Relevant bibliographies by topics / Self-Strengthening Movement

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Self-Strengthening Movement'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Self-Strengthening Movement"

1

Barnett, Suzanne Wilson, and Steven A. Leibo. "Transferring Technology to China. Prosper Giquel and the Self-strengthening Movement." Pacific Affairs 59, no. 4 (1986): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758552.

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Qu, Jason. "Self-Strengthening Movement of Late Qing China: an Intermediate Reform Doomed to Failure." Asian Culture and History 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v8n2p148.

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<p class="1Body">Despite of strong economy including highest GDP gross and self-sufficient feudal economy system, the late Qing Empire fell behind the world trend with its isolationist trade policies. As the Western world caught up technologically, economically, and politically, the former biggest economy had suffered from consecutive losses in wars. In order to preserve the feudal regime, the initiative reform, termed the Self Strengthening Movement was grandly carried out. However, without the true support from the supreme power on one hand, and without the support of the populace on the other, the Movement was an intermediate reform in attempt to preserve the royal system and forestall its continued decline. In policy, the reforms envisioned Western-style modernization without adjusting the political order, yet the entrenched conservatism of the Qing Imperial Court proved to be the decisive hindering factor in the failure of the Movement.</p>
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Jang, Ui Shik. "Technical Schools in the Age of Self-strengthening Movement in the Late Ch'ing China." CHUNGGUKSA YONGU (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches) 116 (October 31, 2018): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24161/chr.116.133.

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Chang, Adam. "Reappraising Zhang Zhidong: Forgotten Continuities During China’s Self-Strengthening, 1884-1901." Journal of Chinese Military History 6, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341316.

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Abstract The recent historiography of China’s late nineteenth-century Self-Strengthening movement emphasizes the successes in Chinese state building. My research expands upon this trend through the perspective of the prominent governor-general Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (1837-1909) and his military reforms. From 1884 to 1901, Zhang consistently pursued the creation of new military academies and western-style armies with the aim of providing an army capable of defending China. At the turn of the century, Zhang’s military apparatus was arguably one of the best in China. However, his role as a military pioneer of this era was often obscured by the wider narratives of Chinese reforms or subsumed under the reforms of more notorious officials such as Li Hongzhang or Yuan Shikai. Ultimately, the study of Zhang Zhidong’s reforms reveals an often-missed continuity in successful military reform starting in the 1880s and contributes to the developing historical narratives of successful late Qing state building.
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Derzhaliuk, Mykola. "The 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Its Influence on the Rise of the National Liberation Movement in Ukraine." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 26 (November 27, 2017): 499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2017.26.499.

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The article highlights positive impact of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution on Ukrainian national liberation movement and strengthening of fight for renewal of the statehood in Ukraine. The author gives concrete examples to the Ukrainian SSR authorities’ policy on denationalization and internationalization of Ukrainian political, social and cultural life and on exsanguination of country’s self-sustainability. The article draws parallels between elimination of Hungarian and Ukrainian leaders of national liberation movement.
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Wang, Kai. "Scientific Gentry and Socialisation of Western Science in China's Modernisation during "Self-strengthening" Movement (1860-1895)." Almagest 9, no. 1 (May 2018): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.almagest.5.116020.

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Mingyang, LI. "Building Warships and Nurturing Technical Talent at the Foochow Navy Yard during the Self-Strengthening Movement." Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1461.2020.02001.

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Mabuchi, Mamoru, and Kenji Higashi. "Superplastic constitutive equation and rate-controlling process in aluminum matrix composites with discontinuous fiber and particle reinforcements." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 3 (March 1998): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0080.

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Superplastic behavior of aluminum matrix composites with discontinuous reinforcements has been investigated in a temperature range below the melting temperature measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The experimental results of the mechanical properties revealed that the rate-controlling process of superplastic flow was associated with dislocation movement controlled by lattice self-diffusion. The strengthening due to the presence of reinforcements was retained. It is suggested that the strongest strengthening process of the dislocation-pileup mechanism and the diffusional relaxation-limitation or dislocation bypass mechanism affects the rate-controlling process.
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Rohmayanti, Lilis. "Strategic Management of Increasing Competency of Students Through Strengthening Character Education (PPK) and School Literation Movement (GLS) at Muhammadiyah Junior High School Margasari." International Conference of Moslem Society 3 (April 12, 2019): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/icms.2019.2434.

