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Wang, Tiexin. "A study to define an automatic model transformation approach based on semantic and syntactic comparisons." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMAC0015/document.
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Les modèles sont de plus en plus utilisés que ce soit pour la description d’un point de vue d’un système complexe ou pour l’échange d’information. Cependant, le partage d’information, le transfert d’information d’un modèle à un autre est aujourd’hui une problématique liée à l’interopérabilité des systèmes. Cette problématique peut être abordée selon trois approches : intégrée (tous les modèles identiques), unifiée (tous les modèles font référence à un modèle pivot), fédérée (pas de règles précises sur les modèles). Bien que des standards existent, ils sont rarement respectés avec rigueur. L’approche fédérée semble par conséquent l’approche la plus réaliste. Cependant, cette approche est complexe car les différents modèles, bien que comportant des concepts communs, peuvent avoir une structure et un vocabulaire très hétérogène pour décrire le même concept. Par conséquent, il faut identifier les concepts communs des différents modèles avant de définir les règles de transformation permettant de passer d’un format à un autre. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie permettant d’atteindre ces objectifs, elle se base d’une part sur la proposition d’un méta-méta-modèle permettant d’unifier la description de la structure des modèles, i.e. le méta-modèle, et d’autre part sur le calcul de distance entre chaque élément des modèles qui permettront de déduire les règles de transformation. Cette mesure de distance reflète la distance à la fois syntaxique, écritures différentes d’un même terme, ainsi que sémantique liée à l’utilisation de synonyme. La recherche de synonyme est basée sur l’utilisation de base de connaissance, représentée sous forme d’ontologie, tel que WordNet<br>The models are increasingly used both for the description of a view of a complex system or for information exchange. However, to share the information, transferring information from one model to another is an issue related to the interoperability of systems now. This problem can be approached in three ways: integrated (all identical models), unified (all models refer to a pivot model), federated (no specific rules on the models). Although standards exist, they are rarely respected rigorously. The federated approach therefore seems to be the most realistic approach. However, because of the different models, this approach is complicated. Models can have a very heterogeneous structure and different vocabulary to describe the same concept. Therefore, we must identify the common concepts of different models before defining the transformation rules for transforming from one format to another. This thesis proposes a methodology to achieve these goals. It is partly based on the proposal of a meta-meta-model (to unify the description of the model structure), i.e. the meta-model, and secondly calculating the distance between each element of models to deduce the transformation rules. This distance reflecting both syntactic distance (words occurrence) and semantic relation that related to the synonymous. Researching synonym relation is based on the use of knowledge base, represented as ontology, such as WordNet
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Truppi, Chiara [Verfasser], Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Krifka, and Alain [Akademischer Betreuer] Kihm. "Bare nouns among and beyond creoles : a syntactic-semantic study of Kriyol Bare Noun Phrases based on a crosslinguistic comparison and the theoretical implications / Chiara Truppi. Gutachter: Manfred Krifka ; Alain Kihm." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075541271/34.
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Nastase, Viviana A. "Semantic relations across syntactic levels." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29147.
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In order to make sense of a message conveyed to us via a spoken or written utterance, we understand what things are talked about, and how they are connected.
From this point of view, do these sentences convey different messages? (1) I will arrive at 11 am. and I will arrive when you arrive. (2) I will meet you in the office. and I will meet you where we met last time. (3) Sweets before dinner spoil your appetite. and (4) Eating sweets before dinner spoils your appetite.
I will arrive at a certain point in time: at 11 am., or when you arrive. I will meet you at a certain place: in the office, or where we met last time. We can talk about sweets and mean eating sweets.
Literature review suggests that the relations exemplified by these pairs of sentences are different, because they connect different types of syntactic units. The first relation in each pair connects a verb and one of its arguments, the second---two clauses.
Such distinctions are artificial. Semantic relations link concepts, and will surface on the syntactic level on which the concepts they connect surface.
We aim to give an account of semantic relations that does not depend on syntactic levels. We will justify a unified view of semantic relations across syntactic levels. Such a view has a positive effect on text analysis. It will allow us to gather evidence for a particular semantic relation from all levels at which it appears. Having such information that is not separated according to syntactic levels will allow a text analysis and knowledge acquisition system to use at each processing step, all the evidence previously gathered. We will show that this translates into faster learning and better results.
We can take semantic relation analysis onto another level. We can look for descriptions of concepts connected by a specific semantic relation to find what characteristics or features of the concepts connected make them interact in this way. (1) blue book, happy person, interesting study; (2) paper bag, wooden chair, iron gate; (3) oak tree, cumulus cloud, flounder fish.
Blue, happy, interesting are properties, and paper, wood, iron are materials. Oak is a specific type of tree, cumulus is a type of cloud, and flounder is a type of fish.
We will use ontologies to find similarities between concepts that explain or give us indications about the semantic relations in which they are involved.
All these aspects we explore serve to improve text analysis. We propose a uniform processing of texts that allows us to extracts pairs of concepts that interact, and to describe this interaction through semantic relations.
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Paisey, Lorraine. "Entailment : semantic and syntactic approaches." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327882.
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This thesis gives an account of the nature of entailment through consideration of the role which semantics and syntax have to play in logical theory. This is done in two parts. The first part deals with a class of non-formal logical relations arising from the use of determinate predicates. The second deals with the core of relevance logic and with natural deduction systems of logic and their semantic counterparts. In this part, a philosophical analysis of the concept of normalisability is given, and the significance of transitivity for logic is discussed. The failure of the Lewis proof of B from A & -A is analysed, this analysis giving rise to the notion of suasive power as the key to our understanding of entailment. It is concluded that entailment is to be understood through proper appreciation of its role in clarifying commitments inherent in sets of statements and in particular in revealing contradictions where these occur. For a full account of entailment, both semantically based and syntactically based concepts are necessary.
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Lluís, Xavier. "Joint parsing of syntactic and semantic dependencies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/316397.
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Syntactic Dependency Parsing and Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) are two main problems in Natural Language Understanding. Both tasks are closely related and can be regarded as parsing on top of a given sequence. In the data-driven approach context, these tasks are typically addressed sequentially by a pipeline of classifiers. A syntactic parser is run in the first stage, and then given the predicates, the semantic roles are identified and classified (Gildea and Jurafsky, 2002).
An appealing and largely unexplored idea is to jointly process syntactic dependencies and semantic roles. A joint process could capture some interactions that pipeline systems are unable to model. We expect joint models to improve on syntax based on semantic cues and also the reverse. Despite this potential advantage and the interest in joint processing stimulated by the CoNLL-2008 and 2009 Shared Tasks (Surdeanu et al., 2008; Hajic et al., 2009), very few joint models have been proposed to date, few have achieved attention and fewer have obtained competitive results.
