature. The study of the degradation products of acetic acid labelled with carbon 13 on the carbonyl group (CH313COOH) suggests that acetone and acetaldehyde do not result from the reduction of the carboxylic group. In a second step, the impact of photonic flux and moisture in the presence of TiO2 P25 as well as the effect of different commercial TiO2 on the conversion and more particularly the distribution of the intermediate products have been studied. Comparison of the effectiveness of different commercial TiO2s was discussed by considering the presence of rutile phase, the nature of the active species, the specific surface area of TiO2, the number of OH groups on the surface of the catalysts, the presence of impurities and the porosity of the materials
Ndengue, Steve. "Photodissociation de l'ozone : sélectivité isotopique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00698322.
Full textRoussel, Jean-Marc. "Sélectivité par complexation en chromatographie liquide." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX30023.
Full textEl, Abbouchi Abdelmoula. "Synthèse et évaluation in vitro de nouveaux dérivés de l’acide éthacrynique comme agents anticancéreux." Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3148.
Full textNowadays, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the developed countries after cardiovascular disease. Basing on these statistics, we are interested in the design and synthesis of new molecules as new potent anticancer agents. From a chemical point of view, we carried out the modifications of the carboxylic acid function and the aromatic part of the ethacrynic acid (EA). The different structural modifications were made to design a diverse library of original EA analogs. In the first part of this manuscript, we prepared a new series of EA derivatives, carrying sulfonamide, urea or thiourea moieties via a peptide coupling reaction between the EA and aminosulfonamides, ureoamines or thioureamines, previously synthesized. The second part was reserved for the preparation of other families of EA bearing triazole moiety, using Huisgen cycloaddition reactions. Simultaneously, fluorescent EA derivatives have also been synthesized. In order to increase the reactivity of the Michael acceptor, the last part of this thesis was devoted to the modification of the aromatic ring of EA using new synthesis method. From a pharmacological aspect, all the obtained results showed that most of the synthesized EA derivatives exhibited significant antiproliferative activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from micromolar (µM) to nanomolar (nM) on a panel of cancer cell lines, with excellent selectivities (> 80%)
Boudot, Denis. "Sélectivité spectrale et spatiale en résonnance magnétique nucléaire." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10504.
Full textBenavides, Brigitte. "Nutrition minérale du concombre : sélectivité de l'absorption racinaire." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT002A.
Full textBernaud, Jean-Luc. "Sélectivité des informations et persistance des stéréotypes professionnels." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H075.
Full textThe persistence of stereotypes, which has long been known, is explained here in a cognitive and social context, via bias in the selectivity of information. This selectivity is characterised by several filtering processes which favourise the assimilation of information conforming to representations (notably that linked to the "central core" of social representations and to the "prototype " of the categorization theory). This selectivity is also explained by a need for cognitive consonance,.
Causserand, Christel. "Etude des mécanismes de sélectivité d'une membrane d'ultrafiltration." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30250.
Full textMekarnia, Djamel. "Imagerie différentielle infrarouge à sélectivité spectrale de Fourier." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE4001.
Full textMaciuca, Alina Livia. "Contribution à l'étude de la sélectivité des processus d'oxydation." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20196.
Full textOuaknine, Samuel. "Comment recréer la sélectivité éxigée par la parapharmacie sur Internet." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P033.
Full textBazzi, Houssein. "Sélectivité d’adsorption et de polymérisation d’acides aminés sur surfaces oxydes." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066456.
