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Journal articles on the topic 'Selling arrangement'
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1
Connor, Tim. "Accentuating the Positive: The ‘Selling Arrangement’, The First Decade, and Beyond." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, no. 1 (January 2005): 127–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/54.1.127.
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The ‘selling arrangement’ is a judicial device which removes national law from thescrutiny of European Community law relating to the free movement of goods. National provisions affecting the marketing of products may fall for consideration as ‘selling arrangements’ where the treatment of the domestic and imported goods has been even handed. Measures relating to the substance of the goods remain subject to Community law rules on the free movement of goods. The prime example of the selling arrangement is the advertisement, but in the years since creation, other areas of national activity with respect to the free movement of goods have been enveloped inthe selling arrangement. Certain measures which have related to the conduct of business may also fall for similar treatment as selling arrangements. A recent development would appear tomean that the concept of the selling arrangement may apply where the obligation imposed by the national measure has beenidentified as being general, as opposed to specific in nature. Were this to be so, the selling arrangement would have the potential to break free of the traditional boundaries established for itunder Criminal Proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard.1
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Xiong, Chuyi, and Ka Shing Cheung. "UNDERSTANDING SELLERS’ AGENTS IN THE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY MARKET." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.13724.
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Buyers in the property market often use an agent who is employed by the seller to assist their home searches. This unique and widely used agency arrangement in the property market is known as “sellers’ agents”. While principal-agent theory advocates that buyers should directly hire their agents (i.e., buyers’ agents) to do the home-hunting, search theory however implies that sellers would employ their agents (i.e., sellers’ agents) to increase the probability of the sale and selling prices. Although sellers’ agents and buyers’ agents are two very distinct institutions, many previous studies assume that their agency characteristics are identical and provide limited insights on how such a seemingly subtle but crucial agency arrangement affects transaction outcomes. Using transaction data from Wuhan China, this study disentangles the effects of the buyers’ and sellers’ agents on properties’ selling prices and their time on the market. The findings indicate that on average transactions conducted by sellers’ agents will be associated with a significant selling price premium of around 3.4%. As a critical test, we further show that the transactions completed by sellers’ agents with selling price premiums will have a shorter marketing time than those completed by buyers’ agents.
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Hermawan, Francisca, Sri Hapsari Wijayanti, and Fransiskus X. Lara Aba. "The Canvas Model as a Strategy for Improving Financial Profits: A Casey Study of Online Businesses in Indonesia." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review 2, no. 4 (December 17, 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2017.2.4(6).
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Objective - The aim of this study is to identify how the strategy of online businesses can be improved to increase financial profits. The focus of this study is on online businesses selling flowers, taking into consideration the fact that the freshness of flowers does not last long, and that the price and quality of flowers fluctuates depending on climatic conditions. Methodology/Technique - The data used in this research is primary data, obtained by distributing questionnaires for market research, tested against 57 respondents. The respondents were selected using non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. The results of the validation test r count > r table, with 5% significance, shows that businesses providing flower arrangements are in high demand. Findings - The results of the model business identification canvas and the profit and loss projections indicate that the choice of the business strategy series for cut flowers on each element is accurate. The results of the analysis of the strengths and threats also identifies that selling price varies depending on the types of flowers used in an arrangement, and accessories used. Novelty - This research studies how the types of flowers used, the design of an arrangement, accessories used, packaging, and family ownership of a business can effect the interest of potential customers in the Fiore shop in Afrodite. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: SWOT; Canvas Models; Communication; Online Business; Indonesia. JEL Classification: C50, C53, C59.
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Saliki, Saliki, Triyatni Martosenjoyo, and Afifah Harisah. "Pemanfaatan Ruang Kios dan Los Pasar Studi Kasus Pasar Wamanggu Merauke." Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring 23, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/jpe.112019.10.
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Trader Behavior Study of Space Utilization Kios/Los Market Case Study of the Wamanggu Market in Merauke. The problem of this study is the behavior of the spatial utilization of aisles in the Wamanggu Market in Merauke that the space of selling used cannot accommodate traders' activities in selling in arranging merchandise in the stalls and in serving buyers the circulation space of traders in serving buyers is narrow. Therefore, the traders choose to use an aisle which is considered to be more fulfilling the activities of traders in selling. The purpose of this research is to obtain the description of the behavior patterns of stall traders in conducting trade activity, the spatial utilization pattern of the stall was conducted by traders for selling, know the dimensions and arrangement of furniture used by traders and the arrangement of furniture is used the spatial utilization of stalls so that can affect to trade activities space. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach and purposive sampling technique with the informants consisting of 10 spice traders, 5 vegetable and fruit stalls traders, and 6 in clothing stalls traders, while the object of research is the space of traders stalls, and research subjects are the stall traders. The research location is in the Wamanggu Market in Merauke, Merauke Regency with a research period of 5 months. The results obtained that the behavior patterns tend to be familiar with the seller and buyer, such as greeted, chatter, and gathered. Spatial utilization behaviour tends to use the aisles to selling by arranging all merchandise and part of the area of the aisle. The ideal size of the selling space in the spice stalls, vegetable stalls, and fruit stalls are 250 cm x 300 cm with the type of furniture Case Fixture or open shelves with a size of 250 cm x 150 cm x 100 cm and and circulation patterns of the L shape on the kitchen herbs and patterns Linear form circulation in vegetable stalls, fruit booths with a size of circulation area of 50 cm-100 cm and in the clothing stall is influenced by the number of openings namely: 1 opening with U and Grid patterns, 2 openings with L and Grid patterns, 3 openings with Linear and Grid pattern and ideal space of 350 cm x 400 cm so that the circulation area of 45.7 cm-61 cm is obtained and on the hallway as the orientation of the aisles has an ideal width of 400 cm
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Et. al., Ruchi Sharma,. "An EPQ Model of Stock Dependent Demand Subject to Epidemic with Stochastic Lockdown Time." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 2859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2318.
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The model created considers the effect of the epidemic on the classical Economic Production Quality (EPQ) model for a production unit exposed to stochastic lockdown time. Expected production time is evaluated utilizing continuous probability density function. The investigation is done to decide the ideal arrangement for the production system which limits the expected total cost per unit time exposed to certain conditions. Here EPQ model is created by taking lockdown time due to epidemic as stochastic. Machine breakdown affects the manufacturer but disaster like epidemic affects the manufacturer as well as the customer (or in other words, demand). During the production uptime, demand depend upon stock and decline in selling price, but in case of disaster (epidemic) selling price has no consideration and demand depends only on stock. The model is discussed by means of a numerical example and a case study.
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Olateju, Moji A. "The Structure of Yorùbá Local Drug Advertising." Matatu 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-040001023.
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This essay presents a breakdown of the analysis of the structure of the monologue of advertisers of local drugs in the ancient city of Ilé-Ifè, sun State, Nigeria. Since this practice of selling local drugs seems to solve some seemingly common health problems of some of the populace, people from all walks of life all over the country identify with this mode of drug selling. The data consists of texts from the advertisers of the drugs who move from city to city in motor vehicles. Both personal and non-personal contacts are used in the advertisement and sale of the local drugs. Since computer and internet facilities are still not within the reach of many people in Nigeria as a developing nation, advertising on the internet and benefiting from advertisement on the internet becomes a little difficult. Analysis of the data showed that the advertisers and sellers of these drugs enjoy the patronage of the restricted populace they serve probably because of the mode of advertisement, the supposed efficacy of the local drugs, the psychology of the not fully educated sets of people they serve, as well as the low cost arrangement ensured by the manufacturers and vendors.
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Sinaga, Anita Sindar RM. "Implementasi Data Mining Penjualan Produk Pakaian Dengan Algoritma Apriori." Indonesian Journal of Applied Informatics 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ijai.v4i1.37989.
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<p>The problem faced by the Tanjung Redjo clothing store is the lack of management of sales data and irregular arrangement of clothing products. The arrangement of the location of clothing products on the shelf is not well regulated. The speed of service to customers can be improved by making the layout of clothing products good and orderly, so that store staff can find clothing products quickly. Shoppers can also search and view apparel accessories that are often sold together quickly, potentially increasing store sales turnover. A better and more organized arrangement of clothing products can be done by analyzing sales transactions that occur daily at the store by using the Apriori algorithm. By using this algorithm, the shop owner can find out the tendency of a combination of clothing products that are often sold at the same time, so that the shop owner can arrange the layout of clothing products well and regularly so that buyers or employees can find and retrieve clothing products quickly. How the Apriori algorithm works to find a combination of clothing products that are often sold simultaneously from a sales transaction. Rules applied If buying KA-701 and KK-201 and SP-2001, then buy ST-651. Support and Confidence values are calculated until 4 combination items are obtained to get the best selling associative rule output output.</p>
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Buttar, G. S., and Ruchi Sharma Sharma. "Production Inventory Model under Time Dependent Demand, Uneven Manufacturing Rate and Manufacture Time Dependent Selling Price." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 04 (April 28, 2021): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04234.