This thesis presents three contributions on this topic. The first contribution is to frame semantic role labeling as a linear assignment task. Under this framework we avoid assigning repeated roles to the arguments of a predicate. Our proposal follows previous work on enforcing constraints on the SRL analysis (Punyakanok et al., 2004; Surdeanu et al., 2007). But in our case, we enforce only a relevant subset of these constraints. We solve this problem with the efficient O(n^3) Hungarian algorithm. Our next contributions will rely on this assignment framework.
The second contribution of this thesis is a joint model that combines syntactic parsing and SRL (Lluís et al., 2013). We solve it by using dual-decomposition techniques. A strong point of our model is that it generates a joint solution relying on largely unmodified syntactic and SRL parsers. We train each component independently and the dual-decomposition method finds the optimal joint solution at decoding time. Our model has some optimality and efficiency guarantees. We show experiments comparing the pipeline and joint approaches on different test sets extracted from the CoNLL-2009 Shared Task. We observe some improvements both in syntax and semantics when our syntactic component is a first-order parser. Our results for the English language are competitive with respect to other state-of-the-art joint proposals such as Henderson et al., (2013).
The third contribution of this thesis is a model that finds semantic roles together with syntactic paths linking predicates and arguments (Lluís et al., 2014). We frame SRL as a shortest-path problem. Our method instead of conditioning over complete syntactic paths is based on the assumption that paths can be factorized. We rely on this factorization to efficiently solve our problem. The approach represents a novel way of exploiting syntactic variability in SRL. In experiments we observe improvements in the robustness of classifiers.<br>L'anàlisi sintàctica de dependències i l'etiquetatge de rols semàntics són dues tasques principals dins el camp del Processament del Llenguatge Natural. Aquestes dues tasques estan estretament relacionades i poden considerar-se de manera genèrica com la construcció d'una anàlisi a partir d'una seqüència donada. En el context de les aproximacions basades en grans volums de dades, les dues tasques es tracten habitualment de manera seqüencial mitjançant una sèrie de classificadors en cadena. Un analitzador sintàctic s'aplica en primer lloc i a continuació i donats un predicats, els rols semàntics són identificats i classificats (Gildea i Jurafsky, 2002). Processar conjuntament les dependències sintàctiques i els rols semàntics és una idea que pot resultar atractiva però que tot i això s'ha explorat poc. Un procés conjunt podria capturar algunes interaccions que els sistemes seqüencials són incapaços de modelar. En un model conjunt esperem que la semàntica ens proporcioni pistes per tal de millorar la sintaxi així com també que es produeixin millores en el sentit contrari. Tot i aquests avantatges potencials i l'interès en els models conjunts que va despertar la tasca compartida de les "Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning" (CoNLL) 2008 i 2009 (Surdeanu et al., 2008; Hajic et al., 2009) fins al dia d'avui s'han proposat pocs models conjunts, pocs d'aquests han aconseguit tenir un ampli ressò i encara menys han presentat resultats competitius. La tesi presenta tres contribucions en aquest camp. La primera contribució és modelar l'etiquetatge de rols semàntics com un problema d'assignació lineal. Sota aquest marc evitem assignar rols repetits als arguments d'un predicat. Aquesta proposta va en la línia del treball previ sobre aplicació de restriccions en l'etiquetatge de rols semàntics (Punyakanok et al., 2004; Surdeanu et al., 2007). En el nostre cas però, apliquem només un subconjunt de les restriccions més rellevants presentades en treballs anteriors. El problema de l'assignació el resolem amb l'eficient algorisme Hongarès O(n^3). Les següents contribucions d'aquesta tesi utilitzen aquest mateix marc basat en l'assignació. La segona contribució de la tesi és un model conjunt que combina l'anàlisi sintàctica amb l'etiquetatge de rols semàntics (Lluís et al., 2013). Resolem aquest problema utilitzant el mètode anomenat "dual decomposition". Un punt destacable del nostre model és que genera la solució conjunta basant-se en analitzadors sintàctics i de rols semàntics pràcticament sense modificar. Entrenem cada component per separat i el mètode de "dual decomposition" ens permet obtenir la solució conjunta òptima durant la fase descodificació. El nostre model presenta algunes garanties d'optimalitat i eficiència. Mostrem experiments comparant les aproximacions seqüencials i conjuntes amb diferents conjunts de dades extrets de la tasca compartida del CoNLL-2009. Hem observat algunes millores tant en sintaxi com en semàntica en els casos en que el nostre component sintàctic és un analitzador de primer ordre. Els resultats que obtenim per a l'anglès són competitius respecte a altres sistemes conjunts de l'estat de l'art tals com Henderson et al. (2013). La tercera contribució de la tesi és un model que cerca rols semàntics juntament amb camins sintàctics que relacionen els predicats amb els seus arguments (Lluís et al., 2014). Considerem l'etiquetatge de rols com un problema de camins mínims. El nostre mètode enlloc de condicionar sobre camins sintàctics complets, es basa en l'assumpció que els camins poden ser factoritzats. Aquesta factorització és la que ens permet solucionar el problema de manera eficient. Aquesta aproximació representa una nova manera d'explotar variabilitat sintàctica durant l'etiquetatge de rols semàntics. En els experiments observem millores en la robustesa dels classificadors.
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Devick, Jane F. "Narrative comprehension: semantic and syntactic summary production." FIU Digital Commons, 1996. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2784.
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The purpose of this research was to examine from a syntactic and narrative structure perspective two narrative summary types: a summary with a length constraint and an unconstrained summary. In addition, this research served to develop a multidimensional theory of narrative comprehension.
College freshmen read two short stories written by written by Sake and were asked to write a constrained summary for one text and an unconstrained summary for the other text. Following this the subjects completed a metacognitive questionnaire. The summaries were analyzed to examine transitivity features and narrative structure features. The metacognitive questionnaires were examined to extract information about plot structure, differences between one and two episode stories, and to gain insight into the strategies used by subjects in producing both summary types.
A Paired t- test conducted on the data found that there was a significant transitivity feature mean difference between a constrained summary and an unconstrained summary indicating that the number of transitivity features produced from each summary type were task dependent.
Chi-square tests conducted on the data found that there were proportional differences in usage between plot features and thematic abstract units in an unconstrained summary and a constrained summary indicating that plot features and thematic abstract units produced from each summary type were task dependent.
Qualitative analyses indicated that setting, goal, and resolution are typical within plot organization, there are summary production differences between one and two episode narratives, and subjects do not seem to be aware of summary production strategies.
The results of this research have implications for comprehension and writing instruction.
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Billingsley, Richard John. "Deep Learning for Semantic and Syntactic Structures." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12825.
