Journal articles: 'Self-healing polymers'

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Novikov, Alexander S. "Self-Healing Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112261.

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Self-healing polymers are synthetic or artificially-created substances that have the built-in ability to automatically repair damages to themselves without any external diagnosis of the problem or human intervention [...]

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Binder, Wolfgang H. "Self-healing polymers." Polymer 69 (July 2015): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.037.

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Wang, Siyang, and Marek W. Urban. "Self-healing polymers." Nature Reviews Materials 5, no. 8 (June 5, 2020): 562–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0202-4.

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Colquhoun, Howard, and Bert Klumperman. "Self-healing polymers." Polymer Chemistry 4, no. 18 (2013): 4832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py90046k.

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Cho, Soo Hyoun, Scott R. White, and Paul V. Braun. "Self-Healing Polymers: Self-Healing Polymer Coatings (Adv. Mater. 6/2009)." Advanced Materials 21, no. 6 (February 9, 2009): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200990020.

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Ritzen, Linda, Vincenzo Montano, and Santiago J. Garcia. "3D Printing of a Self-Healing Thermoplastic Polyurethane through FDM: From Polymer Slab to Mechanical Assessment." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020305.

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The use of self-healing (SH) polymers to make 3D-printed polymeric parts offers the potential to increase the quality of 3D-printed parts and to increase their durability and damage tolerance due to their (on-demand) dynamic nature. Nevertheless, 3D-printing of such dynamic polymers is not a straightforward process due to their polymer architecture and rheological complexity and the limited quantities produced at lab-scale. This limits the exploration of the full potential of self-healing polymers. In this paper, we present the complete process for fused deposition modelling of a room temperature self-healing polyurethane. Starting from the synthesis and polymer slab manufacturing, we processed the polymer into a continuous filament and 3D printed parts. For the characterization of the 3D printed parts, we used a compression cut test, which proved useful when limited amount of material is available. The test was able to quasi-quantitatively assess both bulk and 3D printed samples and their self-healing behavior. The mechanical and healing behavior of the 3D printed self-healing polyurethane was highly similar to that of the bulk SH polymer. This indicates that the self-healing property of the polymer was retained even after multiple processing steps and printing. Compared to a commercial 3D-printing thermoplastic polyurethane, the self-healing polymer displayed a smaller mechanical dependency on the printing conditions with the added value of healing cuts at room temperature.

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Fainleib, A. M., and O. H. Purikova. "Self-healing polymers: approaches of healing and their application." Polymer journal 41, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.41.01.004.

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Jones, A. S., J. D. Rule, J. S. Moore, N. R. Sottos, and S. R. White. "Life extension of self-healing polymers with rapidly growing fatigue cracks." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 13 (December 19, 2006): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0199.

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Self-healing polymers, based on microencapsulated dicyclopentadiene and Grubbs' catalyst embedded in the polymer matrix, are capable of responding to propagating fatigue cracks by autonomic processes that lead to higher endurance limits and life extension, or even the complete arrest of the crack growth. The amount of fatigue-life extension depends on the relative magnitude of the mechanical kinetics of crack propagation and the chemical kinetics of healing. As the healing kinetics are accelerated, greater fatigue life extension is achieved. The use of wax-protected, recrystallized Grubbs' catalyst leads to a fourfold increase in the rate of polymerization of bulk dicyclopentadiene and extends the fatigue life of a polymer specimen over 30 times longer than a comparable non-healing specimen. The fatigue life of polymers under extremely fast fatigue crack growth can be extended through the incorporation of periodic rest periods, effectively training the self-healing polymeric material to achieve higher endurance limits.

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Irzhak, Vadim I., Igor E. Uflyand, and Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva. "Self-Healing of Polymers and Polymer Composites." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 5404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245404.

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This review is devoted to the description of methods for the self-healing of polymers, polymer composites, and coatings. The self-healing of damages that occur during the operation of the corresponding structures makes it possible to extend the service life of the latter, and in this case, the problem of saving non-renewable resources is simultaneously solved. Two strategies are considered: (a) creating reversible crosslinks in the thermoplastic and (b) introducing a healing agent into cracks. Bond exchange reactions in network polymers (a) proceed as a dissociative process, in which crosslinks are split into their constituent reactive fragments with subsequent regeneration, or as an associative process, the limiting stage of which is the interaction of the reactive end group and the crosslink. The latter process is implemented in vitrimers. Strategy (b) is associated with the use of containers (hollow glass fibers, capsules, microvessels) that burst under the action of a crack. Particular attention is paid to self-healing processes in metallopolymer systems.

