Academic literature on the topic 'Selibaat'

Paulus adalah pendiri jemaat Korintus, ia menulis surat ini ketika ia ada di Efesus. Khusus di bagian ini, Paulus menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan dari jemaat Korintus tentang apakah seseorang itu harus menikah atau tidak, itu tergantung kepada karunia mereka yang diberikan Allah. Ini berkaitan dengan kehidupan di Korintus, mereka dipengaruhi dengan kecemaran, juga dengan anggapan beberapa jemaat bahwa lebih baik tidak menikah supaya mereka bisa hidup sesuai dengan Injil.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara psychological well being dengan loneliness pada lansia yang memilih hidup melajang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif korelasional. Adapun subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah lansia laki-laki yang berusia di atas 50 tahun yang memilih untuk hidup melajang dan berada di wilayah Jawa Timur. Sampel dipilih dengan menggunakan purposive sampling technique, dengan kriteriasebagai berikut: lansia laki-laki berusia lebih dari 45 tahun (middle age) yang melajang dengan alasan hidup selibat dengan Tuhan. Alat pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan the Ryff scale of psychological well-being dan UCLA loneliness scale. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah korelasi product moment dari pearson. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang negatif signifikan antara psychological well being dengan loneliness pada lansia yang memilih melajang.

Penelitian ini membahas tentang strategi kebertahanan perempuan dalam novel Cincin Separuh Hati karya Netty Virgiantini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan kritik sastra feminis dan psikologi sastra. Data berupa kata, frasa, dan kalimat dari novel dikumpulkan dengan teknik simak catat setelah melalui pembacaan tertutup. Data tersebut kemudian dikategorikan, diinterpretasikan, dan dianalisis dengan teori yang relevan. Hasil analisis dirumuskan menjadi kesimpulan. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa tokoh utama perempuan melajang karena memiliki trauma pada masa lalu. Perempuan dewasa yang belum menikah rentan mengalami stigma sebagai perempuan yang tidak ‘laku’, pemilih, memiliki orientasi seksual berbeda, serta berpotensi merusak rumah tangga orang lain. Berbagai bentuk strategi kebertahanan dilakukan perempuan lajang, seperti bersikap mandiri, menonjolkan karakter maskulin, dan menerapkan manipulasi sebagai bentuk mekanisme pertahanan diri. Dalam novel Cincin Separuh Hati, perempuan digambarkan masih membutuhkan laki-laki agar identitasnya menjadi utuh. Integritas perempuan terhadap tekad dan janji selibat yang telah dibuat sejak lama menjadi tidak kuat. Hal ini menyiratkan kepatuhan perempuan pada nilai-nilai tradisional dari kehidupan melajang dan perkawinan

AbstractSingle applications of slow-release pheromone formulations were used to control yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker, by mating disruption in two trials on rice in India. The first trial compared the efficacy of two formulations containing 1:10:1 and 1:10:0 ratios of (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-ll-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-octadecenal, components of the S. incertulas pheromone, and a commercially-available formulation, Selibate CS, containing the related Chilo suppressalis Walker pheromone, a 1:10:1 blend of (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-ll-hexadecenal and (Z)-13-octadecenal, with farmers' practice plots treated with insecticides. Pheromone trap catches indicated that in each of the pheromone-treated plots the catches of male moths were reduced by up to 98% compared with catches in the insecticide-treated plots suggesting that pheromone-mediated communication was disrupted. Larval damage ranged from 5.7 to 8.1% white heads (WH) in the insecticide-treated plots compared to a significantly reduced range of 2.1 to 2.4% WH in the pheromone-treated plots. There was no significant difference between the damage estimates recorded for each of the different pheromone treatments. A second trial compared the effect on efficacy of applying the two-component pheromone formulation on different dates, 9–12 and 39–44 days after transplanting. Both pheromone treatments gave significantly lower levels of WH damage compared to equivalent insecticide treated plots; 1.8, 2.0, and 6% respectively. In both trials rice grain yields increased by between 5 and 12% in pheromone-treated plots compared to insecticide treated plots, which was due, at least in part, to the cumulative effect of reduced stem borer damage in both the tillering and reproductive stages of the crop cycle. The formulations exhibited pseudo-zero order release rates with field lives of between 70 and 90 days.

Trials to control the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) by the technique of mating disruption were carried out in the Pakistan Province of Punjab during the 1996 cotton season. A slow release PVC resin formulation, Selibate®HA, containing a 97:3 mixture of the major (9Z-hexadecenal) and minor (11Z-hexadecenal) components of the female sex pheromone of H. armigera was applied at a rate of 40 g active ingredient ha−1 during August 1996. The formulation was applied around the terminal portion of the cotton plant by hand using local labour at a rate of c. 250 pieces per hectare. The efficacy of the formulation was compared to conventional insecticide regimes to control H. armigera on four farmer practice fields situated at least 1 km to the north, south, east and west of the pheromone treated area. A high degree of trap catch shutdown (indicating mating suppression) was observed throughout the pheromone treated area during the whole of the season compared to non-pheromone treated farmer practice fields. Night observations confirmed that mating disruption occurred in the pheromone treated area as a smaller percentage of mated females were collected from this area compared to farmer practice fields. A majority of mated females collected from the pheromone treated area mated only once, whereas females in farmer practice fields had undergone multiple matings. A greater percentage of tethered female H. armigera moths retrieved from farmer practice fields had successfully mated compared to tethered females retrieved from the pheromone treated area. Release rate data of H. armigera pheromone from the formulation show that c. 70% was released during the two month trial period. However, the highly dispersive pre-oviposition flight behaviour of females meant that the area treated was not sufficient to eliminate the problem of gravid females migrating in from surrounding areas, and ovipositing therein. The implications of using the technique of mating disruption to control large strong flying insects like H. armigera are discussed.

Pergulatan batin memutuskan untuk menikah atau selibat merupakan pergumulan sebagian jemaat Tuhan, khususnya anak-anak muda. Memilih satu dari dua pilihan tersebut kadang menjadi sulit dengan beberapa kompleksitas yang ada, salah satunya karena kurangnya pemahaman akan prinsip-prinsip Alkitab berkaitan dengan isu ini. Sebagian orang percaya kurang mengerti petunjuk-petunjuk Alkitabiah yang dapat membantu mereka dalam masa menggumulkan untuk menikah atau selibat. Sementara pergumulan ini terus berlanjut, data menyatakan bahwa tingkat kelajangan meningkat kuantitasnya baik secara global dan nasional. Baik akan menikah maupun selibat, keputusan untuk menentukan hal tersebut menurut Paulus haruslah berdasarkan pada karunia masing-masing. Tulisan ini akan memaparkan petunjuk-petunjuk yang dapat dipelajari dari nasihat Paulus dalam 1 Korintus 7 untuk mengambil keputusan soal status hidup, khususnya selibat.
 The inner struggle to decide whether to marry or be celibate is a struggle for some Christians, especially young people. Choosing one of these two options can be difficult with some complexity, one of which is due to a lack of understanding of Bible’s principles related to this issue. Some believers do not understand the biblical instructions that can help them in their struggle to be married or celibate. While this struggle continues, data shows that quantity level of singleness is increasing globally in the world and in Indonesia itself. Either to be married or celibate, the decision to determine between these two options, according to Paul, must be based on their gift. This paper will explain the instructions that can be learned from Paul's advice in 1 Corinthians 7 to make decisions about the status of life, especially celibacy.

Thesis (MDiv)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation deals with the concept of celibacy, as interpreted from 1 Corinthians 7: 1-28, the development of the term in the Protestant tradition, and its use in our current context (which includes the Reformed tradition). This dissertation makes a thorough exegetical study and it especially analyses the Protestant tradition (with the development of celibacy within the tradition). Lastly it looks at the way the term celibacy is used today in the Dutch Reformed tradition. The main focus is precisely the relationship and differences that occur between 1 Corinthians 7: 1-28 and the use of the term celibacy in the Protestant tradition, and also the use of celibacy in our understanding today.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie skripsie handel oor die konsep van selibaat, soos geïnterpreteer vanuit 1 Korintiërs 7: 1-28, die ontwikkeling van die term in die Protestantse tradisie en ook die gebruik daarvan in ons huidige konteks (wat die Nederduitse Gereformeerde tradisie insluit). Die skripsie maak ʼn deeglike eksegetiese studie en die skripsie ontleed ook veral die Protestantse tradisie (met die ontwikkeling van selibaat binne die tradisie). Dit kyk ook laastens na die manier hoe die term selibaat vandag gebruik word vanuit die Nederduitse Gereformeerde tradisie. Die hooffokus is juis die verbande en verskille wat daar ontstaan tussen 1 Korintiërs 7:1-28 en die gebruik van die term selibaat in die Protestantse tradisie, en ook die gebruik van selibaat in ons verstaan van die konsep vandag.

This work embarks on a study of the use and interpretation of the term ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font> (self-control) in the principal Pauline letters. But, first of all, a study is made of the use of this term in the literature outside the New Testament. It becomes clear that ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font> was a cardinal virtue closely associated with <font face="symbol">syvrosung</font> (temperance), one of the four basic Greek virtues. The emphasis fell particularly on the educated person's ability to control himself through strict self-discipline. However, this idea of self-control is alien to the tradition of the Old Testament. Only through the Hellenised Wisdom literature it became part of the Judaism of Paul's time. Through an exegetical analysis of Paul's use of the modes of the term ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font>; in 1 Corinthians 7:5, 9 and 9:25, as well as in Galatians 5:23; it becomes clear that to him ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font> was part of the love with which believers served one another, within the freedom to which Christ has called them. It was the result of divine empowerment and control, because it was part of the fruit of the Holy Spirit. Although Paul also utilised the term as a virtue, to him it was not primarily characteristic of a person, but rather characterised the restrained and sacrificial managing of rights and privileges in relationships within the faith community. His own style of apostleship was a good example, because he willingly gave up his right to receive recompense for preaching the gospel. He illustrated this behaviour with the metaphor of an athlete's willingness to disregard certain rights with the eye on his goal. Believers should similarly be charitable towards one another. Nevertheless, regarding the control of sexual desires, Paul went a little further in his use of ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font>. Although he did not denounce matrimony, it was his opinion that a distinctly demarcated group of believers received the gift to easily control their sexual desires. He advised them to stay celibate in order to devote themselves even more to God's service. Comparing Paul's utilisation of ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font> with the use of writers outside the New Testament, confirms his creative harnessing of concepts from the cultures in his environment. But it was not the classical or Hellenistic interpretation of ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font> that influenced him. The Hellenised Judaism of the Septuagint formed Paul's concept of ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font>. Nevertheless, his utilisation of the term was innovative original: by angling the Christian view away from the Hellenistic self-centredness, and focusing it on a loving and altruistic managing of rights and liberties, he thoroughly christianised the term. A study of the church's understanding of Paul reveals that his use of ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font> was mostly misunderstood. Again the term was understood and utilised as depicting the virtue of self-discipline in the classical and Hellenistic sense of the word. This, in turn, led to widespread incidence of asceticism and celibacy in the church. Even some views that lay behind modern day legalism and pietistic tendencies, originated from this understanding by the church of ’<font face="symbol">egkr</font>´<font face="symbol">ateia</font> .<br>Dissertation (PhD (New Testament Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004.<br>New Testament Studies<br>unrestricted