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Deep machine learning has enjoyed recent success in vision and speech-to-text tasks, using deep multi-layered neural networks. They have obtained remarkable results particularly where the internal representation of the task is unclear. In parsing, where the structure of syntax is well studied and understood from linguistics, neural networks have so far not performed so well. State-of-the-art parsers use a tree-based graphical model that requires a large number of equivalent classes to represent each parse node and its phrase label. A recursive neural network (RNN) parser has been developed that works well on short sentences, but falls short of the state-of-the-art results on longer sentences. This thesis aims to investigate deep learning and improve parsing by examining how neural networks could perform state-of-the-art parsing by comparison with PCFG parsers. We hypothesize that a neural network could be configured to implement an algorithm parallel to PCFG parsers, and examine their suitability to this task from an analytic perspective. This highlights a missing term that the RNN parser is unable to model, and we identify the role of this missing term in parsing. We finally present two methods to improve the RNN parser by building upon the analysis in earlier chapters, one using an iterative process similar to belief propagation that yields a 0.38% improvement and another replacing the scoring method with a deeper neural model yielding a 0.83% improvement. By examining an RNN parser as an exemplar of a deep neural network, we gain insights to deep machine learning and some of the approximations it must make by comparing it with well studied non-neural parsers that achieve state-of-the-art results. In this way, our research provides a better understanding of deep machine learning and a step towards improvements in parsing that will lead to smarter algorithms that can learn more accurate representations of information and the syntax and semantics of text.
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Kurita, Shuhei. "Neural Approaches for Syntactic and Semantic Analysis." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242436.
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McIver, Linda Kathryn 1971. "Syntactic and semantic issues in introductory programming education." Monash University, School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8800.
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Martinez-Mascarua, Carlos Mario. "Syntactic and semantic structures in COCOLOG logic control." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ44512.pdf.
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Martínez-Mascarúa, Carlos Mario. "Syntactic and semantic structures in cocolog logic control." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34757.
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The research presented in this thesis is formulated within the Conditional Observer and Controller Logic (COCOLOG) framework. COCOLOG is a family of first order languages and associated theories for the design and implementation of controllers for discrete event systems (DESs).<br>The opening part of this thesis presents a high level formulation of COCOLOG called Macro COCOLOG. First, we present the theory of Macro COCOLOG languages, a framework for the enhancement of the original COCOLOG language via definitional constructions. Second, we present the theory of Macro COCOLOG actions, a framework for the enhancement of COCOLOG allowing the utilisation of hierarchically aggregated control actions.<br>In this thesis Macro COCOLOG is applied to a pair of examples: the control of the motion of a mobile robot and the flow of water through a tank.<br>The next question addressed in the thesis is the possibility of expanding the original COCOLOG theories in various ways concerning the fundamental issues of the arithmetic system and the notion of reachability in DESs as expressed in COCOLOG. Specifically, the fundamental nature of the reachability predicate, Rbl(·,·,·), is explored, and found to be completely determined by notions axiomatised in subtheories of the original COCOLOG theory. This result effectively reduces the complexity of the proofs originally involving Rbl(·,·,·).<br>Following this line of thought, two sets of Macro languages and associated theories are developed which are shown to be as powerful (in terms of expressiveness and deductive scope) as the original COCOLOG theories and hence, necessarily, as powerful as Markovian fragment COCOLOG theories.<br>A final result along these lines is that the control law itself (originally expressed in a set of extra logical Conditional Control Rules) can be incorporated into the COCOLOG theories via function symbol definition.<br>The efficient implementation of COCOLOG controllers serves as a motivation for the final two chapters of the thesis. A basic result in this chapter is that a COCOLOG controller may itself be realized as a DES since, for any COCOLOG controller, it is shown that one may generate a finite state machine realizing that controller. This realization can then be used for real time (i.e. reactive) control. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Kaisser, Michael. "Acquiring syntactic and semantic transformations in question answering." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3947.
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One and the same fact in natural language can be expressed in many different ways by using different words and/or a different syntax. This phenomenon, commonly called paraphrasing, is the main reason why Natural Language Processing (NLP) is such a challenging task. This becomes especially obvious in Question Answering (QA) where the task is to automatically answer a question posed in natural language, usually in a text collection also consisting of natural language texts. It cannot be assumed that an answer sentence to a question uses the same words as the question and that these words are combined in the same way by using the same syntactic rules. In this thesis we describe methods that can help to address this problem. Firstly we explore how lexical resources, i.e. FrameNet, PropBank and VerbNet can be used to recognize a wide range of syntactic realizations that an answer sentence to a given question can have. We find that our methods based on these resources work well for web-based Question Answering. However we identify two problems: 1) All three resources as of yet have significant coverage issues. 2) These resources are not suitable to identify answer sentences that show some form of indirect evidence. While the first problem hinders performance currently, it is not a theoretical problem that renders the approach unsuitable–it rather shows that more efforts have to be made to produce more complete resources. The second problem is more persistent. Many valid answer sentences–especially in small, journalistic corpora–do not provide direct evidence for a question, rather they strongly suggest an answer without logically implying it. Semantically motivated resources like FrameNet, PropBank and VerbNet can not easily be employed to recognize such forms of indirect evidence. In order to investigate ways of dealing with indirect evidence, we used Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to collect over 8,000 manually identified answer sentences from the AQUAINT corpus to the over 1,900 TREC questions from the 2002 to 2006 QA tracks. The pairs of answer sentences and their corresponding questions form the QASP corpus, which we released to the public in April 2008. In this dissertation, we use the QASP corpus to develop an approach to QA based on matching dependency relations between answer candidates and question constituents in the answer sentences. By acquiring knowledge about syntactic and semantic transformations from dependency relations in the QASP corpus, additional answer candidates can be identified that could not be linked to the question with our first approach.
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Webster, Janet May. "A semantic and syntactic analysis of aphasic speech." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/882.
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The aim of this study was to investigate sentence production deficits in subjects with aphasia, with a view to improving the description of the observed features of performance and determining the nature of the underlying impairment. An analysis of narrative speech was designed which described sentence production in terms of thematic, phrasal and morphological structure. The comprehensive analysis procedure allowed the sentence production of non-fluent aphasic subjects, fluent aphasic subjects and normal control subjects to be compared. The results of the narrative analysis questioned the validity of grouping subjects via the fluency of their speech; there was extensive variability within each group and the deficits seen in the nonfluent and fluent subjects were not differentiable. Garrett's (1980) model of normal sentence production provided a more beneficial framework for characterising sentence production deficits in aphasia. The majority of the subjects with aphasia presented with a combination of functional and positional level deficits. Selective deficits were, however, identified in the production of thematic structure, complex phrases, function words and inflectional morphology. The independence of functional and positional level processing was confirmed by an additional study of narrative speech investigating how thematic structure influenced subsequent phrasal realisation. There was no trade-off between the complexity of the predicate argument structure (in terms of the number of phrasal components associated with the verb) and the complexity of the phrases used to realise those arguments. In addition, the argument status of the phrase was not found to influence its complexity. The number of phrasal components in an utterance and the complexity of those phrases was only influenced by the information to be conveyed. The narrative analysis allowed the likely location of a subject's impairment to be identified. An investigation of four subjects with apparent difficulties in producing the functional level representation found that differential deficits were responsible for their production of thematic structure. These results provide support for the three subprocesses suggested by Schwartz (1987): - the retrieval of semantic information, the creation of the predicate argument structure and the assignment of thematic roles to lexical items.