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Shirzad, Sharareh, Marwa M. Hassan, Max A. Aguirre, Samuel Cooper, and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Effects of Light-Activated Self-Healing Polymers on the Rheological Behaviors of Asphalt Binder Containing Recycled Asphalt Shingles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (May 15, 2018): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118772726.

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A new generation of ultraviolet (UV) light-activated, self-healing polymers was evaluated with the aim to enhance the elastic recovery of the binder and to increase its self-healing abilities. This study had three main objectives: (a) to develop an optimized synthesis procedure for producing light-activated self-healing polymers, (b) to examine the thermal stability of the prepared self-healing polymers, and (c) to evaluate the effect of self-healing polymers on the rheological properties of asphalt binder containing binder extracted from recycled asphalt shingles (RAS). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of UV-activated polymers in the laboratory. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the materials produced achieved the required thermal stability at high temperature. Measuring the viscosity of different binder blends with and without RAS and with and without self-healing polymers revealed that the additive decreased the viscosity of the binder blends containing RAS, thereby providing blends with a better workability. Furthermore, rheological results showed that the rutting resistance of the binder blends containing RAS was improved by increasing the percentage of self-healing polymer. Results also showed improved rheological behaviors at low service temperature with 5% self-healing polymer and with exposure to UV light.

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Zhang, Guangpu, Zhe Sun, and Miaomiao Li. "Recent developments: self-healing polymers based on quadruple hydrogen bonds." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129001037.

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The microcrack of materials was inevitable in the process of transportation, storage and utilization, which may cause functional failure and resources waste. Inspired by nature, self-healing polymers have attracted significant attention owing to widespread applications in wearable electronics, cartilage replacement, coatings and elastomer. Compared with extrinsic healing, intrinsically healable polymers offer multiple self-healing by supramolecular reversible interactions, such as host-guest interactions, π-π stacking, ionic interactions and hydrogen-bonding. Self-healing polymers based on quadruple hydrogen bonds have been extensively investigated due to its high thermodynamic stability and rapid kinetic reversibility, and have been well developed for the past two decades. In this paper, the strategies and designs of self-repairing polymers based on quadruple hydrogen bond were classified and summarized, including main-chain self-healing polymers, side-chain self-healing polymers and supramolecular self-healing polymers. It is expected that quadruple hydrogen bonding can be construct more robust, highly tough, multi-stimuli-responsive, and fast self-healing supramolecular polymer, and is potential to be applied to numerous civilian and military fields in the future.

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Xu, Jun, Lei Zhu, Yongjia Nie, Yuan Li, Shicheng Wei, Xu Chen, Wenpeng Zhao, and Shouke Yan. "Advances and Challenges of Self-Healing Elastomers: A Mini Review." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 5993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175993.

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In the last few decades, self-healing polymeric materials have been widely investigated because they can heal the damages spontaneously and thereby prolong their service lifetime. Many ingenious synthetic procedures have been developed for fabricating self-healing polymers with high performance. This mini review provides an impressive summary of the self-healing polymers with fast self-healing speed, which exhibits an irreplaceable role in many intriguing applications, such as flexible electronics. After a brief introduction to the development of self-healing polymers, we divide the development of self-healing polymers into five stages through the perspective of their research priorities at different periods. Subsequently, we elaborated the underlying healing mechanism of polymers, including the self-healing origins, the influencing factors, and direct evidence of healing at nanoscopic level. Following this, recent advance in realizing the fast self-healing speed of polymers through physical and chemical approaches is extensively overviewed. In particular, the methodology for balancing the mechanical strength and healing ability in fast self-healing elastomers is summarized. We hope that it could afford useful information for research people in promoting the further technical development of new strategies and technologies to prepare the high performance self-healing elastomers for advanced applications.

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Syrett, Jay A., C. Remzi Becer, and David M. Haddleton. "Self-healing and self-mendable polymers." Polymer Chemistry 1, no. 7 (2010): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0py00104j.

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Malik, Umer Shahzad, Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi, Zaib Jahan, Mazhar Iqbal Zafar, Dai-Viet N. Vo, and Farooq Sher. "Nano-structured dynamic Schiff base cues as robust self-healing polymers for biomedical and tissue engineering applications: a review." Environmental Chemistry Letters 20, no. 1 (October 31, 2021): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01337-1.

