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1
Manor, Ruth. "Pragmatic considerations in semantic analyses." Pragmatics and Cognition 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.3.2.03man.
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In this paper I argue against a sharp separation of semantics from pragmatics. While it may be useful to consider semantics independently of pragmatics, in some cases this strategy may lead us astray. First, I make a methodological point. Competing semantic analyses are often presented as supported by competing semantic intuitions of native speakers. Functional considerations are pragmatic considerations which should affect our choice of semantics. These are inferences from the linguistic goals the speakers actually achieve to the meanings their expressions must therefore have. Second, there are linguistic expressions whose semantic (literal) meaning is a function of their pragmatic uses. I consider two examples. First, the logicians' debate over the universal analysis of conditionals in natural language. The participants in the debate all ignore conditional forms other than the assertoric and subjunctive. In particular they ignore the conditional speech-act reading. The meaning of the conditional is related to its function: to restrict the commitment of a given speech-act to special conditions. A functional proof of the existence of such conditionals (even in the assertoric mood) is given, thus showing that the different semantics account only for part of the relevant facts. The second example concerns vague terms. I claim that one of their main uses is to help us identify objects by reference not to their absolute properties but relative to their background. This function cannot be performed by the use of non-vague terms. Vague terms are context dependent and may in some contexts be used non-vaguely and refer to distinct objects in the discourse domain. In a way, what these terms end up denoting is a function of the use of predicates to partition a given domain.
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Peng, Yuhai. "Metaphorical Analyses of Russian Verbs of Thinking Activity Meaning." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(3).244-255.
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The study of cognitive semantics of verbs is an important topic in contemporary linguistics. Taking Russian metaphorical thinking meaning verbs as the object, this article discusses the cognitive semantics of verbs. First of all, the paper combs out the subconscious thinking activity verbs derived from the metaphors of prototype actions of volitional and non volitional activities, and the autonomous thinking activity verbs from the prototype action metaphor of will activity; then focusing on the cognitive similarity and semantic violation, the article separately analyses the metaphorical semantic derivation of these two kinds of thinking activity, meanwhile, it correspondingly discusses the problem of polysemy of Russian verbs. Relevant research will be helpful to further investigate the metaphorical performance and mechanism of the unique thinking activity verbs, at the same time, it is beneficial to promote the theoretical exploration of semantic derivation of Russian polysemous verbs. The relevant study will be helpful to further investigate the cognitive semantic attributes and operational characteristics of Russian verbs with metaphorical thinking meaning, and it is beneficial to promote the research of lexical semantic theory of Russian language on the cognitive level.
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WANG, YINGXU. "ON FORMAL AND COGNITIVE SEMANTICS FOR SEMANTIC COMPUTING." International Journal of Semantic Computing 04, no. 02 (June 2010): 203–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x10000833.
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Semantics is the meaning of symbols, notations, concepts, functions, and behaviors, as well as their relations that can be deduced onto a set of predefined entities and/or known concepts. Semantic computing is an emerging computational methodology that models and implements computational structures and behaviors at semantic or knowledge level beyond that of symbolic data. In semantic computing, formal semantics can be classified into the categories of to be, to have, and to do semantics. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of formal and cognitive semantics for semantic computing in the fields of computational linguistics, software science, computational intelligence, cognitive computing, and denotational mathematics. A set of novel formal semantics, such as deductive semantics, concept-algebra-based semantics, and visual semantics, is introduced that forms a theoretical and cognitive foundation for semantic computing. Applications of formal semantics in semantic computing are presented in case studies on semantic cognition of natural languages, semantic analyses of computing behaviors, behavioral semantics of human cognitive processes, and visual semantic algebra for image and visual object manipulations.
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Goddard, Cliff, and Anna Wierzbicka. "NSM analyses of the semantics of physical qualities." Studies in Language 31, no. 4 (August 14, 2007): 765–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.31.4.03god.
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All languages have words, such as English hot and cold, hard and soft, rough and smooth, and heavy and light, which attribute qualities to things. This paper maps out how such descriptors can be analysed in the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) framework, in terms of like and other semantic primes configured into a particular semantic schema: essentially, touching something with a part of the body, feeling something in that part, knowing something about that thing because of it, and thinking about that thing in a certain way because of it. Far from representing objective properties of things “as such”, it emerges that physical quality concepts refer to embodied human experiences and embodied human sensations. Comparisons with French, Polish and Korean show that the semantics of such words may differ significantly from language to language.
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Hall, David Patrick, and Ivano Caponigro. "On the semantics of when-clauses." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2566.
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This paper is about non-interrogative temporal embedded clauses introduced by when (temporal when-clauses), their semantic interpretation and their syntax/semantics mapping. Our goal is to provide a fully compositional account of temporal when-clauses that accounts for their formal identity with interrogative clauses and their difference in meaning. The main idea is that temporal when-clauses are syntactically and semantically free relative clauses. Previous syntactic analyses (Grimshaw 1977, Bresnan and Grimshaw 1978, a.o) have provided robust support to the syntactic side of this claim. On the other hand, the semantic proposals for temporal when-clauses that we are aware of (Bonomi 1997, Vikner 2004, Moens and Steedman 1988) have ignored these syntactic conclusions and have argued for analyses that are problematic for the syntactic/semantic mapping. These semantic analyses are also not fully adequate in handling the interpretative properties of these clauses. We provide evidence from the distributional and interpretive properties of when-clauses as well as from the temporal alignment of the matrix clause with the when-clause that supports our analysis.
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Hall, David Patrick, and Ivano Caponigro. "On the semantics of when-clauses." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2566.
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This paper is about non-interrogative temporal embedded clauses introduced by when (temporal when-clauses), their semantic interpretation and their syntax/semantics mapping. Our goal is to provide a fully compositional account of temporal when-clauses that accounts for their formal identity with interrogative clauses and their difference in meaning. The main idea is that temporal when-clauses are syntactically and semantically free relative clauses. Previous syntactic analyses (Grimshaw 1977, Bresnan and Grimshaw 1978, a.o) have provided robust support to the syntactic side of this claim. On the other hand, the semantic proposals for temporal when-clauses that we are aware of (Bonomi 1997, Vikner 2004, Moens and Steedman 1988) have ignored these syntactic conclusions and have argued for analyses that are problematic for the syntactic/semantic mapping. These semantic analyses are also not fully adequate in handling the interpretative properties of these clauses. We provide evidence from the distributional and interpretive properties of when-clauses as well as from the temporal alignment of the matrix clause with the when-clause that supports our analysis.
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Noble, Jason, Etienne Thoret, Max Henry, and Stephen McAdams. "Semantic Dimensions of Sound Mass Music." Music Perception 38, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 214–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.38.2.214.
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We combine perceptual research and acoustic analysis to probe the messy, pluralistic world of musical semantics, focusing on sound mass music. Composers and scholars describe sound mass with many semantic associations. We designed an experiment to evaluate to what extent these associations are experienced by other listeners. Thirty-eight participants heard 40 excerpts of sound mass music and related contemporary genres and rated them along batteries of semantic scales. Participants also described their rating strategies for some categories. A combination of qualitative stimulus analyses, Cronbach’s alpha tests, and principal component analyses suggest that cross-domain mappings between semantic categories and musical properties are statistically coherent between participants, implying non-arbitrary relations. Some aspects of participants’ descriptions of their rating strategies appear to be reflected in their numerical ratings. We sought quantitative bases for these associations in the acoustic signals. After attempts to correlate semantic ratings with classical audio descriptors failed, we pursued a neuromimetic representation called spectrotemporal modulations (STMs), which explains much more of the variance in semantic ratings. This result suggests that semantic interpretations of music may involve qualities or attributes that are objectively present in the music, since computer simulation can use sound signals to partially reconstruct human semantic ratings.
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Amaral, Luana Lopes. "Online resources for the syntactic-semantic classification of verbs." Texto Livre 15 (July 6, 2022): e38715. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/1983-3652.2022.38715.
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Verb classes are defined in lexical-semantics literature as syntactically coherent groups of verbs that also share meaning components. Thus, the investigation of verb classes leads to important insights into the syntax-semantics interface. In this perspective, starting from Levin’s (1993) foundational work for English, many authors have developed analyses for the syntactic-semantic classification of verbs in different languages. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of such studies, focusing on those that constitute online open access resources for the syntactic-semantic classification of verbs: VerbNet for English, BVI for Basque, AnCoraVerb for Spanish and Catalan, VerboWeb for Brazilian Portuguese, CROVALLEX for Croatian, and VALLEX for Czech. Thus, this paper reviews the general theoretical assumptions on verb classification shared by all the works presented, and shows the specific characteristics of each one, considering the body of data, the specific theoretical perspective, analyses and methodology, and the search engines they provide. Finally, it offers a comparative analysis of two specific verb classes (namely, image creation verbs and verbs of creation and transformation), drawing on data from the studies mentioned above. Although these resources assume a specific lexical-semantic approach for verb classification, they provide valuable data and analyses that can be useful for research in different theoretical perspectives.
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Locatell, Christian. "Temporal Conjunctions and Their Semantic Extensions: The Case of in Biblical Hebrew." Journal of Semitic Studies 65, no. 1 (2020): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgz040.
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Abstract Past analyses of have tended toward descriptive taxonomies or proposals of a highly abstract semantic core. Taxonomic approaches have the strength of descriptive rigour while proposals of an abstract core have the strength of offering a coherent analysis of its various uses. However, the former offer little or no explanation for the semantic variation of , and the latter simply attribute such variation to context. This paper argues that the best analysis of (or any such polysemous word) will both account for real variation in meaning without simply attributing it to context, and will also explain the principled connection between seemingly unrelated uses. Utilizing insights from cognitive semantics and grammaticalization theory, this paper will argue that temporal spans an internally complex semantic category, the various points of which served as the source for semantic extensions into its causal and conditional uses.
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Karaman, Burcu İlkay. "Semantic Analyses in Forensic Text Types." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 22, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): na. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2017332897.
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Fischer, Kerstin. "Validating semantic analyses of discourse particles." Journal of Pragmatics 29, no. 2 (February 1998): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(97)82070-x.
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Turner, Ken. "On 'Pragmatic considerations in semantic analyses'." Pragmatics and Cognition 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.5.1.10tur.
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Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares. "What psych verbs and other verbs disclose about the role of Semantic Prominence and Thematic Hierarchy in affixal selection." Linguística: Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto, esp (2021): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16466195/lingespa3.
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This paper analyses the construction of deverbal adjectives in European Portuguese, focusing on the interface between morphology and semantics, specifically on the role of Thematic Hierarchy and Semantic Prominence on affixal selection.Supported by paradigmatic morphology, the paper shows that suffixes that work in macro-paradigms of deverbal adjectives establish a relationship with specific semantic features of the lexical-semantic structure of the base verb in order to construct the derivative. The analysis concludes that suffixes are sensitive to thematic hierarchy, which is based on the semantic prominence of features of the verbs’ theta-roles at work in the paradigm. Data from psych verbs is highly relevant to this finding.The paper is dedicated to Professor Ana Maria Brito, who has always been keenly aware that scientific knowledge is not confined to a specific theory.
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Oster, Ulrike. "Emotions in motion." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 16, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 191–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00008.ost.
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Abstract This paper outlines some of the challenges and possibilities of a corpus-based approach to the diachronic description of the semantics of emotion words. It analyses three German anger words (Wut, Zorn and Ärger) in two corpora: DTA (Deutsches Textarchiv, covering the period 1600–1899) and DWDS (Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, which covers twentieth-century German). The study is based on two complementary approaches: a semantic and pragmatic analysis of co-occurrences (Oster, 2012); and the use of semantic foci (Ogarkova & Soriano, 2014). This allows for a detailed description of the semantic evolution of the three anger words for four aspects of emotion – Control, Lack of Control, Visibility and Internalization – while exploring the advantages of a combined quantitative and qualitative corpus analysis.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "A semantic metalanguage for a crosscultural comparison of speech acts and speech genres." Language in Society 14, no. 4 (December 1985): 491–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500011489.