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Marten, Lutz. "Syntactic and semantic underspecification in the verb phrase." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313787.
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Horowitz, Bradley Joseph. "Syntactic and semantic image representations for computer vision." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67107.
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Fitzpatrick, Justin Michael. "The syntactic and semantic roots of floating quantification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37420.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-230).<br>Through the study of floating quantifiers in a variety of languages, I demonstrate that floating quantification is not a uniform phenomenon and outline a series of puzzles that force us to adopt a two-part analysis. I argue that certain floating quantifiers are related to their nominal associate by syntactic transformation (the stranding approach, Sportiche 1988; Miyagawa 1989) and that others are related only semantically (the adverbial approach, Dowty and Brody 1984; Bobaljik 1995; Doetjes 1997). Evidence for this split comes from the syntactic distribution of these elements within and across languages and from two other points of difference. First, I show that each type of floating quantifier imposes a different restriction on the movement of its nominal associate. An adverbial floating quantifier restricts its associate to A-movement, while a stranded floating quantifier restricts its associate to A'-movement. Furthermore, these two classes of quantifiers divide along semantic lines: Adverbial floating quantifiers have exhaustive semantics, while stranded adnominal floating quantifiers are non-exhaustive. The analysis developed here provides an explanation for these syntactic and semantic differences.<br>(cont.) The syntactic behavior is linked to the structural make-up of the two types of elements and to more general syntactic principles. I propose that quantifier stranding can only arise through A'-movement and that this restriction reflects a general ban on subphrasal extraction through A-movement. I suggest that this difference in locality conditions has roots in deeper differences between A- and A'-movement. My analysis of adverbial floating quantifier structure draws on Doetjes's (1997) analysis of adverbial floating quantifiers as containing a possibly null pronominal element. I extend this analysis to treat a variety of characteristics found with adverbial floating quantifiers, including agreement patterns, co-occurrence with pronouns, and locality conditions. The presence of this null pronominal is also argued to account for the observed A-movement restriction by disallowing cross-over via A'-movement. Thus the behavior of floating quantifiers can be used as a tool for the investigation of differences among movement types. The semantic differences that exist between types of floating quantifiers are tied to the syntax of partitivity. I argue that quantifier stranding can only arise via a partitive structure and that only non-exhaustive elements are eligible for this structure.<br>(cont.) On the other hand, only exhaustive elements can take part in the structure that is required for adverbial quantifier float. The analysis not only provides a solution to the puzzle of floating quantification cross-linguistically, but raises other more general issues. In particular, the present analysis forces us to reevaluate the interplay of A- and A'-movement in a derivation. I show that in some cases a phrase that is generally assumed to undergo both A- and A'-movement in fact undergoes direct A'-movement. Thus floating quantification provides fertile ground for the investigation of differences and interactions between these two types of displacement. The results presented here should also provide a model for the analysis of other types of split constituency across languages.<br>by Justin Michael Fitzpatrick.<br>Ph.D.
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BOTHIREDDY, HARITHA. "SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC ROLE OF ORNAMENT IN ARCHITECTURE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179339778.
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Mikroyannidi, Eleni. "Detection of syntactic and semantic regularities in ontologies." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/detection-of-syntactic-andsemantic-regularities-in-ontologies(144ed6a8-51c7-440c-b5ab-32ba9fbfc63f).html.
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Ontologies are machine processable artifacts and the core structures of the Semantic Web. OWL (Web Ontology Language) is a W3C Recommendation language for developing ontologies; it is based on Description Logics, allowing for precise knowledge representation and sound and complete automated reasoning over the collection of axioms in an OWL document. Although ontologies are useful for sharing terminologies, their design and reuse are difficult and time consuming processes. Despite the efforts of the community towards the development of OWL ontologies, there is a lack of methods and tools for reusing and inspecting ontologies, i.e., reverse engineering methods. This thesis focuses on the area by investigating the detection of regularities in ontologies, for the purpose of abstracting sets of axioms into patterns that can be verified and reused. Its main contribution is the Regularity Inspector for Ontologies (RIO) framework, which implements methods to find syntactic regularities (repetitive structures in the asserted axioms) and semantic regularities (repetitive structures in the entailments) in an ontology. Regularity detection is achieved through the use of cluster analysis for detecting similarities in sets of axioms. This thesis provides experimental evidence for the effectiveness of regularity analysis for the inspection of patterns, and the discovery of modeling irregularities (often modelling errors) during quality assurance for real, large ontologies. In particular, empirical analysis showed that RIO could successfully detect regularities in ontologies, revealing the patterns adopted by the developers. It can be also used to trace pattern deviations as part of checking conformance to an intended design template during quality assurance of an ontology. This work has been motivated by the existence of pattern based systematic development methodologies and the lack of methods for discovering patterns in existing ontologies --- the natural complement of these pattern based development methodologies.
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Herrera, Roberto. "On Spanish prepositions : a syntactic and semantic analysis /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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BARATTIERI, DI SAN PIETRO CHIARA. "Semantic and syntactic modifications in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/277375.
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Nonostante la comprovata presenza di alterazioni a carico del linguaggio nei disturbi dello spettro schizofrenico (DSS - American Psychiatric Association, 2013), la piena caratterizzazione del fenomeno non è ancora stata raggiunta. L’ipotesi della “schizofrenia come prezzo da pagare per il linguaggio" (Crow, 1997) apre nuove prospettive al problema sotto osservazione e suggerisce la necessità di un approccio volto a integrare gli strumenti attualmente utilizzati per la valutazione clinica delle abilità linguistiche nei DSS.
L’obiettivo generale del presente lavoro è l'avanzamento nella comprensione dei disturbi del linguaggio in questa popolazione. A tal fine è stato adottato un approccio interdisciplinare a cavallo tra la neuropsicologia, la psicolinguistica e la linguistica computazione. In particolare, il presente lavoro si concentra: i) sullo studio dell’interazione tra il magazzino semantico e le funzioni esecutive ai compiti di fluenza verbale; ii) sulla produzione e la comprensione della struttura argomentale del verbo e della complessità sintattica; e iii) sulla sensibilità alle violazioni semantiche a carico di diversi ruoli tematici.
Quarantatré persone con DSS sono state reclutate presso l’IRCCS Fatebenefratelli di Brescia. I processi di elaborazione linguistica dei partecipanti sono stati studiati attraverso: i) due fluenze verbali analizzate adottando sia punteggi tradizioni, sia algoritmi di Natural Language Processing (NLP); ii) la Northwestern Assessment of Verb Argument Structure (NAVS – Cho-Reyes & Thompson, 2012; Barbieri et al., 2019); iii) uno studio sui movimenti oculari durante un compito di lettura di frasi con violazioni semantiche. Come confronto, lo stesso protocollo sperimentale è stato somministrato a un campione di soggetti sani di controllo appaiati per sesso ed età.