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AbstractPolymer materials are vulnerable to damages, failures, and degradations, making them economically unreliable. Self-healing polymers, on the other hand, are multifunctional materials with superior properties of autonomic recovery from physical damages. These materials are suitable for biomedical and tissue engineering in terms of cost and durability. Schiff base linkages-based polymer materials are one of the robust techniques owing to their simple self-healing mechanism. These are dynamic reversible covalent bonds, easy to fabricate at mild conditions, and can self-reintegrate after network disruption at physiological conditions making them distinguished. Here we review self-healing polymer materials based on Schiff base bonds. We discuss the Schiff base bond formation between polymeric networks, which explains the self-healing phenomenon. These bonds have induced 100% recovery in optimal cases.

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Fan, Ping, Can Xue, Xiantai Zhou, Zujin Yang, and Hongbing Ji. "Dynamic Covalent Bonds of Si-OR and Si-OSi Enabled A Stiff Polymer to Heal and Recycle at Room Temperature." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102680.

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As stiff polymers are difficult to self-heal, the balance between polymers’ self-healing ability and mechanical properties is always a big challenge. Herein, we have developed a novel healable stiff polymer based on the Si-OR and Si-OSi dynamic covalent bonds. The self-healing mechanism was tested and proved by the small molecule model experiments and the contrast experiments of polymers. This polymer possesses excellent tensile, bending properties as well as room temperature self-healing abilities. Moreover, due to the sticky and shapeable properties under wetting conditions, the polymer could be used as an adhesive. Besides, even after four cycles of recycling, the polymer maintains its original properties, which meets the requirements of recyclable materials. It was demonstrated that the polymer exhibits potential application in some fields, such as recyclable materials and healable adhesives.

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Abdul Rahim, Erwin. "Synthesis, Properties, and Function of Self-Healing Polymer-Based on Eugenol." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 22, no. 4 (July 11, 2022): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.71486.

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Eugenol-based self-healing polymers were synthesized in a very short time of 94–159 s. Polymerization of eugenol catalyzed by H2SO4-CH3COOH yielded the corresponding self-healing polymers in quantitative yields in the range of molecular weight (5.18–15.10) × 105 g/mol. The polymer exhibited self-healing behavior at room temperature due to hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of polyeugenol and the hydroxyl groups of sulfuric acid. This material can function as a polyelectrolyte and a novel self-healing catalyst for biodiesel production.

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Mauldin, T. C., and M. R. Kessler. "Self-healing polymers and composites." International Materials Reviews 55, no. 6 (November 2010): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/095066010x12646898728408.

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Blaiszik, B. J., S. L. B. Kramer, S. C. Olugebefola, J. S. Moore, N. R. Sottos, and S. R. White. "Self-Healing Polymers and Composites." Annual Review of Materials Research 40, no. 1 (June 2010): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104532.

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Ridgway, Andy. "Future stuff: Self-healing polymers." New Scientist 224, no. 2990 (October 2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(14)61959-x.

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White, Scott, Benjamin Blaiszik, Sharlotte Kramer, Solar Olugebefola, Jeffrey Moore, and Nancy Sottos. "Self-healing Polymers and Composites." American Scientist 99, no. 5 (2011): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.92.392.

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Yang, Ying, Dmitriy Davydovich, Chris C. Hornat, Xiaolin Liu, and Marek W. Urban. "Leaf-Inspired Self-Healing Polymers." Chem 4, no. 8 (August 2018): 1928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.06.001.

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Campanella, Antonella, Diana Döhler, and Wolfgang H. Binder. "Self-Healing in Supramolecular Polymers." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 39, no. 17 (January 16, 2018): 1700739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201700739.

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Zhao, Pei-Chen, Wen Li, Wei Huang, and Cheng-Hui Li. "A Self-Healing Polymer with Fast Elastic Recovery upon Stretching." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030597.

