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Krust-McKay, Meredith J. "Infertility and self-discrepancy theory /." Adelaide, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PM/09pmk94.pdf.
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Davies, Caitlin. "Self-discrepancy theory and chronic pain." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270673.
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Lapadatu, Irina Laura. "Self-discrepancy and affective distress after stroke." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/72485/.
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AIMS: To investigate self-discrepancies in stroke survivors and explore associations between discrepancies and distress, drawing on Higgins’s (1987) Self-Discrepancy Theory. More specifically, investigate if stroke survivors reported a change in their sense of self following stroke, if this change was related to their reported anxiety and depression, and if this relationship was mediated by their perceived self-esteem. Also, to explore if discrepancies between survivors’ post-stroke self and their ideal and ought self, respectively, were associated with depression and anxiety, respectively. METHOD: A retrospective cross-sectional design was employed. The participants were 67 first-time community-living stroke survivors, with a mean age of 61.6 years and a mean time since stroke of 5.6 years. The measures included the Head Injury Semantic Differential for assessing pre-stroke (retrospectively), post-stroke, ideal and ought selves; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (adapted); and the Barthel Index. RESULTS: Stroke survivors perceived themselves significantly more negatively than prior to their stroke. The discrepancy between pre and post-stroke selves was positively associated with affective distress and negatively associated with self-esteem and quality of life, respectively. The discrepancy between post-stroke self and ideal self, and the discrepancy between post-stroke self and ought self were also positively associated with affective distress. However, these relationships were undifferentiated, as the former was not only related to depression but also to anxiety, and the latter was not only related to anxiety but also to depression. Survivors’ perceived self-esteem was a mediator in the relationship between the pre and post-stroke selves discrepancy and affective distress. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study to show a perceived change in identity in a large sample of stroke survivors, and it contributed to our understanding of how psychological factors may be involved in emotional adjustment after stroke. This highlighted the importance of considering such changes in informing neurorehabilitation; the clinical implications were discussed. It was also the first study to provide support, albeit partial for Higgins’ (1987) self-discrepancy theory in a stroke population. The strengths and limitations of the study were considered and ideas for future research were proposed.
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Winton, Holly. "Self-discrepancy and shame in adolescents : relationships with self-esteem and self-compassion." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580578.
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BACKGROUND Research suggests self-discrepancy is associated with shame, depression and anxiety in adults, as well as reduced self-worth. By contrast, the literature on adolescent experiences is sparse. This is surprising, given adolescence is a time of increased self-evaluation in developing the self and relations with others. Of prime interest is how young people's appraisals of themselves and others impact on self-esteem and emotional wellbeing. Thus, it is proposed self-discrepancy is associated with shame, depression and anxiety, due to its relationship with self-esteem. Associated low self-esteem and negative affect could be lessened by fostering self-compassion, which engenders tolerance of non-ideal self- attributes. Thus, it is also hypothesised that self-compassion moderates the relationship between self-discrepancy and self-esteem. METHOD A cross-sectional questionnaire-based design was employed: measures of self-discrepancy, self-esteem, self-compassion, shame, depression and anxiety were completed by a community sample of 141 16 to 18 year-olds. Data were subjected to correlation, regression, mediation and moderation analyses. RESULTS Self-discrepancy predicted a small but significant amount of the variance in shame, depression and anxiety. However, when self-esteem was entered simultaneously into the regression model, self-esteem emerged as the only significant predictor of negative affect. Subsequently, it was found that self- esteem partially mediates the relationship between self-discrepancy and negative affect. Self-compassion, however, did not significantly moderate the relationship between self-discrepancy and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Self-esteem has more predictive utility than self-discrepancy on adolescent experiences of shame, depression and anxiety, and it partially mediates the relationship between self-discrepancy and negative affect. Self- compassion is a potential protective factor against negative emotion, and possible explanations are discussed for why it was not revealed to Significantly moderate the relationship between self-discrepancy and self- esteem. Methodological limitations of the study are discussed, as are ideas for future research and clinical implications, including promoting self- compassion to protect self-discrepant adolescents from self-esteem damage and negative affect.
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Moyers, Sheena. "Actual and Ideal Self Discrepancy and Body Satisfaction." TopSCHOLAR®, 2005. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/465.
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Over the past decade, there has been an increase in research and concern over body image and body attitudes in both clinical and community settings (Sondhaus, Kurtz, & Strube, 2001). Historically, body image has been thought to be more important to women than to men. However, recently male body image has begun to increase in importance. Over the past few decades, men have been facing increased societal pressure, concerning the type of body that they should have. One such way that pressure is manifested is through muscle dysmorphia, and a potential influence on muscle dysmorphia is self-concept. Self-concept may interact with muscle dysmorphia through the changes that people want to make about themselves. Within self-concept people may want to change a great deal about themselves and the way that they are currently (actual self) in order to achieve what they see as a better (ideal) self. The goal of the present study was to examine how men's self concept relates to body satisfaction and symptoms of body dysmorphia. The current study hypothesized that those individuals with a greater discrepancy between their actual and ideal selves will also have lower body satisfaction. The study also hypothesized that as the discrepancy between actual and ideal selves increases, men will report higher symptoms of body dysmorphia. Participants were 124 men all over the age of 18. The mean age of participants was 20.15. The participants completed a Demographics Questionnaire, the Dysmorphia Inventory (DI), the Body Assessment (BA), and the Self-Concept Questionnaire (SCQ). Linear regressions were performed to examine the relationship between body satisfaction and self-concept. A second set of linear regressions was also performed that focused on specific items that were selected from the SCQ. Results supported the first hypothesis; men's body satisfaction decreased as the discrepancy between their actual and ideal selves increased. This supported hypothesis supports research suggesting that the way people perceive their bodies and their level of satisfaction with their bodies is related to their self-concept and how they see themselves as an entire being. The second hypothesis predicted that as the discrepancy between actual and ideal selves increased, men would report higher symptoms of body dysmorphia and lower levels of body satisfaction. This hypothesis was also supported, with men reporting higher symptoms of body dysmorphia and lower levels of body satisfaction as the discrepancy between actual and ideal selves increased. The suggestion is that men who have more symptoms of body dysmorphia want to change more about themselves in general and want to strive to achieve their ideal self. The present study is important because a greater understanding of the relationship between body attitude/satisfaction and self-concept could help in designing effective interventions for such clinical problems as eating disorders and poor body attitude (Sondhaus, Kurtz, & Strube, 2001). This study may help initiate treatment for individuals who have body image problems or disorders, which focuses on the entire individual and self-concept and not simply on the body image problems and symptoms.