Nei compiti di fluenza verbale si sono osservate differenze significative tra i due gruppi relativamente alla dimensione media dei cluster semantici, al numero di switch tra cluster, nonché alle misure di coerenza semantica, mettendo in evidenza il contributo differenziale e non mutualmente esclusivo dell’integrità del magazzino semantico e delle funzioni esecutive alla fluenza verbale. Inoltre, gli algoritmi sperimentali NLP basati sulle misure adottate hanno dimostrato un’elevata prestazione nella classificazione dei soggetti con o senza DSS. Dai risultati della batteria NAVS è stato inoltre possibile identificare una difficoltà specifica dei pazienti rispetto a strutture argomentali complesse, nonché rispetto a frasi aventi un ordine delle parole non canonico, sia in produzione sia in comprensione, compatibili con la Argument Structure Complexiy Hypothesis (ASCH – Thompson, 2003) e con un deficit del movimento sintattico che soggiace alle frasi non canoniche (Chomsky, 1981). Infine, tramite lo studio dei movimenti oculari è stato possibile osservare una diminuita sensibilità alle violazioni sul ruolo tematico di “Agente”, compatibile con la presenza di un “disturbo del Sé” (Henriksen & Noordgard, 2014) nei DSS.
In conclusione, i nostri risultati confermano la presenza di deficit specifici a carico delle abilità semantiche e sintattiche osservabili in produzione e in comprensione nei DSS. Inoltre, l’esito dello studio supporta l’applicazione di un approccio multi-disciplinare al problema in oggetto. Il presente studio dimostra come misure di fluenza verbale derivate da un approccio linguistico-computazionale associate a una dettagliata caratterizzazione del linguaggio recettivo e produttivo nei DSS grazie agli strumenti e alle cornici teoriche della psicolinguistica possono contribuire all'avanzamento nella caratterizzazione delle modificazioni del linguaggio nei DSS oltre allo stato dell’arte.<br>Although the presence of language disturbances in people with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) is well established (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), a full characterization of the phenomenon is still missing. The hypothesis of “schizophrenia as the price we pay for language” (Crow, 1997) opens new perspectives on the problem at stake, and suggests the need for a combined approach aiming at integrating the clinical tools nowadays employed to assess language abilities in SSD.
The overall objective of the present work is to advance the understanding of language disturbances in this population by adopting an interdisciplinary approach embracing neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics. In particular, the present work is focused on: i) the differential contribution of semantic storage and executive functions to verbal fluency; ii) the production and comprehension of verbs argument structure and syntactic complexity, and; iii) the sensitivity to semantics violation on different Thematic Roles.
Forty-three persons with SSD were recruited at the IRCCS Fatebenefratelli of Brescia. Participants’ linguistic processes were investigated by means of: i) two verbal fluency tasks for the evaluation of semantic store integrity and executive function performance, both computed manually and derived from Natural Language Processing (NLP) methodologies; ii) the Northwestern Assessment of Verb Argument Structure (NAVS – Cho-Reyes & Thompson, 2012; Barbieri, Brambilla, Thompson, & Luzzatti, 2019); iii) an eye-tracking study on semantic violations. For comparison, the same battery was administered to a sample of healthy control subjects matched by age and gender.
In the fluency tasks significant differences in the mean size of semantic clusters, number of switches, as well as measure of coherence were observed between groups, highlighting the differential and non-mutually exclusive contribution of the semantic store integrity and the executive functions to verbal fluency. Moreover, NLP-derived algorithms shown a high-level performance in classifying subjects with and without SSD. A specific difficulty with complex verb argument structure, as well as with non-canonical word order of sentences, both in production and comprehension, was identified in the SSD population. These results are compatible with the Argument Structure Complexity Hypothesis (ASCH – Thompson, 2003) and the presence of an underlying syntactic movement in non-canonical sentences (Chomsky, 1981). Finally, an impaired sensitivity to semantic violations on the “Agent” was observed in the eye-tracking study, compatible with the presence of a “disorder of the self” (Henriksen & Noordgard, 2014) in this population.
In summary, our results underline the presence of specific semantic and syntactic impairments in SSD as seen in language production and comprehension. Moreover, our result support the application of a multi-disciplinary approach to the issue at stake. Our study show how the added value of fluency measures derived by a computational linguistic approach paired with a fine-grained characterization of receptive and productive language in SSD by means of the tools and theoretical frameworks derived from psycholinguistics can contribute to further characterize language modifications in SSD beyond the current knowledge.
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Myachykov, Andriy. "Integrating perceptual, semantic and syntactic information in sentence production." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis. Move to record for print version, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/31/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.<br>Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Zhuang, Jie. "Lexical, semantic, and syntactic processes in spoken language comprehension." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608554.
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Martinez, Christian. "A Modular Integrated Syntactic/Semantic XML Data Validation Solution." Thesis, Pace University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10128879.
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<p> A Modular Integrated Syntactic/Semantic XML Data Validation Solution Data integration between disparate systems can be difficult when there are distinct data formats and constraints from a syntactic and semantic perspective. Such differences can be the source of miscommunication that can lead to incorrect data interpretations. What we propose is to leverage XML as means to define not only syntactic constraints, but also semantic constraints. </p><p> XML having been widely adopted across multiple industries, is heavily used as a data protocol. However, commonly used XML parsers have only embedded syntactic validation. In other words, if semantic constraints are needed, these come into play after a parser has validated the XML message. Furthermore, semantic constraints tend to be declared inside the client system, either in the code itself or in some other form of persistent storage such as a database. Our solution to this problem is to integrate the syntactic and semantic validation phases into a single parser. This way, all syntactic and semantic rules can be configured outside the client system. For our purposes, semantic rules are defined as co-constraints. Co-constraints are when the value, presence or absence of an element or attribute is dependent on the value, presence or absence of another element or attribute in the same XML message. Using this same concept, we have also built a parser that, based on co-constraints, can express business constraints that transcend the message definition. Our research provides a reusable modular middleware solution that integrates syntactic and semantic validation. We also demonstrate how the same semantic validating parser can be used to execute business rules triggered by semantic rules. </p><p> Combining semantic and syntactic validation in the same XML parser or interpreter is a powerful solution to quick integration between disparate systems. A key of our proposal is also to have the syntax definition and semantic definitions separate, allowing them to evolve independently. One can imagine how syntax might not change between systems, but the semantic constraints can differ between message consumers.</p>
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Endres, L?via Bisch. "Semantic and syntactic issues on aspectual post-verbal particles." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2013. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6215.