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The design of polymers that exhibit both good elasticity and self-healing properties is a highly challenging task. In spite of this, the literature reports highly stretchable self-healing polymers, but most of them exhibit slow elastic recovery behavior, i.e., they can only recover to their original length upon relaxation for a long time after stretching. Herein, a self-healing polymer with a fast elastic recovery property is demonstrated. We used 4-[tris(4-formylphenyl)methyl]benzaldehyde (TFPM) as a tetratopic linker to crosslink a poly(dimethylsiloxane) backbone, and obtained a self-healing polymer with high stretchability and fast elastic recovery upon stretching. The strain at break of the as-prepared polymer is observed at about 1400%. The polymer can immediately recover to its original length after being stretched. The damaged sample can be healed at room temperature with a healing efficiency up to 93% within 1 h. Such a polymer can be used for various applications, such as functioning as substrates or matrixes in soft actuators, electronic skins, biochips, and biosensors with prolonged lifetimes.

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Ciferri, Alberto. "Healing and self-healing polymers: composite networks revisited." Polymer Chemistry 4, no. 18 (2013): 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py21156h.

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Yang, Yang, Zhi‐Min Dang, Qi Li, and Jinliang He. "Self‐Healing Dielectric Polymers: Self‐Healing of Electrical Damage in Polymers (Adv. Sci. 21/2020)." Advanced Science 7, no. 21 (November 2020): 2070120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202070120.

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Meurer, Josefine, Julian Hniopek, Johannes Ahner, Michael Schmitt, Jürgen Popp, Stefan Zechel, Kalina Peneva, and Martin D. Hager. "In-depth characterization of self-healing polymers based on π–π nteractions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 17 (September 29, 2021): 2496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.17.166.

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The self-healing behavior of two supramolecular polymers based on π–π-interactions featuring different polymer backbones is presented. For this purpose, these polymers were synthesized utilizing a polycondensation of a perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride with polyether-based diamines and the resulting materials were investigated using various analytical techniques. Thus, the molecular structure of the polymers could be correlated with the ability for self-healing. Moreover, the mechanical behavior was studied using rheology. The activation of the supramolecular interactions results in a breaking of these noncovalent bonds, which was investigated using IR spectroscopy, leading to a sufficient increase in mobility and, finally, a healing of the mechanical damage. This scratch-healing behavior was also quantified in detail using an indenter.

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White, Scott R., Mary M. Caruso, and Jeffrey S. Moore. "Autonomic Healing of Polymers." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 8 (August 2008): 766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.163.

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AbstractSelf-healing polymers have experienced rapid technological advancement over the past seven years. They have moved from a conceptual demonstration to practical application in this time frame and have grown from a single design to a generic paradigm for modern materials development. Potential applications of self-healing polymers are quite broad, including microelectronic substrates and encapsulants, polymeric paints and coatings, structural composites, and biomedical devices. In this article, we focus on polymeric systems that heal in an autonomic fashion, that is, automatically and without human intervention. The types of systems under development and the future of this paradigm in advanced materials are discussed.

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Zechel, Stefan, Martin Hager, Tobias Priemel, and Matthew Harrington. "Healing through Histidine: Bioinspired Pathways to Self-Healing Polymers via Imidazole–Metal Coordination." Biomimetics 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4010020.

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Biology offers a valuable inspiration toward the development of self-healing engineering composites and polymers. In particular, chemical level design principles extracted from proteinaceous biopolymers, especially the mussel byssus, provide inspiration for design of autonomous and intrinsic healing in synthetic polymers. The mussel byssus is an acellular tissue comprised of extremely tough protein-based fibers, produced by mussels to secure attachment on rocky surfaces. Threads exhibit self-healing response following an apparent plastic yield event, recovering initial material properties in a time-dependent fashion. Recent biochemical analysis of the structure–function relationships defining this response reveal a key role of sacrificial cross-links based on metal coordination bonds between Zn2+ ions and histidine amino acid residues. Inspired by this example, many research groups have developed self-healing polymeric materials based on histidine (imidazole)–metal chemistry. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the self-healing mechanism in byssal threads, and an overview of the current state of the art in histidine- and imidazole-based synthetic polymers.

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Shirzad, Sharareh, Marwa M. Hassan, Max A. Aguirre, Samuel Cooper, Louay N. Mohammad, and Ioan I. Negulescu. "Laboratory Testing of Self-Healing Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Materials (RAP/RAS)." MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927103003.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of an innovative light-induced self-healing polymers in enhancing the durability of asphalt mixtures and improving its self-healing properties. Mixtures were prepared using two different binders, with and without recycled materials, and self-healing polymer. Results showed that the addition of recycled asphalt material to mixtures prepared with an unmodified binder negatively affected the healing recovery at room temperature. Furthermore, Self-healing properties of the mixtures were improved by increasing the healing temperature. The addition of 5% self-healing polymer to the control mixture, followed by UV light exposure resulted in an increase in self-healing properties of the mixtures prepared with PG 67-22 binder. Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test results showed that the incorporation of self-healing polymer and 48 h of UV light exposure improved the cracking resistance. Loaded-Wheel Test (LWT) results showed that the self-healing polymer caused an increase in the rut depth of the samples prepared with an unmodified binder. However, the final rut depth was less than the acceptable rutting performance. Thermal-Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) test results showed that self-healing polymer improved the low temperature cracking performance of the mixtures.

