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Journal articles on the topic 'Self-interested individuals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Charness, Gary, and Matthias Sutter. "Groups Make Better Self-Interested Decisions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 3 (2012): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.157.

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In this paper, we describe what economists have learned about differences between group and individual decision-making. This literature is still young, and in this paper, we will mostly draw on experimental work (mainly in the laboratory) that has compared individual decision-making to group decision-making, and to individual decision-making in situations with salient group membership. The bottom line emerging from economic research on group decision-making is that groups are more likely to make choices that follow standard game-theoretic predictions, while individuals are more likely to be in

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Emett, Scott A., Ronald N. Guymon, William B. Tayler, and Donald Young. "Controls and the Asymmetric Stickiness of Norms." Accounting Horizons 33, no. 4 (2019): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-52487.

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SYNOPSIS This study investigates how formal control systems and the behavior of peers influence behavior in accounting settings with imperfect controls. We manipulate formal controls and social norms in a laboratory experiment, allowing us to precisely investigate the interactive effect of these two factors on behavior. We provide evidence that when initial controls are strong and subsequently weakened, individuals behave in a more self-interested manner in subsequent settings than individuals who are in a setting where initial controls are weak and subsequently strengthened. We also provide e

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Marciano, Alain. "BUCHANAN’S NON-COERCIVE ECONOMICS FOR SELF-INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS: ETHICS, SMALL GROUPS, AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 38, no. 1 (2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837215000735.

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Market failures, which are usually viewed as a consequence of self-interest, are also supposed to be a major justification for coercive state interventions. This was the view of, among others, Richard Musgrave and Paul Samuelson, but not of James Buchanan. The latter certainly admitted that individuals are self-interested, that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently, but did not believe in the need for coercion. In this paper, we show that, to Buchanan, coercion can be unnecessary if certain post-constitutional conditions are satisfied. We show that he believed that self-interested ind

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Dietrich, Michael, and Donna Rowen. "Ethical Principles and Economic Analysis." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 16, no. 3 (2005): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x05001600303.

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Traditional economics assumes that economic agents are self-interested, whereas arguably individuals are ethically motivated and aware, and hence economic analysis can benefit from an incorporation of ethical motivation, awareness and intention. We argue that ethics can be incorporated into the individual decision-making process by adapting the assumption that individuals are self-interested through an expansion of the notion of self-interest which is consistent with rationality. Ethical motivation therefore has a self-interested foundation, as ethical motivation appears as an extension of sel

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Dobra, Alexandra. "Rawls' two principles of justice: their adoption by rational self-interested individuals in A Theory of Justice." E-LOGOS 17, no. 1 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.e-logos.273.

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Warren, Mark. "Democratic Theory and Self-Transformation." American Political Science Review 86, no. 1 (1992): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964012.

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Democratic theories that argue for expanding the scope and domain of democracy assume that democratic experiences will transform individuals in democratic ways. Individuals are likely to become more public-spirited, tolerant, knowledgeable, and self-reflective than they would otherwise be. This assumption depends on viewing the self as socially and discursively constituted, a view that contrasts with the standard liberal-democratic view of the self as prepolitically constituted and narrowly self-interested. The importance of the social and discursive view of the self is that it highlights how

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Chen, Feiyu, Hong Chen, Jiahui Yang, Ruyin Long, and Qianwen Li. "Impact of Information Intervention on the Recycling Behavior of Individuals with Different Value Orientations—An Experimental Study on Express Delivery Packaging Waste." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103617.

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Changing residents’ recycling behavior at the source of waste generation is a fundamental way to solve the environmental and resource problems caused by express delivery packaging waste. Information intervention is a common means to help transform individual environmental protection behavior. In this study, behavioral experiments were used to examine the changes in individual express packaging waste recycling behaviors under the intervention of written and pictorial information. Differences in information processing and behavior decision-making among individuals (N = 660) categorized as self-i

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Herold, Florian. "Carrot or Stick? The Evolution of Reciprocal Preferences in a Haystack Model." American Economic Review 102, no. 2 (2012): 914–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.914.

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We study the evolution of both characteristics of reciprocity: the willingness to reward and the willingness to punish. First, both preferences for rewarding and preferences for punishing can survive provided that individuals interact within separate groups. Second, rewarders survive only in coexistence with self-interested preferences, but punishers either vanish or dominate the population entirely. Third, the evolution of preferences for rewarding and the evolution of preferences for punishing influence each other decisively. Rewarders can invade a population of self-interested players. The

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Bowles, S., and S. Polanía-Reyes. "Economic Incentives and Social Preferences: Substitutes or Complements? (Part 1)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 20, 2013): 24–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-4-24-48.

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Explicit economic incentives designed to increase contributions to public goods and to promote other pro-social behavior sometimes are counterproductive or less effective than would be predicted among entirely self-interested individuals. This may occur when incentives adversely affect individuals’ altruism, ethical norms, intrinsic motives to serve the public, and other social preferences. The opposite also occurs—crowding in — though it appears less commonly.

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Hou, Chenxuan, Emine Sarigöllü, Myung-Soo Jo, and Dapeng Liang. "Stepping Outside the Self Promotes Pro-Environmental Behaviors." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (2018): 3128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093128.

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Although different self-perspectives can prompt different mindsets, leading to different responses, little is known about how self-perspective impacts pro-environmental behaviors. This study explores the effect of self-perspective, i.e., either self-immersed or self-distanced perspective, on environmental attitudes and behavior. Based on an online survey of 409 respondents in the United States, we find that pro-environmental behaviors are perceived as more important and less costly from a self-distanced perspective, compared to a self-immersed one, which in turn facilitates more engagement in

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Stoker, Laura. "Interests and Ethics in Politics." American Political Science Review 86, no. 2 (1992): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964226.

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I examine the place of self-interest in political life as given by a conception of politics that invokes ethics. This conception portrays each citizen as an individual with unique hopes and desires who is at the same time joined with others—part of, and continually giving shape to, a shared social and political life. It sees in political diversity and controversy not just conflicting interests but also competing claims about what “we”—unique individuals, linked to particular others through social roles and relationships, and together forming a single citizenry—ought to do or seek. Research tha

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Tait, Sophie E., and Debora Jeske. "Hello Stranger!" International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 5, no. 1 (2015): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2015010104.

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The current study examined the role of personality attributes and online profile characteristics as predictors of self-disclosure. The authors were specifically interested to learn how personality and profile attractiveness influenced the quantity and type of information individuals would be willing to share about themselves with a potential dating partner who they have never met before. The results of the online survey with 149 female participants revealed that the propensity to trust and extraversion were significant positive predictors of self-reported tendency to self-disclose potentially

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Sugden, Robert. "Thinking as a Team: Towards an Explanation of Nonselfish Behavior." Social Philosophy and Policy 10, no. 1 (1993): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500004027.

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For most of the problems that economists consider, the assumption that agents are self-interested works well enough, generating predictions that are broadly consistent with observation. In some significant cases, however, we find economic behavior that seems to be inconsistent with self-interest. In particular, we find that some public goods and some charitable ventures are financed by the independent voluntary contributions of many thousands of individuals. In Britain, for example, the lifeboat service is entirely financed by voluntary contributions. In all rich countries, charitable appeals

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Agran, Martin, William E. MacLean, and Katherine Anne Kitchen Andren. "“My Voice Counts, Too”: Voting Participation Among Individuals With Intellectual Disability." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 54, no. 4 (2016): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-54.4.285.

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Abstract Despite a strong societal commitment to ensuring that individuals with intellectual disability (ID) fully participate in their communities, few people with ID vote. Little is known about voting experiences from the perspective of people with ID. In-person, semistructured interviews were conducted with 28 adults with ID (Mage = 37 years) to obtain their input on voting. Constant comparison and content analysis methods were used to characterize themes. Results indicated that people with ID are interested in voting and desire to be included in the voting process yet receive little educat

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Nardin, Luis G., Craig R. Miller, Benjamin J. Ridenhour, Stephen M. Krone, Paul Joyce, and Bert O. Baumgaertner. "Planning horizon affects prophylactic decision-making and epidemic dynamics." PeerJ 4 (November 8, 2016): e2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2678.

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The spread of infectious diseases can be impacted by human behavior, and behavioral decisions often depend implicitly on a planning horizon—the time in the future over which options are weighed. We investigate the effects of planning horizons on epidemic dynamics. We developed an epidemiological agent-based model (along with an ODE analog) to explore the decision-making of self-interested individuals on adopting prophylactic behavior. The decision-making process incorporates prophylaxis efficacy and disease prevalence with the individuals’ payoffs and planning horizon. Our results show that fo

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Seier, Markus. "The Intuition of Punishment: A Study of Fairness Preferences and Cognitive Ability." Games 11, no. 2 (2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11020021.

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Can differences in cognitive reflection explain other-regarding behavior? To test this, I use the three-item Cognitive Reflection Task to classify individuals as intuitive or reflective and correlate this measure with choices in three games that each subject participates in. The main sample consists of 236 individuals who completed the dictator game, ultimatum game and a third-party punishment task. Subjects afterwards completed the three-item Cognitive Reflection Test. Results showed that intuitive individuals acted more prosocially in all social dilemma tasks. These individuals were more lik

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Eder, Klaus. "The Public Sphere." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 2-3 (2006): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406062705.

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The article situates the issue of the public sphere as a phenomenon that is historically bound and culturally specific. According to this point of view, the Western practices and the Western way of thinking about the public sphere appear as a historically particular way of dealing with the more general phenomenon which is the creation of a social bond beyond the family. Looking at the self-contradictory effects of the ‘modern’ Western public sphere, the question is asked whether the public association of self-interested or self-governing individuals might have to be theorized as a partial and

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Held, Virginia. "Non-contractual Society: A Feminist View." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 13 (1987): 111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1987.10715932.

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Contemporary society is in the grip of contractual thinking. Realities are interpreted in contractual terms, and goals are formulated in terms of rational contracts. The leading current conceptions of rationality begin with assumptions that human beings are independent, self-interested or mutually disinterested, individuals; they then typically argue that it is often rational for human beings to enter into contractual relationships with each other.

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Bruni, Coral M., P. Wesley Schultz, and Anna Woodcock. "The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (2021): 8168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158168.

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Connectedness with nature refers to an individual’s beliefs about their relationship with the natural environment. The current paper integrates connectedness with nature into a broader framework of balanced identity theory as a form of self-concept, and presents new data showing that individuals tend toward balanced-congruity and hold cognitive configurations that balance self-concept, environmental attitudes, and self-esteem. In essence, when an individual scores highly on one of these constructs, it is likely that they will score highly on the other two constructs. Two hundred and seventy-si

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Cisneros-Velarde, Pedro, and Francesco Bullo. "A network formation game for the emergence of hierarchies." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255990.

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We propose a novel network formation game that explains the emergence of various hierarchical structures in groups where self-interested or utility-maximizing individuals decide to establish or severe relationships of authority or collaboration among themselves. We consider two settings: we first consider individuals who do not seek the other party’s consent when establishing a relationship and then individuals who do. For both settings, we formally relate the emerged hierarchical structures with the novel inclusion of well-motivated hierarchy promoting terms in the individuals’ utility functi

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Weikard, Hans-Peter. "Fairness as Mutual Advantage? A Comment on Buchanan and Gauthier." Economics and Philosophy 10, no. 1 (1994): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100001711.

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The concept of fairness as mutual advantage has been developed in the tradition of social contract theory. In this framework society is seen as an enterprise that coordinates the activities of its members in order to advance their interests. All acceptable social rules are in the interest of each member of society. Rules are agreed unanimously – no rules can be enforced against the interest of someone. It is assumed that individuals are basically self-interested and rational. Radical libertarianism claims that individuals do not have to accept any a priori constraints on their behavior. “Liber

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Austen-Smith, David. "Jon Elster's Securities against Misrule: Juries, Assemblies, Elections: A Review Essay." Journal of Economic Literature 53, no. 1 (2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.1.65.

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The standard economic approach to designing institutions for collective decision making recognizes individuals' strategically rational motivations for misrepresentation and asks how best, given an objective function, to design a set of incentives and constraints to internalize or negate such motivations. Securities Against Misrule offers, in the author's phrase, an “essay in persuasion” to the effect that such an approach is fundamentally misguided. Instead, Elster argues for a behavioral approach centered on designing institutions for good decision making, rather than good outcomes, by indivi

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Ervasti, Mari, Johanna Kallio, Ilmari Määttänen, Jani Mäntyjärvi, and Markus Jokela. "Influence of Personality and Differences in Stress Processing Among Finnish Students on Interest to Use a Mobile Stress Management App: Survey Study." JMIR Mental Health 6, no. 5 (2019): e10039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/10039.

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Background Excessive stress has a negative impact on many aspects of life for both individuals and societies, from studying and working to health and well-being. Each individual has their unique level of stress-proneness, and positive or negative outcomes of stress may be affected by it. Technology-aided interventions have potential efficacy in the self-management of stress. However, current Web-based or mobile stress management solutions may not reach the individuals that would need them the most, that is, stress-sensitive people. Objective The aim of this study was to examine how personality

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Rathbun, Brian C., Joshua D. Kertzer, and Mark Paradis. "Homo Diplomaticus: Mixed-Method Evidence of Variation in Strategic Rationality." International Organization 71, S1 (2017): S33—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000412.

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AbstractPsychology is traditionally used in political science to explain deviations from rationality. Lost in the debate between rationalists and their critics, however, is a sense of whether the kinds of strategic self-interested behavior predicted by these models has psychological microfoundations: what wouldhomo economicuslook like in the real world? We argue that strategic rationality varies across individuals and is characterized by a pro-self social-value orientation and a high level of epistemic motivation. Testing our argument in the context of international relations, we employ a labo

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MINES, MATTISON. "Courts of Law and Styles of Self in Eighteenth-Century Madras: From Hybrid to Colonial Self." Modern Asian Studies 35, no. 1 (2001): 33–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x01003687.

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My concern is public representations of individuals and how these were affected by British East India Company courts, judicial proceedings, and the law in Madras city during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Company records reveal that this was a period of dramatic transformation in self-representation, just as it also was in Company rule. My purpose is to trace the transformation of the manner in which individuals represented themselves and others and what this process reveals about the constitution of Madras society and Company rule before and after the establishment of an indep

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Bruni, Luigino, and Robert Sugden. "FRATERNITY, INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND SACRIFICE: A REPLY TO GUI AND NELSON." Economics and Philosophy 25, no. 2 (2009): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026626710999006x.

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This paper responds to Gui and Nelson's separate comments on our paper ‘Fraternity’, which analysed sociality in markets as joint commitment to mutual assistance. We argue that our analysis is fundamentally different both from Nelson's analysis (a mixture of self-interested and intrinsic motivations) and from that provided by theories of warm glow or guilt aversion, as discussed by Gui. We agree with Gui that, in initiating and maintaining cooperative relationships, individuals sometimes incur personal costs to benefit others without any certainty of reciprocation, but we argue that the intent

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Perez, Eddie, and Paul Thompson. "Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects: A Course in Disaster Management." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, no. 1 (1994): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040905.

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This self-study course will meet the needs of people involved in disaster management for both sudden-onset natural disasters (i.e., earthquakes, floods, hurricanes) and slow-onset disasters (i.e., famine, drought). The course is designed for government personnel, representatives of private, voluntary agencies, and other individuals interested in disaster management.The nine lessons for the course will be published successively in Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. Self-assessment tests will accompany each lesson. There also is a final examination offered for those who wish to earn continuing e

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Huffman, Ann Hergatt, Louis H. Irving, and Heidi A. Wayment. "The Quiet Ego: Assuaging Organizational Concerns About Mindfulness." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8, no. 4 (2015): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.96.

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Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) provide ample evidence regarding the value of mindfulness to individuals and the industrial–organizational community as a whole. However, as they noted, mindfulness programs and practices have not yet found widespread implementation among businesses and other organizations. Hyland et al. suggest two primary reasons for this. First, the move toward a nonjudgmental, presently aware, and accepting mind is a tall order for most individuals in our Western society who are heavily conditioned to be relatively self-interested, judgmental, and future oriented. Second, typi

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Lee Hamilton, V., and Joseph Sanders. "The Second Face of Evil: Wrongdoing in and by the Corporation." Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (1999): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_5.

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The second face of evil is hurtful, rather than malevolent. We argue that this is likely to be the form of wrongdoing characteristic of corporate actors. This article views the corporation at 3 levels: the individual self-interested actors within it, the individual actors who respond to their hierarchical position, and the hierarchy (corporation) it-self Research shows that action inside complex organizations such as corporations is not necessarily more rational and informed by greater foresight than individual actions, but several studies indicate that individuals hold organizations to a high

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Hennecke, Marie, Wiebke Bleidorn, Jaap J. A. Denissen, and Dustin Wood. "A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 3 (2014): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1945.

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Recently, researchers interested in personality development have begun to acknowledge the roles of motivation and self–regulation for why traits change across adulthood. We propose three preconditions under which individuals may change their own levels of a personality trait through self–directed efforts. Firstly, individuals need to desire changing their trait–related behaviours either as an end in itself or in order to achieve other goals. Secondly, they need to consider behavioural changes feasible and be able to implement the desired changes. Thirdly, behavioural changes need to become hab

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Filippelli, Sandra Elaine. "An Inquiry into Self-Immolation as Social Protest." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (2018): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29258.

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This poetic inquiry paper is a reflection on the phenomenon of self-immolation committed as compassionate protest. Whether the self-directed social protest of Vietnamese monk, Thích Quảng Đức, and Tibetan monastics and lay people, expresses selfless, altruistic action, dedicated to the greater good, merits reflection. Individuals seeking social justice in today’s troubled times may be interested in cultivating ahimsa, or non-violence, within themselves before attempting to implement it within their communities. In brief, they should change themselves before they change the world. With self-com

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Snyder, Aaron W., Stephen C. Yanchar, and Edwin E. Gantt. "Learning for Another: From Self-Interest to Altruism." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 57, no. 3 (2015): 252–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167815605427.

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This qualitative study offers an examination of the learning experiences of six individuals, each of whom initially learned for self-interested purposes, but later experienced a shift in their desire and pursued learning to benefit others. We conducted interviews that described this phenomenon and provided insight into the following question: What is the experience of a learner who transitions from learning out of self-interest to learning for the sake of another? Findings of this study include narrative case summaries for each participant and a cross-case analysis that includes six major them

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Wrong, Dennis H. "Inequality and the division of labor: the Davis-Moore theory reexamined." European Journal of Sociology 40, no. 2 (1999): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007463.

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Social inequality has long been subject to theoretical dispute with moral and political overtones. The most recent debate was over the argument of American sociologists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore that unequal rewards were ‘functionally’ necessary to maintain a complex division of labour. Their theory has gained new credibility as a market model of occupational selection assuming competition among self-interested individuals. Its abstractness and limited scope need recognition, but it remains a valuable starting point for the consideration of inequality.

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Tobias, Andrada. "Steps on Life Change and Spiritual Transformation: The Project of the Self." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 61, no. 2 (2016): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/subbs-2016-0013.

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Abstract The aim of the present paper is to analyse how individuals in contemporary Romania come to adopt a new life-style centred on the self and how new forms of spirituality contribute to this project. In order to document how powerfully immersed alternative forms of spirituality (yoga practices, transcendental meditation, bioenergy, holistic medicine etc.) and subjectification techniques (personal development, motivational practices) look like for people in Romania, I have combined participant observations with semi-structured in-depth interviews. First of all I have reviewed the literatur

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Louis, Kenneth O. St, Seyhun Topbaş, and R. Sertan OÖzdemir. "Turkish Stuttering Association: A Model Project to Bring Stuttering Self-help to Turkey." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 18, no. 3 (2008): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd18.3.119.

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Abstract A new self-help organization has been established to serve stuttering individuals and their families and/or friends in Turkey and other Turkish-speaking areas of the world. This Turkish Stuttering Association (TKB for “Türkiye Kekemelik Birliği” in Turkish) was inaugurated with a Web site in both Turkish and English. The Web site permits discussions among those who stutter and other interested persons. The next step is to foster face-to-face chapters of the TKB through the Web site and via annual workshops at the Education, Research, and Training Center for Speech and Language Disorde

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BASHIR, SAIMA, TESFA GEBREMEDHIN, and MUHAMMAD ARSHAD CHAWDHRY. "DOES SELF-EMPLOYMENT ENHANCE REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 19, no. 04 (2014): 1450025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946714500253.

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Creative and qualified self-employed individuals contribute to economic growth by inventing new products, production processes, distribution methods and employing other people. Researchers are interested in self-employment if it can provide jobs to the unemployed population and also for those who face job discrimination. However, increase in self-employment is uncertain because entrepreneurial skills are assumed to be risky and self-employed workers can learn their skills gradually after starting their businesses. Economists pay special attention to finding the conceptual relationship between

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Driver, Morgan, Sally Kuo, and Danielle Dick. "Interest in Genetic Feedback for Alcohol Use Disorder and Related Substance Use and Psychiatric Outcomes among Young Adults." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10121007.

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An exponential growing number of individuals are accessing genetic risk information via direct to consumer companies. Alcohol dependence is the third most accessed genetic risk score on a publicly available direct to consumer website. Better understanding of the degree to which individuals are interested in receiving personalized genetic feedback, the factors that relate to interest, and genetic knowledge will be critical to lay the foundation for precision medicine initiatives, especially for substance use and psychiatric outcomes, where less is known. To assess interest in receiving genetic

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Friedman, Stewart D., and Alyssa Westring. "Empowering individuals to integrate work and life: insights for management development." Journal of Management Development 34, no. 3 (2015): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2012-0144.

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Purpose – In efforts to improve employee recruitment and retention and enhance productivity and morale, organizations have implemented policies and practices (e.g. flextime, telework to address employee work-life concerns). However, there is mixed evidence regarding their effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to complement work-life policies, initiatives aimed at empowering employees with the knowledge and skills to manage multiple life roles may be valuable. Little information is available regarding the nature or effectiveness of such initiatives. Through an in-depth analysis of one ini

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Barrett, Jacob. "Punishment and disagreement in the state of nature." Economics and Philosophy 36, no. 3 (2019): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267119000233.

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AbstractHobbes believed that the state of nature would be a war of all against all. Locke denied this, but acknowledged that in the absence of government, peace is insecure. In this paper, I analyse both accounts of the state of nature through the lens of classical and experimental game theory, drawing especially on evidence concerning the effects of punishment in public goods games. My analysis suggests that we need government not to keep wicked or relentlessly self-interested individuals in line, but rather to maintain peace among those who disagree about morality.

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Pei, Yan. "Algorithmic Mechanism Design of Evolutionary Computation." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2015 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/591954.

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We consider algorithmic design, enhancement, and improvement of evolutionary computation as a mechanism design problem. All individuals or several groups of individuals can be considered as self-interested agents. The individuals in evolutionary computation can manipulate parameter settings and operations by satisfying their own preferences, which are defined by an evolutionary computation algorithm designer, rather than by following a fixed algorithm rule. Evolutionary computation algorithm designers or self-adaptive methods should construct proper rules and mechanisms for all agents (individ

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Anderson, Merrick. "Immorality or Immortality? An Argument for Virtue." Rhetorica 37, no. 2 (2019): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2019.37.2.97.

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In the 5th century a number of sophists challenged the orthodox understanding of morality and claimed that practicing injustice was the best and most profitable way for an individual to live. Although a number of responses to sophistic immoralism were made, one argument, in fact coming from a pair of sophists, has not received the attention it deserves. According to the argument I call Immortal Repute, self-interested individuals should reject immorality and cultivate virtue instead, for only a virtuous agent can win the sort of everlasting reputation that makes a life truly admirable and succ

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Marshall, James A. R., and Jonathan E. Rowe. "Viscous Populations and Their Support for Reciprocal Cooperation." Artificial Life 9, no. 3 (2003): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497.

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Viscous populations (those whose members are spatially distributed and have limited mobility and locality of interaction and mating) have been proposed to support the evolution of reciprocal cooperation among self-interested individuals. Here we present a model of such a population and describe how its examination yielded the realization that different classes of viscous populations exist with differing levels of support for reciprocal cooperation. Specifically we find from our model that, in a spatially distributed population with increased viscosity, the reciprocally cooperative tit-for-tat

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Cohen, Jennifer. "COVID-19 Capitalism: The Profit Motive versus Public Health." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 2 (2020): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa025.

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Abstract Market incentives in capitalist economies and public health requirements are contradictory. In the COVID-19 pandemic, market-rewarded self-interested behavior has been exposed as a source of mortality and morbidity. Profit-motivated behaviors can keep people from accessing necessities for health thereby harming individuals and possibly damaging population health. The profit motive can also undermine healthcare system capacity by maldistributing goods that are inputs to healthcare. Furthermore, because profit-seeking is economically rational in capitalism, capitalist imperatives may be

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Elliott, Jane, and JD Carpentieri. "Narrating future selves: perspectives on ageing from a Scottish cohort born in 1936." Anthropology & Aging 41, no. 2 (2020): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/aa.2020.245.

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In this paper we investigate the perspectives individuals take on their future at a particular chronological age, the late 70s. We seek to provide insights into the diverse ways that older people incorporate narratives about possible future selves into their decision making and planning for the future, and how this supports wellbeing. This paper is based on detailed analysis of qualitative biographical interviews conducted with 33 men and women who were all born in Scotland in 1936.These individuals were chosen because they formed part of a longitudinal cohort study called the ‘6-day sample st

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Schueller, Stephen M., and Acacia C. Parks. "The Science of Self-Help." European Psychologist 19, no. 2 (2014): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000181.

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Positive psychology aims to understand the positive side of human functioning, expanding research on positive behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and character traits. The findings of this research have highlighted strategies (e.g., savoring, gratitude, kindness, social relationships, and hope and meaning) that, when practiced, lead to increases in individual happiness. Researchers and practitioners have translated these strategies into effective interventions that can be disseminated directly to individuals, allowing them to actively pursue greater levels of happiness. We present a summary of th

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Rho, Sungmin, and Michael Tomz. "Why Don't Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-Interest?" International Organization 71, S1 (2017): S85—S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000394.

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AbstractThe dominant approach to the study of international political economy assumes that the policy preferences of individuals and groups reflect economic self-interest. Recent research has called this assumption into question by suggesting that voters do not have economically self-interested preferences about trade policy. We investigate one potential explanation for this puzzling finding: economic ignorance. We show that most voters do not understand the economic consequences of protectionism. We then use experiments to study how voters would respond if they had more information about how

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Knight, George P., M. Dalal Safa, and Rebecca M. B. White. "Advancing the assessment of cultural orientation: A developmental and contextual framework of multiple psychological dimensions and social identities." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 5 (2018): 1867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941800113x.

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AbstractThis paper aims to advance the scientific understanding of the role of culture, particularly cultural orientation, in development and psychopathology. We advance a theoretical framework that conceptualizes cultural orientation as a developmental construct represented by multiple psychological dimensions and social identities, and influenced by the contexts in which individuals are embedded. This perspective suggests that cultural orientation changes within individuals over time as a function of their experiences with and memberships in multiple groups, including the mainstream and ethn

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Zaki, Jamil, Eric Neumann, and Dean Baltiansky. "Market Cognition: How Exchange Norms Alter Social Experience." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 3 (2021): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721421995492.

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Market exchange and the ideologies that accompany it pervade human social interaction. How does this affect people’s beliefs about themselves, each other, and human nature? Here we describe market cognition as social inferences and behaviors that are intensified by market contexts. We focus on prosociality and two countervailing ways in which market cognition can affect it. On the one hand, marketplaces incentivize individuals to behave prosocially in order to be chosen as exchange partners—thereby generalizing cooperation and trust beyond group boundaries. On the other hand, markets encourage

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Mansell, Jordan. "Ideology and social cognition." Politics and the Life Sciences 39, no. 1 (2020): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2019.24.

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AbstractResearch links liberal and conservative ideological orientations with variation on psychological and cognitive characteristics that are important for perceptual processes and decision-making. This study investigates whether this variation can impact the social behaviors of liberals and conservatives. A sample of subjects (n = 1,245) participated in a modified public goods game in which an intragroup inequality was introduced to observe the effect on individuals’ tendency toward self-interested versus prosocial behavior. Overall, the contributions of neither liberal- nor conservative-or

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Daniels, Joseph, Tim Lane, Helen Struthers, et al. "Assessing the Feasibility of Smartphone Apps for HIV-Care Research with MSM and Transgender Individuals in Mpumalanga, South Africa." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 5 (2017): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957417724207.

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There is an urgent need to develop the HIV treatment cascade for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender individuals in rural Mpumalanga, South Africa. Mhealth tools such as smartphone applications have the potential to support HIV self-care behaviors. We conducted an exploratory study with HIV-positive community leaders to understand their current uses of cell phones and smartphones and to assess their interest in an HIV research study that utilized a smartphone application for HIV care support. A total of 18 community leaders were recruited to complete a questionnaire and focus group

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