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Previous issue date: 2013-01-04<br>This paper seeks to shed some light on a few semantic and syntactic issues concerning aspectual post-verbal particles. Besides having directional meanings or forming idiomatic combinations, the particles associated with verbs in the structures known as particle verbs, phrasal verbs, or verb-particle constructions, can also convey aspectual meanings, namely, continuative aspect, a new subcategory of imperfective aspect proposed by Brinton (2009), and telicity, a notion pertaining to accomplishments, one of the kinds of situations proposed by Vendler (1957). Continuative aspect portrays a situation as continuing in time instead of ending; the post-verbal particles which can add continuativity to the situation they are inserted in are on, along, and away. Telicity is a feature that situations have if they have a definite, intrinsic endpoint; the particles which can add a telos to situations are up, down, out, off, through, over, and away. These aspectual notions might be accompanied by some other related meaning, which arises upon the combination of verb and particle. On the telic group, up is the particle which has the purest telic meaning; its correspondent in the continuative group is on. In addition, if we apply the notion of productivity in the sense of Jackendoff (2002) to them, we can conclude that telic up and continuative on and away are productive, in that their combination with verbs can be built online, and the outputs need not be listed in the lexicon.The remaining particles in both groups are, in turn, semiproductive; this means that, even though there is some regularity in their combination with verbs, those cannot be built online and need to be individually listed in the lexicon. These structures also pose a challenge to syntax; not only aspectual, but all particle verbs have syntactic characteristics, such as particle shift, which are difficult to explain in syntactic theory. The two most commonly adopted attempts are the complex head and the small clause analyses, but neither of them is sufficient to explain all the peculiarities in the syntactic behavior of verb-particle constructions. Jackendoff (2002) proposes that, if binary branching were dropped, it would be possible to propose a theory in which the relations that the particle has with the verb and with the DP complement did not have precedence over one another, which seems to be the main reason behind the difficulty in describing the syntactic structure of particle verbs. Furthermore, a few particularities in the syntactic influence of some aspectual particles on the verbs raise even more questions on the syntax of verb-particle constructions.<br>Este trabalho pretende esclarecer algumas quest?es sem?nticas e sint?ticas sobre part?culas p?s-verbais aspectuais. Al?m de apresentar significados direcionais ou idiom?ticos, as part?culas associadas a verbos nas estruturas chamadas particle verbs, phrasal verbs ou verb-particle constructions tamb?m podem ter sentidos aspectuais; s?o eles continuatividade, uma subdivis?o do imperfectivo proposta por Brinton (2009), e telicidade, uma no??o dos accomplishments, uma das categorias de Vendler (1957). O aspecto continuativo demonstra a situa??o continuando no tempo em vez de terminar; as part?culas que podem adicionar continuatividade ?s situa??es s?o on, along e away. Telicidade ? uma caracter?stica das situa??es que possuem um ponto final intr?nseco; as part?culas que podem dar um telos ?s situa??es s?o up, down, out, off, through, over e away. Estas no??es podem vir acompanhadas de algum outro significado relacionado na combina??o entre verbo e part?cula. No grupo t?lico, up ? a part?cula que possui o significado mais puro de telicidade; sua correspondente no grupo continuativo ? on. Al?m disso, se aplicarmos a no??o de produtividade de Jackendoff (2002), concluiremos que up, e tamb?m as continuativas on e away, s?o produtivas, pois as combina??es entre elas e os verbos podem ser constru?das no momento da fala, sem necessidade de serem listadas no l?xico.O restante das part?culas nos dois grupos s?o, por sua vez, semiprodutivas; isso significa que, embora haja certa regularidade nas combina??es com os verbos, estas n?o podem ser constru?das no momento da fala e precisam ser listadas individualmente no l?xico. Estas estruturas ainda representam um desafio para a sintaxe; n?o apenas os particle verbs aspectuais, mas todos eles, possuem caracter?sticas, como o particle shift, que s?o dif?ceis de explicar na teoria sint?tica. As duas tentativas mais adotadas s?o as chamadas complex head e small clause analyses, por?m, nenhuma das duas ? suficiente para explicar todas as peculiaridades do comportamento sint?tico das verb-particle constructions. Jackendoff (2002) prop?e que, se a ramifica??o bin?ria fosse descartada, seria poss?vel propor uma teoria em que as rela??es da part?cula com o verbo e com o complemento DP n?o tivessem preced?ncia uma sobre a outra, o que parece ser a principal raz?o por tr?s da dificuldade em descrever a estrutura sint?tica dos particle verbs. Ademais, algumas particularidades na influ?ncia sint?tica de algumas part?culas aspectuais nos verbos levantam ainda mais perguntas a respeito da sintaxe de verb-particle constructions.
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Endres, Lívia Bisch. "Semantic and syntactic issues on aspectual post-verbal particles." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7470.
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Previous issue date: 2013<br>This paper seeks to shed some light on a few semantic and syntactic issues concerning aspectual post-verbal particles. Besides having directional meanings or forming idiomatic combinations, the particles associated with verbs in the structures known as particle verbs, phrasal verbs, or verb-particle constructions, can also convey aspectual meanings, namely, continuative aspect, a new subcategory of imperfective aspect proposed by Brinton (2009), and telicity, a notion pertaining to accomplishments, one of the kinds of situations proposed by Vendler (1957). Continuative aspect portrays a situation as continuing in time instead of ending; the post-verbal particles which can add continuativity to the situation they are inserted in are on, along, and away. Telicity is a feature that situations have if they have a definite, intrinsic endpoint; the particles which can add a telos to situations are up, down, out, off, through, over, and away. These aspectual notions might be accompanied by some other related meaning, which arises upon the combination of verb and particle. On the telic group, up is the particle which has the purest telic meaning; its correspondent in the continuative group is on. In addition, if we apply the notion of productivity in the sense of Jackendoff (2002) to them, we can conclude that telic up and continuative on and away are productive, in that their combination with verbs can be built online, and the outputs need not be listed in the lexicon. The remaining particles in both groups are, in turn, semiproductive; this means that, even though there is some regularity in their combination with verbs, those cannot be built online and need to be individually listed in the lexicon. These structures also pose a challenge to syntax; not only aspectual, but all particle verbs have syntactic characteristics, such as particle shift, which are difficult to explain in syntactic theory. The two most commonly adopted attempts are the complex head and the small clause analyses, but neither of them is sufficient to explain all the peculiarities in the syntactic behavior of verb-particle constructions. Jackendoff (2002) proposes that, if binary branching were dropped, it would be possible to propose a theory in which the relations that the particle has with the verb and with the DP complement did not have precedence over one another, which seems to be the main reason behind the difficulty in describing the syntactic structure of particle verbs. Furthermore, a few particularities in the syntactic influence of some aspectual particles on the verbs raise even more questions on the syntax of verb-particle constructions.<br>Este trabalho pretende esclarecer algumas questões semânticas e sintáticas sobre partículas pós-verbais aspectuais. Além de apresentar significados direcionais ou idiomáticos, as partículas associadas a verbos nas estruturas chamadas particle verbs, phrasal verbs ou verb-particle constructions também podem ter sentidos aspectuais; são eles continuatividade, uma subdivisão do imperfectivo proposta por Brinton (2009), e telicidade, uma noção dos accomplishments, uma das categorias de Vendler (1957). O aspecto continuativo demonstra a situação continuando no tempo em vez de terminar; as partículas que podem adicionar continuatividade às situações são on, along e away. Telicidade é uma característica das situações que possuem um ponto final intrínseco; as partículas que podem dar um telos às situações são up, down, out, off, through, over e away. Estas noções podem vir acompanhadas de algum outro significado relacionado na combinação entre verbo e partícula. No grupo télico, up é a partícula que possui o significado mais puro de telicidade; sua correspondente no grupo continuativo é on. Além disso, se aplicarmos a noção de produtividade de Jackendoff (2002), concluiremos que up, e também as continuativas on e away, são produtivas, pois as combinações entre elas e os verbos podem ser construídas no momento da fala, sem necessidade de serem listadas no léxico.O restante das partículas nos dois grupos são, por sua vez, semiprodutivas; isso significa que, embora haja certa regularidade nas combinações com os verbos, estas não podem ser construídas no momento da fala e precisam ser listadas individualmente no léxico. Estas estruturas ainda representam um desafio para a sintaxe; não apenas os particle verbs aspectuais, mas todos eles, possuem características, como o particle shift, que são difíceis de explicar na teoria sintática. As duas tentativas mais adotadas são as chamadas complex head e small clause analyses, porém, nenhuma das duas é suficiente para explicar todas as peculiaridades do comportamento sintático das verb-particle constructions. Jackendoff (2002) propõe que, se a ramificação binária fosse descartada, seria possível propor uma teoria em que as relações da partícula com o verbo e com o complemento DP não tivessem precedência uma sobre a outra, o que parece ser a principal razão por trás da dificuldade em descrever a estrutura sintática dos particle verbs. Ademais, algumas particularidades na influência sintática de algumas partículas aspectuais nos verbos levantam ainda mais perguntas a respeito da sintaxe de verb-particle constructions.