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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a number of speech acts and speech genres from English, Polish, and Japanese, approaching them through the words which name them. It is claimed that folk names of speech acts and speech genres are culture-specific and provide an important source of insight into communicative routines most characteristic of a given society; and that to fully exploit this source one must carry Out a rigorous semantic analysis of such names and express the results of this analysis in a culture-independent semantic metalanguage. The author proposes such a metalanguage and illustrates her approach with numerous detailed semantic analyses. She suggests that analyses of speech acts and speech genres carried out in terms of English folk labels are ethnocentric and unsuitable for crosscultural comparison. She tries to show how folk labels of speech acts and speech genres characteristic of a given language reflect salient features of the culture associated with that language, and how the use of the proposed semantic metalanguage, derived from natural language, helps to achieve the desired double goal of insight and rigor in this area of study. (Speech acts, speech genres, semantics, lexicography, language and culture)
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Ubamos, Gianfranco U., and Ivy G. Aboy. "Morphemic and Semantic Analyses Skills of Senior High School Students." Philippine Social Science Journal 2, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.52006/main.v2i2.85.
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Few studies focus on measuring the morphemic and semantic analyses skills of learners. Thus, this descriptive-comparative study aimed to find out the level of morphemic and semantic analyses skills and if a significant difference exists in the levels of morphemic and semantic analyses skills of 359 senior high school students as a whole and grouped according to grade level, track, and sex. Results showed low morphemic and average semantic analyses skills, a non-significant difference in both morphemic and semantic analyses skills when students were grouped according to grade, but a significant difference in both skills when grouped by track and sex. Despite the students' better semantic analysis than morphemic analysis skills, they still need heavy to light intervention and enhancement to develop their skills further. Thus, a vocabulary building module was designed for the senior high school students.
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Wang, Yingxu. "Fuzzy Semantic Models of Fuzzy Concepts in Fuzzy Systems." International Journal of Fuzzy Systems and Advanced Applications 9 (March 13, 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91017.2022.9.9.
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The fuzzy properties of language semantics are a central problem towards machine-enabled natural language processing in cognitive linguistics, fuzzy systems, and computational linguistics. A formal method for rigorously describing and manipulating fuzzy semantics is sought for bridging the gap between humans and cognitive fuzzy systems. The mathematical model of fuzzy concepts is rigorously described as a hyperstructure of fuzzy sets of attributes, objects, relations, and qualifications, which serves as the basic unit of fuzzy semantics for denoting languages entities in semantic analyses. The formal fuzzy concept is extended to complex structures where fuzzy modifiers and qualifiers are considered. An algebraic approach is developed to manipulate composite fuzzy semantic as a deductive process from a fuzzy concept to the determined semantics. The denotational mathematical structure of fuzzy semantic inference not only explains the fuzzy nature of human semantics and its comprehension, but also enables cognitive machines and fuzzy systems to mimic the human fuzzy inference mechanisms in cognitive linguistics, cognitive computing, and computational intelligence.
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O. Anokhina, Tetiana, Olena M. Mashkina, Khrystyna B. Melko, Yuliia I. Poznikhirenko, and Natalia O. Teslenko. "Peripheral Semantics of the Word as a Marker of the National Picture of the World." Asian Journal of University Education 17, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12692.
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Previous studies emphasized that there is a close connection between speech and thinking. The paper analyses the peripheral semantics of the German language's active vocabulary units to define how they represent the features of the national, linguistic picture of the world, namely, the mental traits of the German ethnos. Semantic methods and the extrapolation methods of typical secondary values on non-nonmental characteristics are used mainly; the comparative method was partially used. The contextual method was used as an auxiliary method for illustrating common ethical, aesthetic, and pragmatic guidelines (presuppositions) and stereotypes. The paper carried out: a) semantic analysis of peripheral lexical-semantic variants of arbitrarily and expediently selected notional parts of speech; b) comparison of peripheral semantics of similar words of German and Russian languages against the background of the Russian language; c) clarification of ethnoculturological connotation of individual Germanisms found in the Russian language. The article proves that peripheral semantics in its lexico-semantic, semasiological, and lexicographical understanding expresses key symptom complexes of German mentality, which can be expressed by concepts order, accuracy, family, wealth, quality, practicism and etc. It is found that the German linguistic picture of the world in comparison with the Russian one the material is marked by the minimalism of estimated values, practical orientation and is alluded to bookish style.
Keywords: Additional denotative meanings, Linguoculturology, Semantics, Stereotypes, Symptomatic complexes of mentality
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Sundqvist, Martina, Alexandre Routier, Bruno Dubois, Olivier Colliot, and Marc Teichmann. "The White Matter Module-Hub Network of Semantics Revealed by Semantic Dementia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 7 (July 2020): 1330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01549.
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Cognitive neuroscience exploring the architecture of semantics has shown that coherent supramodal concepts are computed in the anterior temporal lobes (ATL), but it is unknown how/where modular information implemented by posterior cortices (word/object/face forms) is conveyed to the ATL hub. We investigated the semantic module-hub network in healthy adults ( n = 19) and in semantic dementia patients ( n = 28) by combining semantic assessments of verbal and nonverbal stimuli and MRI-based fiber tracking using seeds in three module-related cortices implementing (i) written word forms (visual word form area), (ii) abstract lexical representations (posterior–superior temporal cortices), and (iii) face/object representations (face form area). Fiber tracking revealed three key tracts linking the ATL with the three module-related cortices. Correlation analyses between tract parameters and semantic scores indicated that the three tracts subserve semantics, transferring modular verbal or nonverbal object/face information to the left and right ATL, respectively. The module-hub tracts were functionally and microstructurally damaged in semantic dementia, whereas damage to non-module-specific ATL tracts (inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus) had more limited impact on semantic failure. These findings identify major components of the white matter module-hub network of semantics, and they corroborate/materialize claims of cognitive models positing direct links between modular and semantic representations. In combination with modular accounts of cognition, they also suggest that the currently prevailing “hub-and-spokes” model of semantics could be extended by incorporating an intermediate module level containing invariant representations, in addition to “spokes,” which subserve the processing of a near-unlimited number of sensorimotor and speech-sound features.
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Coler, Matt, Patrice Guyot, and Edwin Banegas-Flores. "Verbal art as heuristic for semantic analyses." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 20 (October 2, 2020): e020011. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v20i0.8660368.
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Aymara is an Amerindian language spoken mainly in Peru and Bolivia. To date, relatively little is documented about Aymara verbal art. Accordingly, we analyze a traditional song recorded in the Peruvian highlands. We provide a musical and linguistic analysis of the non-prosodic poetic song structure. We detail the octosyllabic, homeoteleutonic strategies for line formation, the melodic and rhythmic characteristics, and outline the syntactic, morphological, and semantic strategies used in forming semantic couplets. This reveals semantic categories which would not be apparent in a traditional linguistic analysis. Furthermore, the musical analysis confirms previous works on the misperception of a musical anacrusis. We conclude that rigorous, scientific analyses of verbal art require consideration of the construction of meaning through practice and dialog.
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Zemla, Jeffrey C., and Joseph L. Austerweil. "Analyzing Knowledge Retrieval Impairments Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease Using Network Analyses." Complexity 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4203158.
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A defining characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease is difficulty in retrieving semantic memories, or memories encoding facts and knowledge. While it has been suggested that this impairment is caused by a degradation of the semantic store, the precise ways in which the semantic store is degraded are not well understood. Using a longitudinal corpus of semantic fluency data (listing of items in a category), we derive semantic network representations of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and of healthy controls. We contrast our network-based approach with analyzing fluency data with the standard method of counting the total number of items and perseverations in fluency data. We find that the networks of Alzheimer’s patients are more connected and that those connections are more randomly distributed than the connections in networks of healthy individuals. These results suggest that the semantic memory impairment of Alzheimer’s patients can be modeled through the inclusion of spurious associations between unrelated concepts in the semantic store. We also find that information from our network analysis of fluency data improves prediction of patient diagnosis compared to traditional measures of the semantic fluency task.
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Salkoff, Morris. "Syntactic Analysis and Semantic Processing." Revue québécoise de linguistique 14, no. 2 (May 22, 2009): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602538ar.
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Résumé L’auteur examine diverses difficultés qu’on rencontre lors de l’analyse automatique d’une langue naturelle. Il montre qu’une analyse syntaxique détaillée permet de détecter et d’écarter des analyses incohérentes du point de vue de la syntaxe sans devoir recourir à la sémantique. Ensuite, certaines analyses syntaxiquement bien formées, mais incohérentes sur le plan sémantique peuvent aussi être écartées en incorporant la sémantique directement dans la grammaire, sans construire un composant sémantique indépendant. Ceci peut être fait au moyen de règles de sélection verbales fines et d’une classification lexicale détaillée basée sur ces règles de sélection. Si les difficultés qui subsistent ne peuvent pas être traitées par ces deux méthodes, elles ne peuvent non plus l’être au moyen d’un composant sémantique autonome.
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Wang, Leihong. "An Event Structure Analysis of Object-oriented Adverbial Clauses." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0901.15.
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In Mandarin Chinese, there exists such adverbial clause as “Li Zhen cuicuide zhale yipan huashengmi” (Li Zhen fried a dish of peanuts crispy), in which the adverbial modifies the predicate verb but semantically orients to the object. This kind adverbial clause can be formulated as “NPs+APo+De+VP+NPo=NP+VP+O and O is characterized by the adverbial”. The object-oriented adverbial clause is a mismatched syntax-semantics phenomenon, with the mapping between form and meaning distorted. Many previous studies have proposed not fully identical analyses for the syntactic distribution, pragmatic motivation and constraints. However, few researches have made syntactic and semantic analyses from the perspective of event structure in the framework of formal linguistics, which leaves wide space for further study.Event structure theory is adopted in this paper to make analysis of object-oriented adverbial clauses in event semantics perspective. This paper aims to examine the syntactic structure from the perspective of event semantic structure and explore how event structure is represented in syntactic structure of object-oriented adverbial clause.
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Sokolová, Jana. "Koncesívnosť v súčasnej Ruskej lingvistike." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 67, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jazcas-2016-0011.
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Abstract The study focuses on the research of concessivity in two centres; namely in the Petersburg typological school and in the Moscow school of semantics. It presents the methodology and the results of the analyses of main representatives of the schools. Both schools address concessivity from the perspective of the semantics of concessive operators. In Russian studies, the main attention is given to the conjunction хотя (‘although’) and its elaborations are based on two directions: a) from the perspective of the semantics of causes and effects; b) from the perspective of the semantics of condition. An interpretative basis of the causal relations is formed by the semantic components ‘because’ (‘потому что’), ‘therefore’ (‘поэтому’) and ‘it causes’ (‘влияет’). Interpretations of the aspect of condition corresponds to the semantic component ‘if…so’ (‘если…то’).
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Effenberger, Charlotte. "Linguistic Approach to Semantic Correlation Rules." SHS Web of Conferences 102 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110202004.
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As communication between humans and machines in natural language still seems essential, especially for end users, Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods are used to classify and interpret this. NLP, as a technology, combines grammatical, semantical, and pragmatical analyses with statistics or machine learning to make language logically understandable by machines and to allow new interpretations of data in contrast to predefined logical structures. Some NLP methods do not go far beyond a retrieving of the indexation of content. Therefore, indexation is considered as a very simple linguistic approach. Semantic correlation rules offer the possibility to retrieve easy semantic relations without a special tool by using a set of predefined rules. Therefore, this paper aims to examine, to which extend Semantic Correlation Rules (SCRs) will be able to retrieve linguistic semantic relations and to what extend a simple NLP method can be set up to allow further interpretation of data. In order to do so, an easy linguistic model was modelled by an indexation that is enriched with semantical relations to give data more context. These semantic relations were then queried by SCRs to set up an NLP method.
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Broz, Vlatko. "Semantics of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ in relation to Brexit." Tradterm 37, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 488–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-9511.v37p488-514.
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This paper analyses the semantics of ‘hardness’ and ‘softness’ in relation to the noun ‘Brexit’ in a news corpus. These concrete descriptions are frequently applied metaphorically to the complex political process of a nation exiting an economic union. First there is a discussion about what other kinds of things can be hard and soft in the NOW (‘News on the Web’) corpus, followed by an analysis of synonyms for hard Brexit and soft Brexit, evaluating their semantic prosody. Only four genuine collocations with the synonyms of hard Brexit have been found in the corpus, whereas seven have been found for soft Brexit. The paper shows how a corpus can be analysed to demonstrate the way in which the semantic prosody of a metaphorical description is negotiated in part through synonyms that exaggerate or mitigate its positive or negative associations.
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DE SMET, HENDRIK, and LIESBET HEYVAERT. "The meaning of the English present participle." English Language and Linguistics 15, no. 3 (October 4, 2011): 473–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067431100013x.
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While earlier descriptions of the English present participle have tended to be too general or too exclusively focused on its progressive meaning, this article aims to present an account of the meanings of the English present participle that captures their full richness. It starts from the observation that many (though not all) present participle clauses/phrases are paradigmatically related to adjectival phrases, as manifested in their distributional properties (e.g. a challenging year, those living alone). The article analyses the semantic effects that arise from the tension between the verbal semantics of the participial stem and the adjectival semantics of the syntactic slot. These effects involve accommodation of the verbal situation to the requirement that a situation is represented as time-stable and as simultaneous to some contextually given reference time. The progressive meaning is one such semantic effect, but participles may also assume iterative, habitual or gnomic readings. Some construction-specific semantic extensions of this adjectival template are identified and a tentative explanation is offered for them. Those constructions where the present participle has lost its semantic association with adjective phrases, such as the progressive construction and integrated participle clauses, are shown to display loosening or specialization of semantic constraints.
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Pidada, Ida Bagus Pramana, I. Nengah Sudipa, and Ni Made Suryati. "PERAN KHUSUS VERBA “MEMASAK” DALAM BAHASA BALI: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMI (MSA)." Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana 25, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ling.2018.v25.i02.p05.
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Observasion of Special Role of Verba”Memasak”” Bali Language (VMBB): Metalanguage Analysis of Natural Semantic analyses semantic aspect, firstly lexical realization and verb classification “memasak” in Bali langage (VMBB) mainly special role of argument semantic VMBB. Determination of the argument roles VMBB using theory of general role (Macroroles) analyses semantic role VMBB. Im general, ACTOR in VMBB acts as agent, UNDERGOER act as patient. Role analyses in this observation are done in layers to determine a semantic in an argument. The analyses of this observation use the design of qualitative observation, meanwhile the collection of data is done by observation method, interview, recording, and noting. Data analysis is done by distributional method by using replacement technique (substitution). The next method is description of special role of verb “memasak” in Bali language (VMBB). Analysis is assisted with explication technique. The presentation of result analysis of the data is done by the method of description, formal, and informal. Lexicon of verba”memasak” in Bali language (VMBB) is found 12 firstly: nyakan,mubuh, ngoreng, ngepes, ngnyahnyah, nadang, nunu, nambus, ngatim, nguskus, nguling, and nglablab.The result of observation shous that the lexion of VMBB have special role firstly as agent and patient.
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McIntyre, Dan, and Dawn Archer. "A corpus-based approach to mind style." Journal of Literary Semantics 51, s1 (October 5, 2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jls-2021-2045.
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Abstract Fowler's (Linguistics and the novel, Methuen, 1977) original definition of mind style emphasised consistency as a defining feature of the phenomenon, something that is (i) difficult to measure, and (ii) often missed in qualitative analyses. In this paper we investigate how a computational semantic analysis might be used to address this difficulty, with particular reference to McIntyre's (Journal of Literary Semantics 34: 21–40, 2005) analysis of the deviant mind style of the character of Miss Shepherd in Alan Bennett's play The Lady in the Van. To do this we analyse the speech of all the characters in The Lady in the Van using Wmatrix (Rayson, Matrix: A statistical method and software tool for linguistic analysis through corpus comparison, Lancaster University PhD thesis, 2003, Wmatrix: A web-based corpus processing environment, Lancaster University, 2008), to see whether it provides quantitative support for the interpretative conclusions reached by McIntyre. Wmatrix utilises the UCREL Semantic Annotation System (USAS) which has been designed to undertake the automatic semantic analysis of English. The initial tag-set of the USAS system was loosely based on McArthur's Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (McArthur, Longman, 1981), but has since been considerably revised in the light of practical tagging problems met in the course of previous research, and now contains 232 category labels (such as medicine and medical treatment, movement, obligation and necessity , etc.). We use Wmatrix's facility for identifying key semantic domains in pursuit of our two main aims: (i) to determine whether Miss Shepherd's odd mind style is consistent, as Fowler's definition suggests it should be; and (ii) to determine the usefulness of computational semantic analysis for investigating mind style.
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Madden, Elizabeth Brookshire, Tim Conway, Maya L. Henry, Kristie A. Spencer, Kathryn M. Yorkston, and Diane L. Kendall. "The Relationship Between Non-Orthographic Language Abilities and Reading Performance in Chronic Aphasia: An Exploration of the Primary Systems Hypothesis." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 3038–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-18-0058.
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Purpose This study investigated the relationship between non-orthographic language abilities and reading in order to examine assumptions of the primary systems hypothesis and further our understanding of language processing poststroke. Method Performance on non-orthographic semantic, phonologic, and syntactic tasks, as well as oral reading and reading comprehension tasks, was assessed in 43 individuals with aphasia. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between these measures. In addition, analyses of variance examined differences within and between reading groups (within normal limits, phonological, deep, or global alexia). Results Results showed that non-orthographic language abilities were significantly related to reading abilities. Semantics was most predictive of regular and irregular word reading, whereas phonology was most predictive of pseudohomophone and nonword reading. Written word and paragraph comprehension were primarily supported by semantics, whereas written sentence comprehension was related to semantic, phonologic, and syntactic performance. Finally, severity of alexia was found to reflect severity of semantic and phonologic impairment. Conclusions Findings support the primary systems view of language by showing that non-orthographic language abilities and reading abilities are closely linked. This preliminary work requires replication and extension; however, current results highlight the importance of routine, integrated assessment and treatment of spoken and written language in aphasia. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7403963
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Onumajuru, VC. "A Semantic and Pragmatic Analyses of Igbo Names." African Research Review 10, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v10i2.21.
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Ko, Yoonseok, Kihong Heo, and Hakjoo Oh. "A sparse evaluation technique for detailed semantic analyses." Computer Languages, Systems & Structures 40, no. 3-4 (October 2014): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cl.2014.05.001.
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Thomas, Emma. "On ‘Syntactic’ versus ‘Semantic’ Telicity." Adpositions of Movement 18 (December 31, 2004): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.18.08tho.
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This paper argues that the distribution of the prepositions in and on suggests that they are unable to express direction and can only indicate the goal in certain specific contexts, often those in which the direction is expressed by the verb. This analysis of in and on is in direct contradiction to previous analyses of PP that have assumed that these prepositions can be both locative and directional. The significance of the distribution of in and on for analyses of the syntax of PP is discussed. Distributional facts suggest that while into and onto must be regarded as prepositions of movement and PP as an independent domain of telicity, in and on are not themselves prepositions of movement but rather can only have a goal interpretation in certain specific circumstances. An alternative account of PP is put forward whereby in and on are the surface manifestations of a syntactically atelic PP and, in those contexts where they are able to indicate the goal, this must be due to factors external to PP, probably to particular combinations of semantic features at the interpretive interface or in some cases to pragmatic or contextual factors.
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Dragicevic, Rajna. "Serbian lexicology today: Current achievements and perspectives." Juznoslovenski filolog 73, no. 3-4 (2017): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1704259d.
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At the turn of 21st century Serbian lexicology is under the influence of the Slavic (predominantly Russian) and Anglo-Saxon semanticists. Different semantic theories are used in language analyses in Serbian papers. Since the 1970s componential analysis had been a leading theory, but as of the 1990s Serbian lexicology has come under the influence of cognitive linguistics. There are more and more interdisciplinary investigations where linguistics is interwoven with psychology, communicology, and sociology. Often, lexicology is interwoven with other linguistic disciplines, such as syntax, word formation, morphology, stylistics, etc. Recently, some semantic studies have been conducted from the pragmatic viewpoint. Depending on the object of the analysis and the theory chosen, different research methods are used, such as collocational, associative, and additionally, various types of syntactic and semantic approaches are taken. The focus of interest is semantics of words, and less frequent of morphemes or sentences. The future of Serbian lexicology lies in promoting an interdisciplinary approach, and its relation with other linguistic disciplines and other nonlinguistic sciences.
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Schröter, Melani, and Petra Storjohann. "Patterns of discourse semantics." Pragmatics and Society 6, no. 1 (March 10, 2015): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.6.1.03sch.
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Corpus-assisted analyses of public discourse often focus on the lexical level. This article argues in favour of corpus-assisted analyses of discourse, but also in favour of conceptualising salient lexical items in public discourse in a more determined way. It draws partly on non-Anglophone academic traditions in order to promote a conceptualisation of discourse keywords, thereby highlighting how their meaning is determined by their use in discourse contexts. It also argues in favour of emphasising the cognitive and epistemic dimensions of discourse-determined semantic structures. These points will be exemplified by means of a corpus-assisted, as well as a frame-based analysis of the discourse keyword financial crisis in British newspaper articles from 2009. Collocations of financial crisis are assigned to a generic matrix frame for ‘event’ which contains slots that specify possible statements about events. By looking at which slots are more, respectively less filled with collocates of financial crisis, we will trace semantic presence as well as absence, and thereby highlight the pragmatic dimensions of lexical semantics in public discourse. The article also advocates the suitability of discourse keyword analyses for systematic contrastive analyses of public/political discourse and for lexicographical projects that could serve to extend the insights drawn from corpus-guided approaches to discourse analysis.
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Kong, Lingyue, John Xuexin Zhang, Connie Suk-Han Ho, and Cuiping Kang. "Phonology and Access to Chinese Character Meaning." Psychological Reports 107, no. 3 (December 2010): 899–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/11.22.28.pr0.107.6.899-913.
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One of the central concerns in theories of reading skills is the role of phonology in access to word meaning. The present study focused on this issue in Chinese to examine the extent to which phonology affects Chinese character recognition. Two naming experiments were conducted with a phonologically mediated semantic priming paradigm, and the relative frequencies of semantic associates of the targets and their homophones were manipulated systematically. Analyses showed that a semantic associate produced robust priming on target naming at 57- and 250-msec. stimulus onset asynchronies, but only the low frequency homophones of high frequency semantic associates facilitated target naming at a 250-msec. stimulus onset asynchrony. These results indicate the role of phonology is neither obligatory nor efficient in access to Chinese character meaning, contradicting the key assumptions of the lexical constituency model. A revised parallel access model that emphasizes visual access to semantics is suggested as a more plausible account.
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Luzzatti, Claudio, Ilaria Mauri, Stefania Castiglioni, Marta Zuffi, Chiara Spartà, Francesco Somalvico, and Massimo Franceschi. "Evaluating Semantic Knowledge Through a Semantic Association Task in Individuals With Dementia." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 35 (January 1, 2020): 153331752091729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317520917294.
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Conceptual knowledge is supported by multiple semantic systems that are specialized for the analysis of different properties associated with object concepts. Various types of semantic association between concrete concepts—categorical (CA), encyclopedic (EA), functional (FA), and visual-encyclopedic (VEA) associations—were tested through a new picture-to-picture matching task (semantic association task, SAT). Forty individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 13 with behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bv-FTD), 6 with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), and 37 healthy participants were tested with the SAT. Within-group comparisons highlighted a global impairment of all types of semantic association in bv-FTD individuals but a disproportionate impairment of EA and FA, with relative sparing of CA and VEA, in AD individuals. Single-case analyses detected dissociations in all dementia groups. Conceptual knowledge can be selectively impaired in various types of neurodegenerative disease on the basis of the specific cognitive process that is disrupted.
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Steyvers, Mark, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. "The Large-Scale Structure of Semantic Networks: Statistical Analyses and a Model of Semantic Growth." Cognitive Science 29, no. 1 (January 2, 2005): 41–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2901_3.
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Ellis, Nick C., Matthew B. O’Donnell, and Ute Römer. "Second language verb-argument constructions are sensitive to form, function, frequency, contingency, and prototypicality." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 405–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.4.01ell.
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We used free association tasks to investigate second language (L2) verb-argument constructions (VACs) and the ways in which their access is sensitive to statistical patterns of usage (verb type-token frequency distribution, VAC-verb contingency, verb-VAC semantic prototypicality). 131 German, 131 Spanish, and 131 Czech advanced L2 learners of English generated the first word that came to mind to fill the V slot in 40 sparse VAC frames such as ‘he __ across the …’, ‘it __ of the …’, etc. For each VAC, we compared these results with corpus analyses of verb selection preferences in 100 million words of usage and with the semantic network structure of the verbs in these VACs. For all language groups, multiple regression analyses predicting the frequencies of verb types generated for each VAC show independent contributions of (i) verb frequency in the VAC, (ii) VAC-verb contingency, and (iii) verb prototypicality in terms of centrality within the VAC semantic network. L2 VAC processing involves rich associations, tuned by verb type and token frequencies and their contingencies of usage, which interface syntax, lexis, and semantics.
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Grif, Mikhail G., Olga O. Korolkova, and Yuliya S. Manueva. "A new algorithm and other software for disambiguation of polysemy and homonymy for computer translation into Russian Sign Language based on a semantic principle." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 16, no. 3 (2018): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2018-16-3-32-44.
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The paper analyses current computer Sign Language translation systems. Their advantages and disadvantages are detected. The main drawback is the lack of original text semantic analysis module capable of solving the task of disambiguation. A general scheme of translation system from phonic Russian to Russian Sign language including a module for semantic analysis is presented. It includes a block of source code analysis, developed by the authors, responsible for handling the semantic component of the Russian language. The semantic module relies on Tuzov’s dictionary. The semantic analysis algorithm is also described. The text analysis is completed when each word gets only one semantic description thus solving the problem of ambiguity. The most important developments of the semantic analysis module include the following: expanded collection of gestures, parsing of complex sentences, account in the algorithm analyses predicates classifier of Russian Sign Language. Testing of algorithm is made. The article compares the existing systems of computer translation from phonic to the sign language. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered systems are revealed and a conclusion is made about the need to take into account the semantic aspect of the translation process. A technology of semantic analysis is suggested. The model to choose an adequate meaning of a polysemic word or homonym on the basis of the automatic text processing system «Dialing» is described. Examples of the use of the software are given. The questions of testing the working capacity of the semantic analysis module are given due attention too. To enhance its efficiency, the system of semantic analysis was added to the translation system «Surdophone». To verify the efficiency of the semantic module’s operation, a comparison is made with the definition of some words’ semantic meanings by the systems «Yandex Translator» and «Google Translator». The present system showed its advantage in more complex cases. Also, the base of gestures of the RSL whose names are homonyms and polysemic words of the Russian language, were added and the features of their performance were revealed.
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Roeper, Tom, Marcus Maia, and Aniela Improta França. "Old Story, New Results and Analyses." Cadernos de Linguística 1, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 01–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2020.v1.n1.id282.
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An eye-tracking and an electrophysiological experiment using a sentence/picture matching task were carried out in order to assess whether there would be significant differences between semantic restrictiveness properties of Prepositional Phrases (PPs) vis-à-vis those of Relative Clauses (RCs), attached as modifiers respectively to a local PP or to a non-local DP (e.g. the horse with the parrot with brown spots/the horse with the parrot that has brown spots). Two hypotheses were entertained, namely, (i) an operator construction such as an RC would be construed non-locally, that is, would attach high as a default, even if there is semantic bias attracting it to a low attachment; (ii) a light constituent (PP) has no prosodic autonomy and will be more available to local attachment and therefore would tend to attach locally as a default, even if there is semantic bias attracting it to a high attachment. Results in both experiments were in favor of the hypotheses and we speculate whether they could be more deeply grounded into the representational alternatives projected by linguistic theory itself.
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Sweep, Josefien. "A frame-semantic approach to logical metonymy." Constructions and Frames 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2010): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.2.1.01swe.
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Pustejovsky’s well-known analysis of so-called logical metonymy, such as she began the book (= ‘reading’ or ‘writing’ the book), fails in several respects (cf. e.g. Godard & Jayez 1993, Lascarides & Copestake 1998, Verspoor 1997). The main problem is that his account is based on just a few prototypical examples of logical metonymy. When more examples with other verbs and other objects are analysed, his theory runs into problems. Since verb-concrete object combinations diverge widely in their interpretations, one can even ask to which extent metonymy is actually involved. With the help of FrameNet, this article analyses the semantics of these verbs and their combinations with metonymical objects. On this basis, a new analysis of logical metonymy is proposed.
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Kim, Yongmin, Koichi Sugimura, and Sae Won Chung. ""“Anti-Japan” and “Hate-Korea” Emotions in Media Discourse: Semantic Network and Framing Analyses"." Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31720/jga.6.1.6.
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Preschitschek, Nina, Helen Niemann, Jens Leker, and Martin G. Moehrle. "Anticipating industry convergence: semantic analyses vs IPC co-classification analyses of patents." Foresight 15, no. 6 (November 11, 2013): 446–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-10-2012-0075.
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Hasanova, Aytaj Sadiq. "Basic Factors Motivating the Extension of Word Meaning." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 5 (June 23, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n5p60.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the psycholinguistic bases and realization mechanism of semantic changes. Semantic extension that occurs in words comprehended in original nominative meaning has many times been the objective of linguistic investigations. As modern linguistics focuses more and more on the relationship of language and cognition, language and psychology, linguistic analyses and studies of word semantics are also directed to cognitive and thinking processes. The article aims to scrutinize main factors that bring about semantic changes. The semantic structure of a word undergoes multilateral changes throughout the historical development of language. Most words in language may assume additional meanings in functional speech that are not fixed in their lexicographic definitions. These peripheral or potential semantic components of meaning are realized in the thoughts of people in certain contexts. One of the reasons bringing about polysemy is explained by generalizing character of human thinking. The current study explains the approaches of both traditional and cognitive linguistics towards the above-mentioned linguistic phenomenon. The article also provides the interpretation of semantic development on the basis of the element of reality—the minimum unit that is comprehended, introduced in the theory of Linguo-Psychological Unity (LPU) newly created in Azerbaijani linguistics.
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Wedhowerti, Wedhowerti. "THE CONTRASTIVE AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSES OF THE ADVERB WELL." Journal of Cultura and Lingua 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37301/culingua.v2i3.76.
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This study aims to provide a clear picture of adverbs well through contrastive and contextual analyses in an effort to overcome translation problems. This study employs a semantic approach and is qualitative in nature. The data were collected in a purposive manner from The Little Oxford Thesaurus and the analysis was made into two phases, contrastive and contextual ones. There is a close relationship among the meanings of well in contrastive analysis, i.e. when it is contrasted with words (fast, thoroughly, carelessly, harshly, and nearly) of the same semantic domain and of the same level and in contextual analysis, i.e. when it is used in different contexts. The results of the analyses show that there are four semantic domains namely progress, manner, degree, and distance shared by both analyses. In other words, the meaning of well in the contrastive analysis is related to its meaning in the contextual analysis by means of four features, i.e. manner, distance, degree, and progress where manner occupies the highest percentage of the occurrence.
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Khabibullina, Saida B., and Olga B. Ulyanova. "Corpus Analysis Of Reporting Verbs In Abstracts To Research Articles." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 6, no. 1 (2020): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2020-6-1-62-75.
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The authors of this article employ the methods of corpus linguistics to study the semantics of general scientific verbs of the lexical-semantic group of reporting in order to study the semantic organization and thematic ordering of this group of English-language predicates in abstracts. The categorical taxonomic meaning of reporting verbs provides an appropriate perception of information when compressing the main text of a research article. Studies that exist in this area comprise the analyses of the rhetorical structure or linguo-cognitive organization of research articles abstracts in various subject areas. Paradigmatics and syntagmatics of lexical units in general and predicates in particular remain not fully understood within the framework of abstracts. Consequently, the relevance of the subject of the study, namely verbs of reporting in abstracts, is due to the objective need to perform the communicative task of creating or translating a research article abstract mainly from Russian into English. At the same time, the non-English academic community needs access to authentic research, the understanding of which occurs mainly basing on proposition predicates. Based on the material of the сompiled corpus of 500 research article abstracts in the subject field of linguistics, the use of automated quantitative and qualitative methods of corpus analysis makes the selection of predicates and forms the lexical-semantic group of reporting with the semantic dominant to show, which reveals the highest frequency of use in abstracts. Along with the nuclear semantics to show, the semes: emergence of knowledge; confirmation of knowledge; clarification of knowledge; accentuation of knowledge; overview of knowledge, organize the space of the lexical-semantic group of reporting and, therefore, the texts of abstracts. Syntagmatics of the studied verbs is limited to four types of combination models of a verb and a direct object; a verb and a prepositional object; a verb and a subordinate clause; as well as a verb and an infinitive, where the first model is most frequent and the last one is least frequent.
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Popescu, Teodora. "Semantic roles of adverbials in the TV series “Friends”." Journal of Linguistic and Intercultural Education 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 113–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2021.14.1.7.
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The aim of this paper is to offer an insight into the semantic roles of adverbials. The approach is mainly construed around the theory of adverb semantics propounded by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1985) – grammatical functions and the realisation of semantic roles. The theoretical approach is complemented by a practical analysis of adverbial phrases occurring in social interactions (as well as script-based stage directions) from the TV series “Friends”. The main method used is corpus analysis; in addition, a semi-automated identification of adverbs was performed using both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The tools used were ConcApp software, as well as electronic dictionaries and lexical databases. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of -ly adverbials in the script was carried out to establish certain patterns of adverb occurrence in social interaction. The results reveal a large proportion of subjuncts, in particular emphasisers, intensifier subjuncts and downtoners (approximator) (in Greenbaum et al.’s taxonomy), or, in other taxonomies, speaker-oriented (Jackendoff 1972) / sentence adverbs (Swan 1988) / stance adverbs – attitude and epistemic (Biber et al. 1999). A second important finding is that the –ly adverbs used in this sitcom display high polysemy, including some novel semantic uses peculiar to present-day US English.
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Bryant, Shannon, and Diti Bhadra. "Situation types in complementation: Oromo attitude predication." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4806.
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Though languages show rich variation in the clausal embedding strategies employed in attitude reports, most mainstream formal semantic theories of attitudes assume that the clausal complement of an attitude verb contributes at least a proposition to the semantics. The goal of this paper is to contribute to the growing cross-linguistic perspective of attitudes by providing semantic analyses for the two embedding strategies found with attitude verbs in Oromo (Cushitic): verbal nominalization, and embedding under akka 'as'. We argue that Oromo exemplifies a system in which non-speech attitudes uniformly embed situations rather than propositions, thereby expanding the empirical landscape of attitude reports in two ways: (i) situations and propositions are both ontological primitives used by languages in the construction of attitude reports, and (ii) attitude verbs in languages like Oromo do the semantic heavy lifting, contributing the "proposition" to propositional attitudes.
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Sullivan, Karen. "If you study a word do you use it more often? Lexical repetition priming in a corpus of Natural Semantic Metalanguage publications." Corpora 10, no. 3 (November 2015): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2015.0078.
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Psycholinguistic and corpus studies have shown that syntactic repetition priming can influence linguistic analyses. The impact of lexical repetition priming on linguistic work, on the other hand, has not been assessed. The current study finds evidence of lexical priming in a corpus of linguistics publications on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), in which semantic analyses are written using several dozen ‘semantic primitives’ such as something, know and place. NSM theorists are repeatedly exposed to a small set of words, much like subjects in lexical repetition priming experiments. When all analyses written in NSM are removed from NSM publications, these texts are found to nevertheless include significantly more ‘primitives’ than control publications, suggesting that the study of particular words can affect linguists’ lexical choices. This is potentially problematic for semantic analyses in NSM, which consist of strings of primitives selected by the analysts. These primitives are not considered to be English words, but have the same forms as English words. If priming occurs between the NSM analyses and their English environment, theorists’ exposure to English may impact their choice of primitives and the content of their analyses.