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Steer, Rebecca. "Body image and affect : a self-discrepancy interaction framework." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574549.
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Overview of the Thesis Research interest in body image has accelerated in recent decades. As such, there exists a substantial body of literature examining affective and behavioural correlates of body dissatisfaction. Although this literature has consistently demonstrated positive relationships between body dissatisfaction and depression, social physique anxiety, disordered eating and physical inactivity, the underlying mechanisms of the relationships between one's body image and affect remain poorly understood. Furthermore, although body image researchers have commonly examined discrepancies between one's current (or actual) self and one's ideal self, they have not commonly done so within an established theoretical framework. Higgins' (1987) self-discrepancy theory proposes that individuals possess three selves: an actual self, an ideal self, and an ought self; and that discrepancies between these selves result in distinct emotional consequences. Furthermore, it has been proposed that individuals possess a feared self, which may act as a moderator of the relationships between ideal and ought selves, and affect. Although this proposal has begun to receive research attention within the global self-discrepancy literature, it has yet to be examined within the context of body image. As such, utilising a self-discrepancy theory framework, this thesis presents a detailed examination of ideal, ought and feared body image self-discrepancies and their interactions as predictors of social physique anxiety, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes. The first study extends the work of Carver et al. (1999) and W oodman and Hemmings (2008) by examining the moderating role of the feared self in the relationship between women's ought body fat discrepancies and social physique anxiety. Specifically, we examined the hypothesis that the positive relationship between ought body fat discrepancies and social physique anxiety will be stronger when women are farther from their feared self. Results were in line with that hypothesised and provide initial support for such an interaction framework in examining body self-discrepancies; highlighting the importance of considering the role ofthe feared self in the relationship between body self- discrepancies and social physique anxiety. Study 2 was an examination of the interaction between ought and feared body fat discrepancies in predicting social physique anxiety and disordered eating attitudes. Study 2 extended the fmdings of Study 1 by examining a model of mediated moderation such that ought and feared discrepancies interact to significantly predict disordered eating attitudes, 11 III and that this relationship is mediated by social physique anxiety. Results demonstrated that the ought x feared interaction on disordered eating attitudes was fully mediated by social physique anxiety. However, the form ofthe ought x feared interaction was in contrast to that hypothesised (cf. Study 1). Specifically, the positive relationship between ought body fat discrepancies and disordered eating attitudes was significant only when women were close to their feared self. Study 3 addressed the growing body of correlational and experimental literature examining the effects of acute exposure to media ideals on body image and associated affect (e.g., Halliwell & Dittmar, 2004, 2005). We extended this by examining the moderating role of exposure to media ideals on the relationship between body discrepancy magnitude and affect. Specifically, we examined whether the positive relationships between ideal discrepancies and body dissatisfaction; and ought body discrepancies and social physique anxiety, are attenuated by exposure to media ideals. Results provided support for these hypotheses such that the positive relationship between ideal body discrepancies & body satisfaction, and ought body discrepancies & social physique anxiety, were weaker following exposure to media ideals compared to a control condition. Utilising a hierarchical linear modelling approach, Study 4 examined within-person variability in the specific shape of interactions between self-guides in predicting social physique anxiety. Specifically, we examined whether the moderating role of the feared self differs as a function of mean levels of social physique anxiety. Results demonstrated a three-way cross-level interaction such that when mean social physique anxiety was high, the positive relationship between ideal discrepancies and social physique anxiety was significant only when participants were relatively far from their feared self. In contrast, when mean social physique anxiety was low, the positive relationship between ideal discrepancies and social physique anxiety was significant only when participants were relatively close to their feared self. The fmal chapter presents a discussion of the central fmdings of the thesis and the advances made in understanding the interplay between body self-discrepancies in predicting affect. Furthermore, we discuss the implications and propose future directions for body image, social physique anxiety and self-discrepancy research.
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Santos, Nicole Marie. "Work family conflict and the real/ideal self discrepancy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3388.
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One of the many issues facing dual-career families today is work family conflict (WFC). WFC is a source of stress due to incompatible roles that conflict with each other in terms of ones time and energy. This study was done to develop a valid reliable measure of career and family responsibility in hopes of adequately determining the source of WFC. The key point was to look at real and ideal selves, in terms of work and family responsibilities.
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Jung, Jaehee. "Body image as a function of social comparison, self-schema, and self-discrepancy." Connect to this title online, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1112639819.
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Arena, Katia F. "Self discrepancy, emotional distress and functioning in traumatic brain injury." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571646.
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Background: Individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TB I) may face a number of challenges in physical, psychological, and social domains, which may result in emotional distress. Changes in level of functioning and self-concept have been found to be particularly salient in the experience of emotional distress, as individuals with a TBI may mourn the loss of their previous abilities, roles, and relationships which defined their identity. Objectives: This study aims to examine whether the relationship between level of functioning and emotional distress may be explained by discrepancies between pre- injury and post-injury self-concept. Design: A single sample within-group design was used to investigate the associations between self-discrepancies, level of functioning, and emotional distress. Method: Seventy individuals with a TBI were recruited from statutory and voluntary community services. Participants completed the Head Injury Semantic Differential ill to measure self-discrepancies, and the Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition and the Beck Anxiety Inventory to measure emotional distress. The Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 was completed by a health professional or significant other to obtain a measure of participants' current level of functioning on domains of abilities, adjustment and participation. Results: Correlational analyses revealed pre-injury and ideal self-states were significantly different (in the same direction) from current self, but also significantly different from each other. Significant associations were also found between lower levels of functioning and higher levels of self-discrepancies. Regression analyses provided support for the hypothesis that higher psychological distress and lower levels of functioning would be mediated by self-discrepancies. Conclusions: Self-discrepancies clearly play an important role in an individual's level of functioning and experience of emotional distress post-TB!. The complex interaction between these constructs requires future research to further elucidate their relationships. In addition, the development of more holistic approaches in clinical interventions and rehabilitation for this client group are recommended.
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小平, 英志, and Hideshi Kodaira. "「最低限こうでなくてはいけない」自己と現実自己との不一致." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3032.
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White, Jamie. "The development of negative body image and disordered eating in adolescence." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490452.
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This thesis focuses on the development of negative body image and disordered eating in adolescence. More specifically, on the role of sociocultural influences in individual vulnerability to experiencing negative body image and using disordered eating behaviours.
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Pointer, Jonathan. "An investigation of the relationship between self-ambivalence, self-discrepancy, and autogeneous and reactive obsessions." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540727.
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Weishuhn, Amanda S. Bardone-Cone Anna. "Perfectionism, self-discrepancy, and disordered eating in black and white women." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4637.
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Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (June 27, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Terchek, Joshua J. "ADHD and Self-Discrepancy: The Social Construction of ADHD in Adulthood." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1363604180.
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McKnight, Katherine May 1963. "Psychological responses to athletic injury: An inquiry into self-discrepancy theory." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278393.
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This study was designed to examine the relationships between exercising while injured, and variables found to be relevant in the exercise dependence literature. It was also designed to test the utility of the Self-discrepancy model (Higgins, 1989) of motivation, cognition and affect. Twenty-six (N = 26) injured athletes participated. The AIQ was designed for this study to measure involvement with exercise and the nature of the injury. Negative mood was measured by POMS, and self discrepancies were measured by the Selves Questionnaire. Therapists' ratings were included to measure injury rehabilitation behavior. Confirmatory factor analyses and hierarchical regression analyses were used to test hypotheses. The utility of the self-discrepancy model for this sample, was unsupported. Seriousness and persistence with exercise, the recurrence of the injury, and depression due to the injury, were significant predictors of exercising while injured. A power analysis was used to test the probability of significant findings.
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Hill, Christopher R. "Conception of Ability, Self-Efficacy, and Goal Discrepancy in a Running Task." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1402152037.
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Kuan, Hio Tong. "CONSUMPTION OF SEXUALLY EXPLICIT INTERNET MATERIAL AND WELLBEING: A SELF-DISCREPANCY APPROACH." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/409.
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Potential influences from using sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) are controversial, however, the underlying psychological mechanism(s), which potentially can explain these found associations with SEIM consumption, have not been well studied. In the present research, I examine the relationship between SEIM consumption and subjective wellbeing (i.e., sexual and general wellbeing). In particular, I address the circumstances under which the consumption of SEIM is negative for wellbeing by assessing an ideal-actual sexual discrepancy in the context of intimate relationships. I drew on perspectives from self-discrepancy theory to explore whether SEIM consumption generates disparities between ideal and actual sexual experiences, which then may influence consumers’ sexual and general wellbeing. I expected this hypothesized ideal-actual sexual discrepancy to function as one of many underlying psychological mechanisms to explain SEIM’s negative impacts on various types of subjective sexual wellbeing (SSW). I also expected that via SSW, the discrepancy would also explain the ambiguous relationships between SEIM consumption and subjective general wellbeing (SGW) found in the past. That is, I predicted a serial mediation model with sexual self-discrepancy mediating the relationship between SEIM consumption and SSW, and SSW mediating the relationship between sexual self-discrepancy and SGW. Two studies together demonstrated the general progress from consuming SEIM to the evaluation of self-perceived wellbeing under the condition of evaluating sexual experiences with intimate partner(s). In Study 1, the data-driven gender specific sexual preference highlighted the need of model testing separately for men and women because of the potential difference in experiencing the negative impacts from consuming SEIM through the different progress of formation of ideal sex scripts influence by pornographic sex, and generation of an I-A sexual discrepancy in men and women. Results of Study 2 from male SEIM consumers further supported the hypothesized mediation role of I-A sexual discrepancy and SSW (i.e., sexual esteem and sexual satisfaction) in understanding the relationships between SEIM consumption and wellbeing. Overall, the present research illustrated the consumption of SEIM can shape one’s sexual preferences of pornographic sex and generate unrealistic expectations of pornographic sexual experiences with intimate partner(s). Hence, the experience of I-A sexual discrepancy from unachievable ideal sex is a key factor in identifying SEIM’s negative impacts on wellbeing. Moreover, parsimonious serial mediation paths through I-A sexual discrepancy and SSW also demonstrated the relationship between SEIM consumption, SSW, and SGW in one model. This finding indicates SSW works as an important indicator of ones’ SGW. The present research provides a theoretical explanation to understand the impact of consuming SEIM on wellbeing and implicates the importance exploring different types of sexual discrepancy associated with SEIM consumption and ways to mitigate the experienced I-A sexual discrepancy in intimate relationships.
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小平, 英志, and Hideshi KODAIRA. "理想自己・義務自己への意識傾向の測定 : 自己目標志向性尺度の作成." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3090.
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Bajuk, Kristine J., of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Education. "Self concept and anxiety in behaviour disordered middle school children: discrepancy between self report and observer rating." THESIS_FE_XXX_Bajuk_K.xml, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/135.
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This thesis examines the perceptions of interpersonal adequacy held by preadolescent behaviour disordered boys through comparisons with perceptions held of them by putative significant others and normative comparison with their peers. The sample, selected according to behavioural status, comprised 70 boys drawn from 22 regular primary schools in south west Sydney, Australia. Thirty five boys, identified as behaviour disordered, were matched with boys whose behaviour was perceived to be appropriate in the school setting. An overview of the results would suggest that the influence of selected putative significant others on the multidimensional self concepts of preadolescent boys is not universal and varies according to behavioural classificationDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Bajuk, Kristine J. "Self concept and anxiety in behaviour disordered middle school children: discrepancy between self report and observer rating." Thesis, View thesis, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/135.
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This thesis examines the perceptions of interpersonal adequacy held by preadolescent behaviour disordered boys through comparisons with perceptions held of them by putative significant others and normative comparison with their peers. The sample, selected according to behavioural status, comprised 70 boys drawn from 22 regular primary schools in south west Sydney, Australia. Thirty five boys, identified as behaviour disordered, were matched with boys whose behaviour was perceived to be appropriate in the school setting. An overview of the results would suggest that the influence of selected putative significant others on the multidimensional self concepts of preadolescent boys is not universal and varies according to behavioural classification
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Bajuk, Kristine J. "Self concept and anxiety in behaviour disordered middle school children : discrepancy between self report and observer rating /." View thesis, 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030821.130600/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1995."The sample, selected according to behavioural status, comprised 70 boys drawn from 22 regular primary schools in south west Sydney, Australia" -- Abstract. Bibliography: leaves 249-267.
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Lanning, Laura Ellen Rose. "Effect of goal discrepancy rumination on overgeneral memory." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/20203.