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Bowker, Mark. "Saying nothing : in defence of syntactic and semantic underdetermination." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8630.
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According to the Encoding Model, speakers communicate by encoding the propositions they want to communicate into sentences, in accordance with the conventions of a language L. By uttering a sentence that encodes p, the speaker says that p. Communication is successful only if the audience identifies the proposition that the speaker intends to communicate, which is achieved by decoding the uttered sentence in accordance with the conventions of L. A consequence of the Encoding Model has been the proliferation of underdetermination arguments, each of which concludes against some linguistic theory T, on the grounds that, were T true, audiences would be unable to know what was said by utterances of some particular linguistic form, and therefore unable to know what speakers intended to communicate by these utterance. The result, if we accept the conclusion of these arguments, is radical restriction of the domain of viable linguistic theory. This Thesis defends an alternative model according to which there need be nothing encoded in an uttered sentence – nothing that is said by its utterance – for the audience to retrieve. Rather, there are indefinitely many ways to interpret uttered sentences – indefinitely many routes to the propositions that speaker intend to communicate – which proceed through different interpretations of what is said.
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Bourgeois, Thomas C. "English Relative Clause Extraction: A Syntactic and Semantic Approach." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/226574.
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Within this paper we analyze the formation of and extraction from a specific type of noun phrase, namely that consisting of the definite article followed by a common noun modified by a relative clause, where the common noun can be the subject or the object of the modifying clause. Representative examples of this construction appear in Figure 1: (1) ( i ) . Sal knows the man Sid likes. (ii) . Sal knows the man who bought the carrot. The framework we assume here makes use of a system of functional syntactical and (corresponding) semantical types assigned to each item in the string. These types act upon each other in functor-argument fashion according to a small set of combinatory rules for building syntactic and semantic structure, adopted here without proof but not without comment. To emphasize the direct correspondence of the syntax/semantics relationship, we describe combinatory rules in terms of how they apply on both levels. For maximum clarity, data appear in the form of triplets consisting of the phonological unit (the word), the syntactic category, and the semantic representation. We present an example below: (2) 'bought; (N P\S)/N P; λoλs.B(o),(s)
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Mundalamo, Rabelani Phyllis. "The ideophones in Tshivenda : a syntactic and semantic analysis." Thesis, University of the North, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2107.
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Karmakar, Saurav. "Syntactic and Semantic Analysis and Visualization of Unstructured English Texts." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cs_diss/61.
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People have complex thoughts, and they often express their thoughts with complex sentences using natural languages. This complexity may facilitate efficient communications among the audience with the same knowledge base. But on the other hand, for a different or new audience this composition becomes cumbersome to understand and analyze. Analysis of such compositions using syntactic or semantic measures is a challenging job and defines the base step for natural language processing.
In this dissertation I explore and propose a number of new techniques to analyze and visualize the syntactic and semantic patterns of unstructured English texts.
The syntactic analysis is done through a proposed visualization technique which categorizes and compares different English compositions based on their different reading complexity metrics. For the semantic analysis I use Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to analyze the hidden patterns in complex compositions. I have used this technique to analyze comments from a social visualization web site for detecting the irrelevant ones (e.g., spam). The patterns of collaborations are also studied through statistical analysis.
Word sense disambiguation is used to figure out the correct sense of a word in a sentence or composition. Using textual similarity measure, based on the different word similarity measures and word sense disambiguation on collaborative text snippets from social collaborative environment, reveals a direction to untie the knots of complex hidden patterns of collaboration.
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Wong, Wei-wah Claudia, and 黃惠華. "Reading Chinese sentences: the relationship between syntactic and semantic processing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30285367.
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Nădejde, Maria. "Syntactic and semantic features for statistical and neural machine translation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31346.
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Machine Translation (MT) for language pairs with long distance dependencies and word reordering, such as German-English, is prone to producing output that is lexically or syntactically incoherent. Statistical MT (SMT) models used explicit or latent syntax to improve reordering, however failed at capturing other long distance dependencies. This thesis explores how explicit sentence-level syntactic information can improve translation for such complex linguistic phenomena. In particular, we work at the level of the syntactic-semantic interface with representations conveying the predicate-argument structures. These are essential to preserving semantics in translation and SMT systems have long struggled to model them. String-to-tree SMT systems use explicit target syntax to handle long-distance reordering, but make strong independence assumptions which lead to inconsistent lexical choices. To address this, we propose a Selectional Preferences feature which models the semantic affinities between target predicates and their argument fillers using the target dependency relations available in the decoder. We found that our feature is not effective in a string-to-tree system for German-English and that often the conditioning context is wrong because of mistranslated verbs. To improve verb translation, we proposed a Neural Verb Lexicon Model (NVLM) incorporating sentence-level syntactic context from the source which carries relevant semantic information for verb disambiguation. When used as an extra feature for re-ranking the output of a German-English string-to-tree system, the NVLM improved verb translation precision by up to 2.7% and recall by up to 7.4%. While the NVLM improved some aspects of translation, other syntactic and lexical inconsistencies are not being addressed by a linear combination of independent models. In contrast to SMT, neural machine translation (NMT) avoids strong independence assumptions thus generating more fluent translations and capturing some long-distance dependencies. Still, incorporating additional linguistic information can improve translation quality. We proposed a method for tightly coupling target words and syntax in the NMT decoder. To represent syntax explicitly, we used CCG supertags, which encode subcategorization information, capturing long distance dependencies and attachments. Our method improved translation quality on several difficult linguistic constructs, including prepositional phrases which are the most frequent type of predicate arguments. These improvements over a strong baseline NMT system were consistent across two language pairs: 0.9 BLEU for German-English and 1.2 BLEU for Romanian-English.