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In this paper, an inventory model for production of a single article with an uneven manufacturing rate and manufacturing time subsidiary selling cost has been considered. The considered production inventory model is accepted to create perfect items in beginning however because of different elements, after some time the production begins diminishing exponentially with time, i.e., the variable production rate has been thought of. The demand is time subordinate. Initially up to certain time, production rate remains constant. But after some time, due to various factors, production will decrease. Therefore, the efficiency (E) of such factors must be increased to get more production which can maintain the production efficiency cost which has been applied. Considering this fact inverse efficiency λ has been introduced in production rate. By utilizing differential calculus, expected maximum profit has been resolved. The goal of the examination is to decide the ideal arrangement for a production framework that expands the total benefit subject to certain limitations viable. Results are examined by means of a mathematical example to outline the hypothesis.
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Brožek, Miroslav. "Managerial information system of the organization of the services." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060037.
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The aim of this work is creation conception proposal of information system. It is processed on the example of the firm making business on the czech market in the area of selling personal car of premium segment. On the basic of analysis external and internal environment was discovered a need of application of the new information communication technologies (ICT) and related reengineering changes. Submitted model ICT contains account modul, instore modul, servis modul, sales modul, special software of car company and modul e-commerce. Within the framework conception proposal of ICT arised modular arrangement of new environment to new built strategy, thereby this approach is new by classic concept, where exist strategy of firm and management of firm and to them is added as accelerating instrument of these processes information systems.
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HaiYan, Song, and Zhang Huan. "Research on Commodity Expectation Based on ABC Classification and Association Rules." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129202026.
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For some companies, sales means arranging goods and selling them on the shelves. This kind of arrangement of goods regardless of priority brings a lot of internal consumption to the enterprise. With the rapid development of the Internet and industry, many large companies have gradually established and improved their production and sales processes. The traditional ABC classification method can no longer meet this demand. The new method that can compensate for the traditional ABC classification method is particularly important. This article uses association rules to use the ABC classification method to study the expected budget of commodities, uses the Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms in the association rules to collect frequent itemsets of the acquired data, calculates the corresponding association rules, and then classifies the commodities with ABC.
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Rahmah, Ulya, and Endah Djuwendah. "Performance Analysis of Sustainable Agrotourism in Lebakmuncang Village." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v7i1.256.
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Agro-tourism in Lebakmuncang Village has a selling value in the form of natural potential, agriculture, arts, crafts, and traditional culinary processing typical of the village. This agro-tourism has the potential of a sustainable tourism object. The purpose of this research is to measure the performance of agro-tourism from the perspective of naturalness, uniqueness, workforce involvement, land-use optimization, area arrangement, and education. The research design used is descriptive quantitative with a survey method. Collecting data using observation, questionnaires, interviews, and literature studies. The research data were analyzed using descriptive analysis with a Likert scale. The results showed that agro-tourism performance on naturalness was in the very good category. Meanwhile, the performance of agro-tourism towards uniqueness, the involvement of labor, optimization of land use, zoning, and education are categorized as good.
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Nurmithasari, Nadya, and Pakhri Anhar. "PASAR TERPADU H. M. YUSI DI KANDANGAN." LANTING JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 9, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/lanting.v9i1.551.
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M. Yusi Market is a regional market development plan from the government to improve the trade sector in the South Hulu Sungai regency. Kandangan Market as the main market has been unable to be developed to accommodate the large number of traders and the market location provided is not maximally utilized by traders because of the uncomfortable atmosphere because the application of market prototypes is not in accordance with local community buying and selling behavior. The architectural problem solving that is right for the Integrated Market H. M. Yusi in Kandangan is a comfortable market design and in accordance with the buying and selling behavior of market users in Kandangan. Behavioral Architecture method is an approach used to solve architectural problems in the integrated market of H. M. Yusi in Kandangan, namely by approaching the relationship of human behavior to the architectural environment as a consideration of the application of designs that will lead to improvements in the architectural environment. The study method includes the analysis of merchant behavior, buyer behavior and the relationship of behavior of traders and buyers to be able to adjust the needs and behavior of market users. Hygienic and cultural is a concept used to solve the problems of the application of integrated market area buildings that are comfortable and in accordance with market user behavior and Paiwakan Market concept is focus on wet market. The concept is applied to the design of circulation arrangement, achievement, building mass, material, facade ornaments and building utility systems.
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Putra, I. Gede Wirabuana, Wayan Maba, I. Ketut Widnyana, and Anak Agung Ketut Sudiana. "THE MANAGEMENT MODEL OF MASCETI PURA TEMPLE AREA IN BALI AS A SPIRITUAL TOURISM DESTINATION BASED ON LOCAL WISDOM." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i2.2021.3653.
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Research on the management model of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination aims to identify the potential for tourism in the sacred area of the Masceti temple to be developed into a spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom, explore and study community attitudes, and formulate strategies for developing the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with data collection methods through observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. The results showed that the sacred area of Masceti temple has the potential for spiritual, cultural and natural tourism. Supporting facilities such as road access and additional services available in the area are included in the good category. The community's perceptions and attitudes agree with the development of the management of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom. Based on the I-E matrix, it is shown that the sacred area of the Masceti temple has strong internal and external conditions. The strategy in accordance with these conditions is a growth strategy. The SWOT analysis resulted in the following alternatives a) finalizing the planning of the arrangement of the Masceti temple sacred area and implementing sustainable arrangement, b) arranging the place for selling souvenirs, culinary delights and arranging the parking area, c) improving supporting facilities and infrastructure such as toilets, landfills, yoga places, meditation, holy bathing and construction of Hindu dormitories
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Kangile, Rajabu Joseph, Charles Peter Mgeni, Zena Theopist Mpenda, and Stefan Sieber. "The Determinants of Farmers’ Choice of Markets for Staple Food Commodities in Dodoma and Morogoro, Tanzania." Agriculture 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050142.
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Institutional and policy-induced factors affect farmers’ decisions on the choice of the market to sell their staple foods. This results in low motivation to participate in the production and agricultural commodities’ commercialization. This study determines specific institutional and policy-induced factors affecting the farmers’ decisions regarding the staple food market choice in Tanzania. The study uses household survey data collected from 820 farmers raising staple food crops (maize, rice, sorghum, and millet) randomly selected from the Dodoma and Morogoro regions, Tanzania. The index method, descriptive statistics, and choice model (multinomial logit model) are used for data analysis. Qualitative policy analysis is used for analyzing policy-induced factors. Findings show a low level of integration of farmers into staple food markets, with female-headed households facing more hurdles in accessing markets than male-headed households. Age, formal training, the value of agricultural production, membership in organizations, access to credit, contractual arrangements, and distance to markets are significant factors driving farmers to choose a particular market to sell their produces. Restriction of selling and use of staple food commodities, instability of food policy administration, and procedural operation obstacles are found to be key policy-induced factors affecting the marketing of staple food commodities in Tanzania. The scale of production, as depicted by the value of production, and supply contract arrangement with buyers are important factors to ensure that farming households excel in lucrative markets through increased economies of scale and the ability to reach critical volumes for supplying to various markets. Supporting market linkage and infrastructure, as well as enforcing transparent and non-restrictive food marketing policies, would help many farmers enter into contractual arrangements that increase market access and improve market choices.
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Qodariyah, Putri Fatimah, Muhamad Abdul Halim, and Nurlinah Nurlinah. "JINĀS DALAM KITAB FATHUL MU’IN KARYA AHMAD ZAINUDDIN ALFANNANI BAB (SHALAT, ZAKAT, PUASA, HAJI DAN UMRAH, JUAL BELI, DAN IJARAH) (KAJIAN ILMU BADĪ)." Hijai - Journal on Arabic Language and Literature 2, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/hijai.v2i1.6475.