Full textWe have studied the interactions of several amino acids with nanoparticles of silica, alumina and clays in the context of prebiotic chemistry, using characterization techniques suitable for divided matter: adsorption isotherms measurements, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) after desorption, thermogravimetric analysis, electron microscopy and XRD. In order to evidence eventual selectivities in amino acids adsorption and polymerization, we have selected two amino acids couples: alanine + arginine (Ala + Arg), and glutamic acid + arginine (Glu + Arg). On amorphous silica (SiO2), the adsorption mechanisms in each case involve weak bonds (probably H-bonding), and activation at moderate temperatures results in the formation of peptide bonds. The (Ala + Arg)/SiO2 system does not show any significant polymerization selectivity, in opposition to the (Ala + Arg)/TiO2 system previously studied. The (Glu + Arg)/SiO2 proves more interesting as there is circumstancial evidence for a "prestructuration" in the adsorbed state involving the formation of adducts; after activation at moderate temperatures, the formation of oligopeptides up to the hexapeptides is observed, with a selectivity for the formation of mixed peptides. The (Glu + Arg) couple has also been studied on other supports. On alumina, the samemême reactivity is observed as on silica, but peptidic condensation is slower end in competition with arginine degradation. On montmorillonite (a cationic clay) and on HDL (an anionic clay), strong adsorption selectivities are observed based on the acid-base speciation of amino acids. When both amino acids are forced to co-adsorb, condensation reactions are also observed, but significantly slower than on silica. Consequently, both adsorption and polymerization selectivities can be observed in some amino acids/divided oxides systems, providing a possible pathway to the evolution of biopolymers complexity
Amardeil, Régine. "L'hydrure de tributyletain en synthèse organique : sélectivité sous haute pression." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10569.
Full textBeneventi, Davide. "Sélectivité du procédé de desencrage par flottation : aspects physico-chimiques." Grenoble INPG, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPG0091.
Full textChamoumi, Mostafa. "Réarrangements d'époxydes par les zéolithes : activité intracristalline et sélectivité de forme." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20230.
Full textJmari, Khadija. "Inactivation et sélectivité des canaux calciques lents du muscle lisse utérin." Bordeaux 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR22012.
Full textLorrain, Yves. "Etude du défaut de sélectivité des membranes échangeuses d'anions au contact de solutions acides. Contribution à la réduction de ce défaut de sélectivité par modification de surface." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20256.
Full textPoger, David. "Structure, dynamique moléculaire et sélectivité de métallochaperones à cuivre et à mercure." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349257.
Full textCette thèse vise à mettre en évidence des propriétés dynamiques et structurales responsables de la sélectivité des métallochaperones pour le Cu(I) ou le Hg(II) . Des simulations de dynamique moléculaire des métallochaperones à cuivre, Atx1 et Hah1, et de MerP, dans leurs formes apo, et liées au Cu(I) ou au Hg(II), ont révélé des caractéristiques dynamiques et énergétiques communes aux trois métallochaperones quand elles chélatent leur métal natif. Un réseau d'interactions entre la boucle du site de chélation du métal et deux autres boucles situées autour de ce site, a été identifié et varie d'un état métallé à l'autre. Il pourrait ainsi définir une éventuelle sélectivité pour les métaux. La boucle du site de chélation montre une grande structuration en présence de métal, accompagnée d'une rigidification si ce métal est le métal natif. Les expériences d'absorption de rayons X du Cu(I) chélaté par Atx1 ont montré que le Cu(I) possède toujours une géométrie trigonale dont les ligands sont les deux cystéines du site de chélation, et un ligand endogène ou exogène. Atx1 présente donc au Cu(I) une géométrie qui lui est préférentielle. Cette propriété est un déterminant de la sélectivité au Cu(I) par rapport à d'autre métaux. En présence de glutathion, le complexe Atx1-Cu(I) forme un homodimère binucléaire associé à deux molécules de glutathion. L'implication de ce ligand exogène est proposée comme un facteur de sélectivité in vivo d'Atx1 pour le Cu(I) , et pourrait favoriser la reconnaissance par Atx1 de sa protéine cible.
Rabischong, Emmanuel. "L'activateur musculaire sous stimulation électrique fonctionnelle : sélectivité de la commande et caractéristiques." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOMU03.
Full textHamdaoui, Ahmed. "Estérification par des enzymes solides. Rôle cinétique de l'eau : activité et sélectivité." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT036G.
Full textZou, Xiaoqin. "Etude de la sélectivité moléculaire des membranes à base de matériaux poreux." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2012.