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Araya-Hermosilla, Esteban, Alice Giannetti, Guilherme Macedo R. Lima, Felipe Orozco, Francesco Picchioni, Virgilio Mattoli, Ranjita K. Bose, and Andrea Pucci. "Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030339.

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Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6–7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.

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Youngblood, Jeffrey P., and Nancy R. Sottos. "Bioinspired Materials for Self-Cleaning and Self-Healing." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 8 (August 2008): 732–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.158.

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AbstractBiological systems have the ability to sense, react, regulate, grow, regenerate, and heal. Recent advances in materials chemistry and micro- and nanoscale fabrication techniques have enabled biologically inspired materials systems that mimic many of these remarkable functions. This issue of MRS Bulletin highlights two promising classes of bioinspired materials systems: surfaces that can self-clean and polymers that can self-heal. Self-cleaning surfaces are based on the superhydrophobic effect, which causes water droplets to roll off with ease, carrying away dirt and debris. Design of these surfaces is inspired by the hydrophobic micro- and nanostructures of a lotus leaf. Self-healing materials are motivated by biological systems in which damage triggers a site-specific, autonomic healing response. Self-healing has been achieved using several different approaches for storing and triggering healing functionality in the polymer. In this issue, we examine the most successful strategies for self-cleaning and self-healing materials and discuss future research directions and opportunities for commercial applications.

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Sottos, Nancy, Scott White, and Ian Bond. "Introduction: self-healing polymers and composites." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 13 (February 20, 2007): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0205.

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Döhler, D., P. Zare, and W. H. Binder. "Hyperbranched polyisobutylenes for self-healing polymers." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 3 (2014): 992–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py01151h.

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Herbst, Florian, Diana Döhler, Philipp Michael, and Wolfgang H. Binder. "Self-Healing Polymers via Supramolecular Forces." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 34, no. 3 (January 14, 2013): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201200675.

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van Gemert, Gaby M. L., Joris W. Peeters, Serge H. M. Söntjens, Henk M. Janssen, and Anton W. Bosman. "Self-Healing Supramolecular Polymers In Action." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 213, no. 2 (December 27, 2011): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201100559.

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Bekas, D. G., D. Baltzis, K. Tsirka, D. Exarchos, T. Matikas, A. Meristoudi, S. Pispas, and A. S. Paipetis. "Self-healing polymers: evaluation of self-healing process via non-destructive techniques." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 45, no. 4 (April 20, 2016): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2016.1151987.

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Yang, Zhijun, Fenfen Wang, Chi Zhang, Jian Li, Rongchun Zhang, Qiang Wu, Tiehong Chen, and Pingchuan Sun. "Bio-inspired self-healing polyurethanes with multiple stimulus responsiveness." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 24 (2019): 3362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00383e.

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High-performance stimuli-responsive polymers that exhibit spontaneous, sophisticated and reversible responses to a wide range of external stimuli are reported, adapting a stimuli-responsive dynamic covalent chemical crosslinker and a biomimetic modular polymer design.

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Jacobson, Nathan D., and Jude Iroh. "Shape Memory Corrosion-Resistant Polymeric Materials." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (June 29, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5558457.

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Shape memory alloys, materials capable of being deformed and maintaining the deformation and additionally capable of returning to the initial position, are valued for a range of applications from actuators to flexible microdevices. Maintaining the properties that make them useful, their ability to deform and reform, requires that shape memory alloys must be protected against corrosion, in which the integration of shape memory polymers can act as a means of protection. Thus, this review is to highlight the utility of self-healing shape memory polymers as a means of corrosion inhibition. Therefore, this review discusses the benefits of utilizing self-healing shape memory polymers for the protection of shape memory, several types of self-healing polymers that could be used, means of improving or tailoring the polymers towards specific usages, and future prospects in designing a shape memory polymer for use in corrosion inhibition.

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Buaksuntear, Kwanchai, Phakamat Limarun, Supitta Suethao, and Wirasak Smitthipong. "Non-Covalent Interaction on the Self-Healing of Mechanical Properties in Supramolecular Polymers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 6902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136902.

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Supramolecular polymers are widely utilized and applied in self–assembly or self–healing materials, which can be repaired when damaged. Normally, the healing process is classified into two types, including extrinsic and intrinsic self–healable materials. Therefore, the aim of this work is to review the intrinsic self–healing strategy based on supramolecular interaction or non-covalent interaction and molecular recognition to obtain the improvement of mechanical properties. In this review, we introduce the main background of non-covalent interaction, which consists of the metal–ligand coordination, hydrogen bonding, π–π interaction, electrostatic interaction, dipole–dipole interaction, and host–guest interactions, respectively. From the perspective of mechanical properties, these interactions act as transient crosslinking points to both prevent and repair the broken polymer chains. For material utilization in terms of self–healing products, this knowledge can be applied and developed to increase the lifetime of the products, causing rapid healing and reducing accidents and maintenance costs. Therefore, the self–healing materials using supramolecular polymers or non-covalent interaction provides a novel strategy to enhance the mechanical properties of materials causing the extended cycling lifetime of products before replacement with a new one.

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Zhou, Huankai, Hongsheng Luo, Xingdong Zhou, Huaquan Wang, Yangrong Yao, Wenjing Lin, and Guobin Yi. "Healable, Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Shape Memory Polymers." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101732.

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Supercapacitors as novel and efficient energy storage devices could provide a higher power density and energy density compared to other electronics and devices. However, traditional supercapacitors are readily damaged, which leads to degraded performance or even failure. To make them more durable and efficient, healable flexible shape memory-based supercapacitors were unprecedentedly explored by a transfer process, in which the conductive nano-carbon networks were decorated with pseudocapacitance materials, followed by embedding them into a shape memory polymer matrix containing healing reagents. The composite exhibited flexibility, supercapacitance and self-healing capability originating from the shape memory effect and healing reagent. The morphologies, thermal, mechanical and capacitive properties, and the self-healability of the composite were investigated. In particular, the influence of the compositions on the healing efficiency was considered. The optimized composite exhibited good capacitance (27.33 mF cm−1), stability (only 4.08% capacitance loss after 1500 cycles) and healable property (up to 93% of the healing efficiency). The findings demonstrated how to endow the flexible polymeric electronics with healable bio-mimetic properties and may greatly benefit the application of intelligent polymers in the field of multi-functional electrical materials.

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Abend, Zechel, Schubert, and Hager. "Detailed Analysis of the Influencing Parameters on the Self-Healing Behavior of Dynamic Urea-Crosslinked Poly(methacrylate)s." Molecules 24, no. 19 (October 6, 2019): 3597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193597.

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For this paper, the self-healing ability of poly(methacrylate)s crosslinked via reversible urea bonds was studied in detail. In this context, the effects of healing time and temperature on the healing process were investigated. Furthermore, the impact of the size of the damage (i.e., area of the scratch) was monitored. Aging processes, counteracting the self-healing process, result in a decrease in the mechanical performance. This effect diminishes the healing ability. Consequently, the current study is a first approach towards a detailed analysis of self-healing polymers regarding the influencing parameters of the healing process, considering also possible aging processes for thermo-reversible polymer networks.

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Nik Md Noordin Kahar, Nik Nur Farisha, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Eid Alosime, Najihah Arsat, Nurul Aida Mohammad Azman, Agusril Syamsir, Zarina Itam, and Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid. "The Versatility of Polymeric Materials as Self-Healing Agents for Various Types of Applications: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081194.

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The versatility of polymeric materials as healing agents to prevent any structure failure and their ability to restore their initial mechanical properties has attracted interest from many researchers. Various applications of the self-healing polymeric materials are explored in this paper. The mechanism of self-healing, which includes the extrinsic and intrinsic approaches for each of the applications, is examined. The extrinsic mechanism involves the introduction of external healing agents such as microcapsules and vascular networks into the system. Meanwhile, the intrinsic mechanism refers to the inherent reversibility of the molecular interaction of the polymer matrix, which is triggered by the external stimuli. Both self-healing mechanisms have shown a significant impact on the cracked properties of the damaged sites. This paper also presents the different types of self-healing polymeric materials applied in various applications, which include electronics, coating, aerospace, medicals, and construction fields. It is expected that this review gives a significantly broader idea of self-healing polymeric materials and their healing mechanisms in various types of applications.

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Platonova, Elena, Polina Ponomareva, Zalina Lokiaeva, Alexander Pavlov, Vladimir Nelyub, and Alexander Polezhaev. "New Building Blocks for Self-Healing Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 5394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245394.

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The healing efficiency in self-healing materials is bound by the ability to form blends between the prepolymer and curing agent. One of the problems in the development of self-healing polymers is the reduced affinity of the bismaleimide curing agent for the elastomeric furan-containing matrix. Even when stoichiometric amounts of both components are applied, incompatibility of components can significantly reduce the effectiveness of self-healing, and lead to undesirable side effects, such as crystallization of the curing agent, in the thickness and on the surface. This is exactly what we have seen in the development of linear and cross-linked PUs using BMI as a hardener. In this work, we present a new series of the di- and tetrafuranic isocyanate-related ureas—promising curing agents for the development of polyurethanes-like self-healing materials via the Diels–Alder reaction. The commonly used isocyanates (4,4′-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, MDI; 2,4-Tolylene diisocyanate, TDI; and Hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI) and furfurylamine, difurfurylamine, and furfuryl alcohol (derived from biorenewables) as furanic compounds were utilized for synthesis. The remendable polyurethane for testing was synthesized from a maleimide-terminated prepolymer and one of the T-series urea. Self-healing properties were investigated by thermal analysis. Molecular mass was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The properties of the new polymer were compared with polyurethane from a furan-terminated analog. Visual tests showed that the obtained material has thermally induced self-healing abilities. Resulting polyurethane (PU) has a rather low fusing point and thus may be used as potential material for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing.

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Li, Guoqiang, Harper Meng, and Jinlian Hu. "Healable thermoset polymer composite embedded with stimuli-responsive fibres." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 77 (August 15, 2012): 3279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0409.

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Severe wounds in biological systems such as human skin cannot heal themselves, unless they are first stitched together. Healing of macroscopic damage in thermoset polymer composites faces a similar challenge. Stimuli-responsive shape-changing polymeric fibres with outstanding mechanical properties embedded in polymers may be able to close macro-cracks automatically upon stimulation such as heating. Here, a stimuli-responsive fibre (SRF) with outstanding mechanical properties and supercontraction capability was fabricated for the purpose of healing macroscopic damage. The SRFs and thermoplastic particles (TPs) were incorporated into regular thermosetting epoxy for repeatedly healing macroscopic damages. The system works by mimicking self-healing of biological systems such as human skin, close (stitch) then heal, i.e. close the macroscopic crack through the thermal-induced supercontraction of the SRFs, and bond the closed crack through melting and diffusing of TPs at the crack interface. The healing efficiency determined using tapered double-cantilever beam specimens was 94 per cent. The self-healing process was reasonably repeatable.

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Utrera-Barrios, Saul, Raquel Verdejo, Miguel Ángel López-Manchado, and Marianella Hernández Santana. "The Final Frontier of Sustainable Materials: Current Developments in Self-Healing Elastomers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094757.

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It is impossible to describe the recent progress of our society without considering the role of polymers; however, for a broad audience, “polymer” is usually related to environmental pollution. The poor disposal and management of polymeric waste has led to an important environmental crisis, and, within polymers, plastics have attracted bad press despite being easily reprocessable. Nonetheless, there is a group of polymeric materials that is particularly more complex to reprocess, rubbers. These macromolecules are formed by irreversible crosslinked networks that give them their characteristic elastic behavior, but at the same time avoid their reprocessing. Conferring them a self-healing capacity stands out as a decisive approach for overcoming this limitation. By this mean, rubbers would be able to repair or restore their damage automatically, autonomously, or by applying an external stimulus, increasing their lifetime, and making them compatible with the circular economy model. Spain is a reference country in the implementation of this strategy in rubbery materials, achieving successful self-healable elastomers with high healing efficiency and outstanding mechanical performance. This article presents an exhaustive summary of the developments reported in the previous 10 years, which demonstrates that this property is the last frontier in search of truly sustainable materials.

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Utrera-Barrios, Saul, Raquel Verdejo, Miguel Ángel López-Manchado, and Marianella Hernández Santana. "The Final Frontier of Sustainable Materials: Current Developments in Self-Healing Elastomers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094757.

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It is impossible to describe the recent progress of our society without considering the role of polymers; however, for a broad audience, “polymer” is usually related to environmental pollution. The poor disposal and management of polymeric waste has led to an important environmental crisis, and, within polymers, plastics have attracted bad press despite being easily reprocessable. Nonetheless, there is a group of polymeric materials that is particularly more complex to reprocess, rubbers. These macromolecules are formed by irreversible crosslinked networks that give them their characteristic elastic behavior, but at the same time avoid their reprocessing. Conferring them a self-healing capacity stands out as a decisive approach for overcoming this limitation. By this mean, rubbers would be able to repair or restore their damage automatically, autonomously, or by applying an external stimulus, increasing their lifetime, and making them compatible with the circular economy model. Spain is a reference country in the implementation of this strategy in rubbery materials, achieving successful self-healable elastomers with high healing efficiency and outstanding mechanical performance. This article presents an exhaustive summary of the developments reported in the previous 10 years, which demonstrates that this property is the last frontier in search of truly sustainable materials.

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Kumar, Rajeev, Zening Liu, Brad Lokitz, Jihua Chen, Jan-Michael Carrillo, Jacek Jakowski, C. Patrick Collier, Scott Retterer, and Rigoberto Advincula. "Harnessing autocatalytic reactions in polymerization and depolymerization." MRS Communications 11, no. 4 (July 12, 2021): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43579-021-00061-9.

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Abstract Autocatalysis and its relevance to various polymeric systems are discussed by taking inspiration from biology. A number of research directions related to synthesis, characterization, and multi-scale modeling are discussed in order to harness autocatalytic reactions in a useful manner for different applications ranging from chemical upcycling of polymers (depolymerization and reconstruction after depolymerization), self-generating micelles and vesicles, and polymer membranes. Overall, a concerted effort involving in situ experiments, multi-scale modeling, and machine learning algorithms is proposed to understand the mechanisms of physical and chemical autocatalysis. It is argued that a control of the autocatalytic behavior in polymeric systems can revolutionize areas such as kinetic control of the self-assembly of polymeric materials, synthesis of self-healing and self-immolative polymers, as next generation of materials for a sustainable circular economy. Graphic Abstract

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Roels, Ellen, Seppe Terryn, Pasquale Ferrentino, Joost Brancart, Guy Van Assche, and Bram Vanderborght. "An Interdisciplinary Tutorial: A Self-Healing Soft Finger with Embedded Sensor." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020811.

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In the field of soft robotics, knowledge of material science is becoming more and more important. However, many researchers have a background in only one of both domains. To aid the understanding of the other domain, this tutorial describes the complete process from polymer synthesis over fabrication to testing of a soft finger. Enough background is provided during the tutorial such that researchers from both fields can understand and sharpen their knowledge. Self-healing polymers are used in this tutorial, showing that these polymers that were once a specialty, have become accessible for broader use. The use of self-healing polymers allows soft robots to recover from fatal damage, as shown in this tutorial, which increases their lifespan significantly.

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Wang, Hao, Hanchao Liu, Zhenxing Cao, Weihang Li, Xin Huang, Yong Zhu, Fangwei Ling, et al. "Room-temperature autonomous self-healing glassy polymers with hyperbranched structure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 21 (May 7, 2020): 11299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000001117.

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Glassy polymers are extremely difficult to self-heal below their glass transition temperature (Tg) due to the frozen molecules. Here, we fabricate a series of randomly hyperbranched polymers (RHP) with high density of multiple hydrogen bonds, which showTgup to 49 °C and storage modulus up to 2.7 GPa. We reveal that the hyperbranched structure not only allows the external branch units and terminals of the molecules to have a high degree of mobility in the glassy state, but also leads to the coexistence of “free” and associated complementary moieties of hydrogen bonds. The free complementary moieties can exchange with the associated hydrogen bonds, enabling network reconfiguration in the glassy polymer. As a result, the RHP shows amazing instantaneous self-healing with recovered tensile strength up to 5.5 MPa within 1 min, and the self-healing efficiency increases with contacting time at room temperature without the intervention of external stimuli.

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Roy, Nabarun, Bernd Bruchmann, and Jean-Marie Lehn. "DYNAMERS: dynamic polymers as self-healing materials." Chemical Society Reviews 44, no. 11 (2015): 3786–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00194c.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Self-healing polymers'

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