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This research departs from the fact that the previous books contained many beauties, both in terms of lafadz and meaning. The Fathul Mu'in Book is one of the books written by Ahmad Zainuddin Alfannani, this book discusses the jurisprudence in this book is quite complete covering the chapter thaharah for jinayat or law. The book Fathul Mu'in is one of the books which is more the beauty of language in it, namely jin. Jinn language is the likeness of two lafadz in pronunciation, but the meaning is different. In this study discuss the analysis contained in the Book of Fathul Mu'in, and based on this background, the research is formulated as follows: 1) What is included in the Book of Fathul Mu'in by Ahmad Zainuddin Alfannani Chapter (Prayer, Zakat, Fasting) , Hajj and Umrah, buying and selling, and ijarah) The work of Ahmad Zainuddin Alfannani, 2) Any form of Jinapa which is included in the Book of Fathul Mu'in by Ahmad Zainuddin Alfannani Chapter (Prayer, Zakat, Fasting, Hajj and Umrah, buying and selling, and ijarah) The work of Ahmad Zainuddin Alfannani. This study uses descriptive analysis method, descriptive analysis method is done by describing the facts then followed by analysis. The descriptive method of analysis is not only eye-breaking, but also provides sufficient understanding and explanation of jinās in the Fathul Mu'in book by understanding Balāghah. After conducting the research, the researcher draws the results of the analysis, that the types and forms of Jinās contained in the Fathul Mu'in Chapter (Prayer, Zakat, Hajj and Umrah, buying and selling, ijarah) by Ahmad Zainuddin Bin Abdul Aziz Alfannani are: types Jinās, numbering 87 kinds of Jinās, which includes 7 types of Jinās, namely Jinās tām mumāsil, Jinās tām mustaufi, Jinās ghair tām naqis mudhōri ', Jinās tām, Jinās ghair tām naqis lāhi), Jinās ghair tām qolab kul, and Jinās ghair tām qolab ba'di kulk, and Form Jinās, totaling 145 forms, which consist of fi'il (verb) and isim (noun) arrangement. The fiil is fi'il Mādi and Fi'il Mudōri. The isim in the book is masdar isim, isim fa'il isim maf'ul and isim jamid.
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Hu, Wu-Yueh, Daniel Phaneuf, and Xiaoyong Zheng. "Quantifying the benefits associated with the use of alternative marketing arrangements by US farmers." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2011-0147.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to quantify the benefits to farmers from using alternative marketing arrangements (AMAs) in the USA. The authors first estimate a behavioral model explaining farmers' joint decisions on which commodities to produce and which marketing channels to use when selling their outputs. The authors then use the estimated model to quantify the benefits to farmers from using AMAs. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the discrete choice random utility maximization model to examine farmers' choices on production regimes, where a regime is defined as a possible combination of all the individual commodity/marketing arrangement channels that the farmer can choose to use. The farmer is assumed to compare the utilities he gets from each of the possible production regimes and then selects the production regime that yields the highest utility to him. The benefit of having access to a particular AMA is measured as the negative of the welfare loss associated with forcing the farmer to abandon that particular AMA. Findings – The results indicate that AMAs yield an economically significant amount of benefits to farmers who rely on them to market their outputs. At the national level, the benefit of using production contracts to hog farmers is valued at $336.4 million. The benefits of using marketing contracts are valued at $374.2, $156.6 and $92.1 million for corn, soybeans and wheat producers. Originality/value – The paper is the first study that uses the farm-level data to study the welfare effects of marketing contracts in the grain sector. The results show that considering a multi-enterprises farm, farmers' welfare loss might be smaller when the hog production contract is no longer existed.
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Selanno, Hendry. "The Role of the Civil Service Police Unit in Implementing Regional Regulation No. 10 of 2014 concerning the Arrangement of Street Vendors in Ambon City." Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik 9, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jiap.v9i2.11526.
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The main problem in this study is "How the Role of Civil Service Police Unit in Implementing Ambon City Regulation No. 10 of 2014 at Ambon City Mardika Market?". This study uses a single variable, which involved 41 respondents by including 3 indicators: (1). The role of Civil service police Unit in controlling street vendors, (2). The role of Civil service police Unit in the supervision of street vendors, (3). The role of Civil service police Unit in enforcing the law against street vendors. The results showed that: the average role of Civil service police Unit in the three indicators, namely: control, supervision, and law enforcement against street vendors was considered to be still not good and showed that the role of Civil service police Unit was not fully in implementing Regulation No.10 of 2014. Problems experienced by Civil service police Unit officers in implementing Regional Regulation No.10 2014 in the Ambon City Mardika market are the number of street vendors is increasing from time to time and also the lack of awareness of street vendors in maintaining environmental cleanliness and also compliance with applicable regulations and the absence of special locations provided by the government for street vendors selling.
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Dr. Sikandar Hussain Soomro, Roshan Ali Umrani, and Dr. Imdad Ali Khowaja. "Tax Avoidance in Pakistan: Drivers and Necessary Policy Interventions." Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 1, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss4-2020(146-156).
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Tax avoidance in Pakistan is extremely high, prompting a weakening in the monetary circumstance and an absence of arrangement of open administrations. The report breaks down four factors of expense resolve: sentiments of blame and disgrace; absence of trust in the administration; discernment about different residents who make good on assessments; and levels of set approvals, as factors of tax avoidance in the Republic of Pakistan. The work incorporates a review led through a poll disseminated among a deliberately chosen test of 400 salaried representatives to gather reactions that were dissected utilizing the t-test. The discoveries propose that the view of the utilization of cash, the components of disgrace, the impression of the consistent conduct of different residents, and the degree of authorizations influence tax avoidance. In any case, the factors of blame and view of defilement don't significantly affect shirking conduct. Some strategy mediation's to control the danger of tax avoidance have been proposed toward the finish of the archive. These approaches incorporate persuading citizens through strategies, for example, selling, forcing fines and punishments, and distributing the names of defaulters through the media and the duty office site.
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Shah, Syed Alamdar Ali, Raditya Sukmana, Bayu Arie Fianto, Muhammad Ali Ahmad, Indrianawati Usman Usman, and Waqar Ahmed Mallah. "Effects of Halal social media and customer engagement on brand satisfaction of Muslim customer." Journal of Islamic Marketing 11, no. 6 (November 18, 2019): 1671–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-06-2019-0119.
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Purpose The purpose of this research is to examine the factors that affect brand satisfaction of a Muslim customer who is making purchases from selling outlets on social media. Design/methodology/approach The study used a new mechanism of sampling for research studies relating to social media which. Further, we used hierarchical regression to analyze the moderation effects of religiosity. Findings The authors’ findings suggest that religiosity has moderation effects on the relationship between halal social media and brand satisfaction of a Muslim customer and even higher moderation effects on relationship between customer engagement and brand satisfaction of a Muslim customer. Research limitations/implications The respondents of this research are completely unknown as the data has been collected from google-docs link sharing arrangement. Practical implications This study identifies factors that need to be focused on winning the brand loyalty of a Muslim customer. Originality/value This study provides a new sampling methodology to be used for the purpose of studies related to social media, which has been labeled as “social-media disguised snow ball sampling”. Further, this study is one of the few studies in the area of “halal social media”.
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Kumari, Sunita. "Neo-bondage in the Brick Kiln Industry: A Case Study of Bihar." Social Change 48, no. 3 (September 2018): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718781687.
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As a result of acute landlessness and high unemployment, young people especially in rural India are compelled to take money in advance from kiln owners for their daily sustenance by selling their labour. This arrangement limits their mobility to look for other locations to work in. It also hinders their negotiating power regarding minimum wages and forces them to work in appalling conditions. A vicious debt trap sucks in these powerless workers, creating a situation known as neo-bondage. This article looks at the conditions that lead to a state of neo-bondage among brick kiln workers of rural Bihar. The study is based on a field survey of 345 brick kiln labourers working in 36 sites in Rohtas district of Bihar. The findings of the survey suggest that despite the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, debt bondage is a common phenomenon in this industry. Although the Act prohibits any advance transactions, in cash or kind, made by a creditor to a debtor, the law has not been implemented effectively essentially because of poor socio-economic development, chronic underemployment and a lack of awareness found particularly in rural India.
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Hermawati, Rina. "The Strategy of Street Vendors in Facing Local Government Policy. A Case of Street Vendor in Bandung." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review 2, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2017.2.1(5).
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Objective - The presence of street vendors in public places has emerged some problems, such as disordered situation, traffic jam and decreasing aesthetics of the city. In order to overcome the problems, Bandung have some policies issued such as relocation, arrangement and business loans. However, these policies never completely solve the street vendors problems. This research will describe the strategy of street vendors in retaining the existence of their selling place. Methodology/Technique - The research took place in Bandung using the qualitative approach. Bandung is one of the big city in Indonesia and also capital of west java province. The activity of data collection was conducted through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Findings - The result of the research shows that the strategy of street vendors in resisting the city government was conducted through various ways, both disguised and open ones. Both types of resistance were committed individually and collectively. Novelty - This article describes the tactics and strategies developed by the street vendors to face the government policy. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Street Vendors; Public Places; Public Policy; Resistance; Relocation. JEL Classification: P25, J48.
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Harianto, Anton, and Edvi Gracia Ardani. "STREET FOOD VENDORS’ HYGIENE AND SANITATION PRACTICE IN JAKARTA STREET FOOD COURTS (PUJASERA)." Ultima Management : Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/manajemen.v13i1.2058.
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Abstract- The existence of food street vendors in Jakarta Indonesia has been regulated by a Governor regulation for its improved management and arrangement in 2015. The food street vendors were unregulated and uncontrollable that disturb other street users, become organized with infrastructure support and empowerment plan from the government. The support structure from the local government is to construct food street courts to give basic facilities required for such business. The evolution from unregulated street vendors to a more organized locus for street vendors was supposed to be supported by empowerment. The study aims to investigate how food street vendors feels in facing the changes of business situation in general. For this purpose, a qualitative method with descriptive approach using observations and in-depth interview with the food street vendors. The findings of the research show that the food street vendors feel more confident in selling their food product whereas they have not implemented hygiene and sanitation as it is supposed to be. Thus, it is recommended to enhance the empowerment plan by looking at closely on the communication media to develop the capacity of the food street vendors.
Keywords: Food Hygiene; Micro Business; Street Food; Street Vendor Sanitation
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Singh, Sucheta, Sudha Jukaria, and A. K. Sharma. "Gender based participatory approach for sustainable small holder farming in developing countries." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.379.
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Dairying at the household level is largely the domain of women. They are contributing for more than 90% of household activities. In livestock management activities, males are contributing only about 10% in form of fodder arrangement, livestock management such as, vaccinations, artificial insemination and selling milk. Considering women’ participation in dairy production system, their different needs and widening gaps the need was felt to have a study on this aspect. The paper describes rationale and importance of the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach. The methodology involves the following sequential components: site selection, site description and categorization, planning for PRA, diffusion of results. In this paper, the planning and implantation of integrated interventions have been made to assess women empowerment in dairy production system and improve dairy productivity. The Neeli ravi breed of buffalo was giving higher yield of milk (average 8 liters per day) over the indigenous breed (average 6-7 liters per day). Among the cow the cross bred was giving an average milk yield of 10 lt/day which was more than the 5-6 lt/day given by the indigenous breed. The occurrence of diseases was mainly June to September and the management practices were carried before their onset in May-June only. But, it should be carried out throughout the year for various diseases. The matrix ranking of technology adoptions for buffalo breeds were found to be 34 points against the 26 points for the indigenous breeds.
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Khatun, R., MN Islam, MA Rashid, and S. Ahmed. "Rabbit production under intensive system in rural condition." Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research 19, no. 1-2 (January 21, 2016): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v19i1-2.26432.
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A total 20 (sixteen female and four male) growing rabbits aged 120 days have been distributed at each farmers level in 5 location of Bangladesh; F1 (Dhaka-Pollobi), F2 (Savar-Parbotinagor), F3 (Magura-Boralidhaho), F4 (Magura-Pannandualli), F5 (Magura-Radhanagor) to know the production response and cost effectiveness under intensive in rural condition. The rabbits were reared in their own arrangement. Age of sexual maturity, age of first kidding, percentage of does kidded, gestation period, litter size, weaning period, breeding ratio were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the locations. Feed cost per month was Tk. 903, Tk. 732, Tk. 772, Tk. 1221.96 and Tk. 976 for F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 respectively for 20 rabbits rearing. Monthly consumption of rabbit meat per family was 4.5kg, 3kg, 2.4 kg, 6.0 kg, in F1, F2, F3, and F5 respectively. Kid mortality (0-10 days) was significantly different (P<0.01) among the locations and this value was recorded 8.47%, 11.11%,12.00%, 8.82% and 13.11% in F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 respectively. Farmer earned some money by selling their rabbit which was Tk 10200, Tk7600, Tk8400, Tk12400 and Tk7200 /batch and can earn profit around the 49,564; 39,316; 38,536; 62,336 and 35,688 Tk/year in rearing (7batchs/year) 20 rabbit at in F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5, respectively. Rabbit production could be an important micro-livestock component to produce for meeting up extra demand of the country.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 107-111, Jan-Dec 2012
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Nurbudiyani, Iin, Endang Sri Suyati, and Arna Purtina. "Penyuluhan Kelompok Pedagang Kaki Lima melalui Kebersihan Lingkungan sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Ekonomi dan Kesehatan Masyarakat." PengabdianMu: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/pengabdianmu.v5i2.1145.
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When you hear the term Street Vendors (PKL), it comes to mind that conditions are slum, dirty, irregular, black, dirty, unhealthy, without tariffs on the price of food or drink menus. Then its existence disturbed the view, seized the sidewalks of the road so that it became the target and object of the order officers because it was selling on the side of the road which was not an area for sale. The police pursued to be disciplined, disappeared briefly appeared again, cat and mouse with trantib officers. Especially in the middle of the city, the protocol road, which is often for officials to pass guests or state guests. Street vendors on one side disturb the eyes, with carts that are worn, dirty, but their existence is needed by the community. They are often referred to as informal sector actors who remain vulnerable to the fluctuation of the dollar. The proof at the time of the company's financial crisis went bankrupt, but street vendors still exist to sell. Even employees who are laid off and laid off become street vendors. In Palangkaraya Street Vendors are almost biased to be found on every street corner, Perda No. 13 of 2009 which regulates the Arrangement, Ordering, and Supervision of Street Vendors seems to have not run optimally. Through this community service, we would like to participate in providing counseling on how beneficial it is to maintain and regulate the street vendors' environment as an effort to improve the economy and public health.
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Widihartanti, Theresia, Aniek Sulestiani, Titiek Indira Agustin, Nirmalasari Idha Wijaya, and Urip Prayogi. "INTEGRATED PROGRAMS (IP) PADA ROGRAM KEMITRAAN MASYARAKAT (PKM) DI UKM BUNDA SUKOLILO BARU, KECAMATAN BULAK, SURABAYA." Jurnal Layanan Masyarakat (Journal of Public Services) 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jlm.v4i1.2020.208-218.
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Sukolilo Baru is one of the tourist destination centers focused on selling dried and semi-finished fish products so that it is much sought after by tourists. However, the arrangement of processing rooms is far from adequate standards. Integrated Programs (IP) in the community service include (a) Tutorial on the cultivation of eggplant and sea cucumbers; (b) Tutorial on GMP; (c) Making crackers drying tools as appropriate technology. Drying crackers made from seafood still relies on sunlight and still uses space on the edges of the road. One of the tools needed is a weatherproof, eggplant and sea cucumber drying tool. This has become the foundation of the Faculty of Engineering and Marine Sciences of UHT to implement knowledge in its engineering field to make an effective drying tool by utilizing the limited land, which is above the storeroom of dried eggplant and sea cucumbers. By using the glass drying device, the drying time will be 3 days from 7-10 days, so that the effectiveness of the drying tool has been proven; (d) Arrangement of PIRT as the legality of the product for consumption. Thus, the Integrated Programs (IP) implemented by the FTIK community service team succeeded in improving the welfare of Sukolilo Baru, Surabaya.abstrakKelurahan Sukolilo Baru merupakan salah satu pusat tujuan wisata fokus pada penjualan produk ikan kering dan setengah jadi sehingga banyak diminati oleh wisatawan. Namun, penataan ruang pengolahan jauh dari standar memadai. Integrated Programs (IP) pada pengabdian kepada masyarakat tersebut meliputi (a) Tutorial tentang budidaya terung dan teripang; (b) Tutorial tentang GMP; (c) Pembuatan alat penjemur kerupuk sebagai teknologi tepat guna. Penjemuran bahan kerupuk berbahan baku hasil laut masih mengandalkan sinar matahari dan masih memakai ruang di pinggir-pinggir jalan. Salah satu alat yang dibutuhkan adalah alat penjemuran terung dan teripang basah yang tahan cuaca. Hal inilah yang menjadi landasan Fakultas Teknik dan Ilmu Kelautan UHT untuk mengimplementasikan pengetahuan dalam bidang tekniknya untuk membuat alat penjemur yang tepat guna dengan memanfaatkan lahan yang terbatas, yaitu di atas gudang penyimpanan terung dan teripang kering. Dengan menggunakan alat penjemur kaca tersebut, lama penjemuran menjadi 3 hari dari sebelumnya 7-10 hari, sehingga efektifitas alat penjemur tersebut telah terbukti; (d) Pengurusan PIRT sebagai legalitas produk untuk dikonsumsi. Dengan demikian, Integrated Programs (IP) yang dilaksanakan oleh tim Penmas FTIK berhasil dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan warga Kelurahan Sukolilo Baru, Surabaya.
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Malm, H. M. "Commodification or Compensation: A Reply to Ketchum." Hypatia 4, no. 3 (1989): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1989.tb00596.x.
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I defend the permissibility of paid surrogacy arrangements against the arguments Sara Ketchum advances in “Selling Babies and Selling Bodies.” I argue that the arrangements cannot be prohibited out of hand on the grounds that they treat persons as objects of sale, because it is possible to view the payments made in these arrangements as compensation for the woman's services. I also argue that the arguments based on exploitation and parental custodial rights fail to provide adequate grounds for prohibiting the arrangements.
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Branchini, Lisa, Andrea De Pascale, Francesco Melino, and Noemi Torricelli. "Optimum Organic Rankine Cycle Design for the Application in a CHP Unit Feeding a District Heating Network." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061314.
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Improvement of energy conversion efficiency in prime movers has become of fundamental importance in order to respect EU 2020 targets. In this context, hybrid power plants comprising combined heat and power (CHP) prime movers integrated with the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) create interesting opportunities to additionally increase the first law efficiency and flexibility of the system. The possibility of adding supplementary electric energy production to a CHP system, by converting the prime movers’ exhaust heat with an ORC, was investigated. The inclusion of the ORC allowed operating the prime movers at full-load (thus at their maximum efficiency), regardless of the heat demand, without dissipating not required high enthalpy-heat. Indeed, discharged heat was recovered by the ORC to produce additional electric power at high efficiency. The CHP plant in its original arrangement (comprising three internal combustion engines of 8.5 MW size each) was compared to a new one, involving an ORC, assuming three different layout configurations and thus different ORC off-design working conditions at user thermal part-load operation. Results showed that the performance of the ORC, on the year basis, strongly depended on its part-load behavior and on its regulation limits. Indeed, the layout that allowed to produce the maximum amount of ORC electric energy per year (about 10 GWh/year) was the one that could operate for the greatest number of hours during the year, which was different from the one that exhibited the highest ORC design power. However, energetic analysis demonstrated that all the proposed solutions granted to reduce the global primary energy consumption of about 18%, and they all proved to be a good investment since they allowed to return on the investment in barely 5 years, by selling the electric energy at a minimum price equal to 70 EUR/MWh.
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Legawantara, Made Erik Krismeina, Desak Gde Dwi Arini, and Luh Putu Suryani. "Akibat Hukum Perjanjian Jual Beli Hak Atas Tanah." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.1.1.2196.112-117.
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Sale and purchase is usually done by an agreement or what is known as a sale and purchase agreement, based on customary law a sale and purchase agreement is a real agreement, meaning that the delivery of the goods agreed upon is an absolute requirement fulfilled for the existence of an agreement. This research aims to find out about the arrangement of the land purchase agreement and find out the legal consequences of the land purchase agreement if there is a default. The method used in this research is the normative legal method with the statutory approach (satute aproach) and the conceptual approach. There are two types of data used, namely Primary (Laws and Regulations) as primary data and secondary data (sources of literature, books and research journals). Data analyzed are presented in the form of descriptions. Research results show that the sale and purchase rights of land rights are regulated in article 1457. The Civil Code which determines that buying and selling is an agreement between the buyer and the seller in an agreement where the legal terms of the agreement must meet subjective and objective conditions, with the consequence that the agreement is not can be canceled unilaterally because it must be implemented in good faith. Then, due to the Default Law for the Parties In Canceling the Deed of Agreement on the Sale and Purchase of Land Rights, it is regulated in Article 1366 of the Civil Code which stipulates that everyone is responsible not only for losses caused by his actions, but also for losses caused by negligence or indifference careful. Article 1366 of the Civil Code explains the responsibility of someone who has done harm to another person / other party, either because of his own actions or due to negligence and carelessness that causes other parties to suffer losses from him.
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Gil-GonzÁlez, Ana B., Andrea VÁzquez-Ingelmo, Fernando de la Prieta, Ana de Luis-Reboredo, and Alfonso GonzÁlez-Briones. "Patent retrieval architecture based on document retrieval. Sketching out the Spanish patent landscape." Logic Journal of the IGPL 28, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 558–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzz055.
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Abstract A patent is a property granted to any new shape, configuration or arrangement of elements, of any device, tool, instrument, mechanism or other object or part thereof, that allows for a better or different operation, use or manufacture of the object that incorporates it or that provides it with some utility, advantage or technical effect that it did not have before. As a document, a patent really is a title that recognizes the right to exploit the patented invention exclusively, preventing others from making, selling or using it without the consent of the owner. The fact of making a patent is motivated by the fact of promoting creativity, hindering competition in the market as only one person holds the patent, thus protecting the initial investment and fighting against plagiarism. Patents are available to the public for dissemination and general knowledge. It is generally recognized in the specialized literature that patents can be used as an indicator to calculate the results generated by research and development activities, being a very useful indicator to measure various social, economic or technological aspects. For this reason, it is of relevant interest to have tools or systems that allow us to obtain the patents developed in a specific period of time and to carry out analyses of various economic and social factors. These analyses can serve to obtain a social perspective of society’s progress in the technological field, and this is why an analysis of patents is of our interest. This paper proposes a platform specifically designed to obtain knowledge about patents as an indicator of Spanish social, economic or technological aspects. For this purpose, the platform retrieves, analyses and visualizes functionalities that represent data on the landscape of patents obtained from the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (OEPM) as a particular case of study.
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Rahman Wahid, Arif, and Paramita Atmodiwirjo. "Storyboard as a Representation of Urban Architectural Settings." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184107004.
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Narrative, as one of the closest aspect to human experience, is sometimes overlooked because of its subtlety with everyday life. The study of its representation, narratology, discusses the manner of selling space and time as a series of interconnected events instead of independent occurrences. It offers an interesting view in rethinking architecture, in particular, its representations. In architectural education, dialogue between the two fields will change the way the next generation architecture graduates tell their ideas. Current architecture schools should not be looked as factories that produce only future architects. It is proven by the fact that some, if not most, graduates will have jobs other than professional architects. They may work as set designers, filmmakers, artists, or invent their own field. Architecture schools, at their best, are more about how to ensure the students can perform spatial thinking and expressing their ideas through representation. All of these circumstances lead to the importance of multidisciplinary discourse in architecture education. This paper aims to explore the potential of storyboarding practice in Basic Design 2 studio as part of architectural education at University of Indonesia. Adopting a narrative element, storyboard in this studio is used to read urban architectural settings and retell everyday life events; scene by scene, unfold in space and time, through different kinds of creative representations. By doing this exercise, the students ‘sense of spatial arrangement is developed by their understanding of position and orientation of objects settings. They also learned about how the time works; both in compressed or expanded ways. Decision-making in choosing the key events within the storyboard plays a role in making engaging visuals. In conclusion, storyboarding exercise to represent urban architectural settings will enhance the students ‘sensitivity of space, time, and how their ideas are being told by making a rich, multi-layers of narrative.
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Sasmita, Ni Putu Ayu Bunga, and I. Wayan Novy Purwanto. "PENERAPAN ASAS KONSENSUALISME DALAM PERJANJIAN JUAL BELI ONLINE." Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ks.2020.v08.i08.p02.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untukemahami bagaimanakah pengaturan jual beli online dalam hukum di Indonesia dan bagaimanakah aspek hukum jual beli secara online dalam perjanjian. Penelitian ini, menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Sedangkan pendekatan yang digunakan adalah menggunakan pendekatan fakta dan statute approach. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengaturan mengenai jual beli secara online diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 18 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, yang mana sebagai penerapan pasal 1313 KUHPerdata. Para pihak yang mengadakan perjanjian bisa menerapkan KUHPerdata yang jadi dasar diakui sahnya perjanjian dimana keabsahannya tercantum syarat 1320 KUHPerdata yakni: kecakapan, kesepakatan, suatu sebab yang halal dan suatu hal tertentu.Sedangkan penerapan asas Konsensualisme dalam perjanjian online yang didasarkan oleh ketentuan dalam Pasal 1313 KUHPerdata yang menegaskan bahwa adanya suatu perjanjian berarti pihak satu dengan pihak lainnya setuju untuk mengikatkan dirinya.
This study aims to understand how the online arrangement in the sale and purchase agreement and how the legal aspects of buying and selling online in the agreement. This research uses normative legal research methods. While the approach used is to use the fact approach and statute approach. The results of this study indicate that the regulation regarding online trading is regulated in the provisions of Article 18 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, which is the legal basis for applying article 1313 of the Civil Code. The parties who entered into the agreement can apply the KUHPer which is the basis for the validity of the agreement where the validity is stated in the terms of the 1320 KUHPer, namely: skill, agreement, a halal cause and a certain thing. While the application of the principle of consensualism in an online agreement based on the provisions in Article 1313 of the KUHPer which confirms that an agreement means that one party with another party agrees to bind themselves.
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Rustan, Edhy, and Subhan Subhan. "KOMUNIKASI VERBAL ANAK PESISIR USIA 7-8 TAHUN PADA TRANSAKSI PENJUALAN PRODUK KEBUDAYAAN DENGAN TURIS MANCANEGARA." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009//jpud.121.02.
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This study aims to obtain a description of children’s second language verbal communication skills aged 7-8 years in the activity of buying and selling transactions with foreign tourists. This research was conducted in South Coastal Coast of Central Lombok Regency of West Nusa Tenggara. This research is a qualitative study of case study by Milles and Hubberman model data analysis technique with four stages of interalain analysis (1) data collection, (2) data reduction, (3) data display and (4) drawing conclusion. The results of this study indicate that the verbal communication skills of coastal children are obtained partially covering three linguistic components; vocabulary, shipping and grammatical arrangement. The process of acquiring verbal communication skills is influenced by two factors, namely family pressure and self-exposure of children to the coastal tourism environment that encourages children to sell cultural products to foreign tourists. For these purposes, coastal children use two common patterns of second language verbal communication, ie direct verbal communication patterns (spoken word) and indirect verbal communication patterns (writing word).
Keyword: Verbal communication skill, Children aged 7-8 years.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memeroleh gambaran kemampuan komunikasi verbal bahasa kedua anak usia 7-8 tahun dalam kegiatan transaksi jual beli dengan turis mancanegara. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pesisir Pantai Selatan Kabupaten Lombok Tengah Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dengan teknik analisis data model Milles dan Hubberman dengan empat tahapan analisis yang meliputi (1) pengumpulan data, (2) reduksi data, (3) display data, dan (4) penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan komunikasi verbal anak pesisir pantai cenderung diperoleh secara parsial; mencakup tiga komponen kebahasaan antaralain kosakata, pelafalan dan susunan gramatikal. Adapun proses pemerolehan kemampuan komunikasi verbal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu tekanan keluarga dan ekspos diri anak pada lingkungan pariwisata pantai yang mendorong anak untuk berjualan produk-produk kebudayaan kepada para turis mancanegara. Untuk kepentingan tersebut, anak pesisir pantai menggunakan dua pola umum komunikasi verbal bahasa kedua, yaitu pola komunikasi verbal langsung (spoken word) dan pola komunikasi verbal tidak langsung (writing word).
Kata Kunci: kemampuan komunikasi verbal, anak usia 7-8 tahun
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Walker, Patricia. "Buying in and Selling out‐‐quality issues in international student contracting arrangements." Quality in Higher Education 5, no. 3 (November 1999): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353832990050305.
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Hartmann, Nathaniel N., Heiko Wieland, and Stephen L. Vargo. "Converging on a New Theoretical Foundation for Selling." Journal of Marketing 82, no. 2 (March 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.16.0268.
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This article demonstrates that the sales literature is converging on a systemic and institutional perspective that recognizes that selling and value creation unfold over time and are embedded in broader social systems. This convergence illustrates that selling needs a more robust theoretical foundation. To contribute to this foundation, the authors draw on institutional theory and service-dominant logic to advance a service ecosystems perspective. This perspective leads them to redefine selling in terms of the interaction between actors aimed at creating and maintaining thin crossing points—the locations at which service can be efficiently exchanged for service—through the ongoing alignment of institutional arrangements and the optimization of relationships. This definition underscores how broad sets of human actors engage in selling processes, regardless of the roles that characterize them (e.g., firm, customer, stakeholder). A service ecosystems perspective reveals (1) that selling continues to be an essential activity, (2) how broader sets of actors participate in selling processes, and (3) how this participation may be changing. It leads to novel insights and questions regarding gaining and maintaining business, managing intrafirm and broad external selling actors, and sales performance.
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Nugraha, Danang Prasetya, and Jawade Hafidz. "PENGGUNAAN SURAT KETERANGAN DOMISILI DALAM PENGATURAN HUKUM KEPEMILIKAN TANAH ABSENTE BERKAITAN DENGAN PRAKTEK JUAL-BELI TANAH DI WILAYAH KANTOR TANAH KABUPATEN GROBOGAN." Jurnal Akta 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v4i2.1784.
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The use of the Certificate of Domicile in the process of sale of Agricultural Land Sale, can be negative in the absence of land ownership of agricultural land whose owner is located outside the subdistrict area of the land where the writer wishes to study more in whether in the implementation of the use of the certificate of domicile has been in accordance with the provisions of its enforcement, so the author formulated some of the first issues in how the use of a certificate of domicile in terms of sale of agricultural land if the buyer is domiciled outside the subdistrict of the purchased agricultural land, the second is how the legal consequence of the use of Domicile Certificate in the absence of sale of agricultural land.In the approach the writer uses is a juridical-empirical approach. the juridical approach is used to analyze the rules related to Domicile Litigation in the legal arrangement of Absente Land Ownership in relation to the practice of sale and purchase at the Land Office of Grobogan Regency, while the empirical approach used to analyze the existing law is seen as the behavior of people patterned on the life of society who always interact and deal with social aspects.In the result of the research on the first problem it can be concluded that in the implementation of sale of agricultural land (absente) by using domicile certificate that is not in accordance with ID card is not allowed in the rule of law which is in effect as opposed to Article 10 of Agrarian Basic Law year 1960, so the use of the certificate of domicile should correspond to the original domicile, and is understood to be the real settlement for settlement, while the second problem can be drawn to the conclusion that the legal consequences in the use of a domicile certificate that does not correspond to the original residence in the case of sale buy agricultural land, making the transfer of the right to the land office becomes ineffective because it does not comply with the administrative requirements of national regulation No. 1 of 2010, as well as transfers of agricultural land purchase rights using non-compliant landlords t the real can be null and void. Keywords: Domicile, Selling, Absentee Certificate
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Menegaes, Janine Farias, Fernanda Alice Antonello Londero Backes, Rogério Antônio Bellé, and Rogério Luiz Backes. "Diagnóstico do mercado varejista de flores de Santa Maria, RS." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 3 (December 22, 2015): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v21i3.629.
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The present study aimed to diagnose the flowers retail market and ornamental plants in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, by means of a research in loco, from January to June of 2013, based on questionnaires and interviews applied to the managers of the establishment, as well as of an application of a visual and phytosanitary scale to other establishments that sell flowers and ornamental plants, such as agricultural shops, fairs of horticultural products, supermarkets and providers of funeral services - cemeteries and funeral homes. The diagnosis aims to know the steps of the dynamics observed from the market of flowers until the final consumer, and to segment the types of floricultures, distinguishing them according to the commercial focus — floricultures of arrangements and bouquets, and producing flowers and landscape floricultures. Based on the diagnosis it can be concluded that the Santa Maria retail flowers and ornamental plants follows the national trend of floral arrangements and bouquets shops, with the increase of the companies focused on landscaping and gardening. Among the most marketed plants are the rose as the best-selling cut flower, the begonia as potted flower, the fern for foliage arrangements, the cactus as potted plant, the raffia as garden plant and the pansy as the best-selling plant in boxes.
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Marks, Denton, and David M. Welsch. "Asking prices, selling prices, and anchoring effects." International Journal of Wine Business Research 27, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-01-2014-0005.
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Purpose – Commercial auctions of cultural goods are typically brokerage arrangements where potential buyers may consider pre-sale estimates (PSEs) in bidding. The economic theory suggests that PSEs should provide honest guidance – winning bids should, on average, equal PSEs – but available research from fine art and antique auctions finds otherwise. The authors examine this relationship for commercial auctions of fine wine – items which, unlike fine art and antiques, are widely traded so that bidders may more knowledgably interpret PSEs. Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the relationship of PSEs to winning bids econometrically for an iconic wine widely traded in several Chicago wine auctions, a novel setting for this analysis. Findings – The relationship of winning bids to PSEs differs significantly between two neighboring auction houses, perhaps reflecting differences in how they do business; neither’s PSEs have a straightforward relationship to winning bids; PSEs have an influence on winning bids independent of a lot’s characteristics, reflecting perhaps an anchoring effect; the analysis suggests broad bidding strategies (with counter-strategies implied) and might guide auction house lot selection and ownership if more complete data became available. Originality/value – The role and reliability of PSEs in auctions of other cultural goods, representing most of the literature, has limited application to auctions of fine wine whose markets differ categorically from those of other cultural goods.
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Katz, Lawrence F., and Alan B. Krueger. "The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015." ILR Review 72, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 382–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918820008.
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To monitor trends in alternative work arrangements, the authors conducted a version of the Contingent Worker Survey as part of the RAND American Life Panel in late 2015. Their findings point to a rise in the incidence of alternative work arrangements in the US economy from 1995 to 2015. The percentage of workers engaged in alternative work arrangements—defined as temporary help agency workers, on-call workers, contract workers, and independent contractors or freelancers—rose from 10.7% in February 2005 to possibly as high as 15.8% in late 2015. Workers who provide services through online intermediaries, such as Uber or TaskRabbit, accounted for 0.5% of all workers in 2015. Of the workers selling goods or services directly to customers, approximately twice as many reported finding customers through off-line intermediaries than through online intermediaries.
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IBRAHIM, NURIJAH, Prof Triono Eddy, and Dr Mahmud Mulyadi. "KAJIAN HUKUM PIDANA TERHADAP NOTARIS YANG MEMBUAT PERJANJIAN PENGIKATAN TANPA DISERTAI SURAT-SURAT BUKTI KEPEMILIKAN (Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 1362/Pid.B/2019/PN Jkt.Utr)." JURNAL ILMIAH ADVOKASI 9, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jiad.v9i1.2064.
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In practice, buying and selling transactions must meet the requirements according to legal provisions, especially now that there are many buying and selling problems that result in the emergence of disputes that cause losses incurred by the seller and the buyer as well as the notary as the deed maker. The problem in this research is to research and analyze the arrangements in making the Sale and Purchase Deed (PPJB), criminal forms related to the position of a notary in making the Sale and Purchase Deed and criminal law analysis of the Notary who makes the Sale and Purchase Deed) without being accompanied proof of ownership letters in decision Number 1362 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN Jkt.Utr.Keywords: Criminal Law, Notary, Binding Agreement
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Anderson, Paul, Fatima Fiandeiro, and Keshav Choudhary. "The assessment of joint purchasing: Can too much ‘buying power’ ever be a problem." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 4, no. 3 (August 31, 2011): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v4i2.369.
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The creation of ‘buying power’ through joint purchasing agreements is often seen as positive, with direct benefits for consumers in the form of lower prices. Even where joint purchasing agreements lead to the creation of a monopsonist, economic theory suggests that the welfare effects of monopsony power depend greatly on the market context, with some economists proposing that the probability of harm in cases involving monopsony power is considerably lower than in cases of a monopoly. Despite this view, section 4(1)(b) of the South African Competition Act classifies the ‘fixing of a purchase or selling price or any other trading condition’ by competitors as a per se prohibition. This implies that from a legal perspective purchasing agreements may be afforded the same draconian treatment as selling cartels. This paper considers whether this potentially punitive treatment of joint buying arrangements under section 4(1)(b) is warranted and indeed whether the equivalent treatment of joint buying and selling agreements under this section of the Act is appropriate.
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Marks-Bielska, Renata, and Karolina Babuchowska. "Chosen Institutional Arrangements in Trading of Agricultural Land of the State Treasury in Poland." Oeconomia Copernicana 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2013.024.
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This paper discusses the problem of state trading of agricultural land, for which is responsible a state institution – the Agency of Agricultural Real Estates (AARE). The legal conditions and effects of activity were to present. Analysis was based on selected literature, data from the AARE and appropriate legal acts. In essence, the intervention of the Agency on the farmland market involves giving preference, when selling farmland, to people with adequate qualifications who run family farms. The distinguishing feature of the regional branch of the Agency in Warmia and Mazury is the considerable share of state-owned farmland found in this region in the past.
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Katsikea, Evangelia S., Marios Theodosiou, Robert E. Morgan, and Nikolaos Papavassiliou. "Export Market Expansion Strategies of Direct-Selling Small and Medium-Sized Firms: Implications for Export Sales Management Activities." Journal of International Marketing 13, no. 2 (June 2005): 57–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.13.2.57.64856.
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The authors use punctuated equilibrium theory as a framework to help explain potential differences in the export sales management arrangements between firms that adopt an export market expansion strategy of either market concentration or market spreading. On the basis of a thorough review of the extant literature, the authors identify certain export sales managers’ characteristics and behavior, export sales behavioral control, and satisfaction with export sales territory design as potential discriminators between these two groups of direct exporting firms. Consistent with the hypotheses, in general, the authors find that the tenets of punctuated equilibrium theory hold for the sample of small and medium-sized U.K. exporters. In addition, the results indicate that export market expansion strategy has important implications for a firm's export sales management arrangements. The authors discuss the findings and outline implications for business practitioners and further research.
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Suantra, I. Nengah, and Made Nurmawati. "Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelanggaran atas Ketentuan Perizinan Toko Swalayan di Wilayah Provinsi Bali." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2019.v08.i02.p04.
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The Self-service shop developing into the countryside, however there are those who do not have licenses and violated licensing regulation. Therefore, violations of law were identified and analyzed by supermarkets, and law enforcement by SATPOL PP against these violations. Research uses normative legal research methods; the approach is the legislative approach, concepts, and philosophy. Data sources consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials and the results of interviews with informants. The arrangement of the Self-service shop’s licenses is performed with Local Regulation, Regent Regulation, Regulation of Mayor, and/or the Mayor's Decision, the Mayor's Instructions and Regent's Circular Letter. Klungkung District does not have a regulation for supermarket yet. The legality of the Self-service shop is in the form of IUTS/IUTM, IUPP, DUTS, and DUPP. Tabanan and Klungkung District use SIUP and TDP. The law infringement of the Self-service shop is: violation of working time, distance of location, not having an IUTS, not applying a new license application in moving the location, and selling liquor. The law enforcement conducted by providing verbal warning, written warning, founding, applying for the licenses, and/or business suspension. The legality of the Self-service shop must use IUTS, and Klungkung District immediately formed regulation for the Self-service shop are. The un-licensed Self-service shop are monitored and evaluated continuously and identified the licenses that have been issued. Law enforcement for unlicensed and illegal Self-service shops that are permitted to be done explicitly and consistently so as not to cause injustice in society.
Toko swalayan menjamur hingga ke pedesaan, namun ada yang tidak berizin, dan melanggar ketentuan perizinan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa pelanggaran hukum oleh toko swalayan, dan penegakan hukum oleh SATPOL PP terhadap pelanggaran tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif; pendekatannya yaitu pendekatan perundang-undangan, konsep, dan filsafat. Sumber data terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier serta hasil wawancara dengan informan. Pengaturan izin toko swalayan dilakukan dengan Perda, Perbup, Perwali, dan/atau Keputusan Walikota, Instruksi Walikota dan Surat Edaran Bupati. Kabupaten Klungkung belum memiliki Perda toko swalayan. Legalitas toko swalayan berbentuk IUTS/IUTM, IUPP, DUTS, dan DUPP. Kabupaten Tabanan dan Klungkung menggunakan SIUP dan TDP. Pelanggaran hukum toko swalayan yaitu: pelanggaran jam kerja, jarak lokasi, tidak memiliki IUTS, tidak mengajukan permohonan izin baru dalam memindahkan lokasi, dan menjual minuman beralkohol. Penegakan hukum dilakukan dengan memberikan peringatan lisan, tertulis, pembinaan, mengajukan izin, dan/atau pembekuan usaha. Legalitas toko swalayan supaya menggunakan IUTS, dan Kabupaten Klungkung segera membentuk Perda toko swalayan. Toko swalayan yang tidak berizin supaya dimonitoring dan dievaluasi secara berkelanjutan serta diidentifikasi izin yang sudah terbit. Penegakan hukum terhadap toko swlayan yang tidak berizin dan yang melanggar izin supaya dilakukan secara tegas dan konsisten agar tidak menimbulkan ketidakadilan dalam masyarakat.
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Juško-Štekele, Angelika. "MARKET PHENOMENON IN THE CULTURE OF LATGALE." Via Latgalica, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2012.4.1685.
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<p>The article aims to characterize the market as cultural phenomenon in Latgale, particular type of social communication with sustainable, traditionally consolidated functions and branched semantics. For characteristics of the market basically the phenomenological approach is used by updating specifics of the market as a phenomenon of cognition in Latgale. For this purpose a wide range of diverse sources is used, providing reflection of both individual and collective cognition – folklore, periodicals, fiction, cultural and historical essays. Apart from that also the semantically cognitive approach is used, with an emphasis on nominative density, etymology and contextual semantics of lexemes belonging to the semantic field of market. Market phenomenon in this article is reviewed as three thematic blocks – attitude towards market, selling and traders, market mega-system and, finally, functional load of the market.</p><p>Attitude towards the market, traders and trading as a type of economic activity has not been uniform in Latgale. With livestock breeding and farming becoming stronger, trade invariably serves as a tool for exchange of the surplus of goods produced in natural economy for the missing goods. Negative attitude towards trade and trader’s profession develops, when Jews are starting to trade in Latgale, by performance of intermediary and dealer functions. From the beginning of 19th century under influence of periodicals, the trade as a type of economic activity is rehabilitated among Latgalians, which is confirmed by folkloric materials and statistical data.</p><p>Market in the terms of place for selling in Latgale is becoming topical as regards its location, calendar, the market square layout, traders, ritual elements of marketing and a general atmosphere inherent to the market. Traditionally a market developed in more densely populated and well accessible places. In their establishing local estate managers were playing their roles, however as far as 40-ties of the 20th century location, attendance and calendar of the market in Latgale, was mainly determined by a tradition to arrange a market together with the church festivities. Like in former times, also today, coexistence of the church and the market promotes thinking about the balance of spiritual and material values, which is analyzed mainly by periodicals.</p><p>The market has always been distinguished with surprising regularity. In Latgale usually there were annual, monthly, and weekly markets. The names were formed according to the church holiday, dominant goods, market participants. Phenomenal nature of the market is acknowledged by their spontaneous organisation, even disregarding the government regulations. In this respect already during 30-ies of the 20th century Viļāni and Kārsava were distinguishable also these days maintaining the tradition of widely attended monthly market.</p><p>Marketplace as the most important part of the market mega-system has been established in the cognition not only as a marketing, but also as a venue of different cultural and social processes. Substantial factors for understanding of the marketing is improvement of the market area, the offer of goods, diversity of traders. Designations and arrangement of market place presents both a bright national colour and impact of foreign cultures (notably Polish, Russian). Varied supply of goods and bargaining possibility to the present day is specifying the market when compared with other trading venues. All these elements constitute market as the place of convergence of various historical, political and socio-economic developments to signal of all the topical events both in the social life and in the life or particular individuals.</p><p>In the public mind the market has been established also as an essential factor strengthening and even forming the family ties, since up to the middle of the 20th century, the market was the place and reason for meeting of closer and more distant relatives. The market was the place brides were selected, wedding jewellery was purchased. Market lexicon (for example, bride’s purchase, ‘bariši’) has entered also the wedding rituals.</p><p>Since the market is increasingly connected to a large number of people, it has been and still is used also for socio-political purposes: marketplaces have been areas of demonstrations, moots. Political parties address their electorates in the market both at the beginning of the 20th century and today. During the Second World War years, the marketplace was also used as a public place for punishment.</p><p>Perception of the market as a phenomenon has not decreased, it has become a singular identity factor and represents traditions and culture of Latgale both in other areas of Latvia and abroad.</p>
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Sadowski, Jathan, and Roy Bendor. "Selling Smartness: Corporate Narratives and the Smart City as a Sociotechnical Imaginary." Science, Technology, & Human Values 44, no. 3 (October 16, 2018): 540–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243918806061.
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This article argues for engaging with the smart city as a sociotechnical imaginary. By conducting a close reading of primary source material produced by the companies IBM and Cisco over a decade of work on smart urbanism, we argue that the smart city imaginary is premised in a particular narrative about urban crises and technological salvation. This narrative serves three main purposes: (1) it fits different ideas and initiatives into a coherent view of smart urbanism, (2) it sells and disseminates this version of smartness, and (3) it crowds out alternative visions and corresponding arrangements of smart urbanism. Furthermore, we argue that IBM and Cisco construct smart urbanism as both a reactionary and visionary force, plotting a model of the near future, but one that largely reflects and reinforces existing sociopolitical systems. We conclude by suggesting that breaking IBM’s and Cisco’s discursive dominance over the smart city imaginary requires us to reimagine what smart urbanism means and create counter-narratives that open up space for alternative values, designs, and models.
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Schmidtz, David. "AN ANATOMY OF CORRUPTION." Social Philosophy and Policy 35, no. 02 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052519000062.
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Which social arrangements have a history of fostering progress and prosperity? One quick answer, falsely attributed to Adam Smith, holds that we are guided as if by an invisible hand to do what builds the wealth of nations. A more sober answer, closer to what Smith said and believed, is thatifthe right framework of rules—plus decent officiating—steers us away from buying and selling monopoly privilege and steers us toward being valuable to the people around us, we indeed will be part of the engine that drives human progress and the wealth of nations.
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Hoffmann, Sebastian, and Stephen P. Walker. "Adapting to Crisis: Accounting Information Systems during the Weimar Hyperinflation." Business History Review 94, no. 3 (2020): 593–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680520000550.
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German corporations are characterized as having been adaptable in the face of numerous traumatizing events during the twentieth century. This article explores how firms adapted their accounting information systems during the hyperinflation of the 1920s. It suggests that responses to the crisis focused on system elements identified as key to continuing operations. Initially, firms amended selling and purchasing arrangements, modified financial reporting, and shifted managerial reporting to nonmonetary information. As inflation accelerated, human resources were diverted to maintaining critical functions, especially those related to remunerating labor. While some elements of accounting systems fell into disrepair, there were also examples of innovation.
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Merrett, David Tolmie, and Simon Ville. "Accounting for Nonconvergence in Global Wool Marketing before 1939." Business History Review 89, no. 2 (2015): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680515000641.
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From the mid-nineteenth century, raw wool became a global commodity as new producing countries in the Southern Hemisphere supplied the world's growing textile industries in the North. The selling practices of these big-five exporters—Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, and Uruguay—ranged from auction through a hybrid of auction and private sale to exclusively private sale. We explore why these countries persisted with different marketing arrangements, contradicting two streams of literature on institutions: isomorphism and the new institutional economics. The article makes several important contributions through blending distinct branches of theory and by focusing on the international constraints to convergence in an earlier period of globalization.
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Teja Santi, Ni Luh Diah Febriyani. "Perlindungan Hukum Kepentingan Para Pihak dalam Transaksi Online." Acta Comitas 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ac.2019.v04.i03.p13.
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E-Commerce is now a new business model that is increasingly loved by the people of Indonesia. Internet support that makes business patterns loved for reasons of convenience offered. The change in the way transactions in the business world into the virtual world has given birth to various new legal problems. The action is not safe because it still has some weaknesses so this research tries to formulate and answer several problems, namely how is the mechanism and arrangement of transactions using online media and how is the protection of the interests of the parties in online transactions. The method used in this study is a normative method supported by a statutory approach and a conceptual and analytical approach. The results of this study indicate that the mechanism of buying and selling agreements using online through an intermediary or business actor where the prospective buyer must first enter the business actor's website and then have been accepted as a member of the intermediary or business actor, the next step is allowed to see the catalog of goods and then make a transaction. And legal protection for the parties including: Legal protection for merchants emphasizes payment, the merchant requires customers to make payments in full, then confirms payment, and the next step is to deliver goods that have been purchased, legal protection for customers is under warranty i.e. return or exchange of goods if the goods received are not like what was purchased and Privacy. Legal protection in online transactions is not only given by one legal aspect, but by a legal system that is able to provide simultaneous and comprehensive protection.
E-Commerce atau yang disebut transaksi online dewasa ini menjadi model bisnis baru yang semakin digandrungi oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Dukungan internet yang membuat pola bisnis digandrungi karena alasan kemudahan yang ditawarkan. Adanya perubahan cara transaksi dalam dunia bisnis ke dalam dunia virtual telah melahirkan berbagai masalah hukum baru. Tindakan tersebut tidaklah aman sebab masih memiliki beberapa kelemahan sehingga penelitian ini mencoba untuk merumuskan dan menjawab beberapa permasalahan yaitu Bagaimanakah mekanisme dan pengaturan transaksi dengan menggunakan media online dan Bagaimanakah perlindungan terhadap kepentingan para pihak dalam transaksi online. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode normatif dengan didukung oleh pendekatan perundang-undangan serta pendekatan konseptual dan analisis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perjanjian jual beli dengan menggunakan online melalui perantara atau pelaku usaha dimana calon pembeli, pertama harus memasuki website pelaku usaha dan kemudian telah diterima menjadi anggota perantara atau pelaku usaha, langkah selanjutnya diperkenankan melihat katalog barang serta kemudian melakukan transaksi dan perlindungan hukum untuk para pihak diantaranya: Perlindungan hukum terhadap merchant menekankan pada pembayaran, merchant mewajibkan customer untuk melaksanakan pembayaran secara lunas, selanjutnya dilakukan konfirmasi pembayaran, dan tahap berikutnya adalah melakukan pengiriman barang-barang yang telah dibeli, Perlindungan hukum untuk customer berada pada garansi yaitu pengembalian atau penukaran barang apabila barang yang diterima tidak seperti apa yang dibeli dan Privacy.Perlindungan hukum dalam traansaksi online tidak hanya diberikan oleh satu aspek hukum saja melainkan oleh suatu sistem hukum yang mampu memberikan perlindungan yang simultan dan komprehensif.