Relevant bibliographies by topics / Selling arrangement

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Selling arrangement'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Selling arrangement"

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Connor, Tim. "Accentuating the Positive: The ‘Selling Arrangement’, The First Decade, and Beyond." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, no. 1 (January 2005): 127–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/54.1.127.

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The ‘selling arrangement’ is a judicial device which removes national law from thescrutiny of European Community law relating to the free movement of goods. National provisions affecting the marketing of products may fall for consideration as ‘selling arrangements’ where the treatment of the domestic and imported goods has been even handed. Measures relating to the substance of the goods remain subject to Community law rules on the free movement of goods. The prime example of the selling arrangement is the advertisement, but in the years since creation, other areas of national activity with respect to the free movement of goods have been enveloped inthe selling arrangement. Certain measures which have related to the conduct of business may also fall for similar treatment as selling arrangements. A recent development would appear tomean that the concept of the selling arrangement may apply where the obligation imposed by the national measure has beenidentified as being general, as opposed to specific in nature. Were this to be so, the selling arrangement would have the potential to break free of the traditional boundaries established for itunder Criminal Proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard.1
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Xiong, Chuyi, and Ka Shing Cheung. "UNDERSTANDING SELLERS’ AGENTS IN THE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY MARKET." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.13724.

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Buyers in the property market often use an agent who is employed by the seller to assist their home searches. This unique and widely used agency arrangement in the property market is known as “sellers’ agents”. While principal-agent theory advocates that buyers should directly hire their agents (i.e., buyers’ agents) to do the home-hunting, search theory however implies that sellers would employ their agents (i.e., sellers’ agents) to increase the probability of the sale and selling prices. Although sellers’ agents and buyers’ agents are two very distinct institutions, many previous studies assume that their agency characteristics are identical and provide limited insights on how such a seemingly subtle but crucial agency arrangement affects transaction outcomes. Using transaction data from Wuhan China, this study disentangles the effects of the buyers’ and sellers’ agents on properties’ selling prices and their time on the market. The findings indicate that on average transactions conducted by sellers’ agents will be associated with a significant selling price premium of around 3.4%. As a critical test, we further show that the transactions completed by sellers’ agents with selling price premiums will have a shorter marketing time than those completed by buyers’ agents.
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Hermawan, Francisca, Sri Hapsari Wijayanti, and Fransiskus X. Lara Aba. "The Canvas Model as a Strategy for Improving Financial Profits: A Casey Study of Online Businesses in Indonesia." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review 2, no. 4 (December 17, 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2017.2.4(6).

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Objective - The aim of this study is to identify how the strategy of online businesses can be improved to increase financial profits. The focus of this study is on online businesses selling flowers, taking into consideration the fact that the freshness of flowers does not last long, and that the price and quality of flowers fluctuates depending on climatic conditions. Methodology/Technique - The data used in this research is primary data, obtained by distributing questionnaires for market research, tested against 57 respondents. The respondents were selected using non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. The results of the validation test r count > r table, with 5% significance, shows that businesses providing flower arrangements are in high demand. Findings - The results of the model business identification canvas and the profit and loss projections indicate that the choice of the business strategy series for cut flowers on each element is accurate. The results of the analysis of the strengths and threats also identifies that selling price varies depending on the types of flowers used in an arrangement, and accessories used. Novelty - This research studies how the types of flowers used, the design of an arrangement, accessories used, packaging, and family ownership of a business can effect the interest of potential customers in the Fiore shop in Afrodite. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: SWOT; Canvas Models; Communication; Online Business; Indonesia. JEL Classification: C50, C53, C59.
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Saliki, Saliki, Triyatni Martosenjoyo, and Afifah Harisah. "Pemanfaatan Ruang Kios dan Los Pasar Studi Kasus Pasar Wamanggu Merauke." Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring 23, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/jpe.112019.10.