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Objective: This study aimed to test predictions made by the self-memory system (SMS) model (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000), extensions of Williams et al.’s (2007) “capture and rumination” (CaR) mechanism (Debeer, Hermans, & Raes, 2009) and control theories of rumination (Martin & Tesser, 1996, 2006) in a non-clinical sample to further understand the processes underlying overgeneral memory (OGM). It was hypothesised that (i) ruminating on unresolved goals, compared to thinking about resolved goals, would increase OGM, in participants reporting high levels of trait brooding and (ii) that this effect would be greater following goal-cues that are derived from goal cues rated as (a) more important compared to those rated as less important; (b) more progress-discrepant compared to those rated as less progress-discrepant; (c) more relevant to unresolved goals compared to those that are rated as less relevant to unresolved goals. Method: A between-subjects factor of condition (resolved versus unresolved goal-focus induction) and a within-subjects factor of time (pre- and post-manipulation Minimal Instruction Autobiographical Memory Test [MI-AMT; Debeer et al., 2009]) design was utilised with 75 undergraduate and three masters psychology students (86.3 % female [n = 65]; age, M = 20.2 years, range = 18-43, SD = 4.9) from the University of Exeter. The MI-AMT was used to measure autobiographical memory (AM) specificity before and following a manipulation whereby participants were randomly assigned to either a control condition in which participants focussed on a resolved goal or an experimental condition which was designed to induce rumination about an unresolved (i.e., self-discrepant) goal. MI-AMT cues were adjectives relating to nomothetic goal-statements. Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses found neither an overall effect of condition nor an interaction between condition and brooding on AM specificity. Thus, induced rumination over unresolved goals did not lead to higher levels of OGM than induced focus on resolved goals amongst individuals high in trait brooding. Multilevel hierarchical regression found that the extent to which people high on brooding were less specific in the unresolved condition did not depend on the importance or progress-discrepancy ratings of the goal-statements from which the MI-AMT cues were developed, nor on the relevance of the goal-cues to the concern identified in the goal cueing task. Goal-cue relevance ratings showed a significant main effect on AM specificity qualified by an interaction with condition whereby participants reported decreasingly specific AMs in response to cues related to the concern after the resolved goal manipulation. Conclusion: These null findings suggest that rumination over unresolved goals may not increase OGM amongst non-clinical samples. A replication of this study should utilise state rumination checks to ensure that the goal cueing task successfully differentially induced state rumination between conditions. Further exploration of the role of reflection might elucidate which qualities of rumination are positively associated with OGM but not present in rumination about unresolved goals. Given that Williams et al.’s CaR mechanism was constructed to understand OGM in clinical depression, a replication of this study using a clinical sample may be a useful next step in testing predictions made by this theory.
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小平, 英志, and Hideshi KODAIRA. "個性記述的視点を導入した自己不一致の測定 - 簡易版の信頼性、self-esteemとの関連の検討 -." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9428.
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Conaway, Rebecca R. "Self-discrepancy as a mediator in the relationship between adult attachment and body dissatisfaction." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1304014728.
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Cutler, Scott V. "Gender and Depression: Analysis of the Effects of Sex Roles, Sex-Role Self-Discrepancy, and Attributional Style." DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6082.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of attributional style, sex roles, and sex-role self-discrepancy in the relationship between gender and depression. Epidemiological studies report a higher incidence of depression among women then men (approximately 2:1). Among the various theories suggested to explain this gender difference, sex roles, attributional style, and self-discrepancy have been conceived as possible explanations. The relationship between gender and depression may be better understood through examining the possible contribution of these three independent variables.
To examine these theories, a sample of 130 subjects was drawn from clients at the USU Counseling Center, the USU Community Clinic, the Logan Regional Hospital, and students from an introductory psychology class at USU. Participation was based on voluntary informed consent of the subjects and approval of the above mentioned institutions. Each subject completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Extended Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ), and a revised version of the short Bern Sex-Role Inventory (SBSRI) measuring ideal versus actual self.
Path analysis was used to examine the sequence of the relationships presumed by the androgyny model, congruence model, and masculinity model. Neither sex role was found to correlate significantly with depression. Overall, the directions of the path coefficients best supported the androgyny model, but these coefficients were too weak to explain the variance. Attributional style was related to depression, but no gender difference was found in the correlation between attributional style and depression.
The correlation coefficient between feminine self-discrepancy and depression was positive but statistically insignificant for the females from the clinical sample and very small for females from the student sample. Overall, attributional style, sex-roles, and self-discrepancy in sex-role characteristics were not found to contribute to the higher rate of depression in women.
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Quintela, Yvette. "The Spillover Effects of Motivational Processes in a Dual Task Setting." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10158.
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The present study set out to examine whether negative goal-performance discrepancy (GPD) feedback for one task could have a negative effect on goal-setting associated with an unrelated, distinct task. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Results show that large versus small negative GPD feedback on a creativity task impacted levels of specific self-efficacy for a stock-predicting task, which indicated a motivational spillover effect. However, large negative GPD on the creativity task was not evidenced to impact performance goals for the stock-predicting task, as hypothesized. Results also indicate that the larger the magnitude of negative GPD feedback, the more individuals experienced an increase in negative mood and decrease in positive mood, however mood was not evidenced to impact performance goals.Master of Science
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Gilligan, Liam. "Attentional bias to threat following acquired brain injury : the role of self-discrepancy and executive functioning." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/56884/.
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Objective: Experimental evidence indicates that those with a wide range of mental health conditions show an attentional bias for specific threat relevant information, (e.g., Bar-Haim et al., 2007) with research beginning to explore whether this same threat sensitivity occurs in survivors of acquired brain injury (ABI; Gracey, Evans, & Malley, 2009; Riley, Brennan, & Powell, 2004; Riley, Dennis, & Powell, 2010). This study explored, experimentally, whether those with an ABI demonstrate an attentional bias towards threatening stimuli (negative evaluation/physically threatening), and what factors may influence this bias. Method: 35 participants who had sustained an ABI completed a visual dot-probe task, alongside measures of self-discrepancy, affective distress and executive functioning. Results: Whilst the pattern of results is indicative of this threat detection hypothesis, the difference between threat and neutral trials was found to be non-significant (p = .053). Exploratory analyses indicated that executive functioning and affective distress may act as contributing factors to attentional bias. Self-discrepancy between past and current self did not have an impact on attentional bias to negative evaluation stimuli, although discrepancy between current and pre-injury/ideal self was found to correlate with anxiety and depression. Conclusions: The hypotheses were not supported in this study. The clinical and theoretical implications are discussed (e.g., aetiology of threat/affective difficulties and implications for treatment), alongside limitations of the study (e.g., potential sampling considerations) and potential directions for further research are suggested (e.g., exploring potential contributing factors) to help us to further understand the factors that may be involved in attentional bias to threat following brain injury.
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小平, 英志, and Hideshi KODAIRA. "義務自己への意識傾向と不安,規範意識との関連." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3118.
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Cheung, Shui Ha Ruby. "Structural equation models of self-discrepancy theory : tripartite relationships of domain-specific, perspective-specific self-discrepancies to psychological maladjustment and life satisfaction with self-esteem as mediator." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2006. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/726.
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Hardin, Erin E. "Depression and Social Anxiety among Asian and European Americans: the Roles of Self-Discrepancy, Optimism, and Pessimism." Connect to resource, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1216064285.
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Andersson, Malin, and Niklas Pettersson. "En organisationsförändrings påverkan på självbild och roller hos chefer på Vägverket." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Pedagogik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19368.
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Denna studie undersökte hur centralisering av personaladministrationen påverkat tidsåtgång, arbetsuppgifter, roller och självbild hos chefer på Vägverket. Studien genomfördes med utgångspunkt i teorier om organisationsförändring, roller och självbild. Undersökningsdeltagare var sju stycken chefer på Vägverket Väst samt Vägverket Sydöst. Av dessa chefer var tre stycken sektionschefer och fyra stycken var chefer på högre nivå, exempelvis enhetschefer. Data samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet visade att chefernas uppfattning om yrkesrollen och deras självbild inte stämde överens med de arbetsuppgifter som organisationsförändringen medfört. Forskning har visat att information i samband med förändringar är mycket viktigt och den har enligt cheferna varit otillräcklig. Med hjälp av tidigare teorier om organisationsförändring, självbild och roller har vi kunnat skapa oss förståelse för förändringsprocessen i Vägverket.
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Lysne, Christianne Michelle. "Self-discrepancy and negative affect among women with bulimia nervosa : a test of the Integrative Cognitive Therapy model /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=888855241&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Gladfelter, Jessica Anne. "Self-regulation and Regulatory Focus Theory: Regulation in Response to Goal Discrepancy Feedback in a Regulatory Focus Framework." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99170.
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Regulatory focus theory is a motivational orientation theory encompassing two regulatory systems: promotion focus and prevention focus. Promotion focused individuals tend to seek success, implement risky tactics, and an eager goal pursuit. Prevention focused individuals tend to avoid failure, implement conservative tactics, and a vigilant goal pursuit. Scholer and Higgins (2011) propose an exception to the rule where individuals break the natural RF alignment, which individuals typically seek to maintain. Scholer and Higgins (2011) proposed that promotion (prevention) focused individuals in a state of gain (loss) become conservative (riskier) in their behavior while maintaining an eager (vigilant) goal pursuit. However, literature supporting this theory is between-subjects in methodology and does not measure GP strategy, only risk.
The current study proposes two competing regulation patterns: 1) When individuals change in their risk, they maintain their GP strategy 2) when individuals change in their risk, their GP strategy also changes, becoming more eager with higher levels of risk and more vigilant with more conservative behavior. Therefore, the following study examined how tactics and GP strategies change within-person when experiencing loss and gain states. Specifically, examining change in risk and GP after positive and negative goal discrepancy feedback. In order to examine this self-regulation, participants who were primed to be in either a promotion or prevention focused state played three rounds of a simple risk-measuring game. Even though the RF prime did not produce the expected results, there was regulation occurring. After recategorizing the baseline risk and GP to create a high risk /eager GP and a low risk /vigilant GP groups, there was support for the idea that as behavior changes to be riskier, so too does GP change to become more eager. This finding is in contradiction to Scholer and Higgins' (2011) theory that there is a cognitive reappraisal of what it means to be risky, such that it can fit within the vigilant goal pursuit strategy. Additionally, latent profile analyses further supported the second of the competing regulation patterns, in that higher risk-taking corresponded with eager GP, and more conservative behaviors led to greater levels of vigilant GP. Future directions and limitations are discussed.Doctor of Philosophy
Regulatory focus theory has two motivational orientations: promotion focus encompassing those who seek success and avoid the absence of success and prevention focus encompassing those who avoid failure and seek the absence of failure. Scholer and Higgins (2011) describe a level approach to regulatory focus where individuals typically seek alignment throughout these levels. However, they note an exception to the rule where individuals implement tactics incongruent with their current regulatory focus system. They propose that individuals maintain this incongruency by cognitively redefining the tactics to align with the current regulatory focus system. Drawing from this exception to the rule, and from Lord et al.'s (2010) self-regulation model, two competing self-regulation patterns were examined: 1) When individuals change in their risk behaviors, they maintain their current regulatory focus system 2) when individuals change in their risk behaviors, it causes bottom-up self-regulation and changes individuals' regulatory focus system to match the risk behavior. In order to test these competing regulation patterns, participants completed a writing task meant to place them in either a promotion or prevention regulatory focus state. They then played three rounds of a simple risk-measuring game. In addition, after each round of the game, the participants' goal pursuit strategies were measured to see if the general strategy changed as risk behaviors changed. In order to necessitate a change in in levels of risk, between rounds, participants were given negative and positive feedback (in a random order). Negative feedback was meant to cause individuals to be risky and positive feedback was meant to lead to more conservative behaviors from the participants. Results indicated the regulatory focus prime did not work, however, after examining exploratory analyses, there was some support for the idea that individuals implement self-regulation in order for their regulatory focus system to match their behaviors.
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Leung, Shuet Yan. "Impacts of self-discrepancy and media exposure on body image perception among females : an integrated cognitive processing approach." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1397.
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Lesslie, Linnea, and Michelle Kuba. "I feel different when I play : A study of self esteem and well-being in MMO-playing young adults." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-167028.
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The current study aimed to investigate if there was a difference in self esteem of Swedish young adults when they were playing MMO (Massively Multiplayer Online Games) compared to when they were not playing. Moreover, the purpose was to explore whether any discrepancy in self esteem was associated with well-being and/or the amount of time spent gaming. The sample (N=75) was 19-30 year olds who regularly played MMO. The study consisted of an online survey including the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, two versions of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (one directed towards when playing and one towards when not playing) as well as questions concerning gaming habits. The results showed a significant difference in self esteem with a generally lower self esteem when playing compared to when not playing. The results indicated that MMO-playing functions as a separate context, where self esteem manifests differently from otherwise. The group reporting the lowest well-being showed a significant correlation between well-being and the discrepancy. This indicated that people with low well-being may have an increased sensitivity towards a discrepancy in self esteem where it tends to affect well-being negatively. The group that played the most showed a generally larger discrepancy compared to those who played the least. The patterns observed in the study motivate further research regarding why self esteem manifests differently in the MMO-playing context.Studien ämnade att undersöka om det fanns en skillnad i självkänsla hos svenska unga vuxna då de spelande MMO(Massively Multiplayer Online Games) i relation till när de inte spelade. Vidare var syftet med studien att undersöka om någon diskrepans i självkänsla var associerat med välmående och/eller antal timmar de spelade. Urvalet (N=75) bestod av 19-30 åringar som regelbundet spelade MMO. Studien bestod av en online enkät med en Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale och två versioner av Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (en riktad mot då de spelande och en riktad mot då de inte spelade). Vidare bestod enkäten av frågor gällande spelvanor. Resultatet visade på en signifikant skillnad i självkänsla med en lägre självkänsla då de spelade än då de inte spelade. Resultatet tyder på att MMO-spelande fungerar som ett kontext där självkänsla manifesteras annorlunda. Gruppen som rapporterade lägst välmående visade på en signifikant korrelation mellan välmående och diskrepans. Detta indikerar att människor med lågt välmående kan ha en ökad känslighet för diskrepans i självkänsla, där diskrepansen verkar påverka välmående negativt. Gruppen som spelade mest tenderade vidare att generellt ha en större diskrepans i jämförelse med dom som spelade minst. De mönster som observerats i den aktuella studien motiverar framtida forskning gällande varför självkänsla manifesteras annorlunda i MMO-spelande kontext.
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Dibble, Lisa Evans. "An exploration of the effects of self-guide matching and self-discrepancy matching on the processing of persuasive messages : does matching increase or decrease thoughtful processing? /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487953204279582.
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Johnson, Camille Su-Lin. "The motivational consequences of upward comparison." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1117514659.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 112 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-90). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Van, Houten Ashley. "The Application of Self-Discrepancy Theory to the Mental Health Outcomes of Transsexuals who are Living in their Preferred Gender." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367869.
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Gender Identity Disorder (GID) is a mental health diagnosis that is currently treated through a triadic medical model which involves hormone therapy, the real life experience, and various forms of surgery, including genital surgery. The aim of treatment is to ameliorate the dysphoria and anxiety symptoms associated with being gender incongruent. Surgical options have grown and improved over the last four
decades and most of the research conducted in the area is associated with transsexuals who seek this treatment option. The findings of previous research have generally shown high satisfaction with surgical outcomes. However, limitations of the current treatment model are identifiable. Notably, due to the invasive and irreversible nature of surgery, the guidelines for inclusion in surgical procedures are stringent and exclude many transsexuals. Many studies have focussed on identifying risk and protective factors that predict good surgical outcomes. However, this process has not reflected the mental
health outcomes of many transsexuals who do not seek the triadic medical model of treatment. Additionally, there has been a lack of theoretical application from a psychological perspective to guide treatment protocols. The present project used a theoretical framework based on the two core components of this disorder, gender and identity, by utilising identity theory and self-discrepancy theory to help explain the interplay between being gender incongruent and achieving gender congruence post
transition. The project was the first study of its genre conducted with an Australian and New Zealand sample. The project utilised a subjective definition of transition which is different to the objective definition of transition defined by the medical model as engaging in hormone therapy, living as the preferred gender and the completion of sex reassignment surgery (SRS).Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Moon, Yujin Chung. "Consumer’s extending self via Augmented Reality makeup service." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1542633367893286.
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Valentine, Kathryn H. "The sexual self concept and its relation to psychological well-being and sexual other-acceptance." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1342.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
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Di, Natali Nicole, and Matthildur Ivarsdottir. "Perception meet Reality : A pilot study of the self-congruence of female online shoppers." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-811.
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The goal of this research is to better understand the gap between the consumer's actual self image versus their perceived ideal image; in which, could help an online retail company to respond more effectively and provide a better service to its target customer with an added goal of reducing the rate of returns. A two-phased mixed methods approach was applied to this research to test for participants perceived and actual ideas of themselves, as well as their attitudes towards ideals. The first phase consisted of manual measurements taken and recorded, following a semi-structured interviewed. The second phase consisted of a 3D scan (digital measurements) taken and recorded followed by a four question survey comprising of three Likert questions, and one open ended question, concluding with researcher observations noted. The results showed that while the participants were mostly congruent with regards to size, they were mostly incongruent with regards to shape, and had zero congruence between the actual and the ideal self. All participants also experienced varying levels of fit issues with several areas mentioned, though pants/bottoms being the number one fit struggle. All participants expressed interested in the 3D scanning technology, felt it was easy to use, but there was a lack of continuity between participant self-reported survey answers, and their verbal answers as well as research observations.
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Moutoussis, Michael. "Defensive avoidance in paranoid delusions : experimental and computational approaches." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defensive-avoidance-in-paranoid-delusions-experimental-and-computational-approaches(e36dbfcf-9341-43a0-be41-087f9b22d994).html.
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This abstract summarises the thesis entitled Defensive Avoidance in Paranoid Delusions: Experimental and Computational Approaches, submitted by Michael Moutoussis to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, in 2011.The possible aetiological role of defensive avoidance in paranoia was investigated in this work. First the psychological significance of the Conditioned Avoidance Response (CAR) was reappraised. The CAR activates normal threat-processing mechanisms that may be pathologically over-activated in the anticipation of threats in paranoia. This may apply both to external threats and also to threats to the self-esteem.A temporal-difference computational model of the CAR suggested that a dopamine-independent process may signal that a particular state has led to a worse-than-expected outcome. On the contrary, learning about actions is likely to involve dopamine in signalling both worse-than-expected and better-than-expected outcomes. The psychological mode of action of dopamine blocking drugs may involve dampening (1) the vigour of the avoidance response and (2) the prediction-error signals that drive action learning.Excessive anticipation of negative events might lead to inappropriately perceived high costs of delaying decisions. Efforts to avoid such costs might explain the Jumping-to-Conclusions (JTC) bias found in paranoid patients. Two decision-theoretical models were used to analyse data from the ‘beads-in-a-jar’ task. One model employed an ideal-observer Bayesian approach; a control model made decisions by weighing evidence against a fixed threshold of certainty. We found no support for our ‘high cost’ hypothesis. According to both models the JTC bias was better explained by higher levels of ‘cognitive noise’ (relative to motivation) in paranoid patients. This ‘noise’ appears to limit the ability of paranoid patients to be influenced by cognitively distant possibilities.It was further hypothesised that excessive avoidance of negative aspects of the self may fuel paranoia. This was investigated empirically. Important self-attributes were elicited in paranoid patients and controls. Conscious and non-conscious avoidance were assessed while negative thoughts about the self were presented. Both ‘deserved’ and ‘undeserved’ persecutory beliefs were associated with high avoidance/control strategies in general, but not with increased of avoidance of negative thoughts about the self. On the basis of the present studies the former is therefore considerably more likely than the latter to play an aetiological role in paranoia.This work has introduced novel computational methods, especially useful in the study of ‘hidden’ psychological variables. It supported and deepened some key hypotheses about paranoia and provided consistent evidence against other important aetiological hypotheses. These contributions have substantial implications for research and for some aspects of clinical practice.
