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1
Kučera, V., V. Chytilová, M. Vyvadilová, and M. Klíma. "Hybrid breeding of cauliflower using self-incompatibility and cytoplasmic male sterility." Horticultural Science 33, No. 4 (November 23, 2011): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3754-hortsci.
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Two self-sterility systems, self-incompatibility (SI) and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were used to verify their suitability for hybrid breeding of cauliflower. The possibility of reproduction of SI and CMS lines in isolation cages using insect pollinators were proved. The best results in reproduction of SI lines derived from the cultivar Montano were achieved by spraying with 3% NaCl solution in the evening and using bumblebees as pollinators. The mean weight of seeds per plant attained approximately 5 g. Two CMS lines bred from cultivars Brilant and Fortuna achieved seed set per plant after honeybee pollination with their fertile analogues 0.8 and 2.0 g, respectively. The yield of F1 seeds in hybridization experiment based on SI was 1.8 grams per plant of SI mother line. In hybridization based on CMS, the yield of F1 seeds per CMS plant was 2.3 grams. The F1 hybrid of SI line Montano × self-pollinating line from cv. Fortuna showed to be the best combination in a preliminary field trial.
2
Stephens, Loren C. "Self-incompatibility in Echinacea purpurea." HortScience 43, no. 5 (August 2008): 1350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1350.
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Progenies derived from self-pollination and parent–offspring backcrosses of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench accession PI 631307 revealed that a sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system was operating in this germplasm. Offspring of progenies from the original accession were self-incompatible, but most self-pollinations resulted in some self-seed set. One seedling from such a self-pollination was reciprocally crosscompatible with its parent, proving that a sporophytic SI system was operational. The F3BC1 progeny could be classified into two offspring groups. The first group of two seedlings was reciprocally compatible with its seed parent but reciprocally incompatible with its pollen parent based on stigma collapse of the seed parent florets 2 to 4 days after pollination. The second offspring group of three seedlings was reciprocally incompatible with its seed parent but reciprocally compatible with its pollen parent. Seed set data were in agreement with classification by stigma collapse in seven of 10 backcrosses, including in several reciprocally compatible backcrosses that provided further proof of a sporophytic SI system. Additionally, a χ2 test showed that the data fit a sporophytic SI model with S allele dominance operating in pollen and pistil. Assuming that S allele dominance is widespread within Echinacea purpurea, it should be possible to produce inbred lines by making successive generations of full-sib crosses.
3
Franklin-Tong, Vernonica E., and F. C. H. Franklin. "The different mechanisms of gametophytic self–incompatibility." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1434 (June 29, 2003): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1287.
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Self–incompatibility (SI) involves the recognition and rejection of self or genetically identical pollen. Gametophytic SI is probably the most widespread of the SI systems and, so far, two completely different SI mechanisms, which appear to have evolved separately, have been identified. One mechanism is the RNase system, which is found in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae. The other is a complex system, so far found only in the Papaveraceae, which involves the triggering of signal transduction cascade(s) that result in rapid pollen tube inhibition and cell death. Here, we present an overview of what is currently known about the mechanisms involved in controlling pollen tube inhibition in these two systems.
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Hiscock, Simon J., and David A. Tabah. "The different mechanisms of sporophytic self–incompatibility." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1434 (June 29, 2003): 1037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1297.
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Flowering plants have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to avoid self–fertilization and promote outbreeding. Self–incompatibility (SI) is by far the most common of these, and is found in ca . 60% of flowering plants. SI is a genetically controlled pollen–pistil recognition system that provides a barrier to fertilization by self and self–related pollen in hermaphrodite (usually co–sexual) flowering plants. Two genetically distinct forms of SI can be recognized: gametophytic SI (GSI) and sporophytic SI (SSI), distinguished by how the incompatibility phenotype of the pollen is determined. GSI appears to be the most common mode of SI and can operate through at least three different mechanisms, two of which have been characterized extensively at a molecular level in the Solanaceae and Papaveraceae. Because molecular studies of SSI have been largely confined to species from the Brassicaceae, predominantly Brassica species, it is not yet known whether SSI, like GSI, can operate through different molecular mechanisms. Molecular studies of SSI are now being carried out on Ipomoea trifida (Convolvulaceae) and Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae) and are providing important preliminary data suggesting that SSI in these two families does not share the same molecular mechanism as that of the Brassicaceae. Here, what is currently known about the molecular regulation of SSI in the Brassicaceae is briefly reviewed, and the emerging data on SSI in I. trifida , and more especially in S. squalidus , are discussed.
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Maune, Juan Federico, Elsa Lucila Camadro, and Luis Ernesto Erazzú. "Cross-incompatibility and self-incompatibility: unrelated phenomena in wild and cultivated potatoes?" Botany 96, no. 1 (January 2018): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0070.
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Knowledge of internal hybridization barriers is relevant for germplasm conservation and utilization. The two pre-zygotic barriers are pollen–pistil self-incompatibility (SI) and cross-incompatibility (CI). To ascertain whether SI and CI were phenotypically related phenomena in potatoes, extensive intra- and interspecific, both intra- and interploidy breeding relationships were established, without previous assumptions on the compatibility behavior of the studied germplasm. Pollen–pistil relationships were analyzed at the individual genotype/accession/family level. In two seasons, 828 intra- and interspecific genotypic combinations were performed, using accessions of the wild potatoes Solanum chacoense Bitter (2n = 2x = 24), S. gourlayi Hawkes (2n = 2x = 24; 2n = 4x = 48), and S. spegazzinii Bitter (2n = 2x = 24), full-sibling (hereinafter “full-sib”) families (2n = 2x = 24) within/between the latter two diploids, and S. tuberosum L. (2n = 4x = 48) cultivars. Pollen–pistil incompatibility occurred in the upper first third of the style (I1/3) in all selfed diploids. In both the intra- and interspecific combinations, the most frequent relationship was compatibility, followed by I1/3, but incompatibility also occurred in the stigma and the style (middle third and bottom third). We observed segregation for these relationships in full-sib families, and unilateral and bilateral incompatibility in reciprocal crosses between functional SI genotypes. Cross-incompatibility in potatoes is, apparently, controlled by genes independent of the S-locus or its S-haplotype recognition region (although molecular evidence is needed to confirm it), with segregation even within accessions.
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Lewis, L. J., and D. L. Woods. "Field performance of self-compatible and an equal proportion mixture of self-compatible and self-incompatible summer rape lines at two Alberta locations in 1989." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-106.
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Two sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) alleles were introgressed from Brassica napus rapid cycling material into five self-compatible (SC) lines of oilseed summer rape. The field performance of segregating BC2F2 lines (SC:SI 1:1) was compared with the corresponding SC lines using a split-plot field design. Plants of the SC-SI mixed stands produced, in comparison to plants of the SC plots, more siliques on the main raceme, but the siliques contained fewer seed suggesting that SI plants might not have been fully fertilised. Key words: Rape (summer), sporophytic self-incompatibility
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Duarte, Mariana Oliveira, Denise Maria Trombert Oliveira, and Eduardo Leite Borba. "Two Self-Incompatibility Sites Occur Simultaneously in the Same Acianthera Species (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae)." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121758.
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In most species of Pleurothallidinae, the self-incompatibility site occurs in the stylar canal inside the column, which is typical of gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). However, in some species of Acianthera, incompatible pollen tubes with anomalous morphology reach the ovary, as those are obstructed in the column. We investigated if a distinct self-incompatibility (SI) system is acting on the ovary of A. johannensis, which is a species with partial self-incompatibility, contrasting with a full SI species, A. fabiobarrosii. We analyzed the morphology and development of pollen tubes in the column, ovary, and fruit using light, epifluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results show that the main reaction site in A. johannensis is in the stylar canal inside the column, which was also recorded in A. fabiobarrosii. Morphological and cytological characteristics of the pollen tubes with obstructed growth in the column indicated a process of programmed cell death in these tubes, showing a possible GSI reaction. In addition, partially self-incompatible individuals of A. johannensis exhibit a second SI site in the ovary. We suggest that this self-incompatibility site in the ovary is only an extension of GSI that acts in the column, differing from the typical late-acting self-incompatibility system recorded in other plant groups.
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Herrera, Sara, Javier Rodrigo, José Hormaza, and Jorge Lora. "Identification of Self-Incompatibility Alleles by Specific PCR Analysis and S-RNase Sequencing in Apricot." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113612.
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Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of the most efficient mechanisms to promote out-crossing in plants. However, SI could be a problem for fruit production. An example is apricot (Prunus armeniaca), in which, as in other species of the Rosaceae, SI is determined by an S-RNase-based-Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility (GSI) system. Incompatibility relationships between cultivars can be established by an S-allele genotyping PCR strategy. Until recently, most of the traditional European apricot cultivars were self-compatible but several breeding programs have introduced an increasing number of new cultivars whose pollination requirements are unknown. To fill this gap, we have identified the S-allele of 44 apricot genotypes, of which 43 are reported here for the first time. The identification of Sc in 15 genotypes suggests that those cultivars are self-compatible. In five genotypes, self-(in)compatibility was established by the observation of pollen tube growth in self-pollinated flowers, since PCR analysis could not allowed distinguishing between the Sc and S8 alleles. Self-incompatible genotypes were assigned to their corresponding self-incompatibility groups. The knowledge of incompatibility relationships between apricot cultivars can be a highly valuable tool for the development of future breeding programs by selecting the appropriate parents and for efficient orchard design by planting self-compatible and inter-compatible cultivars.
9
Campbell, T. A. "Molecular analysis of genetic relatedness among alfalfa clones differing in levels of self-incompatibility." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-057.
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The possibility of increasing hybridity in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars through the use of self-incompatible (SI) parents is being investigated. Prior research has demonstrated that self-incompatibility is a heritable trait and that environmentally stable SI clones can be selected. However, inbreeding depression is very severe in alfalfa, and a potential problem associated with utilizing self-incompatibility to increase hybridity is the purported positive relationship between self-incompatibility and inbreeding. Fifteen stable, partially to fully self-incompatible clones and 18 stable self-compatible (SC) clones were selected from the broad-based population W10-AC3. RAPD, Anchored Microsatellite Priming (AMSP), and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) analyses were performed on genomic DNA using 9, 10-mer RAPD primers; the AMSP primers (from the 5' end) CAA(CA)5, CCCC(GA)5, CCG(GA)5, and GCC(GA)5; and eight SSR primer pairs. Based on genetic distance (GD) estimates (computed from RAPD and AMSP markers) and numbers of tri-allelic and tetra-allelic loci from SSR analysis, there is no evidence that SI clones were more closely related than SC clones. Assuming parental GD is positively correlated with heterosis, environmentally stable SI clones with acceptable specific combining ability and separated by large GD's would be a good basis for a hybrid alfalfa system, or for use in other breeding schemes designed to minimize inbreeding while maximizing heterosis. Key words: Anchored microsatellite-priming, heterosis, inbreeding, RAPD, self incompatibility, SSR
10
Thomas, Steve, Kim Osman, Barend H. J. de Graaf, Galina Shevchenko, Mike Wheeler, Chris (F C. H. ). Franklin, and Noni (V E. ). Franklin-Tong. "Investigating mechanisms involved in the self–incompatibility response in Papaver rhoeas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1434 (June 29, 2003): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1288.
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Sexual reproduction in flowering plants is controlled by recognition mechanisms involving the male gametophyte (the pollen) and the female sporophyte (the pistil). Self–incompatibility (SI) involves the recognition and rejection of self– or incompatible pollen by the pistil. In Papaver rhoeas , SI uses a Ca 2+ –based signalling cascade triggered by the S –protein, which is encoded by the stigmatic component of the S –locus. This results in the rapid inhibition of incompatible pollen tube growth. We have identified several targets of the SI signalling cascade, including protein kinases, the actin cytoskeleton and nuclear DNA. Here, we summarize progress made on currently funded projects in our laboratory investigating some of the components targeted by SI, comprising (i) the characterization of a pollen phosphoprotein (p26) that is rapidly phosphorylated upon an incompatible SI response; (ii) the identification and characterization of a pollen mitogen–activated protein kinase (p56), which exhibits enhanced activation during SI; (iii) characterizing components involved in the reorganization and depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton during the SI response; and (iv) investigating whether the SI response involves a programmed cell death signalling cascade.
11
Sun, Wancang, Qiyuan Pan, Zigang Liu, Yaxiong Meng, Tao Zhang, Heling Wang, and Xiucong Zeng. "Overcoming self-incompatibility in Eruca sativa by chemical treatment of stigmas." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 1 (April 2005): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200452.
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As a member of the tribe Brassiceae, Eruca sativa, although a minor crop worldwide, is considered a valuable genetic resource for cabbage, rapeseed and other Brassica crops. Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassica has been extensively studied, but information on SI in E. sativa is limited. Of six chemicals used to treat the stigmas to overcome SI in five E. sativa lines, gibberellin was the most effective. As gibberellin is well known for its ability to break dormancy and to promote cell elongation, its effectiveness may help to understand the mechanisms of SI. Urea and ammonium sulphate were also effective. These two chemicals are known to affect protein stability, which may help explain their effects on SI. Although table salt has been reported as being effective in overcoming SI in B. rapa, B. oleracea and B. napu, it was not effective in E. sativa. Sucrose and alcohol also had negligible effect. There was significant variation among the genotypes in SI intensity and response to chemicals, but the genotype–chemical interaction was not significant. The data presented in this paper add to our understanding of SI in E. sativa and may lead to a better use of this genetic resource.
12
Liedl, Barbara E., and Martha A. Mutschler. "THE UNILATERAL INTERSPECIFIC CROSSING BARRIER IN LYCOPERSICON IS NOT SELF INCOMPATIBILITY." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1079a—1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1079a.
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Little is known about the mechanisms controlling interspecific barriers, unlike the well studied intraspecific barrier, self incompatibility (SI),. A unilateral crossing barrier (unilateral incongruity - UI) exists among the Lycopersicon species, in which crossing is impeded or prevented in one direction. Since both UI and SI can give unilateral differences in seed set, suggestions have been made that UI and SI are functionally related. L. pennellii LA716 is self-compatible, unlike the other accessions which are SI, but LA716 still exhibits UI with L. esculentum (esc). We observed the development of pollen tubes in self and cross pollinations of LA716, esc and SI accessions of L. pennellii (pen). Selfed pollen tubes in esc were at the ovary in 24 hours, while pen were 1/2 way down the style and in LA716 the pollen had not germinated. By 48 hours, the pollen tubes in LA716 were in the ovary and growth had halted in pen styles. Crosses with LA716 pollen on esc and pen resulted in pollen tube growth starting within 24 hours continuing to the ovary. Thus, UI is not a SI response and LA716 shows a delayed pollen germination and growth unlike the other Lycopersicon species examined.
13
Boyle, Thomas H., Fabian D. Menalled, and Maureen C. O'Leary. "Occurrence and Physiological Breakdown of Self-incompatibility in Easter Cactus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 1060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.1060.
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The existence of self-incompatibility (SI) was demonstrated in `Britton' and `Rose' Easter cactus (Rhipsalidopsis). In a full diallel cross among five clones, 18 out of 20 outcrosses resulted in 68% to 100% fruit set, whereas reciprocal crosses between two of the clones and all five self-pollinations failed to set fruit. Pollen tube growth was greatly inhibited in styles of selfed pistils, but there was no evidence of pollen tube inhibition in compatibly crossed pistils. Easter cactus exhibited characteristics typically found in sporophytic SI systems (trinucleate pollen, papillate stigmas, and scant stigmatic exudate) together with those associated with gametophytic SI systems (stylar inhibition of pollen tube growth and absence of reciprocal differences in outcrosses). Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of bud pollinations, growth regulators (BA, GA3, and NAAm), and high temperatures (0- to 48-h exposure at 40C) on the SI response. Heat treatments were more effective than either bud pollinations or growth regulators in overcoming SI, and yielded an average of 7.2 viable seeds per treated flower when plants were incubated for 12 h at 40C and selfed immediately after incubation. Isozyme analysis of the S0 parent and putative S1 progeny confirmed that selfing had occurred following heat treatments. Using S1 progeny in breeding programs may extend the flower color range and lead to a greater diversity in other plant characteristics than presently exists in cultivated germplasm. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)], gibberellic acid (GA3), and α-naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm).
14
Uyenoyama, Marcy K., Yu Zhang, and Ed Newbigin. "On the Origin of Self-Incompatibility Haplotypes: Transition Through Self-Compatible Intermediates." Genetics 157, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1805–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.4.1805.
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AbstractSelf-incompatibility (SI) in flowering plants entails the inhibition of fertilization by pollen that express specificities in common with the pistil. In species of the Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Scrophulariaceae, the inhibiting factor is an extracellular ribonuclease (S-RNase) secreted by stylar tissue. A distinct but as yet unknown gene (provisionally called pollen-S) appears to determine the specific S-RNase from which a pollen tube accepts inhibition. The S-RNase gene and pollen-S segregate with the classically defined S-locus. The origin of a new specificity appears to require, at minimum, mutations in both genes. We explore the conditions under which new specificities may arise from an intermediate state of loss of self-recognition. Our evolutionary analysis of mutations that affect either pistil or pollen specificity indicates that natural selection favors mutations in pollen-S that reduce the set of pistils from which the pollen accepts inhibition and disfavors mutations in the S-RNase gene that cause the nonreciprocal acceptance of pollen specificities. We describe the range of parameters (rate of receipt of self-pollen and relative viability of inbred offspring) that permits the generation of a succession of new specificities. This evolutionary pathway begins with the partial breakdown of SI upon the appearance of a mutation in pollen-S that frees pollen from inhibition by any S-RNase presently in the population and ends with the restoration of SI by a mutation in the S-RNase gene that enables pistils to reject the new pollen type.
15
Niu, Shan-Ce, Jie Huang, Qing Xu, Pei-Xing Li, Hai-Jun Yang, Yong-Qiang Zhang, Guo-Qiang Zhang, et al. "Morphological Type Identification of Self-Incompatibility in Dendrobium and Its Phylogenetic Evolution Pattern." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092595.
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Self-incompatibility (SI) is a type of reproductive barrier within plant species and is one of the mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of the high diversity and adaptation of angiosperm species. Approximately 40% of flowering plants are SI species, while only 10% of orchid species are self-incompatible. Intriguingly, as one of the largest genera in Orchidaceae, 72% of Dendrobium species are self-incompatible, accounting for nearly half of the reported SI species in orchids, suggesting that SI contributes to the high diversity of orchid species. However, few studies investigating SI in Dendrobium have been published. This study aimed to address the following questions: (1) How many SI phenotypes are in Dendrobium, and what are they? (2) What is their distribution pattern in the Dendrobium phylogenetic tree? We investigated the flowering time, the capsule set rate, and the pollen tube growth from the representative species of Dendrobium after artificial pollination and analysed their distribution in the Asian Dendrobium clade phylogenetic tree. The number of SI phenotypes exceeded our expectations. The SI type of Dendrobium chrysanthum was the primary type in the Dendrobium SI species. We speculate that there are many different SI determinants in Dendrobium that have evolved recently and might be specific to Dendrobium or Orchidaceae. Overall, this work provides new insights and a comprehensive understanding of Dendrobium SI.
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Furstenau, Tara N., and Reed A. Cartwright. "The impact of self-incompatibility systems on the prevention of biparental inbreeding." PeerJ 5 (November 24, 2017): e4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4085.
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Inbreeding in hermaphroditic plants can occur through two different mechanisms: biparental inbreeding, when a plant mates with a related individual, or self-fertilization, when a plant mates with itself. To avoid inbreeding, many hermaphroditic plants have evolved self-incompatibility (SI) systems which prevent or limit self-fertilization. One particular SI system—homomorphic SI—can also reduce biparental inbreeding. Homomorphic SI is found in many angiosperm species, and it is often assumed that the additional benefit of reduced biparental inbreeding may be a factor in the success of this SI system. To test this assumption, we developed a spatially-explicit, individual-based simulation of plant populations that displayed three different types of homomorphic SI. We measured the total level of inbreeding avoidance by comparing each population to a self-compatible population (NSI), and we measured biparental inbreeding avoidance by comparing to a population of self-incompatible plants that were free to mate with any other individual (PSI). Because biparental inbreeding is more common when offspring dispersal is limited, we examined the levels of biparental inbreeding over a range of dispersal distances. We also tested whether the introduction of inbreeding depression affected the level of biparental inbreeding avoidance. We found that there was a statistically significant decrease in autozygosity in each of the homomorphic SI populations compared to the PSI population and, as expected, this was more pronounced when seed and pollen dispersal was limited. However, levels of homozygosity and inbreeding depression were not reduced. At low dispersal, homomorphic SI populations also suffered reduced female fecundity and had smaller census population sizes. Overall, our simulations showed that the homomorphic SI systems had little impact on the amount of biparental inbreeding in the population especially when compared to the overall reduction in inbreeding compared to the NSI population. With further study, this observation may have important consequences for research into the origin and evolution of homomorphic self-incompatibility systems.
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Poulter, Natalie S., Michael J. Wheeler, Maurice Bosch, and Vernonica E. Franklin-Tong. "Self-incompatibility in Papaver: identification of the pollen S-determinant PrpS." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 2 (March 22, 2010): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380588.
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Many flowering plants are hermaphrodite, posing the problem of self-fertilization and the subsequent loss of the genetic fitness of the offspring. To prevent this, many plants have developed a genetically controlled mechanism called self-incompatibility (SI). When the male and female S-determinants match, self (incompatible) pollen is recognized and rejected before fertilization can occur. In poppy (Papaver rhoeas), the pistil S-determinant (PrsS) is a small secreted protein that interacts with incompatible pollen, initiating a Ca2+-dependent signalling network. SI triggers several downstream events, including depolymerization of the cytoskeleton, phosphorylation of two soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases and an MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). This culminates in PCD (programmed cell death) involving several caspase-like activities. The recent discovery of the Papaver pollen S-determinant PrpS marks a significant step forward in the understanding of the Papaver SI system. PrpS encodes a ~20 kDa predicted transmembrane protein which has no homology with known proteins. It is specifically expressed in pollen, linked to the pistil S-determinant, and displays the high polymorphism expected of an S-locus determinant. The present review focuses on the discovery and characterization of PrpS which strongly support the hypothesis that Papaver SI is triggered by the interaction of PrsS and PrpS.
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Del Duca, Stefano, Iris Aloisi, Luigi Parrotta, and Giampiero Cai. "Cytoskeleton, Transglutaminase and Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility in the Malinae (Rosaceae)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010209.
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Self-incompatibility (SI) is a complex process, one out of several mechanisms that prevent plants from self-fertilizing to maintain and increase the genetic variability. This process leads to the rejection of the male gametophyte and requires the co-participation of numerous molecules. Plants have evolved two distinct SI systems, the sporophytic (SSI) and the gametophytic (GSI) systems. The two SI systems are markedly characterized by different genes and proteins and each single system can also be divided into distinct subgroups; whatever the mechanism, the purpose is the same, i.e., to prevent self-fertilization. In Malinae, a subtribe in the Rosaceae family, i.e., Pyrus communis and Malus domestica, the GSI requires the production of female determinants, known as S-RNases, which penetrate the pollen tube to interact with the male determinants. Beyond this, the penetration of S-RNase into the pollen tube triggers a series of responses involving membrane proteins, such as phospholipases, intracellular variations of cytoplasmic Ca2+, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered enzymatic activities, such as that of transglutaminase (TGase). TGases are widespread enzymes that catalyze the post-translational conjugation of polyamines (PAs) to different protein targets and/or the cross-linking of substrate proteins leading to the formation of cross-linked products with high molecular mass. When actin and tubulin are the substrates, this destabilizes the cytoskeleton and inhibits the pollen-tube’s growth process. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between S-RNase penetration, TGase activity and cytoskeleton function during GSI in the Malinae.
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Good-Avila, S. V., D. Majumder, H. Amos, and A. G. Stephenson. "Characterization of self-incompatibility in Campanula rapunculoides (Campanulaceae) through genetic analyses and microscopy." Botany 86, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-100.
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In this paper, we seek to identify the genetic basis of self-incompatibility (SI) in Campanula rapunculoides L. through diallel analysis of full siblings; to characterize the growth of pollen tubes in vivo after incompatible and compatible pollination; and to determine whether the SI system is based on pistil S-RNases. Pollinations were performed among individuals from five diallel crosses and scored for both fruit set and pollen-tube growth to determine the genetic basis of SI. On a subset of these individuals with known cross-(in)compatibility relationships, additional crosses were performed and pistils collected 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after pollination to assess both the percentage of pollen grains that had germinated on the stigma, and the number of pollen tubes that had grown 20%, 40% 60%, 80%, and 100% of the distance down the pistil over five time intervals. Finally, total pistillate proteins were extracted and subjected to isoelectric focusing and RNase activity staining to find evidence of a highly basic S-RNases associated with SI in the Solanaceae. We found evidence that the SI system was based on the haplotype of the male gametophyte, and was not sporophytic. Protein analyses showed that SI was not based on a pistillate S-RNase. The existence of modifiers of SI and possible polyploidy at the S-locus complicated the expression of SI in this species, and single-gene inheritance could not be determined. This represents the first published characterization of incompatibility in the family Campanulaceae.
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Breton, Catherine Marie, Daniela Farinelli, Georgios Koubouris, Franco Famiani, Michel Raymond, and André Bervillé. "A Dual-Successive-Screen Model at Pollen/Stigma and Pollen Tube/Ovary Explaining Paradoxical Self-Incompatibility Diagnosis in the Olive Tree—An Interpretative Update of the Literature." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091938.
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The ‘pollen test’ and ‘fruit set test’ following controlled crossing combinations of parents are the most commonly used methods for pollination incompatibility studies in Olea europaea L. Self-incompatibility (SI), with diagnoses based on the pollen test and pollen germination, indicating self-compatibility, is not always followed by fruit set in this species. To solve this dispute, we have reconciled all observations into a new model. Mismatches between field and laboratory data and between methods are resolved by the dual-successive-screen model (DSSM) supposing two different loci for the expression of the two SI mechanisms. Pollen/stigma is controlled by diallelic SI, or DSI, inferring two G1 and G2 compatibility/incompatibility (C/I) groups for varieties, whereas pollen tubes in ovaries are controlled by poly-allelic SI or PASI with twenty C/I groups. To explain the selfing of varieties, we have suggested that some determinants in the pollen tube and stigma are unstable and degrade (DS-D for degradation of S-determinant) after three to five days, enabling some pollen tubes to avoid being rejected, hence reaching ovules. DSI and PASI in the DSSM and DS-D mechanisms, plus the andromonoecy of the olive tree, complexify SI studies. Inferences from DSSM and DS-D mechanisms in olive orchard practice are detailed.
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Fedorova, M. I., E. G. Kozar, S. A. Vetrova, V. A. Zayachkovskyi, and V. A. Stepanov. "Factors to affect inbred beet plants while developing material for linear selection." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 4 (July 7, 2019): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.512.
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Considering its capacities, the generative system of Beta vulgaris L. is regarded as highly productive. While inbreeding, the reproductive potential of cross-pollinated beet plants with gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) changes significantly and is determined by a joint effect of multiple factors including the level of inbred depression. In the present study, original data have been obtained revealing relationships between inbred beet seed productivity, its self-incompatibility and microgametophyte parameters, which is crucial for developing and maintaining constant fertile beet lines. It has been discovered that inbred depression increases the number of sterile microgametes and anomalous pollen grains, reduces pollen fertility and the length of pollen tubes. As a result, the seed yield in inbred beet progeny, including SI ones, reduces significantly just after the third inbreeding. At the same time, highly productive inbred beet is characterized by a lower rate of pollen tube growth in vitro. In inbred plants, there is no close relationship between pollen viability and seed productivity, because the elimination of germinated male gametes and degeneration of seed embryos may go over the entire period of fertilization starting its progamic phase. The SI plants have more degenerating embryos than self-fertile ones, but seed vessel outgrowth in the seeds with abortive embryos makes them morphologically similar to fertile seeds. For that reason, when assessing inbred beet plants based on their self-incompatibility/self-fertility, one should consider the qualitative characteristics of the seeds. Using the method of recurrent selection based on such factors as seed productivity, pollen tube length and field germination rate increase the output of plant forms with a potentially high self-compatibility in their progeny. To support such genotypes in the progeny, one has to, starting from the third inbreeding, perform sib crossing to reduce the negative effect of inbred depression and self-incompatibility.
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Wang, Ludi, Marina Triviño, Zongcheng Lin, José Carli, Deborah J. Eaves, Daniёl Van Damme, Moritz K. Nowack, Vernonica E. Franklin-Tong, and Maurice Bosch. "New opportunities and insights into Papaver self-incompatibility by imaging engineered Arabidopsis pollen." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 8 (February 26, 2020): 2451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa092.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pollen tube growth is essential for plant reproduction. Their rapid extension using polarized tip growth provides an exciting system for studying this specialized type of growth. Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetically controlled mechanism to prevent self-fertilization. Mechanistically, one of the best-studied SI systems is that of Papaver rhoeas (poppy). This utilizes two S-determinants: stigma-expressed PrsS and pollen-expressed PrpS. Interaction of cognate PrpS–PrsS triggers a signalling network, causing rapid growth arrest and programmed cell death (PCD) in incompatible pollen. We previously demonstrated that transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana pollen expressing PrpS–green fluorescent protein (GFP) can respond to Papaver PrsS with remarkably similar responses to those observed in incompatible Papaver pollen. Here we describe recent advances using these transgenic plants combined with genetically encoded fluorescent probes to monitor SI-induced cellular alterations, including cytosolic calcium, pH, the actin cytoskeleton, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), and the vacuole. This approach has allowed us to study the SI response in depth, using multiparameter live-cell imaging approaches that were not possible in Papaver. This lays the foundations for new opportunities to elucidate key mechanisms involved in SI. Here we establish that CME is disrupted in self-incompatible pollen. Moreover, we reveal new detailed information about F-actin remodelling in pollen tubes after SI.
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Bernatzky, Robert, Richard H. Glaven, Grant R. Hackett, and Bruce A. Rivers. "GENETIC MARKER–AIDED STUDIES OF INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEMS IN TOMATO." HortScience 31, no. 6 (October 1996): 912E—912. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.6.912e.
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Self-incompatibility (SI) is the inability of otherwise fertile gametes to produce viable zygotes upon self-fertilization. The S locus of chromosome 1 in Lycopersicon is thought to be the main controlling factor in SI. However, the significance of other chromosome segments in the control of SI or the effect of a foreign genetic background on the S locus has not been thoroughly explored. In addition, the relationship between SI and wider interspecific crossing barriers remains unclear. Using DNA and protein markers for chromosome 1, we have created a series of backcross lines that contain either 1) the SI locus and flanking chromosome region from a SI species in a SC species background or 2) the same chromosome region from a SC species in a SI species background. The reproductive behavior of these plants will be discussed.
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Lewis, L. J., D. L. Woods, and H. W. Klein-Gebbinck. "Evaluation of two self-incompatibility alleles in three summer rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars by UV fluorescence microscopy, seed set and outcrossing rates." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-070.
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S-alleles W1 and T2 and an incompletely dominant white petal character were introgressed into the self-compatible (SC) summer rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera {Metzg.}) cultivars Global, Topas and Westar. The derived self-incompatible (SI) lines were evaluated for strength of incompatibility by ultraviolet fluorescence of pollen tubes, and by seed set. Pollen tube and seed set analyses showed the W1 and T2 alleles were strongly, moderately and weakly expressed in Topas, Global and Westar, respectively. Seed set data showed a significant difference between SI lines, but not between S-alleles, or between homozygous or heterozygous lines from the same SI cultivar. SI cultivar yellow petal (wild type) lines were field pollinated with SC white petal lines. Seed collected from the SI cultivars were evaluated for proportion of outcrossed progeny by recording the frequency of yellow petal and cream petal plants, which were the result of self- and cross-pollination, respectively. The proportion of outcrossed progeny (i.e., outcrossing rates) ranged from 23% to 79%. Topas SI lines had significantly higher outcrossing rates than Global SI lines, which corresponded to SI line seed set data. Environment, S-allele selection and genotype significantly affected outcrossing rates. Key words: Brassica napus, sporophytic incompatibility, S-allele, outcrossing rate
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Eaves, Deborah J., Carlos Flores-Ortiz, Tamanna Haque, Zongcheng Lin, Nianjun Teng, and Vernonica E. Franklin-Tong. "Self-incompatibility in Papaver: advances in integrating the signalling network." Biochemical Society Transactions 42, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20130248.
Full textAbstract:
Self-fertilization, which results in reduced fitness of offspring, is a common problem in hermaphrodite angiosperms. To prevent this, many plants utilize SI (self-incompatibility), which is determined by the multi-allelic S-locus, that allows discrimination between self (incompatible) and non-self (compatible) pollen by the pistil. In poppy (Papaver rhoeas), the pistil S-determinant (PrsS) is a small secreted protein which interacts with the pollen S-determinant PrpS, a ~20 kDa novel transmembrane protein. Interaction of matching pollen and pistil S-determinants results in self-recognition, initiating a Ca2+-dependent signalling network in incompatible pollen. This triggers several downstream events, including alterations to the cytoskeleton, phosphorylation of sPPases (soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases) and an MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), increases in ROS (reactive oxygen species) and nitric oxide (NO), and activation of several caspase-like activities. This results in the inhibition of pollen tube growth, prevention of self-fertilization and ultimately PCD (programmed cell death) in incompatible pollen. The present review focuses on our current understanding of the integration of these signals with their targets in the SI/PCD network. We also discuss our recent functional expression of PrpS in Arabidopsis thaliana pollen.
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Anderson, Neil O., and Peter D. Ascher. "459 PB 338 SELF INCOMPATIBILITY (SI) IN DISTYLOUS LYTHRUM ALATUM, WINGED LOOSESTRIFE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 497a—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.497a.
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Lythrum species (Lythraceae), found both in the Old and New Worlds, possess heterostyly (macroscopic differences in anther and style lengths). SI is linked with heterostyly in tristylous L. salicaria, allowing for visual identification of compatibility relationships. Five Minnesota populations of distylous L. alatum (short & long styles/anthers) were examined for fertility and linkage between distyly and SI. Pollen was not inhibited from germination, stigmatic penetration, or stylar growth in compatible crosses. Average cross-compatible seed set for each population was 7-33 seeds/capsule for short- and 27-69 for long-styled plants. With the exception of the Iron Horse Prairie population, there were no significant differences in mean seed set/capsule between genotypes, style morphs, or their interaction for compatible crosses. Zero self seed set predominated, although 0.8±1.8 seeds/capsule were produced by short styles and 1.2 ±2.3 by long styles from Iron Horse Prairie. In those individuals that were SI, pollen tube growth was inhibited following self pollinations.
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Hatakeyama, Katsunori, Atsushi Horisaki, Satoshi Niikura, Yoshihiro Narusaka, Hiroshi Abe, Hitoshi Yoshiaki, Masahiko Ishida, Hiroyuki Fukuoka, and Satoru Matsumoto. "Mapping of quantitative trait loci for high level of self-incompatibility in Brassica rapa L." Genome 53, no. 4 (April 2010): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g10-001.
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The level of self-incompatibility (SI) is important to the purity of F1 seeds produced using the SI system of Brassica vegetables. To analyze the genetic basis of the level of SI, we generated an F2 population derived from a cross between a turnip inbred line showing a high level of SI and a Chinese cabbage inbred line showing a low level, and evaluated the level of SI under insect pollination in two years. We constructed a detailed linkage map of Brassica rapa from the F2 progeny, consisting of SSR, SNP, indel, and CAPS loci segregating into 10 linkage groups covering approximately 700 cM. Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) for high-level SI were identified. The phenotypic variation explained by the QTL ranged between 7.2% and 23.8%. Two QTL were detected in both years. Mapping of SI-related genes revealed that these QTL were co-localized with SLG on R07 and MLPK on R03. This is the first report of QTL for high-level SI evaluated under insect pollination in a Brassica vegetable. Our results could be useful for the marker-assisted selection of parental lines with a stable SI.
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Kusaba, Makoto, Masanori Matsushita, Keiichi Okazaki, Yoko Satta, and Takeshi Nishio. "Sequence and Structural Diversity of the S Locus Genes From Different Lines With the Same Self-Recognition Specificities in Brassica oleracea." Genetics 154, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.1.413.
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Abstract Self-incompatibility (SI) is a mechanism for preventing self-fertilization in flowering plants. In Brassica, it is controlled by a single multi-allelic locus, S, and it is believed that two highly polymorphic genes in the S locus, SLG and SRK, play central roles in self-recognition in stigmas. SRK is a putative receptor protein kinase, whose extracellular domain exhibits high similarity to SLG. We analyzed two pairs of lines showing cross-incompatibility (S2 and S2-b; S13 and S13-b). In S2 and S2-b, SRKs were more highly conserved than SLGs. This was also the case with S13 and S13-b. This suggests that the SRKs of different lines must be conserved for the lines to have the same self-recognition specificity. In particular, SLG2-b showed only 88.5% identity to SLG2, which is comparable to that between the SLGs of different S haplotypes, while SRK2-b showed 97.3% identity to SRK2 in the S domain. These findings suggest that the SLGs in these S haplotypes are not important for self-recognition in SI.
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McCubbin, Andrew G., Xi Wang, and Teh-hui Kao. "Identification of self-incompatibility (S-) locus linked pollen cDNA markers in Petunia inflata." Genome 43, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-019.
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Solanaceous type self-incompatibility (SI) is controlled by a single polymorphic locus, termed the S-locus. The only gene at the S-locus that has been characterized thus far is the S-RNase gene, which controls pistil function, but not pollen function, in SI interactions between pistil and pollen. One approach to identifying additional genes (including the pollen S-gene, which controls pollen function in SI) at the S-locus and to study the structural organization of the S-locus is chromosome walking from the S-RNase gene. However, the presence of highly repetitive sequences in its flanking regions has made this approach difficult so far. Here, we used RNA differential display to identify pollen cDNAs of Petunia inflata, a self-incompatible solanaceous species, which exhibited restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for at least one of the three S-haplotypes (S1, S2, and S3) examined. We found that the genes corresponding to 10 groups of pollen cDNAs are genetically tightly linked to the S-RNase gene. These cDNA markers will expedite the mapping and cloning of the chromosomal region of the Solanaceae S-locus by providing multiple starting points.Key words: Petunia inflata, pollen cDNAs, self-incompatibility, S-linked cDNA markers, S-locus.
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Straatman, Kornelis R., Stephen K. Dove, Terena Holdaway-Clarke, Peter K. Hepler, Joseph G. Kunkel, and V. E. Franklin-Tong. "Calcium signalling in pollen of Papaver rhoeas undergoing the self-incompatibility (SI) response." Sexual Plant Reproduction 14, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2001): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970100092.
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Chen, Shuangyan, Junting Jia, Liqin Cheng, Pincang Zhao, Dongmei Qi, Weiguang Yang, Hui Liu, Xiaobing Dong, Xiaoxia Li, and Gongshe Liu. "Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Comprehensive Calcium- and Phytohormone-Dominated Signaling Response in Leymus chinensis Self-Incompatibility." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092356.
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Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.) is an economically and ecologically important forage in the grass family. Self-incompatibility (SI) limits its seed production due to the low seed-setting rate after self-pollination. However, investigations into the molecular mechanisms of sheepgrass SI are lacking. Therefore, microscopic observation of pollen germination and pollen tube growth, as well as transcriptomic analyses of pistils after self- and cross-pollination, were performed. The results indicated that pollen tube growth was rapidly inhibited from 10 to 30 min after self-pollination and subsequently stopped but preceded normally after cross-pollination. Time course comparative transcriptomics revealed different transcriptome dynamics between self- and cross-pollination. A pool of SI-related signaling genes and pathways was generated, including genes related to calcium (Ca2+) signaling, protein phosphorylation, plant hormone, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), cytoskeleton, and programmed cell death (PCD). A putative SI response molecular model in sheepgrass was presented. The model shows that SI may trigger a comprehensive calcium- and phytohormone-dominated signaling cascade and activate PCD, which may explain the rapid inhibition of self-pollen tube growth as observed by cytological analyses. These results provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms of sheepgrass (grass family) SI.
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Stace, Helen M., Lin Chen, and Sidney H. James. "Self-incompatibility, Seed Abortion and Clonality in the Breeding Systems of Several Western Australian Drosera species (Droseraceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 1 (1997): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96027.
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Western Australian Drosera L. species include one annualand many tuberous and pygmy perennials. In 20 species or subspecies, 17 taxawere self-incompatible (SI) and three were self-compatible (SC), as assessedby patterns of seed set and pollen tube growth. All SI species were clonal(tubers or gemmae), but two SC species were clonal (gemmae) and one wasannual. Self-pollen tube inhibition confirmed that SI species werepre-zygotically self-sterile. The sites of SI pollen tube inhibition variedfrom early (stigmatic) to late (stylar, placental, ovular), which suggestscontinuing evolution in the expression of the SI response. Self-compatiblespecies showed little inbreeding depression, but SI species showedconsiderable inbreeding depression as measured by seed abortion. In the threespecies tested, open-pollinated capsules were typically more fecund thanhand-pollinated capsules. In D. glanduligera Lehm., thismight represent position effects in an inflorescence that were reflected inthe sampling method. In other species, however, this might also reflectbiparental inbreeding depression in the glasshouse plants. Interspecificcrosses between D. tubaestylis N.Marchant & A.Lowrie(n = 14) and D. rosulataLehm. (n = 13) were slightly successful, with nopollen–pistil incompatibility interaction, but with extensive seedabortion. This is the first report of SI in Droseraceae.
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Karle, Renate, Constance A. Parks, Maureen C. O'Leary, and Thomas H. Boyle. "Polyploidy-induced Changes in the Breeding Behavior of Hatiora ×graeseri (Cactaceae)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 3 (May 2002): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.3.397.
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Spontaneous chromosome doubling occurred in shoot apices of two diploid (2n = 22) Hatiora ×graeseri Barthlott ex D. Hunt (Easter cactus) clones and yielded stable periclinal cytochimeras with a diploid epidermis and tetraploid subepidermis. The cytochimeras produced disomic gametes (n = 22) and displayed tetrasomic inheritance at polymorphic isozyme loci. Diploid clones were highly self-incompatible (SI) but both cytochimeras were self-compatible (SC). Analysis of pollen tube growth in selfed or outcrossed styles revealed that polyploidy altered the incompatibility phenotype of pollen without affecting the incompatibility phenotype of the pistil. Morphological data (guard cell length, stomatal density, and pollen diameter), segregation ratios at isozyme loci, and fruit/seed yields indicate that S1 progeny are SC, nonchimeral, and tetraploid. Breakdown of the SI system in the cytochimeras was attributed to formation of compatible heteroallelic pollen. These results provide a rational explanation for the correlation between ploidy level and breeding behavior in cacti. Production of SC autotetraploid clones from SI diploids by chromosome doubling may be useful in development of cacti as fruit crops.
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Tao, R., H. Yamane, H. Sassa, H. Mori, H. Murayama, T. M. Gradziel, A. M. Dandekar, and A. Sugiura. "Stylar Proteins Associated with Gametophytic Self-incompatibility in the Prunus." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 514E—514. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.514e.
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Stylar proteins of four Prunus species, P. avium, P. dulcis, P. mume, and P. salicina, were surveyed by 2D-PAGE combined with immunoblot and N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses to identify S-proteins associated with gametophytic SI in the Prunus. All four S-allelic products tested for P. dulcis could be identified in the highly basic zone of the gel. These S-proteins had Mr of about 28–30 kDa and reacted with the anti-S4-serum prepared from Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina). Two of six S-allelic products tested for P. avium could be also identified in the 2D-PAGE profiles, with roughly the same pI and Mr as those of S-proteins of P. dulcis. Putative S-proteins for P. mume and P. salicina were found in the same area of 2D-PAGE as the area where S-proteins of P. avium and P. dulcis were located. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of these proteins revealed that they were similar to S-RNases reported previously.
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Banovic, Bojana, Jovanka Miljus-Djukic, M. Konstantinovic, and Vesna Maksimovic. "A search of Brassica SI-involved orthologs in buckwheat leads to novel buckwheat sequence identification: MLPK possibly involved in SI response." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 2 (2010): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1002315b.
Full textAbstract:
Self-incompatibility (SI) systems, gamethophytic (GSI) and sporophytic (SSI), prevent self-pollination in angiosperms. Buckwheat displays heteromorphic SSI, with pollination allowed only between different flower morphs - thrum and pin. The physiology of thrum and pin morph SI responses are entirely different, resembling homomorphic Brassica SSI and Prunus GSI responses, respectively. Considering angiosperm species may share ancestral SI genes, we examined the presence of Brassica and Prunus SI-involved gene orthologs in the buckwheat genome. We did not find evidence of SRK, SLG and SP11 Brassica or S-RNase and SFB Prunus orthologs in the buckwheat genome, but we found a Brassica MLPK ortholog. We report the partial nucleotide sequence of the buckwheat MLPK and discuss the possible implications of this finding.
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Cropano, Claudio, Iain Place, Chloé Manzanares, Javier Do Canto, Thomas Lübberstedt, Bruno Studer, and Daniel Thorogood. "Characterization and practical use of self-compatibility in outcrossing grass species." Annals of Botany 127, no. 7 (March 23, 2021): 841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab043.
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Abstract Background Self-incompatibility (SI) systems prevent self-fertilization in several species of Poaceae, many of which are economically important forage, bioenergy and turf grasses. Self-incompatibility ensures cross-pollination and genetic diversity but restricts the ability to fix useful genetic variation. In most inbred crops it is possible to develop high-performing homozygous parental lines by self-pollination, which then enables the creation of F1 hybrid varieties with higher performance, a phenomenon known as heterosis. The inability to fully exploit heterosis in outcrossing grasses is partially responsible for lower levels of improvement in breeding programmes compared with inbred crops. However, SI can be overcome in forage grasses to create self-compatible populations. This is generating interest in understanding the genetical basis of self-compatibility (SC), its significance for reproductive strategies and its exploitation for crop improvement, especially in the context of F1 hybrid breeding. Scope We review the literature on SI and SC in outcrossing grass species. We review the currently available genomic tools and approaches used to discover and characterize novel SC sources. We discuss opportunities barely explored for outcrossing grasses that SC facilitates. Specifically, we discuss strategies for wide SC introgression in the context of the Lolium–Festuca complex and the use of SC to develop immortalized mapping populations for the dissection of a wide range of agronomically important traits. The germplasm available is a valuable practical resource and will aid understanding the basis of inbreeding depression and hybrid vigour in key temperate forage grass species. Conclusions A better understanding of the genetic control of additional SC loci offers new insight into SI systems, their evolutionary origins and their reproductive significance. Heterozygous outcrossing grass species that can be readily selfed facilitate studies of heterosis. Moreover, SC introduction into a range of grass species will enable heterosis to be exploited in innovative ways in genetic improvement programmes.
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Sato, Keiichi, Takeshi Nishio, Ryo Kimura, Makoto Kusaba, Tohru Suzuki, Katsunori Hatakeyama, David J. Ockendon, and Yoko Satta. "Coevolution of theS-Locus GenesSRK,SLGandSP11/SCRinBrassica oleraceaandB. rapa." Genetics 162, no. 2 (October 1, 2002): 931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.2.931.
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AbstractBrassica self-incompatibility (SI) is controlled by SLG and SRK expressed in the stigma and by SP11/SCR expressed in the anther. We determined the sequences of the S domains of 36 SRK alleles, 13 SLG alleles, and 14 SP11 alleles from Brassica oleracea and B. rapa. We found three S haplotypes lacking SLG genes in B. rapa, confirming that SLG is not essential for the SI recognition system. Together with reported sequences, the nucleotide diversities per synonymous and nonsynonymous site (πS and πN) at the SRK, SLG, and SP11 loci within B. oleracea were computed. The ratios of πN:πS for SP11 and the hypervariable region of SRK were significantly >1, suggesting operation of diversifying selection to maintain the diversity of these regions. In the phylogenetic trees of 12 SP11 sequences and their linked SRK alleles, the tree topology was not significantly different between SP11 and SRK, suggesting a tight linkage of male and female SI determinants during the evolutionary course of these haplotypes. Genetic exchanges between SLG and SRK seem to be frequent; three such recent exchanges were detected. The evolution of S haplotypes and the effect of gene conversion on self-incompatibility are discussed.
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Hancock, C. Nathan, Katsuhiko Kondo, Brian Beecher, and Bruce McClure. "The S –locus and unilateral incompatibility." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1434 (June 29, 2003): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1284.
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Plants have many ways to regulate the type of pollen that arrives on the stigma surface. Once there, further control mechanisms regulate compatibility. The latter controls are largely based on biochemical interactions that support compatible pollination and prevent incompatible matings. S–RNase–based self–incompatibility (SI) systems are the most phylogenetically widespread mechanisms for controlling pollination. Studies of Nicotiana establish a firm link between SI and unilateral interspecific incompatibility. Although implicated in both inter– and intraspecific compatibility, S–RNase operates through at least three distinct genetic mechanisms that differ in their dependence on non–S–RNase factors. Identification and characterization of these non–S–RNase factors is currently an area of active research. Searching for genetic and biochemical interactions with S–RNase can identify candidate non–S–RNase factors. HT–protein is one factor that is required for S –allele–specific pollen rejection in the Solanaceae. Major style arabinogalactan proteins such as TTS interact biochemically with S–RNase. These glycoproteins are known to interact with compatible pollen tubes and have long been suggested as possible recognition molecules. Their binding to S–RNase implies a link between stylar systems for compatibility and incompatibility. Thus, genetic and biochemical studies suggest a highly networked picture of pollen–pistil interactions.
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Chen, Mo, Wei Fan, Bing Hao, Wei Zhang, Mi Yan, Yan Zhao, Yanli Liang, et al. "EbARC1, an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene in Erigeron breviscapus, Confers Self-Incompatibility in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041458.
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Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. is a famous traditional Chinese medicine that has positive effects on the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With the increase of market demand (RMB 500 million per year) and the sharp decrease of wild resources, it is an urgent task to cultivate high-quality and high-yield varieties of E. breviscapus. However, it is difficult to obtain homozygous lines in breeding due to the self-incompatibility (SI) of E. breviscapus. Here, we first proved that E. breviscapus has sporophyte SI (SSI) characteristics. Characterization of the ARC1 gene in E. breviscapus showed that EbARC1 is a constitutive expression gene located in the nucleus. Overexpression of EbARC1 in Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Col-0) could cause transformation of transgenic lines from self-compatibility (SC) into SI. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays indicated that EbARC1 and EbExo70A1 interact with each other in the nucleus, and the EbARC1-ubox domain and EbExo70A1-N are the key interaction regions, suggesting that EbARC1 may ubiquitinate EbExo70A to regulate SI response. This study of the SSI mechanism in E. breviscapus has laid the foundation for further understanding SSI in Asteraceae and breeding E. breviscapus varieties.
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Schierup, Mikkel H., Barbara K. Mable, Philip Awadalla, and Deborah Charlesworth. "Identification and Characterization of a Polymorphic Receptor Kinase Gene Linked to the Self-Incompatibility Locus of Arabidopsis lyrata." Genetics 158, no. 1 (May 1, 2001): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.1.387.
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Abstract We study the segregation of variants of a putative self-incompatibility gene in Arabidopsis lyrata. This gene encodes a sequence that is homologous to the protein encoded by the SRK gene involved in self-incompatibility in Brassica species. We show by diallel pollinations of plants in several full-sib families that seven different sequences of the gene in A. lyrata are linked to different S-alleles, and segregation analysis in further sibships shows that four other sequences behave as allelic to these. The family data on incompatibility provide evidence for dominance classes among the S-alleles, as expected for a sporophytic SI system. We observe no division into pollen-dominant and pollen-recessive classes of alleles as has been found in Brassica, but our alleles fall into at least three dominance classes in both pollen and stigma expression. The diversity among sequences of the A. lyrata putative S-alleles is greater than among the published Brassica SRK sequences, and, unlike Brassica, the alleles do not cluster into groups with similar dominance.
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Charlesworth, Deborah, Barbara K. Mable, Mikkel H. Schierup, Carolina Bartolomé, and Philip Awadalla. "Diversity and Linkage of Genes in the Self-Incompatibility Gene Family inArabidopsis lyrata." Genetics 164, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 1519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.4.1519.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe report studies of seven members of the S-domain gene family in Arabidopsis lyrata, a member of the Brassicaceae that has a sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system. Orthologs for five loci are identifiable in the self-compatible relative A. thaliana. Like the Brassica stigmatic incompatibility protein locus (SRK), some of these genes have kinase domains. We show that several of these genes are unlinked to the putative A. lyrata SRK, Aly13. These genes have much lower nonsynonymous and synonymous polymorphism than Aly13 in the S-domains within natural populations, and differentiation between populations is higher, consistent with balancing selection at the Aly13 locus. One gene (Aly8) is linked to Aly13 and has high diversity. No departures from neutrality were detected for any of the loci. Comparing different loci within A. lyrata, sites corresponding to hypervariable regions in the Brassica S-loci (SLG and SRK) and in comparable regions of Aly13 have greater replacement site divergence than the rest of the S-domain. This suggests that the high polymorphism in these regions of incompatibility loci is due to balancing selection acting on sites within or near these regions, combined with low selective constraints.
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Glémin, Sylvain, Thomas Bataillon, Joëlle Ronfort, Agnès Mignot, and Isabelle Olivieri. "Inbreeding Depression in Small Populations of Self-Incompatible Plants." Genetics 159, no. 3 (November 1, 2001): 1217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.3.1217.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Self-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread mechanism that prevents inbreeding in flowering plants. In many species, SI is controlled by a single locus (the S locus) where numerous alleles are maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection. Inbreeding depression, the decline in fitness of selfed individuals compared to outcrossed ones, is an essential factor in the evolution of SI systems. Conversely, breeding systems influence levels of inbreeding depression. Little is known about the joint effect of SI and drift on inbreeding depression. Here we studied, using a two-locus model, the effect of SI (frequency-dependent selection) on a locus subject to recurrent deleterious mutations causing inbreeding depression. Simulations were performed to assess the effect of population size and linkage between the two loci on the level of inbreeding depression and genetic load. We show that the sheltering of deleterious alleles linked to the S locus strengthens inbreeding depression in small populations. We discuss the implications of our results for the evolution of SI systems.
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Duan, Zhiqiang, Shengwei Dou, Zhiquan Liu, Bing Li, Bin Yi, Jinxiong Shen, Jinxing Tu, Tingdong Fu, Cheng Dai, and Chaozhi Ma. "Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of compatible and incompatible pollination in Brassica napus L." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 52, no. 4 (April 2020): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmaa011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Self-incompatibility (SI) promotes outbreeding and prevents self-fertilization to promote genetic diversity in angiosperms. Several studies have been carried to investigate SI signaling in plants; however, protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the fine-tuning of the SI response remain insufficiently understood. Here, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis to identify the phosphoproteins in the stigma of self-compatible ‘Westar’ and self-incompatible ‘W-3’ Brassica napus lines. A total of 4109 phosphopeptides representing 1978 unique protein groups were identified. Moreover, 405 and 248 phosphoproteins were significantly changed in response to SI and self-compatibility, respectively. Casein kinase II (CK II) phosphorylation motifs were enriched in self-incompatible response and identified 127 times in 827 dominant SI phosphorylation residues. Functional annotation of the identified phosphoproteins revealed the major roles of these phosphoproteins in plant–pathogen interactions, cell wall modification, mRNA surveillance, RNA degradation, and plant hormone signal transduction. In particular, levels of homolog proteins ABF3, BKI1, BZR2/BSE1, and EIN2 were significantly increased in pistils pollinated with incompatible pollens. Abscisic acid and ethephon treatment partially inhibited seed set, while brassinolide promoted pollen germination and tube growth in SI response. Collectively, our results provided an overview of protein phosphorylation during compatible/incompatible pollination, which may be a potential component of B. napus SI responses.
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Chen, Fang, Yong Yang, Bing Li, Zhiquan Liu, Fawad Khan, Tong Zhang, Guilong Zhou, et al. "Functional Analysis of M-Locus Protein Kinase Revealed a Novel Regulatory Mechanism of Self-Incompatibility in Brassica napus L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133303.
Full textAbstract:
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread mechanism in angiosperms that prevents inbreeding by rejecting self-pollen. However, the regulation of the SI response in Brassica napus is not well understood. Here, we report that the M-locus protein kinase (MLPK) BnaMLPKs, the functional homolog of BrMLPKs in Brassica rapa, controls SI in B. napus. We identified four paralogue MLPK genes in B. napus, including BnaA3.MLPK, BnaC3.MLPK, BnaA4.MLPK, and BnaC4.MLPK. Two transcripts of BnaA3.MLPK, BnaA3.MLPKf1 and BnaA3.MLPKf2, were generated by alternative splicing. Tissue expression pattern analysis demonstrated that BnaA3.MLPK, especially BnaA3.MLPKf2, is highly expressed in reproductive organs, particularly in stigmas. We subsequently created RNA-silencing lines and CRISPR/Cas9-induced quadruple mutants of BnaMLPKs in B. napus SI line S-70. Phenotypic analysis revealed that SI response is partially suppressed in RNA-silencing lines and is completely blocked in quadruple mutants. These results indicate the importance of BnaMLPKs in regulating the SI response of B. napus. We found that the expression of SI positive regulators S-locus receptor kinase (SRK) and Arm-Repeat Containing 1 (ARC1) are suppressed in bnmlpk mutant, whereas the self-compatibility (SC) element Glyoxalase I (GLO1) maintained a high expression level. Overall, our findings reveal a new regulatory mechanism of MLPK in the SI of B. napus.
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Miljus-Djukic, Jovanka, Svetlana Radovic, and Vesna Maksimovic. "Treatment of isolated pistils with protease inhibitors overcomes the self-incompatibility response in buckwheat." Archives of Biological Sciences 59, no. 1 (2007): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0701045m.
Full textAbstract:
Isolated pistils of distylous buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were treated with protease inhibitors (PMSF, pepstatin A, and antipain). Pistils were cross- or self- pollinated, and growth of pollen tubes was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Treatments with all inhibitors suppressed inhibition of self-pollen tube growth, suggesting that activity of proteases is involved in rejection of self-pollen during the SI response.
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Thomas, Steven G., Shanjin Huang, Shutian Li, Christopher J. Staiger, and Vernonica E. Franklin-Tong. "Actin depolymerization is sufficient to induce programmed cell death in self-incompatible pollen." Journal of Cell Biology 174, no. 2 (July 10, 2006): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200604011.
Full textAbstract:
Self-incompatibility (SI) prevents inbreeding through specific recognition and rejection of incompatible pollen. In incompatible Papaver rhoeas pollen, SI triggers a Ca2+ signaling cascade, resulting in the inhibition of tip growth, actin depolymerization, and programmed cell death (PCD). We investigated whether actin dynamics were implicated in regulating PCD. Using the actin-stabilizing and depolymerizing drugs jasplakinolide (Jasp) and latrunculin B, we demonstrate that changes in actin filament levels or dynamics play a functional role in initiating PCD in P. rhoeas pollen, triggering a caspase-3–like activity. Significantly, SI-induced PCD in incompatible pollen was alleviated by pretreatment with Jasp. This represents the first account of a specific causal link between actin polymerization status and initiation of PCD in a plant cell and significantly advances our understanding of the mechanisms involved in SI.
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MABLE, BARBARA K. "Genetic causes and consequences of the breakdown of self-incompatibility: case studies in the Brassicaceae." Genetics Research 90, no. 1 (February 2008): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672307008907.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe genetic consequences of inbreeding is a subject that has received thorough theoretical attention and has been of interest to empirical biologists since the time of Darwin. Particularly for species with genetically controlled mechanisms to promote outcrossing (self-incompatibility or SI systems), it is expected that high levels of genetic load should accumulate through sheltering of deleterious recessive mutations. Nevertheless, transitions to selfing are common across angiosperms, which suggests that the potentially negative consequences of reduced heterozygosity and genetic diversity are balanced by other factors, such as reproductive assurance. This mini-review focuses on empirical research in the Brassicaceae to emphasize some of the genetic consequences of shifts to inbreeding in terms of mechanisms for loss of SI, changes in genetic diversity following loss of SI, and inbreeding depression in relation to outcrossing history. Despite the long history of theoretical attention, there are still some surprisingly large gaps in our understanding in each of these areas. Rather than providing a complete overview, examples are drawn predominantly from published and emerging data from Arabidopsis thaliana and its relatives to highlight recent progress and remaining questions. We are currently on the brink of major breakthroughs in understanding due both to advances in sequencing technology and a shift in focus from crop plants to natural populations, where critical factors such as population structure, phylogeography, demographic history, partial compatibility and individual variation can be taken into account when investigating the nature of the selective forces regulating mating system evolution.
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Pomper, Kirk W., Anita N. Azarenko, Joel W. Davis, and Shawn A. Mehlenbacher. "Identification of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers for Self-incompatibility Alleles in Hazelnut." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 591e—591. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.591e.
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified for self-incompatibility (SI) alleles that will allow marker-assisted selection of desired S-alleles and assist in cloning the locus responsible for the sporophytic SI displayed in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). DNA was extracted from young leaves collected from field-planted parents and 27 progeny of the cross OSU 23.017 (S1 S12) × VR6-28 (S2 S26). Screening of 10-base oligonucleotide RAPD primers was performed using bulked segregant analysis. DNA samples from six trees each were pooled into four “bulks,” one for each of the following: S1 S2, S1 S26, S2 S12, and S12 S26. “Super bulks” of twelve trees each for S1, S2, S12, and S26 then were created for each allele by combining the appropriate bulks. The DNA from these four super bulks and also the parents was used as a template in the PCR assays. Amplification products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and photographed under UV light after ethidium bromide staining. 200 primers were screened and one RAPD marker each was identified for alleles S2 (OPI-07700) and S1 (OPJ-141700).
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Zhang, Shao-Ling, and Shin Hiratsuka. "Cultivar and Developmental Differences in S-protein Concentration and Self-incompatibility in the Japanese Pear." HortScience 35, no. 5 (August 2000): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.917.
Full textAbstract:
Cultivars of the Japanese pear [Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai] have variable degrees of self-incompatibility (SI) and can be classified into at least three groups: strong, intermediate, or weak SI; as shown by the extent of self-pollen tube growth in the style, and the percentage of fruit set following self-pollination. Following self-pollination, the elongation of pollen tubes in the detached styles of `Kosui' and `Kikusui' became increasingly suppressed from 4 days before anthesis (–4 DAA) to 2 days after anthesis (2 DAA). Tube growth of `Kosui' was more suppressed than that of `Kikusui' during this period. In `Osa-Nijisseiki', however, the rate of tube growth did not vary with stage of stylar development, from –8 to 2 DAA. Pollen tubes elongated much better after cross-pollination than after self-pollination at all stages tested, and the extent of the elongation increased as the styles matured. The concentration of total S-protein (sum of two S-proteins per buffer-soluble protein) increased with stylar development, but the rate of increase varied with the cultivar. The rate was significantly greater in the strongly self-incompatible `Kosui' than in the moderately self-incompatible `Kikusui', and was slowest in the weakly self-incompatible `Osa-Nijisseiki' at all developmental stages. During stylar maturation, the concentration of S4-protein, which is common in all cultivars, was highest in `Kosui', followed by `Kikusui' and `Osa-Nijisseiki'. Thus, the cultivar differences in SI expression in the Japanese pear are determined about –4 DAA and appear to be regulated, in part, by the concentration of S-proteins produced in the style.
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Bian, X. Y., A. Friedrich, J. R. Bai, U. Baumann, D. L. Hayman, S. J. Barker, and P. Langridge. "High-resolution mapping of the S and Z loci of Phalaris coerulescens." Genome 47, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 918–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-017.
Full textAbstract:
Self incompatibility (SI) in Phalaris coerulescens is gametophytically determined by two unlinked multi allelic loci (S and Z). Neither the S nor Z genes have yet been cloned. As part of a map-based cloning strategy, high-resolution maps of the S and Z regions were generated from distorted segregating populations using RFLP probes from wheat, barley, oat, and Phalaris. The S locus was delimited to 0.26 cM with two boundary markers (Xwg811 and Xpsr168) and cosegregated with Xbm2 and Xbcd762. Xbcd266 was the closest marker linked to Z (0.9 cM). A high level of colinearity in the S and Z regions was found in both self-incompatible and -compatible species. The S locus was localized to the subcentromere region of chromosome 1 and the Z locus to the long arm end of chromosome 2. Several rice BAC clones orthologous to the S and Z locus regions were identified. This opens the possibility of using the rice genome sequence data to generate more closely linked markers and identify SI candidate genes. These results add further support to the conservation of gene order in the S and Z regions of the grass genomes.Key words: Phalaris coerulescens, self-incompatibility, distorted segregation, mapping, map-based cloning, synteny mapping.