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Buys, Jan Moolman. "Incremental generative models for syntactic and semantic natural language processing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a9a7b5cf-3bb1-4e08-b109-de06bf387d1d.
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This thesis investigates the role of linguistically-motivated generative models of syntax and semantic structure in natural language processing (NLP). Syntactic well-formedness is crucial in language generation, but most statistical models do not account for the hierarchical structure of sentences. Many applications exhibiting natural language understanding rely on structured semantic representations to enable querying, inference and reasoning. Yet most semantic parsers produce domain-specific or inadequately expressive representations. We propose a series of generative transition-based models for dependency syntax which can be applied as both parsers and language models while being amenable to supervised or unsupervised learning. Two models are based on Markov assumptions commonly made in NLP: The first is a Bayesian model with hierarchical smoothing, the second is parameterised by feed-forward neural networks. The Bayesian model enables careful analysis of the structure of the conditioning contexts required for generative parsers, but the neural network is more accurate. As a language model the syntactic neural model outperforms both the Bayesian model and n-gram neural networks, pointing to the complementary nature of distributed and structured representations for syntactic prediction. We propose approximate inference methods based on particle filtering. The third model is parameterised by recurrent neural networks (RNNs), dropping the Markov assumptions. Exact inference with dynamic programming is made tractable here by simplifying the structure of the conditioning contexts. We then shift the focus to semantics and propose models for parsing sentences to labelled semantic graphs. We introduce a transition-based parser which incrementally predicts graph nodes (predicates) and edges (arguments). This approach is contrasted against predicting top-down graph traversals. RNNs and pointer networks are key components in approaching graph parsing as an incremental prediction problem. The RNN architecture is augmented to condition the model explicitly on the transition system configuration. We develop a robust parser for Minimal Recursion Semantics, a linguistically-expressive framework for compositional semantics which has previously been parsed only with grammar-based approaches. Our parser is much faster than the grammar-based model, while the same approach improves the accuracy of neural Abstract Meaning Representation parsing.
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McKinney-Bock, Katy. "Adjective ordering restrictions: exploring relevant semantic notions for syntactic ordering." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/104642.
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I propose that ordering restrictions among adjectives (e.g., the big gray poodle) are driven by the covert syntactic complexity of the adjectival projections. The more complex the projection containing the adjective, the higher in the structure it must merge. Intersective adjectives (gray) merge with the NP, and non-intersective adjectives (big) merge also with a covert for-PP that contains a copy of the NP. This differs from the usual approaches to adjective ordering, which turn to fine-grained semantic subclasses (e.g. height, length, color) or functional heads in the DP to explain adjective ordering restrictions.
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Wang, Yong. "Incorporating semantic and syntactic information into document representation for document clustering." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07072005-105806.
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Hapeshi, K. "The development of automatic semantic and syntactic context effects in reading." Thesis, Swansea University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637218.
Full textAbstract:
Empirical evidence is presented which shows that readers can utilise semantic and syntactic context in order to aid word recognition, either through a conscious strategy-related process, or through an automatic spread'ng excitation process. The experimental results described show that, when average readers are used as subjects, semantic context effects may be evident in readers as young as 6 or 7 years of age, and in readers aged 11 years and over. There is little evidence for the use of context in 8 and 9 year old readers. This age-related pattern of results is consistent with the theory that readers at different developmental stages utilise semantic context primarily through different processes; young readers through a conscious process, and older, more skilled readers, through an automatic process. Readers between the ages of 8 and 10 years of age are at some transition stage between the two types of process, which results in the absence of context effects. Experimental evidence was also presented, showing that <i>syntactic</i> context can be utilised through either a conscious or an automatic process, but only in fluent adult readers. The automatic effects of syntactic context are similar to automatic semantic context effects, which suggests that they involve the same type of mechanism of spreading excitation through an associative network. In order to show how such a mechanism could work, a model for the Lexicon is described, which argues that both semantic <i>and</i> syntactic information can be encoded through associative learning providing directional links between nodes in a neural network. Spreading excitation through the resulting structural network could then account for automatic context effects.
36
Ferris, D. C. "The theory of grammar : the semantic study of a syntactic relation." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356253.
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Sato, Mikako. "Sensitivity to syntactic and semantic information in second language sentence processing." Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435578.
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Teixeira, ElisÃngela Nogueira. "Syntactic and semantic preferences on coreference processing: Evidence from eye movements." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9870.
Full textAbstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>Esta tese tem como objetivo principal contribuir com o desenvolvimento dos estudos
psicolinguÃsticos que procuram demonstrar experimentalmente conjecturas teÃricas a respeito
do processamento anafÃrico. Tomando por base a Teoria da Acessibilidade (ARIEL, 1991,
2001), a Teoria da CentralizaÃÃo (GROSZ; JOSHI; WEINSTEIN, 1995), os trabalhos em
torno da tipicidade do termo antecedente (GARROD; SANFORD, 1977; VAN GOMPEL;
LIVERSEDGE; PEARSON, 2004), a HipÃtese da Carga Informacional (ALMOR, 1999) e a
HipÃtese da PosiÃÃo do Antecedente (CARMINATI, 2002), trabalhamos com a hipÃtese de
que, em perÃodos complexos por coordenaÃÃo e subordinaÃÃo, formados por no mÃximo duas
oraÃÃes, a saliÃncia da posiÃÃo sintÃtica de sujeito à o principal fator para a resoluÃÃo
anafÃrica em lÃngua portuguesa. Fazendo uso de metodologia experimental on-line e off-line,
procuramos evidÃncias para nossa hipÃtese em um conjunto formado por quatro estudos,
composto por (i) um experimento de compreensÃo de perÃodos complexos por coordenaÃÃo,
em que foram manipulados a posiÃÃo do antecedente e o tipo de relaÃÃo semÃntica entre
antecedente e anÃfora; (ii) um experimento de compreensÃo de perÃodos complexos por
subordinaÃÃo, em que foram manipulados o tipo da correferÃncia anafÃrica, sob a forma de
pronome pleno ou nulo, e a posiÃÃo da correferÃncia, anafÃrica ou catafÃrica; (iii) uma
sondagem de produÃÃo de perÃodos complexos com uso de pronomes plenos ou nulos como
correferentes; e (iv) uma anÃlise dos movimentos oculares durante a leitura de textos
autÃnticos em lÃngua portuguesa com o objetivo de encontrar padrÃes de fixaÃÃo oculares. Os
estudos foram realizados em um rastreador ocular de 120 Hz que registrou a cada 8 ms a
movimentaÃÃo ocular dos participantes durante a leitura dos estÃmulos. As variÃveis
dependentes de movimentaