Journal articles: 'Selectivity (Psychology) – Testing'

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Kujala, Janne V., and Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov. "Testing for selectivity in the dependence of random variables on external factors." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 52, no. 2 (April 2008): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2008.01.008.

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Okun, Morris A., and Amy Schultz. "Age and motives for volunteering: Testing hypotheses derived from socioemotional selectivity theory." Psychology and Aging 18, no. 2 (2003): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.231.

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Ashida, Hiroshi, and Naoyuki Osaka. "Difference of Spatial Frequency Selectivity between Static and Flicker Motion Aftereffects." Perception 23, no. 11 (November 1994): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p231313.

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The strength of motion aftereffect (MAE) was measured with the use of sinusoidal gratings of several spatial frequencies, to examine the spatial frequency selectivity of two types of MAE. With ordinary static grating as a test stimulus, to measure ‘static MAE’, the maximum aftereffect for each adapting spatial frequency was obtained at the testing stimuli of the same spatial frequency, showing spatial frequency selectivity. However, in the case when the sinusoidally flickering grating was used as a test stimulus, to measure ‘flicker MAE’, no spatial frequency selectivity was observed. The two types of MAE were considered to be based on different mechanisms. Static MAE is thought to depend on the spatiotemporal channel mechanism in the early processing stages, whereas flicker MAE might reflect higher-level processes which might occur at the extrastriate regions.

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Lamben, Anthony. "Expecting Different Categories at Different Locations and Spatial Selective Attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 1 (February 1987): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724988743000033.

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An experiment is reported testing the idea that spatial selective attention operates like the beam of a spotlight. Subjects made speeded orientation judgements to alphanumeric characters that could appear at an upper or lower display location. Letters tended (p = 0.8) to occur at one location, while digits tended to occur at the other. Alphanumeric category was pre-cued (p = 0.8). Response times were faster for cued than uncued items. For cued items subjects were faster at the likely location for a cued item. For uncued items this was reversed, with faster responding at the likely location for an uncued item. Hence, location selectivity reflected location probability for each category regardless of short-term expectancy concerning stimulus category. These data are incompatible with a simple spotlight view of spatial selective attention. Alternative explanations, including a modified two-stage spotlight model, were considered.

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Kujala, Janne V., and Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov. "Erratum to “Testing for selectivity in the dependence of random variables on external factors” [J. Math. Psych. 52 (2008) 128–144]." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 54, no. 4 (August 2010): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2010.05.001.

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Iveniuk, James, Peter Donnelly, and Louise Hawkley. "The Death of Confidants and Changes in Older Adults’ Social Lives." Research on Aging 42, no. 7-8 (April 10, 2020): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027520917061.

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This study examines the consequences of confidant death for the social lives of older adults, testing hypotheses from socio-emotional selectivity theory and the hierarchical compensatory model. We draw upon longitudinal data from the National Social Life Health and Aging Project—a nationally representative survey of older adults ( N = 2,261). We employ ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordinal logistic regressions in the context of multiple imputation with chained equations, checking our findings with doubly robust estimation. We find that the death of a spouse, but not the death of a family member or friend, was associated with increased support from friends and family, spending more time with family, and more frequent participation in religious services, but not volunteering. Death of other confidants also had little impact on older adults’ social lives, suggesting the robustness of their networks to nonspousal loss.

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Tootell, R. B. H., A. M. Dale, N. Hadjikhani, A. K. Liu, S. Marrett, and J. D. Mendola. "Functional Organisation of Human Visual Cortex Revealed by fMRI." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970007.