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Trader Behavior Study of Space Utilization Kios/Los Market Case Study of the Wamanggu Market in Merauke. The problem of this study is the behavior of the spatial utilization of aisles in the Wamanggu Market in Merauke that the space of selling used cannot accommodate traders' activities in selling in arranging merchandise in the stalls and in serving buyers the circulation space of traders in serving buyers is narrow. Therefore, the traders choose to use an aisle which is considered to be more fulfilling the activities of traders in selling. The purpose of this research is to obtain the description of the behavior patterns of stall traders in conducting trade activity, the spatial utilization pattern of the stall was conducted by traders for selling, know the dimensions and arrangement of furniture used by traders and the arrangement of furniture is used the spatial utilization of stalls so that can affect to trade activities space. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach and purposive sampling technique with the informants consisting of 10 spice traders, 5 vegetable and fruit stalls traders, and 6 in clothing stalls traders, while the object of research is the space of traders stalls, and research subjects are the stall traders. The research location is in the Wamanggu Market in Merauke, Merauke Regency with a research period of 5 months. The results obtained that the behavior patterns tend to be familiar with the seller and buyer, such as greeted, chatter, and gathered. Spatial utilization behaviour tends to use the aisles to selling by arranging all merchandise and part of the area of the aisle. The ideal size of the selling space in the spice stalls, vegetable stalls, and fruit stalls are 250 cm x 300 cm with the type of furniture Case Fixture or open shelves with a size of 250 cm x 150 cm x 100 cm and and circulation patterns of the L shape on the kitchen herbs and patterns Linear form circulation in vegetable stalls, fruit booths with a size of circulation area of 50 cm-100 cm and in the clothing stall is influenced by the number of openings namely: 1 opening with U and Grid patterns, 2 openings with L and Grid patterns, 3 openings with Linear and Grid pattern and ideal space of 350 cm x 400 cm so that the circulation area of 45.7 cm-61 cm is obtained and on the hallway as the orientation of the aisles has an ideal width of 400 cm
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Et. al., Ruchi Sharma,. "An EPQ Model of Stock Dependent Demand Subject to Epidemic with Stochastic Lockdown Time." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 2859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2318.

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The model created considers the effect of the epidemic on the classical Economic Production Quality (EPQ) model for a production unit exposed to stochastic lockdown time. Expected production time is evaluated utilizing continuous probability density function. The investigation is done to decide the ideal arrangement for the production system which limits the expected total cost per unit time exposed to certain conditions. Here EPQ model is created by taking lockdown time due to epidemic as stochastic. Machine breakdown affects the manufacturer but disaster like epidemic affects the manufacturer as well as the customer (or in other words, demand). During the production uptime, demand depend upon stock and decline in selling price, but in case of disaster (epidemic) selling price has no consideration and demand depends only on stock. The model is discussed by means of a numerical example and a case study.
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Olateju, Moji A. "The Structure of Yorùbá Local Drug Advertising." Matatu 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-040001023.

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This essay presents a breakdown of the analysis of the structure of the monologue of advertisers of local drugs in the ancient city of Ilé-Ifè, sun State, Nigeria. Since this practice of selling local drugs seems to solve some seemingly common health problems of some of the populace, people from all walks of life all over the country identify with this mode of drug selling. The data consists of texts from the advertisers of the drugs who move from city to city in motor vehicles. Both personal and non-personal contacts are used in the advertisement and sale of the local drugs. Since computer and internet facilities are still not within the reach of many people in Nigeria as a developing nation, advertising on the internet and benefiting from advertisement on the internet becomes a little difficult. Analysis of the data showed that the advertisers and sellers of these drugs enjoy the patronage of the restricted populace they serve probably because of the mode of advertisement, the supposed efficacy of the local drugs, the psychology of the not fully educated sets of people they serve, as well as the low cost arrangement ensured by the manufacturers and vendors.
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Sinaga, Anita Sindar RM. "Implementasi Data Mining Penjualan Produk Pakaian Dengan Algoritma Apriori." Indonesian Journal of Applied Informatics 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ijai.v4i1.37989.

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<p>The problem faced by the Tanjung Redjo clothing store is the lack of management of sales data and irregular arrangement of clothing products. The arrangement of the location of clothing products on the shelf is not well regulated. The speed of service to customers can be improved by making the layout of clothing products good and orderly, so that store staff can find clothing products quickly. Shoppers can also search and view apparel accessories that are often sold together quickly, potentially increasing store sales turnover. A better and more organized arrangement of clothing products can be done by analyzing sales transactions that occur daily at the store by using the Apriori algorithm. By using this algorithm, the shop owner can find out the tendency of a combination of clothing products that are often sold at the same time, so that the shop owner can arrange the layout of clothing products well and regularly so that buyers or employees can find and retrieve clothing products quickly. How the Apriori algorithm works to find a combination of clothing products that are often sold simultaneously from a sales transaction. Rules applied If buying KA-701 and KK-201 and SP-2001, then buy ST-651. Support and Confidence values are calculated until 4 combination items are obtained to get the best selling associative rule output output.</p>
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Buttar, G. S., and Ruchi Sharma Sharma. "Production Inventory Model under Time Dependent Demand, Uneven Manufacturing Rate and Manufacture Time Dependent Selling Price." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 04 (April 28, 2021): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04234.

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In this paper, an inventory model for production of a single article with an uneven manufacturing rate and manufacturing time subsidiary selling cost has been considered. The considered production inventory model is accepted to create perfect items in beginning however because of different elements, after some time the production begins diminishing exponentially with time, i.e., the variable production rate has been thought of. The demand is time subordinate. Initially up to certain time, production rate remains constant. But after some time, due to various factors, production will decrease. Therefore, the efficiency (E) of such factors must be increased to get more production which can maintain the production efficiency cost which has been applied. Considering this fact inverse efficiency λ has been introduced in production rate. By utilizing differential calculus, expected maximum profit has been resolved. The goal of the examination is to decide the ideal arrangement for a production framework that expands the total benefit subject to certain limitations viable. Results are examined by means of a mathematical example to outline the hypothesis.
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Brožek, Miroslav. "Managerial information system of the organization of the services." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060037.

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The aim of this work is creation conception proposal of information system. It is processed on the example of the firm making business on the czech market in the area of selling personal car of premium segment. On the basic of analysis external and internal environment was discovered a need of application of the new information communication technologies (ICT) and related reengineering changes. Submitted model ICT contains account modul, instore modul, servis modul, sales modul, special software of car company and modul e-commerce. Within the framework conception proposal of ICT arised modular arrangement of new environment to new built strategy, thereby this approach is new by classic concept, where exist strategy of firm and management of firm and to them is added as accelerating instrument of these processes information systems.
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HaiYan, Song, and Zhang Huan. "Research on Commodity Expectation Based on ABC Classification and Association Rules." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129202026.

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For some companies, sales means arranging goods and selling them on the shelves. This kind of arrangement of goods regardless of priority brings a lot of internal consumption to the enterprise. With the rapid development of the Internet and industry, many large companies have gradually established and improved their production and sales processes. The traditional ABC classification method can no longer meet this demand. The new method that can compensate for the traditional ABC classification method is particularly important. This article uses association rules to use the ABC classification method to study the expected budget of commodities, uses the Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms in the association rules to collect frequent itemsets of the acquired data, calculates the corresponding association rules, and then classifies the commodities with ABC.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Selling arrangement"

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Connor, Timothy C. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union. Jurisprudential Adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the ¿selling arrangement¿ that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.
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Connor, Timothy Charles. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union : jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the 'selling arrangement' that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.
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Books on the topic "Selling arrangement"

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1961-, Shope Janet Hinson, ed. Paid to party: Working time and emotion in direct home sales. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2012.

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Redbook Florist Services. Educational Advisory Committee., ed. Selling and designing wedding flowers. Paragould, Ark: Redbook Florist Services, 1991.

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Selling and designing party flowers. Paragould, Ark. (3309 E. Kingshighway, Paragould 72451): The Services, 1992.

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Redbook Florist Services. Educational Advisory Committee., ed. Selling and designing sympathy flowers. Paragould, AR: Redbook Florist Services, 1992.

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Schütze, Robert. The Rise of the Federal Model I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803379.003.0005.

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What philosophy governs the European common market today? This chapter examines this question by exploring the doctrinal structure of Article 34 since Cassis de Dijon. It will be argued that after Cassis, the substantive structure of the European market could no longer be presented as a ‘new legal order of international law’. For the principle of mutual recognition ‘breaks’ the backbone of the international model, as each State loses a part of its (internal) sovereignty over its own (internal) market. This loss of sovereignty was first established for national rules relating to product requirements; but the question whether this federal solution equally applied to ‘selling arrangements’ has preoccupied the Court ever since. With Keck, the Court acknowledged the existence of different tests for different categories of measures. How do these three jurisprudential lines interrelate? Two theoretical approaches are discussed: the (old) category approach and a (new) unitary approach.
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Ekberg, Carl J., and Sharon K. Person. The Coutume de Paris Rules. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038976.003.0007.

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This chapter examines how the Coutume de Paris (customary law of Paris) influenced nineteenth-century domestic affairs, especially inheritance practices, in a large swath of northern France, as well as in French colonies such as Missouri. Beginning in the 1720s, the Coutume was regularly cited in Illinois Country legal documents, with Charles-Joseph Labuxière, acting as the strict custodian of French law and legal traditions in St. Louis. French Canadians who settled early at Cahokia and Kaskaskia adhered loosely to many provisions of traditional French customary law, but it took a while for the Coutume to be fully institutionalized in the Illinois Country. This chapter analyzes the human dimensions of the Coutume as it was implemented in St. Louis by presenting case histories about marriages and marriage contracts, buying and selling property, and making arrangements for old age and death. These case histories illuminate how the law helped guide village families in the management of their mortal affairs.
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Endres, Kirsten W. Shoddy, Fake, or Harmful. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0008.

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In the late 1980s, after more than ten years of hostility, Vietnam and China resumed normal relations and reopened their border for trade. New livelihood opportunities opened up, drawing many lowland settlers to the region. This chapter details the illegal, semi-legal, and informal flow of goods across the Vietnam–China border and how Kinh small-scale traders and market vendors in Lào Cai City perceive and legitimize their smuggling and selling of contraband. It argues that the “illegal” economic pursuits of Lào Cai small traders must be seen as deeply entrenched in the imperatives of systemic corruption through which local state officials feel invested with the discretionary power to grant exceptions to the law in exchange for bribes. These arrangements ultimately trap traders within a “grey space” of uncertainty between the “light” of free trade, economic opportunity, and self-advancement, and the “darkness” of illegality, corruption, and arbitrary exercise of power.
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Book chapters on the topic "Selling arrangement"

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Cento, Veljanovski. "Part I Cartels in Context, 2 What Is a Cartel and What Does it Do?" In Cartel Damages. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198855163.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses cartels in detail. A cartel is a secret agreement or arrangement between firms or individuals who would otherwise compete to increase their profits by manipulating the market. There are three general types of illegal cartels: sellers’, buyers’, and bid-rigging cartels. A suppliers’ or sellers’ cartel is where a group of firms who would have otherwise competed agree to increase the selling price of the inputs, intermediate and/or final goods, and services they sell. Meanwhile, a buyers’ cartel is where a group of buyers who would otherwise have competed agree to reduce the prices they pay for the goods and services they purchase. A bid-rigging cartel is when sellers who would otherwise compete secretly agree to raise prices and other terms to those who acquire their products or services through a tendering or bidding process. However, there are also legal cartels such as export cartels. Ultimately, the main abuse in cartels is charging a price different from that which would have been charged in the absence of the collusive arrangements.
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"Selling Arrangements, Constructing the Canon." In Beethoven's Symphonies Arranged for the Chamber, 77–115. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108924207.004.

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Barnard, Catherine. "4. Article 34 TFEU and Certain Selling Arrangements." In The Substantive Law of the EU, 112–44. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198830894.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the following: market circumstances rules and Article 34 TFEU; the decision in Keck and its application to cases of ‘certain selling arrangements’; and the ramifications of this ruling, particularly in respect of those rules that did not fit the category of certain selling arrangements and those rules which were non-discriminatory but did hinder market access and the relevance of the Trailers case. The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29 seems to have narrowed the areas to which Keck applies still further.
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Barnard, Catherine. "5. Article 34 TFEU and Certain Selling Arrangements." In The Substantive Law of the EU, 116–48. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198749950.003.0005.

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Barnard, Catherine. "5. Article 34 TFEU and Certain Selling Arrangements." In The Substantive Law of the EU, 119–53. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199670765.003.0172.

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Frigren, Pirita. "Maintaining the Family." In Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550-1850. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722315_ch11.

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After the Napoleonic Wars Finnish ship owners increasingly contributed to global trade by selling their tonnage capacity internationally. In spite of its peripheral position as a Grand Duchy within Imperial Russia (since 1809), Finland played an important part in the traffic of the high seas during the late age of sail, largely due to the ready availability of labour. In this chapter, I study how long-distance trade affected sailors’ families in Pori on Finland’s west coast between 1830 and 1860. I show how boundaries of biological kinship were crossed in housing arrangements families made to ensure social and economic security, and how the community supported and dealt with these families.
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Horspool, Margot, Matthew Humphreys, and Michael Wells-Greco. "10. Free movement of goods (II): quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect." In European Union Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198818854.003.0010.

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This chapter reviews the law on the free movement of goods in the EU. It discusses the following: prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect; grounds of derogation under Article 36 of the TFEU; indistinctly applicable measures and mandatory requirements, Cassis de Dijon and developing the list of mandatory requirements; principles of mutual recognition and equivalence; case C-267 and 268/91 Keck and Mithouard (1993) and certain selling arrangements; presentation requirements; the conditions in Keck and the difficulties in finding a consistent rule; the blurred distinction between Article 36 TFEU and “mandatory requirements”; Article 35 TFEU; and Directive 98/34 on the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations.
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Horspool, Margot, Matthew Humphreys, and Michael Wells-Greco. "10. Free movement of goods (II): quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect." In European Union Law, 322–62. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198870586.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses the non-pecuniary obstacles to the law on the free movement of goods in the EU. It discusses the following: prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect; grounds of derogation under Article 36 TFEU; indistinctly applicable measures and mandatory requirements, Cassis de Dijon and developing the list of mandatory requirements; principles of mutual recognition and equivalence; Case C-267 and 268/91 Keck and Mithouard (1993) and certain selling arrangements; presentation requirements; the conditions in Keck and the difficulties in finding a consistent rule; the blurred distinction between Article 36 TFEU and ‘mandatory requirements’; Article 35 TFEU; and Directive 98/34 on the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations.
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Lippert, Randy K., and Kevin Walby. "Funding Frontiers: Public Policing, ‘User Pays’ Policing and Police Foundations." In A Criminology of Policing and Security Frontiers, 115–40. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529202489.003.0007.

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This chapter explores the longstanding but surprisingly neglected ‘user pays’ policing, as well as newer and proliferating police foundations in Canada and the US. Many police departments in North America and beyond now offer ‘user pays’ public policing. The premise of ‘user pays’, as its name suggests, is that the public should not pay for private use of the public police. Those who use their security services for private benefit should pay, and the more they use them, the more they should pay. In practice, this involves selling security services to individuals and organisations for street festivals, funeral escorts, concerts, special parades, and retail establishments, and sometimes directly to private security firms themselves. These arrangements always entail uniformed officers providing security to these ‘users’ via temporary assignment.
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Marson, James, and Katy Ferris. "11. Intellectual property and data protection." In Business Law Concentrate, 160–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840602.003.0011.

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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter reviews the law on intellectual property and data protection. The law of copyright is governed by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (CDPA) 1988 that protects original materials including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works, and typographical arrangements. The Trade Marks Act 1994 protects the owner of any sign capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of another. Registration of a patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the same product without permission. The protection lasts for five-year periods (to a maximum of 20 years). The changes introduced through the Data Protection Act 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation, the Law Enforcement Directive and the Intellectual Property (Unjustified Threats) Act 2017 are also discussed.
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