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Strengthening Character Education (PPK) and the School Literacy Movement (GLS) are two very important movements in the world of education today. Both are movements that can improve Student Competence in both attitudinal, knowledge and skills competencies. The purpose of this study is to describe the process or stages of strategic management in the form of Scanning, Formating, Implementing and Evaluating in PPK and GLS at Muhammadiyah Margasari Middle School in Tegal Regency. This study uses qualitative research. Data analysis methods used are (1) Data Collection (2) Data Reduction (3) Data Display (4) Conclusion Drawing / Verification. The results of this study are Muhammadiyah Margasari Middle School implementing the stages of strategic management in PPK and Literacy. The stages are First, Scanning includes External and Internal Environmental Analysis with SWOT Analysis. Second, Formating through (1) Formulation of Vision, Mission, Core Value (2) Formulation of integrated School Objectives in PPK and Literacy (3) Formulation of Short and Medium Term School Strategic Plans that contain strategic programs, targets, strategies, funds and resources to improve competency of students through Strengthening Character Education (PPK) and School Literacy Movement (GLS), indicators of success. Third, Implementing is the implementation of improving the quality of students through PPK and Literacy activities including (1) PPK based on class, school and community. (2) GLS habituation, learning and development. Fourth, Evaluating is an evaluation of activities that have been carried out through School Self Evaluation for follow-up and continuous improvement.
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Badrun, Ubedilah. "Social Movement based on Religiosity as a New Model of Social Movements in Jakarta (The 212 Social Movement in Jakarta 2016)." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 4 (August 25, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i4.976.

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Social movements can be understood as a group of people organized in self-awareness that continuously challenges the existing system and values. This study aims to read the phenomenon of the 212 Movement (2016) in Jakarta, Indonesia using the perspective of the theory of social movements (1848-2013). This research used qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data collected through observation, interviews and analysis of literatures and news media. This case study found the Movement 212 was able to mobilize millions of people including the category of the Social movement Based on Religiosity because militancy that mingled with voluntary attitudes that were seen in the behavior of the figures and the mass of the action. The religious basis is the main motive for the new social movement 212. The 295.8 km long march carried out by the Ciamis community led by K.H. Nonop Hanafi towards the Jakarta National Monument which later inspired the Bogor and Bekasi people to do the same is a fact of militancy and voluntary which is carried out with a high and sincere awareness on the basis of their religiosity. There are five main actors of this movement, K. H. Nonop Hanafi, Bachtiar Nasir, Muhammad Zaitun Rasmin, Muhammad Alkhathath, and Habieb Rizieq Shihab. This movement has a semi-moderate Islamic ideology with the Islamic model Ahlussunnah Waljama'ah. The implication of this research is the New social movement 212 can uphold Islamic values by upholding the law against what they call the Islamic oppressors. And the other side, the New social movement 212 can be strengthening ukhuwah Islamiyah (Islamic brotherhood), ukhuwah wathoniyah (nationalism), and demanding justice for all the people of Indonesia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Self-Strengthening Movement"

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Poag, Frederic. "The Open Door, Dollar Diplomacy, and the Self-Strengthening Movement: The Birth of American Idealist Imperialism in China, 1890 - 1912." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3363.

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American Foreign Policy at the outset of the Twentieth century evolved from a realist to an idealist position as the United States transitioned to an imperial power. This ideal framework was formed in the crucible of China during the Spheres of Influence and the Open Door. The US had to play delicate game of helping China to maintain their territorial, and administrative integrity while at the same time protecting their newly acquired overseas interests against more established imperial actors. While there were many missteps, and failures during this transition perhaps the most the important result was the change toward the approach of US foreign policy. Not only did the United States have to balance realist geo-political goals, but it had to define what an imperial United States looked like. In a sense the United States was starting from scratch, processing to a completely different game and in order to be successful it had evolve.
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Shiau-Shiang, YEH, and 葉曉祥. "Comparion between Self-Strengthening Movement and Meiji Restoration." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99430395733638804193.