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Kim, Hyejeong. "The impact of body image self-discrepancy on body dissatisfaction, fashion involvement, concerns with fit and size of garments, and loyalty intentions in online apparel shopping." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Ekenstedt, Theodor, and Saga Wallerström. "How Avatar Representations Impact Willingness for Health-Habit Changes." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184271.
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This study examines how adding avatars, personal visual representations of the user, on online forms impacts self-reported willingness for behavioral change, when considering health habits. Avatars are a gamification element proposed to have a positive impact on behavioral change. No earlier research has examined the distinction between the effects of the contemplation that occurs when acquiring an avatar and those of the actual avatar. This distinction was explored with a randomly controlled trial in the form of three questionnaires (pretest, self-reflection, posttest), distributed to a control group and an intervention group. 37 participants (20 women, 17 men, M = 33.4 years, age span 29–38 years) completed the study. The pretest consisted of questions about their current health situation, followed by the self-reflection task. The posttest measured the outcome variable: ”How willing are you to make a change in your everyday life in order to improve or maintain your general health?”. For the intervention group, the self- reflection and posttest were accompanied by an avatar. The results were analysed with a Mann- Whitney’s U-test, which showed that the avatar groups' self-reported willingness for behavioral change was higher compared to the control group. The effect was statistically significant. We discuss the applications and practical and ethical implications of avatars for increasing motivation. Further research should be done to replicate these findings to further examine the mechanics of the avatar representation.Denna studie undersöker hur tillägget av avatarer, en personlig visuell representation av användaren, i webbformulär kan påverka självrapporterad villighet för beteendeförändring kopplat till hälsovanor. Avatarer är ett spelifieringselement som föreslås kunna ha en positiv påverkan på beteendeförändring. Ingen tidigare forskning har gjorts på distinktionen mellan effekter av självreflektion som sker vid förvärvandet av en avatar och den faktiska avataren. Den här distinktionen undersöktes genom en randomiserad kontrollerad studie i form av tre enkäter (förtest, självreflektion, eftertest) för en kontroll- och interventionsgrupp. 37 deltagare (20 kvinnor, 17 män, M = 33.4 år, åldersspann 29–38 år) slutförde studien. Förtestet bestod av frågor om deltagarnas nuvarande hälsa, följt av självreflektionen. Eftertestet innehöll utfallsmåttet: “Hur villig är du att göra en förändring i din vardag för att förbättra eller bibehålla din generella hälsa?”. För interventionsgruppen ackompanjerades självreflektionen och eftertestet av en avatar. Resultaten analyserades med ett Mann-Whitneys U-test, som visade att avatargruppens självskattade villighet för beteendeförändring var högre jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Effekten var statistiskt signifikant. Vi diskuterar tillämpningar samt praktiska och etiska implikationer av avatarer för att öka motivation. Vidare forskning bör göras för att replikera dessa fynd för att ytterligare undersöka mekaniken bakom avatar-representation.
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Audino, Palma. "Les problématiques identitaires chez les femmes atteintes d’endométriose." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20021.
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Étude I Le fonctionnement psychique chez les femmes atteintes d’endométrioseObjectif. Approfondir les articulations du rapport psyché-corps en référant au fonctionnement mental et au vécu psychologique des femmes atteintes d'endométriose.Hypothèse de travail. Chez les femmes atteintes d’endométriose, se déterminerait un déséquilibre du fonctionnement psychique dans lequel ils y ont des difficultés dans la gestion des émotions concertantes la propre représentation corporelle. La dimension somatique du féminin est négative et mortifère et menaçant.Présentation de la population. L’échantillon est constitué de vingt femmes rencontrées dans le période d’ avril-octobre 2010 chez le service de gynécologie de l’Hôpital ARNAS Civico de Palerme. Outils. Entretiens et Test du Rorschach. Conclusions. A partir de l'analyse des protocoles Rorschach il est possible de repérer des points communs :- un défaut du processus associatif et de symbolisation témoignent d’une difficulté dans la gestion des affects.- Des angoisses somatiques.- Humeur instable.étude IIla discrepance du soi chez les femmes atteintes d’endometrioseObjectif. approfondir les aspects représentationnels concernant l’image du soi maternel et séductif chez les femmes atteintes d'endométriose et souligner les possibles effets de modération de la Discordance du Soi sur le lien entre endométriose et dépression. Hypothèse. L'endométriose n'est pas nécessairement cause d'une souffrance psychologique manifeste; la relation entre ces deux variables pourrait être modérée par des facteurs relatifs à une réorganisation de la représentation de l’identité propre.Outils. - ISDI "integrated Self-Discrepancy Index" Hardin et Lakin 2009 - Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Beck et au.1961Conclusiones. L'endométriose induit la dépression chez les femmes qui, en même temps présentent un sentiment d'inadéquation concernant la représentation maternelle du Soi, elles se perçoivent comme des mères, réelles ou fantasmatiques, mauvaises et inadaptéesStudy IThe psychological functioning in women affected by endometriosisObjective. To investigate the articulations of the relationship between psyche-body, the mental functioning and to the psychological experience of women affected by endometriosis.Hypothesis. Women affected by endometriosis, would be have an inequality of the psychic functioning and they have difficulties in the management of the feelings and of the own physical representation. The somatic dimension of the feminine is negative and threatening.Participants. Participants are twenty women, met in period of April-October, 2010 at the gynaecology service of the ARNAS Hospital Civico of Palermo. Tools. Psychological consult; and Test of Rorschach. Resulted. From the analysis of Rorschach protocols it is possible to stress some common points:- defect of associative and symbolization process,- difficulty in the affectivity management.- somatic fears.- unstable mood.Study IIThe self discrepancy in women affected by endometriosisObjective. To investigate the self discrepancy concerning the maternal and seductive representation in women affected by endometriosis. To underline the possible effects of moderation of the self discrepancy on the link between endometriosis and depression. Hypothesis. The endometriosis is not a direct cause of a psychological suffering; the relation between these two variables could be moderated by personality factors.Tools. - ISDI "integrated Self-Discrepancy Index" Hardin et Lakin 2009 - Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Beck et al.1961Conclusions. The endometriosis leads to the depression only in women who, at the same time present discrepancy of the self maternal representation, only if they perceive themselves as bad and inappropriate, real or imaginary, mothers
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Wang, Kurtto Jennifer. "Instagram and Millennials’ identity : Perceived ideal image on Instagram in relation to perceived real identity." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280663.
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Majority of millennials are daily users of Instagram and in conjunction with previous studies on Instagram displaying negative effects on psychological well-being, how individuals perceive their identity in relation to their Instagram use is interesting as it could be a part of how their psychological wellbeing is affected through use. Most previous research on Instagram and psychological well-being are general and based on quantitative methods. Descriptive findings on how individuals relate to their Instagram in terms of image or identity is not yet explored. The research question of this paper is therefore to investigate if there exists a perceived ideal image on Instagram and if individuals separate their Instagram image from their perceived real identities. Semi-structured interviews with 11 participants categorized through thematic analysis indicate a perceived ideal image on Instagram exists, and majority of participants cannot separate their Instagram image from their perceived real identity. It is assumed through findings that the level of awareness when applying one’s image or identity during Instagram use could indicate how risky it is for individuals to be affected negatively on their psychological well-being during usage. Increasing awareness of how one identify him- or herself based on his or her image or perceived real self could potentially decrease the risk of negative social comparison and self-discrepancy in interaction with one’s Instagram use. Findings showed there exists a perceived ideal image on Instagram while there is no coherent perception among participants in how they separate their perceived image from their perceived real identity. Future research could investigate whether this ’identity incongruence’ while using Instagram is part of a new way of constructing one’ identity in a world where virtual and real no longer has clear borders.Majoriteten av Millennials är dagliga användare av Instagram och i kombination med tidigare studier om Instagram som tyder på negativa effekter på det psykosociala välmåendet - är hur individer upplever deras identitet i relation till deras Instagram-användande är intressant att undersöka, då det kan vara del av hur deras psykosociala välmående påverkas genom användning. Större delen av tidigare studier om Instagram och psykosocialt välmående är generell i naturen och baserat på kvantitativa metoder. Detaljerade resultat av hur individer relaterar till deras Instagram i form av image eller identitet är ännu inte undersökt. Frågeställningen är därför att undersöka om en upplevd idealisk image existerar på Instagram och om individer separerar deras Instagram image från deras upplevda riktiga identitet. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer med elva medverkande, kategoriserade genom tematisk analys, indikerar på att en upplevd idealisk image på Instagram existerar samt att majoriteten av dem medverkande inte kan skilja deras Instagram image från deras upplevda riktiga identitet. Det är antaget genom resultatet att nivån av medvetenhet man har i appliceringen av ens image eller identitet under användningen av Instagram kan indikera hur riskfyllt det är för individer att bli negativt påverkade psykosocialt under deras användning. Genom ökat medvetande av hur man identifierar sig själv baserat på sin image eller upplevda riktiga jag skulle risken för negativ social jämförelse och själv-diskrepans potentiellt minska i interaktion med ens Instagram-användande. Resultaten visar att en upplevd idealisk image på Instagram existerar samtidigt som en sammanhängande uppfattning av hur de medverkande separerar deras upplevda image från deras upplevda riktiga identitet inte existerar. Framtida studier kan undersöka närmare om denna ’identitets-inkongruens’ som uppstår under Instagram-användande är ett nytt sätt att skapa sin identitet på i en värld där det virtuella och det riktiga inte längre har tydliga gränser.
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Kamitani, Tsukasa. "Association Between the Discrepancy in Self-Reported and Performance-Based Physical Functioning Levels and Risk of Future Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcomes in Aizu Cohort Study (LOHAS)." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/245297.
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Howell, Ashley N. "Effects of Social Context on State Anxiety, Submissive Behavior, and Perceived Social Task Performance in Females with Social Anxiety." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1365441706.
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Martinez, Charlotte M. "Representations of Femininity: A Content Analysis of the Adolescent Christian Magazines Brio and Brio and Beyond and Their Mainstream Counterpart Seventeen." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1344049647.
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Chapaux-Morelli, Pascale. "La dissonance identitaire au travail : développement théorique et demarche operationnelle par une approche mixed-method." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080006.
Full textAbstract:
Avec l’intérêt croissant envers les questions identitaires, la dissonance identitaire au travail devient un enjeu majeur. Il s’agit d’un inconfort psychologique sévère suite à une divergence consciemment éprouvée par l’individu entre ce qu’il pense être et ce qui le contraint dans son sentiment identitaire. Après une présentation des aspects historiques touchant à l’identité nous avons élaboré, dans le cadre de la Théorie de la Divergence du Self (Higgins, 1987), un instrument de mesure à travers une approche inductive, au vu du manque de littérature spécifique. La construction de l’IDS-Work a donné lieu à une structure, en deux dimensions indépendantes, pour un total de onze items. La latitude d’expression identitaire mesure le degré par lequel l’individu exprime sa personnalité et son identité au travail, et la pression normative mesure le degré de contraintes perçues au niveau identitaire. Nous avons ensuite procédé à l’analyse des effets de la dissonance identitaire sur les processus de santé au travail, puis à une étude qualitative où la dissonance est envisagée comme un levier d’évolution. Les résultats de ces différentes études ont permis : de souligner l’effet direct massif de la dissonance identitaire sur l’intention de quitter, le bien-être eudémonique et, très massivement, sur la dissonance émotionnelle ; de dégager des profils latents séparant les individus souhaitant changer de métier ou pas, les premiers ayant des scores faibles d’estime de soi et de focus promotionnel ; de souligner l’importance de phénomènes tels que l’héritage social ou le multi-jobbing. Les résultats sont discutés et les perspectives futures envisagéesConsidering the increasing interest in identity issues, identity dissonance at work is becoming a major issue. It is a severe psychological discomfort as a result of a conscious discrepancy experienced by the individual between actual self and ought self, at the workplace. After a presentation of the historical aspects of identity and on the basis of Higgins’ Self-Discrepancy Theory, we developed an instrument of measurement through an inductive approach, given the lack of specific literature. The construction of the IDS-Work resulted in an independent two-dimensional structure for a total of eleven items. The latitude of expressive identity measures the degree by which the individual expresses his/her personality and identity at work, and normative pressure measures the degree of perceived constraints at an identity level. We then analyzed the effects of identity dissonance on occupational health processes, and realized a qualitative study, in which dissonance is seen as a lever for evolution. The results of such studies have allowed: to highlight the direct effect of identity dissonance on the intention to leave, the eudemonic well-being and, very massively, on emotional dissonance; to identify latent profiles separating individuals who wish to change occupation or not, the former with low scores of self-esteem and promotional focus; to underline the importance of phenomena such as social heritage or multi-jobbing. The results are discussed, and the future research envisaged