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Until recently, comparatively little was known about the functional organisation of human visual cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in conjunction with cortical flattening techniques and psychophysically relevant visual stimulation, has greatly clarified human visual-information processing. To date, we have completed cortical surface reconstructions (flattening), coupled with a wide range of visual stimulus testing, on 28 normal human subjects. Visual activation was acquired on a 1.5 T GE MR scanner with ANMR echo-planar imaging, with the use of a custom, bilateral, quadrature surface coil covering posterior cortex. Approximately ten visual cortical areas can now be functionally localised each with unique functional and topographical properties. The most well-defined areas are: V1, V2, V3, VP, V3A, V4v, MT, SPO, and perhaps MSTd. Most of the properties in these human areas are similar to those reported in presumably homologous areas of macaque, but distinctive species differences also appear to exist, notably in V3/VP, V4v, and V3A. Human areas showing prominant motion-selectivity include V3A, MT/MSTd, SPO, and a small area near the superior sylvian fissure. Retinotopic areas include V1, V2, V3, VP, V4v, and V3A. The human cortical magnification factor appears higher towards the fovea than in macaque, but, like macaque, preferred spatial frequency tuning varies inversely with eccentricity in all retinotopic areas in which sinusoidal gratings are effective stimuli.

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Scheel, Anne M., Mitchell R. M. J. Schijen, and Daniël Lakens. "An Excess of Positive Results: Comparing the Standard Psychology Literature With Registered Reports." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 4, no. 2 (April 2021): 251524592110074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25152459211007467.

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Selectively publishing results that support the tested hypotheses (“positive” results) distorts the available evidence for scientific claims. For the past decade, psychological scientists have been increasingly concerned about the degree of such distortion in their literature. A new publication format has been developed to prevent selective reporting: In Registered Reports (RRs), peer review and the decision to publish take place before results are known. We compared the results in published RRs ( N = 71 as of November 2018) with a random sample of hypothesis-testing studies from the standard literature ( N = 152) in psychology. Analyzing the first hypothesis of each article, we found 96% positive results in standard reports but only 44% positive results in RRs. We discuss possible explanations for this large difference and suggest that a plausible factor is the reduction of publication bias and/or Type I error inflation in the RR literature.

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Stewart, Fiona, Alan J. Parkin, and Nicola M. Hunkin. "Naming Impairments following Recovery from Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Category-Specific?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 44, no. 2 (February 1992): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724989243000037.

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An apparently clear case of category-specific naming impairment selectively affecting animals was detected in a patient who had recovered from herpes simplex encephalitis. However, subsequent investigation demonstrated that these category-specific effects could be eliminated by controlling simultaneously for three factors in picture naming: word frequency, concept familiarity, and visual complexity. The results emphasize the importance of controlling for all factors pertinent to picture naming when attempting to demonstrate category specificity in picture naming. Further testing indicated that deficits were also apparent when naming to definition was required, and some impairment in the ability to answer questions about objects and living things was also noted. Theoretical implications of these data are considered.

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Rummel, Jan, C. Dennis Boywitt, and Thorsten Meiser. "Assessing the Validity of Multinomial Models Using Extraneous Variables: An Application to Prospective Memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (November 2011): 2194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.586708.

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The class of multinomial processing tree (MPT) models has been used extensively in cognitive psychology to model latent cognitive processes. Critical for the usefulness of a MPT model is its psychological validity. Generally, the validity of a MPT model is demonstrated by showing that its parameters are selectively and predictably affected by theoretically meaningful experimental manipulations. Another approach is to test the convergent validity of the model parameters and other extraneous measures intended to measure the same cognitive processes. Here, we advance the concept of construct validity (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955) as a criterion for model validity in MPT modelling and show how this approach can be fruitfully utilized using the example of a MPT model of event-based prospective memory. For that purpose, we investigated the convergent validity of the model parameters and established extraneous measures of prospective memory processes over a range of experimental settings, and we found a lack of convergent validity between the two indices. On a conceptual level, these results illustrate the importance of testing convergent validity. Additionally, they have implications for prospective memory research, because they demonstrate that the MPT model of event-based prospective memory is not able to differentiate between different processes contributing to prospective memory performance.

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Dabrowski, Irene. "LIBERATING THE “DEVIANT” FEMINIST IMAGE THROUGH EDUCATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1985.13.1.73.

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A study was conducted testing the following hypothesis: Feminists are labeled as deviant or nondeviant depending on the audience's exposure to feminist education. Specifically tested was the assumption that there is a relationship between attitudes toward feminists and exposure to university courses on feminism. A questionnaire, measuring attitudes in retrospect, over a two-year time span, was administered to 99 students at a metropolitan mid-western university. Based on accessibility, four student groups were selectively chosen and then tested with the major variable under consideration, i.e., exposure (or lack of it) to consciousness-raising courses related to feminism. The results of t-test analysis indicate that the attitudes of students exposed to feminist courses changed in a more positive direction. The students not exposed to feminist courses already held positive feminist attitudes, although of a lesser degree. Thus, the labeling of feminist behavior as deviant or nondeviant did not solely depend on the audience's exposure to feminist education. However, there was a positive relationship between attitudes toward feminist behavior and exposure to university courses on feminism.

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Read, John, Irving Kirsch, and Laura McGrath. "Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression: A Review of the Quality of ECT versus Sham ECT Trials and Meta-Analyses." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 21, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 64–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/ehpp-d-19-00014.

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BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still being administered to approximately a million people annually. There have been no ECT versus simulated ECT (SECT) studies since 1985. The five meta-analyses of ECT versus SECT studies all claim that ECT is more effective than SECT for its primary target, severe depression. This review assesses the quality of those meta-analyses and of the 11 studies on which they are based.MethodsThe meta-analyses were evaluated primarily in terms of whether they considered the quality of the studies they included, but also in terms of whether they addressed efficacy beyond end of treatment. The methodological rigor of the 11 studies included by one or more of the meta-analyses was assessed using a 24-point Quality scale developed for this review.ResultsThe five meta-analyses include between 1 and 7 of the 11 studies. The meta-analyses pay little or no attention to the multiple limitations of the studies they include. The 11 studies have a mean Quality score of 12.3 out of 24. Eight scored 13 or less. Only four studies describe their processes of randomization and testing the blinding. None convincingly demonstrate that they are double-blind. Five selectively report their findings. Only four report any ratings by patients. None assess Quality of Life. The studies are small, involving an average of 37 people. Four of the 11 found ECT significantly superior to SECT at the end of treatment, five found no significant difference and two found mixed results (including one where the psychiatrists reported a difference but patients did not). Only two higher Quality studies report follow-up data, one produced a near-zero effect size (.065) in the direction of ECT, and the other a small effect size (.299) in favor of SECT.ConclusionsThe quality of most SECT–ECT studies is so poor that the meta-analyses were wrong to conclude anything about efficacy, either during or beyond the treatment period. There is no evidence that ECT is effective for its target demographic—older women, or its target diagnostic group—severely depressed people, or for suicidal people, people who have unsuccessfully tried other treatments first, involuntary patients, or children and adolescents. Given the high risk of permanent memory loss and the small mortality risk, this longstanding failure to determine whether or not ECT works means that its use should be immediately suspended until a series of well designed, randomized, placebo-controlled studies have investigated whether there really are any significant benefits against which the proven significant risks can be weighed.

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Beery, Annaliese K., and Katharine L. Shambaugh. "Comparative Assessment of Familiarity/Novelty Preferences in Rodents." Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 15 (April 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.648830.

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Sociality—i.e., life in social groups—has evolved many times in rodents, and there is considerable variation in the nature of these groups. While many species-typical behaviors have been described in field settings, the use of consistent behavioral assays in the laboratory provides key data for comparisons across species. The preference for interaction with familiar or novel individuals is an important dimension of social behavior. Familiarity preference, in particular, may be associated with more closed, less flexible social groups. The dimension from selectivity to gregariousness has been used as a factor in classification of social group types. Laboratory tests of social choice range from brief (10 minutes) to extended (e.g., 3 hours). As familiarity preferences typically need long testing intervals to manifest, we used 3-hour peer partner preference tests to test for the presence of familiarity preferences in same-sex cage-mates and strangers in rats. We then conducted an aggregated analysis of familiarity preferences across multiple rodent species (adult male and female rats, mice, prairie voles, meadow voles, and female degus) tested with the same protocol. We found a high degree of consistency within species across data sets, supporting the existence of strong, species-typical familiarity preferences in prairie voles and meadow voles, and a lack of familiarity preferences in other species tested. Sociability, or total time spent near conspecifics, was unrelated to selectivity in social preference. These findings provide important background for interpreting the neurobiological mechanisms involved in social behavior in these species.

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Zoccolotti, Pierluigi, Maria De Luca, Chiara Valeria Marinelli, and Donatella Spinelli. "Testing the Specificity of Predictors of Reading, Spelling and Maths: A New Model of the Association Among Learning Skills Based on Competence, Performance and Acquisition." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 14 (December 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.573998.

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In a previous study (Zoccolotti et al., 2020) we examined reading, spelling, and maths skills in an unselected group of 129 Italian children attending fifth grade by testing various cognitive predictors; results showed a high degree of predictors’ selectivity for each of these three behaviors. In the present study, we focused on the specificity of the predictors by performing cross-analyses on the same dataset; i.e., we predicted spelling and maths skills based on reading predictors, reading based on maths predictors and so on. Results indicated that some predictors, such as the Orthographic Decision and the Arithmetic Facts tests, predicted reading, spelling and maths skills in similar ways, while others predicted different behaviors but only for a specific parameter, such as fluency but not accuracy (as in the case of RAN), and still others were specific for a single behavior (e.g., Visual-auditory Pseudo-word Matching test predicted only spelling skills). To interpret these results, we propose a novel model of learning skills separately considering factors in terms of competence, performance and acquisition (automatization). Reading, spelling and calculation skills would depend on the development of discrete and different abstract competences (accounting for the partial dissociations among learning disorders reported in the literature). By contrast, overlap among behaviors would be accounted for by defective acquisition in automatized responses to individual “instances”; this latter skill is item specific but domain independent. Finally, performance factors implied in task’s characteristics (such as time pressure) may contribute to the partial association among learning skills. It is proposed that this new model may provide a useful base for interpreting the diffuse presence of comorbidities among learning disorders.

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Möller, Fabian, Uwe Hoffmann, Marc Dalecki, Tobias Dräger, Michael Doppelmayr, and Fabian Steinberg. "Physical Exercise Intensity During Submersion Selectively Affects Executive Functions." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, October 9, 2019, 001872081987931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819879313.

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Objective: The intact cognitive processing capacity in highly demanding and dynamically changing situations (e.g., in extreme environmental conditions) is of central relevance for personal safety. This study therefore investigated whether underwater physical exercise (PE) affected cognitive performance by comparing these effects during underwater fin-swimming as opposed to inactivity under normal environmental conditions. Background: Although acute bouts of PE can modulate cognitive performance under highly controlled and standardized laboratory conditions, no previous study has determined whether PE acutely modulates cognitive performance in non-laboratory testing conditions involving extreme environments (e.g., underwater). Method: A total of 27 healthy volunteers (16 males and 11 females; 28.9 ± 7.4 years of age) participated in two experiments involving either moderate or high PE intensity. A PRE/POST crossover design was employed among participants while performing cognitive tests in a counterbalanced order (i.e., before and after 20 min of PE in submersion [WET] and once before and after inactivity [DRY] while in the laboratory). Cognitive performance was measured as a combination of executive functions through the Eriksen Flanker (inhibition) and Two-Back (working memory) Tasks using an underwater tablet computer. Results: ANOVAs revealed enhanced reaction times only in the Flanker test after moderate PE for the WET condition. No other effects were detected. Conclusion: These findings indicate that cognitive performance is exercise-intensity-dependent with enhanced effects during moderate PE, even in extreme environments (i.e., underwater). Application: These results should be relevant in recreational and occupational contexts involving underwater activity and may also apply to microgravity (e.g., during extra-vehicular activities). Description This study compared the acute effects of physical exercise (PE) on cognitive performance in an underwater environment while participants fin-swam with SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) gear. Findings revealed that 20 min of moderate PE positively affected cognitive performance (i.e., inhibitory control ability). However, no changes were observed after high-intensity exercise.

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Chikura, Satsuki, Takafumi Kimoto, Satoru Itoh, Hisakazu Sanada, Shigeharu Muto, and Katsuyoshi Horibata. "Standard protocol for the PIGRET assay, a high-throughput reticulocyte Pig-a assay with an immunomagnetic separation, used in the interlaboratory trial organized by the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen and Genome Society." Genes and Environment 43, no. 1 (March 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41021-021-00181-7.

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AbstractThe PIGRET assay is one of the Pig-a assays targeting reticulocytes (RETs), an in vivo genotoxicity evaluation method using flow cytometry with endogenous reporter glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein. The PIGRET assay with RETs selectively enriched with anti-CD71 antibodies has several desirable features: high-throughput assay system, low background frequency of mutant cells, and early detection of mutation. To verify the potential and usefulness of the PIGRET assay for short-term testing, an interlaboratory trial involving 16 laboratories organized by the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen and Genome Society was conducted. The collaborating laboratories assessed the mutagenicities of a total of 24 chemicals in rats using a single-treatment design and standard protocols for conducting the Pig-a assay on the total red blood cell assay and the PIGRET assay. Here the standard protocol for the PIGRET assay was described in detail.

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Lemaire, Bastien S., Rosa Rugani, Lucia Regolin, and Giorgio Vallortigara. "Response of male and female domestic chicks to change in the number (quantity) of imprinting objects." Learning & Behavior, October 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-020-00446-1.

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Abstract When facing two sets of imprinting objects of different numerousness, domestic chicks prefer to approach the larger one. Given that choice for familiar and novel stimuli in imprinting situations is known to be affected by the sex of the animals, we investigated how male and female domestic chicks divide the time spent in the proximity of a familiar versus an unfamiliar number of objects, and how animals interact (by pecking) with these objects. We confirmed that chicks discriminate among the different numerousnesses, but we also showed that females and males behave differently, depending on the degree of familiarity of the objects. When objects in the testing sets were all familiar, females equally explored both sets and pecked at all objects individually. Males instead selectively approached the familiar numerousness and pecked more at it. When both testing sets comprised familiar as well as novel objects, both males and females approached the larger numerousness of familiar objects. However, chicks directed all their pecks toward the novel object within the set. Differences in the behavior of males and females can be accounted for in terms of sex difference in the motivation to reinstate social contact with the familiar objects and to explore novel ones, likely associated with the ecology and the social structure of the species before domestication.

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Stayte, Sandy, Amolika Dhungana, Bryce Vissel, and Laura A. Bradfield. "Parafascicular Thalamic and Orbitofrontal Cortical Inputs to Striatum Represent States for Goal-Directed Action Selection." Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 15 (March 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.655029.

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Several lines of evidence accrued over the last 5–10 years have converged to suggest that the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex each represent or contribute to internal state/context representations that guide action selection in partially observable task situations. In rodents, inactivations of each structure have been found to selectively impair performance in paradigms testing goal-directed action selection, but only when that action selection relies on state representations. Electrophysiological evidence has suggested that each structure achieves this function via inputs onto cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the dorsomedial striatum. Here, we briefly review these studies, then point to anatomical evidence regarding the afferents of each structure and what they suggest about the specific features that each contribute to internal state representations. Finally, we speculate as to whether this role might be achieved interdependently through direct PF→OFC projections, or through the convergence of independent direct orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (PF) inputs onto striatal targets.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Selectivity (Psychology) – Testing'

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