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碩士
中國文化大學
日本研究所
97
After the Opium War (1840-1842), China is repeatly invaded by big powers, the people have no means of livelihood. In order to collect the political situation again, Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty is in Prince Gong, YiXin's happy , gentle and auspicious hosting, under the popularization of Zeng Guofan , Zuo Zongtang , Li Hongzhang ,etc., by way of learn from the westing , have pursued the great more than 30 years -long innovation self-improvement movement since 1861, declare that stops until the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 suffers a defeat . And Japan also absorbs the western ideological trend under the crisis awareness that big powers invade, manage reform enlightenedly in 1868 exhibition, suddenly become the capitalist powerful country. China and Japan are separated only by a strip of water, close to the constitutional reform reform of promoting modern times of moving towards to melt at the same time under the impacts of the western science and culture. Two countries have similar places trully on constitutional reform, but, why is administrative way different each other? Is the success or failure completely different? Is it take view of step watch , is the self-improvement movement really complete failure modern times to march toward? This page thesis is it is it do one study relatively to try through some angle the two to want, in order to seek its reason. Main outline of this thesis, chapter one a theory of the preface, chapter two rules the outburst , battle of the allied forces of recommending , Great Britain and France of westernization movement of China under , the Opium War (1840-1842) as the background with the latter stage of Qing Dynasty, state the whole story that the self-improvement movement pursues gradually in a proper order. And the third rule and regulation was passed at that time Germany Sichuan bakufu of Japan and conflict of the new force were the main shaft , to analyse the rise of the Meiji Reformation , and see this two campaigns to the influence that the Meiji Reformation bring with the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Japan-Russia war in the last. Chapter four a part compared, through pursueing the reason, constitutional reform content similarities and differences place, promoting course, success or failure reason, the view of influencing , government and six views of the tendency here, try to compare the self-improvement movement and the Meiji Reformation, and put forward personal view and view in comparing. It is the part of drawing a conclusion in chapter five finally. The research approach of this thesis can be divided into two major main shafts. Making explanation and analysis of history, campaign document subsidiary, it is a main fact to relatively study. As regards history and campaign document respect: Pay attention to the background , campaign at that time of China and Japan to improving the push , implementation and prosperity and decline of self-improvement movement and the Meiji Reformation brought of constitutional reform etc., prove to two major innovation constitutional reform step by step through these historical facts and the discussion . Speak in comparative research: At first it is it is through being domestic and international various kinds of document, make, periodical, arguments of expert after analyse , it is a main shaft that above-mentioned six are relatively wanted, pass one's own thinking and view, under not violating the situation of the historical facts principle , it is with relatively study to offer the analysis of different angles, a credibility that can strengthen a thesis .
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Fang, Jian-Fu, and 方建富. "THE SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT IN LATE CH’ING CHINA, 1860-1894." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44446790833348007955.

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LIN, CHIA-HSUAN, and 林嘉瑄. "A Study of the Role of Li Hongzhang in the Self-Strengthening Movement." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35nj67.

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碩士
國立中正大學
戰略暨國際事務研究所
105
In June 1840, the United Kingdom launched the first opium war against the Qing China, who lost to British warships and artillery, and declared defeat. This began the erosion of the Qing China by Western powers. In 1856, a British and French military alliance once again carried out joint attacks on China; with China’s defeat, the Qing Court began to exhibit new ways of thinking on a series of military, commercial, education, public welfare, and industrial matters, as a part of the “Self-Strengthening Movement.” After arriving in Shanghai in 1862, Li Hongzhang began to plan and execute the political causes of the Self-Strengthening Movement. From the time that Li succeeded Zeng Guofan as the Viceroy of Zhili, to the period of the First Sino-Japanese War, Li was occupied with establishing the Movement on a national scale. Nearly all of the reforms from military, industrial, and educational modernization to subsequent commercial and public welfare reforms were planned or implemented by Li Hongzhang. Although the Self-Strengthening Movement ended in failure, its historical significance and importance remain indelible.
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Karlova, Ugur Rifat, and 吳承鳳. "The Military Modernization of China during the Self Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) and Li Hong Zhang’s Impact." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97499932646628462337.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
政治學研究所
97
The author of this study has an idea of starting point in China’s modernization period. The author considers the starting point of the Military Modernization in China’s modern history is First Opium War. The big defeat in the war led the Chinese politicians and scholars to think about the mistakes in the past. With the understanding of Modernization experience in the West, China has begun to research and get more information from the Western countries about their learning. As a result of that China’s modernization period started in military field at first. The military modernization was just the beginning phase of Modernization period in China. The Modernization period began with military and that showed its effects in other parts and institutions of China. This study covers the 1861-1895 years of China’s modernization steps. The author just wants to point out China’s first big encounter with the Western force and its effect on China. The author’s key figure is Li Hong Zhang, Li Hong Zhang’s life time, achievements and impact has a big importance in China’s military modernization period. The author focuses many different parts of the China and digs out different points from her history. The incidents, important key figures, rebellions, international relations of China and etc... The incidents were set up by author with an historical order and this makes the study fluent for readers. The author thinks that in order to understand China’s modern history, the Opium Wars and Self-Strengthening Movement would be the good starting points. The understanding of this period will open the doors of upcoming incidents and key figures in Chinese modern history.
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Yu, Yi-Ping, and 俞怡萍. "The Development of Taiwanese Architecture under the Influence of the Policy of Self-Strengthening Movement.〈1863～1895〉." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n9k87q.

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碩士
中原大學
建築研究所
90
The signature of Tianjin Treaty by 1858, Shian-Feng 8th year, contributes the openness of commercial ports in Taiwan, and then also enlightens the commercial policy at Mandarin Dynasty. There were some western-style Customs Office buildings designed by foreigners in 1863, Tung-Ji 2 st year. Because Mou-tan-sheh Accident in 1874, Tung-Ji 13 th year, Mandarin understood Taiwan was an important status for China Sea Safety Defense, then, sent a lot of officers experienced in western affairs to Taiwan and improved the development of Taiwan, so there were many non-Chinese-style buildings here and there in Taiwan. In a very short time, Taiwan was to be a model in China. However, there are only few historical researches we can find at present. This research is based on historical background investigation trying to integrate a whole concept in the development of Taiwanese Architecture under the influence of the policy of self-strengthening movement in 1863-1895. The contents of this thesis are included: Customs Office buildings, coastwise lights, western forts, Telegraph Office, Modern industrial buildings, western weapon factories, western school, railway and primary urban planning concepts. Based on some characteristics, the thesis divides the contents into two issues- Foreign Mandarin Officer System and Mandarin Officer System- to discuss the process of development. The Foreign Mandarin Officer System was former than the other one. The part of Foreign Mandarin Officer System discusses the foreigners managed Customs Affairs. It was an independent office to handle all the related affairs, so it was completely showed western style in management and buildings. The main performances were in Customs Office buildings and coastwise lights. The other system is Mandarin Officer System began at Mou-tan-sheh Accident in 1874 and ended in 1895,Guang-Shiu 21 th year. There were many various architecture activities during those days. According to the different cultures and management styles, the foreign officers and Mandarin officers presented different ways in buildings, land planning, architecture styles, and structure technique etc. This thesis tries to discuss those viewpoints and hopes provide some new ideas for those who were interested in this field.
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Books on the topic "Self-Strengthening Movement"

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Transferring technology to China: Prosper Giquel and the Self-strengthening Movement. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Chinese Studies, 1985.

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Guo Songtao yang wu guan yan jiu. Zhengzhou Shi: Henan ren min chu ban she, 2014.

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3

Jenco, Leigh. Chinese Political Ideologies. Edited by Michael Freeden and Marc Stears. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0002.

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This chapter examines modern Chinese political ideologies beginning in the late nineteenth century, as intellectuals began to articulate China’s place in a global order centred outside its own borders. It eschews a teleological view of China’s ideological development, in which the present communist regime is assumed to be the inevitable culmination of the past, in favour of detailing ongoing contestations about Chinese history, identity, and modernization. The chapter surveys early responses of the ‘self-strengthening’ school to nineteenth-century Western imperialism, going on to discuss the deepening of Chinese commitments to Western learning and the totalistic critique of ‘traditional’ culture by thinkers associated with the May Fourth Movement. The continuity of these ideas is discussed in relation to key contemporary ideological developments on China and Taiwan, including: Chinese democratic thought and human rights; ideologies of revolution; Communism; contemporary liberal and New Left thought; and New Confucianism.
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Book chapters on the topic "Self-Strengthening Movement"

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van de Ven, Hans. "The Customs Service During the Self-Strengthening Movement, 1870–1895." In Breaking with the Past, 103–32. Columbia University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231137386.003.0004.

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"Chapter Three. The Customs Service During the Self-Strengthening Movement, 1870–1895." In Breaking with the Past. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/vand13738-006.

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Narahari, Saravu, Madhur Guruprasad Aggithaya, and Terence J. Ryan. "Research-Based Applied Psychophysiology." In Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 492–515. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7039-4.ch023.

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The lymphedema is a disfiguring and disabling disease caused by dysfunction of lymphatic system due to damage/block or by lymph overload. Breast Cancer Related Lmyphedema and elephantiasis due to Lymphatic Filariasis are most prevalent world over. This chapter describes the yoga protocols used as a part of integrative medicine treatment, to treat lymphedema. Patients perform yoga in two sessions. It includes warm up, breathing, prolonged exercise with appropriate rests and relaxation. Yoga helps to drain lymph though various mechanisms. Asanas focus on dermal stretch, joint movement, muscle pumps and muscle stretch and pranayamas on lung expansion. Yoga also provides knee strengthening, gait correction and improves shoulder movement. Joint movements and muscle contractions are designed to mimic nodal drainage. Yoga sequence is arranged to achieve a similar role of manual lymph drainage as that of Foldi's Complex Decongestive Therapy. Yoga as a self-care in lymphedema is an effective treatment in endemic communities albeit not supported by randomized controlled trials.
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Narahari, Saravu, Madhur Guruprasad Aggithaya, and Terence J. Ryan. "Research-Based Applied Psychophysiology." In Research-Based Perspectives on the Psychophysiology of Yoga, 241–62. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2788-6.ch014.

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The lymphedema is a disfiguring and disabling disease caused by dysfunction of lymphatic system due to damage/block or by lymph overload. Breast Cancer Related Lmyphedema and elephantiasis due to Lymphatic Filariasis are most prevalent world over. This chapter describes the yoga protocols used as a part of integrative medicine treatment, to treat lymphedema. Patients perform yoga in two sessions. It includes warm up, breathing, prolonged exercise with appropriate rests and relaxation. Yoga helps to drain lymph though various mechanisms. Asanas focus on dermal stretch, joint movement, muscle pumps and muscle stretch and pranayamas on lung expansion. Yoga also provides knee strengthening, gait correction and improves shoulder movement. Joint movements and muscle contractions are designed to mimic nodal drainage. Yoga sequence is arranged to achieve a similar role of manual lymph drainage as that of Foldi's Complex Decongestive Therapy. Yoga as a self-care in lymphedema is an effective treatment in endemic communities albeit not supported by randomized controlled trials.
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Kaholokula, Joseph Keawe‘aimoku. "Mauli Ola: Pathways to Optimal Kanaka ‘Ōiwi Health." In Ho'i Hou Ka Mauli Ola, edited by Winona K. Mesiona Lee and Mele A. Look. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824872731.003.0002.

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This essay explores the social and cultural determinants of Kanaka ʻŌiwi (Native Hawaiian) health and the pathways to Mauli Ola (optimal health and wellbeing). Future opportunities for enhancing Mauli Ola explored are the demographic changes in the Kanaka ʻŌiwi population, continuing cultural revitalization efforts, participation in the larger society, and self-determination and the larger international Indigenous movement. Several shared Kanaka ʻŌiwi aspirations important to Mauli Ola are highlighted to include supporting a strong Kanaka ʻŌiwi identity and space, strengthening ‘ohana (family) relations, and ensuring the practice of mālama ‘āina and aloha ‘āina.
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Cummings, Scott L. "Grocery Workers." In An Equal Place, 264–310. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190215927.003.0005.

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This chapter analyzes the labor movement’s challenge to retail giant Wal-Mart, which in 2002 announced plans to open forty Supercenters in California—threatening to undermine labor standards, and union strength, in the grocery sector. It focuses on the confrontation with Wal-Mart in the separately incorporated city of Inglewood, a historically working-class African American community in South Los Angeles. There, a community-labor coalition, led by LAANE, organized to stop Supercenter development through legislative and legal challenges—a technique known as a “site fight” because it aimed to block Wal-Mart at a specific location. The chapter examines three phases of the fight, tracing how the coalition mobilized law to defeat the Inglewood proposal, design innovative policies to limit Wal-Mart’s entry into the Los Angeles market, and thwart Wal-Mart’s effort to bypass those policies by opening a small-format grocery store in historic Chinatown. In evaluating the campaign, the chapter suggests that the outcome was, in part, a product of Wal-Mart’s political miscalculation: The company’s drive for a Supercenter in Inglewood failed despite evidence of public support, in large measure because of an ill-conceived attempt to gain voter approval through a city initiative that would have completely circumvented the local planning process. Yet Wal-Mart’s defeat was not merely self-inflicted. The company’s miscalculation of the local response to the initiative was politically consequential precisely because there was a sophisticated team of activists and lawyers who used Wal-Mart’s disregard of public input to successfully mobilize community opposition to the Supercenter and build new anti-big-box policy. In that sense, the presence of a political-legal support structure, with experience mounting development-oriented campaigns from the community benefits context, was essential to Wal-Mart’s defeat—strengthening grocery labor standards in Los Angeles going forward.
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Conference papers on the topic "Self-Strengthening Movement"

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Zhang, Lishan. "A POLITICAL FAILURE MAY HAVE POSITIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS: THE SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT." In International Conference on Economics and Management Innovations. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Xiao-Guang Yue, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/icemi.02.2018.18.20.

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Tseng, Tzu-Yu, Wei-Chun Hsu, Li-Fong Lin, and Chin-Hsing Kuo. "Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Reconfigurable Gravity-Free Muscle Training Assistive Device for Lower-Limb Paralysis Patients." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46706.

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In lower-limb rehabilitation programs, patients that suffer from neuromuscular disorders with manual muscle test (MMT) level 2 are able to perform voluntary muscle contraction and visible limb movement provided that a therapist assists the patient to eliminate the weight of his/her leg. In addition, the physical therapist is clinically needed to guide the patient performing a hip-only or knee-only motion during rehabilitation. The objective of this paper is to present a new assistive training device that replaces the function of the therapist in helping the MMT-level-2 patients self-training their hip and knee flexion/extension motions under an antigravity environment. First, we will present a novel reconfigurable mechanism, which can possess two working configurations for guiding the knee-only and hip-only training, respectively. Then, based on the theory of static balancing, two linear springs are attached to the device to generate an antigravity training environment in both configurations for the patient. The static balance design is verified by a numerical example with the support of software simulation. A prototype is built up and tested on healthy subjects. By using the electromyography (EMG) measurement, the myoelectric signals of four major muscles for the subject with/without the aid of the device are analyzed. The results show that the myoelectric voltages of the stimulated muscles are significantly reduced when the subject is assisted with the device. It further demonstrates that moving the fixation positions of the limb segments to other positions could distinctly reduce the assistive force from the device, which suggests multiple training modes to the patients in strengthening the training intensity. In conclusion, this paper presents a successful pioneering work on the design of rehabilitation devices via the integration of the principles of reconfigurable mechanisms and static balancing.
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