Full textZeolitic membranes, films and composites with regular pore systems are attractive for a wide range of applications including gas/liquid separation, chemical sensors, catalytic membrane reactors, and light-harvesting materials. In this study, detection, removal or reduction of pollutants from liquid and gas media using porous materials (zeolites and MOFs) assembled in films and membranes are presented. As-prepared ZSM-5 membrane by secondary growth and LTL-hemp composite by in-situ crystallization are used to remove toxic heavy metals and aromatics contaminants from aqueous solutions. Design of new materials and development of facile and efficient processes for fuel gas or vapour separations are presented. In addition to pure silica MFI membrane (Silicalite-1) applied for extraction of ethanol from aqueous solution, the focus was on the preparation of MOF [Co3(HCOO)6] membranes via secondary growth approach, and further evaluation for the upgrading of natural gas by binary gas permeation of CO2/CH4. The porous materials (zeolites and MOFs) are also used as selective and high sensitive films for detection of air pollutants. MOF films composed of Y(BTC) nanocrystals are fabricated and apply for sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as chloroform, acetone and 2-ethylthiophene. Besides, zeolites and MOF thin films loaded with metals are prepared and used for detection of CO with low concentration in the presence of water and hydrocarbons
Saenz, Christian. "Sélectivité des catalyseurs sulfures vis-à-vis des réactions d'hydrogénation et d'hydrogénolyse." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20177.
Full textDeffieux, Denis. "Sélectivité de la silylation électrochimique à courant constant : sur quelques modèles polyhalogènes." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10596.
Full textM'Batchi, Bertrand. "Le transporteur de saccharose des tissus foliaires : marquage différentiel, solubilisation et sélectivité." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2028.
Full textRamirez, Sanabria Alfonso Enrique. "Sélectivité dans la réaction d'éthérification ou d'estérification de polyols par catalyse hétérogène." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2276.
Full textChanging lifestyles have fuelled the rise of the processed food industry since the mid-20th century. Emulsifiers stand out as one of the few food additives to have made a key contribution to this development right from the start. Their multi-functional ability to bind water and oil, improve high quality to food products. Made primarily from vegetable oils, animal fats and glycerol, food emulsifiers, excluding lecithin, are believed to represent an estimated 0. 3-0. 4 MMT global business. Improved efficiency and higher capacities are, along with innovative new products, important priorities as industrial food manufacturers strive to satisfy consumer demands and, at the same time, withstand the price pressures applied by the powerful retail sector. This work aims to show, through the application of “green chemistry” concept, for the selective preparation of polyglycérols and direct polyglycerols-esters synthesis over stable basic mesoporous materials. Mesoporous silica molecular sieves SBA-15 and MCM-41 were used as a supports for the preparation of silica-supported caesium and magnesium catalysts. The effect of the catalysts preparation procedure, size of pore, the amount and type of metal, kind of support on the glycerol polymerisation was studied
Adam, Frédérick Marie. "Recherche de sélectivité pour l'analyse moléculaire des distillats moyens par chromatographie multidimensionnelle." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066266.
Full textMauvy, Fabrice. "Étude des mécanismes de sélectivité dans les membranes ionosensibles de type NASICON." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0186.
Full textCoulibaly, Moustapha. "Carbures nanocomposites issus de précurseurs sol-gel et impacts sur la sélectivité optique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS105/document.
Full textTransition metal carbides (MC) belong to the category refractory materials. They have an intrinsic optical selectivity, which is characterized by a high absorbance in the UV-visible region and a low emittance in the infrared range. This feature is at the origin of many studies on these materials where they were expected to play the role of absorber in an Concentrating Solar Power plant (CSP). However, given the operating temperatures of such devices (beyond 1000 ° C), the transition metal carbides have a major limitation related to their relatively low resistance to oxidation. The idea of this study is to associate such material to the silicon carbide (SiC), which currently is used as absorber in CSP systems due to its good thermomechanical properties and resistance to oxidation (up to 1400 ° C).Therefore, the first part of the experimental approach consisted in the identification among a series of carbides (HfC, ZrC and TiC) the one presenting the best characteristics in terms of optical selectivity. Then, in the second part of the study, many synthesis routes (molecular, semi-molecular and colloidal) implementing different metal precursors (alcooxydes and colloidal solution) and a carbon source (sugar) were studied according to their ability to conduct to SiC-MC type composites. The influence of the experimental parameters as well as the one of the chemical composition has been investigated. The aim was first to evaluate the ability of each synthesis routes to conduct to the expected phases and also their impact on the microstructure and the optical properties. These latter have been first studied on powders in order to discriminate the samples on the base of their compositions and then the analysis have been made on densified materials by HP or SPS.This research has permitted to conclude that the combination of a transition metal carbide with silicon carbide conduct to a composite MC-SiC presenting a certain spectral selectivity and that such a material could play the role of absorber in CSP system
Del, Bucchia Sylvie. "Etude des mécanismes de sélectivité d'une membrane d'ultrafiltration en spinelle de cobalt : Modélisation." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20103.
Full textGicquel, Evelyne. "Etude par approches globales de la sélectivité d’atteinte dans les dystrophies des ceintures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE041.
Full textLimb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases affecting the muscles of the body with different degrees of severity. The factors behind these differences of impairment have not been identified.The objective of this thesis work is to identify the molecular differences existing in normal condition between muscles known to show a difference of impairment in case of genetic deficiencies asssociated with Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. We based our work on the assumption that the differences of impairment between muscles would be caused by mechanisms leading to modifications of the expression of protective or sensitizer genes in the muscle. Therefore, we explored these mechanisms through a global approach. Analyses by high-throughput sequencing in Primate muscles allowed the identification of several genes and regulatory elements whose expression differs between the sensitive and the resistant muscles. These genes interact in a common network of interactions, which could be targeted for therapeutic purpose. Some of these differences were shown to be conserved in the mouse. We then explored the mechanisms by which the identified regulatory elements may be involved in selectivity of impairment. The results of this thesis provide a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies. They will also pave the way for the development of new treatments for this group of diseases
Ferrari, Florent. "Étude de la sélectivité d'acylation enzymatique de peptides : prédiction de la sélectivité de la lipase B de Candida antarctica par modélisation moléculaire et recherche de nouvelles enzymes spécifiques de type aminoacylases." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0252/document.
Full textPeptides exhibit various beneficial effects such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, neuroprotective, antiviral or antimicrobial activities. However, their use can be limited by their short half-life and their low biological availability. One solution to overcome these drawbacks is the acylation of peptides with fatty acids. This reaction called acylation can be catalyzed using enzymes. To date, very few studies focus on enzymatic acylation of peptides and on finding new enzymes catalyzing this reaction. The objectives of this work were, in a first time, to understand the selectivity mechanisms of the lipase B of Candida antarctica for peptides acylation combining experimental and molecular modeling approaches. This study highlighted enzyme/substrate interactions involved in the enzymatic selectivity and a modelexplaining the chemo- and regio-selectivity of this enzyme for peptide acylation reactions was built. In a second time, a preliminary study was carried out in order to identify new aminoacylase enzymes produced in the culture supernatant of various species of Streptomyces. These enzymes are able to catalyze acylation of peptides in aqueous media. A partial purification method was set and a comparative study was performed on the selectivity of C. antarctica lipase Band that of the new aminoacylases discovered in the culture supernatant of Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877. These enzymes presented a selectivity different from C. antarctica lipase B allowing the acylation of the N-terminal amino group of amino acids or peptides. A partial description of the aminoacylase activity of the supernatant crude extract of S. ambofaciens was performed. In a third and final part, a comparison of sequences of aminoacylases from Streptomyces mobaraensis with the genome of S.s ambofaciens ATCC 23877 was performed in order to identify genetic sequences encoding the new discovered aminoacylases from S. ambofaciens ATCC 23877. Each identified gene was deleted to correlate it with the aminoacylase activity observed in the crude extract of S. ambofaciens. Lastly, a heterologous expression of the ε-lysine acylase was initiated
Ilagouma, Amadou Tidjani. "Synthèse et étude d'analogues de la PCP doués de sélectivité pour le système dopaminergique." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20137.
Full textKocic, Stefan. "La perte d’activité et de sélectivité des catalyseurs Fischer-Tropsch à base de Cobalt." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1219.
Full textLoss of catalyst activity and selectivity with time-on-stream are one of the greatest limitations for the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) industrial process. There is a lack of consensus about the reasons leading to catalyst deactivation and many different paths towards those inevitable events have been evoked in the literature. Among them, some of the most common hypotheses are oxidation and carburation of active sites. Besides, the diminution of Co catalyst activity during time-on-stream exhibits non-uniform behavior, indicating that this phenomenon might be a result of multiple distinctive events. In this thesis, we concentrate on those paths that concern the active phase only, particularly hydrocarbon-species deposition, active phase oxidation and hydrocarbon-induced surface reconstruction as a function of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon coverage effects. With the aid of periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, we determine the Gibbs free energy for a large set of key reactions leading to the formation of CαHβOγ surface species on the Co(111) surface uner FT reaction conditions and we identify intermediates and transition states that may lead to activity and selectivity loss of Co-based catalysts. Hence, we propose here to study how the structure of the cobalt surface evolves as a function of the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen chemical potentials under FT reaction conditions. These calculations allowed us to propose an atomistic structure of some experimentally identified coke precursors and to identify favorable reaction conditions towards their formation. Depending on the (C, H, O) coverages, we identify three structural domains containing surface species related with activity and selectivity trends discussed in the literature so far: firstly, a low C coverage domain, where CHβ monomers are formed, the impact of O atoms is the strongest and leads to adsorbed CO, OH or water as well as to oxidized Co sites; an intermediate C coverage domain, where CαHβ linear oligomers and branched hydrocarbon chains are formed and where reconstruction of Co may take place upon subsurface C migration; and thirdly, a high C coverage domain, where we find the formation of longer branched hydrocarbon chains together with the genesis of a carbon overlayer (graphitic coke-like) that is expected to be the main source of deactivation. For intermediate and high carbon coverages, the impact of O atoms on the surface is weaker and its deposition occurs on top of the carbon overlayer without direct contact with Co sites. With the aid of periodic DFT transition state calculations and microkinetic modeling, we offer some new understandings and ideas related to the mechanism of a carbon induced deactivation phenomenon. Our study shows that surface ethynyl species CCH may be regarded as thermodynamically and kinetically the most plausible deactivation initiators. Moreover, we propose 2+2+2 cycloaddition and some CHβ / CHβ reactions as a mechanism for detrimental coke formation leading to a progressive deactivation by a site-blocking effect. This deactivation mechanism has been integrated to an existing deactivation-free micro-kinetic scheme from the literature. The resulting, two-site deactivation model has been optimized and compared to some experimental observations. Our multiscale (DFT and microkinetic model) reproduces well known experimental trends. Hence, we expect that our work will provide the FT community some valuable insights into this intricate and elusive problem, the kinetics of deactivation, as well as some rational guidelines about how to optimize the catalyst process
Ronsin, Gaël. "Acylation d'un alcool achiral et d'un thiol chiral par le méthylphénylcétène : catalyse et sélectivité." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES025.
Full textMauviel, Guillain. "Transport multi-composants dans les polymères : séparation hydrocarbures / hydrogène par membrane à sélectivité inverse." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_MAUVIEL_G.pdf.
Full textHydrocarbon / hydrogen separation by reverse selectivity membranes is investigated. The first goal is to develop materials showing an increased selectivity. Silicone membranes loaded with inorganic fillers have been prepared, but the expected enhancement is not observed. The second goal is to model the multi- component transport through rubbers. Indeed the permeability model is not able to predict correctly permeation when a vapour is present. Thus many phenomena have to be considered: diffusional interdependancy, sorption synergy, membrane swelling and drag effect. The dependence of diffusivities with the local composition is modelled according to free-volume theory. The model resolution allows to predict the permeation flow-rates of mixed species from their pure sorption and diffusion data. For the systems under consideration, the diffusional interdependancy is shown to be preponderant. Besides, sorption synergy importance is pointed out, whereas it is most often neglected
Sakanoko, Mariame. "Sélectivité du procédé de délignification dans la mise en pâte du bouleau par solvolyse." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1997. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5061/1/000640791.pdf.
Full textTran-Drouin, Simon. "Sélectivité fonctionnelle de ligands orthostériques du récepteur FP de la PGF[indice inférieur 2alpha]." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4054.
Full textDéon, Sébastien. "Transfert d'espèces ioniques dans les membranes de nanofiltration : étude expérimentale et modélisation de la sélectivité." Lorient, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LORIS098.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study the separation of charged molecules by nanofiltration. This study is based on the understanding of the various transport phenomena governing the ions rejection by a charged membrane. For this purpose, a knowledge model was developed including a bi-dimensional description of the transport within the polarization layer, the membrane / solution interface partitioning and the pore transport. An experimental study of various salts rejections was also performed with an AFC 40 membrane (PCI). Estimation of the various parameters and validation of the model were carried out from experiments on various single salt solutions. Behaviour of binary solutions was thus investigated to understand the interactions between the physical mechanisms governing the selectivity between mono- and divalent ions. Finally, a critical review of the physical approach was proposed to introduce potential improvements
Verdel, Nathalie. "Influence du choix du procédé sur la sélectivité des catalyseurs métallocènes de polymérisation des oléfines." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10302.
Full textDerule, Hervé. "Influence du degré d'oxydation du métal sur la sélectivité des catalyseurs de synthèse Fischer-tropsch." Poitiers, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989POIT2268.
Full textLeite, Lorraine. "Etude sur molécule modèle des paramètres régissant la sélectivité des catalyseurs d'hydrocraquage des charges lourdes." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066285.
Full textTexier, Samuel. "Influence de la procédure de sulfuration sur la performance et la sélectivité des catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2291.
Full textThis work is in the framework of the reduction of the sulfur content of fuels to satisfy new European regulations. The objective was to determine the influence of several activating agents during sulfidation on the performance of hydrodesulfurisation (HDS) catalysts. Indeed, sulfidation is a critical step to achieve a good level of HDS activity on sulfide catalysts. Under industrial conditions, it is recognized that the activation by organosulfide compounds is more beneficial to obtain active catalysts than the use of hydrogen sulfide. A systematic study of the various operational parameters of the activation process was thus carried out by comparing precisely activation by H2S or by organosulfides. This study reveals that the recognized advantage of organosulfides compounds has not a "purely chemical origin" but is more probably related to a heating and/or thermodynamic effect limiting or diluting the exothermicity of the oxide-sulfide transformation
Boccongelli, Marina. "Etude expérimentale de la stabilité, sélectivité d'appariement et dynamique d'oligonucléotides DNA-DNA et LNA-DNA." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210549.
Full textDans ce travail, nous avons étudié la stabilité, la sélectivité d'appariement ainsi que la dynamique de la structure double brin d'un oligonucléotide hybride LNA-DNA, et nous avons comparé ces propriétés à celles d'un oligonucléotide DNA-DNA de même séquence. Ce dernier est constitué de 11 paires de bases formées par l'appariement du brin 5'-GCGTGTGTGCG-3' avec le brin 3'-CGCACACACGC-5'. Dans le cas de l'hybride, les nucléotides du second brin sont tous remplacés par des LNA.
La stabilité a été étudiée expérimentalement par différentes techniques :spectroscopie d'absorption UV, calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, résonance magnétique nucléaire et calorimétrie à titrage isotherme. Ces études montrent que la stabilité du duplexe hybride est plus importante que celle du naturel, et que ce phénomène s'explique par un terme entropique plus favorable pour la formation du duplexe LNA-DNA que pour la formation du duplexe DNA-DNA.
La sélectivité d'appariement a été étudiée en comparant la stabilité des deux oligonucléotides étudiés avec celle d'oligonucléotides présentant un mésappariement dans la séquence. Nos résultats montrent que la sélectivité d'appariement du brin LNA n'est pas significativement différente de celle du brin DNA. Ce résultat ne doit cependant pas être généralisé car nous n'avons testé qu'une position centrale pour le mésappariement.
L'étude de la dynamique de la structure des oligonucléotides a été effectuée par RMN et porte sur la caractérisation de la cinétique de l'ouverture individuelle des paires de bases. Nous observons que la durée de vie de l'état fermé des paires de bases G-C est supérieure dans l'oligonucléotide LNA-DNA, tandis que l'état fermé des paires A-T semble posséder une durée de vie supérieure dans l'oligonucléotide DNA-DNA.
Au cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons pu caractériser les facteurs énergétiques à la base de la stabilité accrue des oligonucléotides chimiquement modifiés de type LNA. Nous avons montré que leur sélectivité d’appariement n’est pas toujours supérieure à celle des oligonucléotides naturels et dépend des séquences impliquées. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence les différences entre la dynamique de la structure d’un oligonucléotide possédant des LNA et celle d’un duplexe DNA.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Masquelier, Timothée. "Mécanismes d'apprentissage pour expliquer la rapidité, la sélectivité et l'invariance des réponses dans le cortex visuel." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271070.
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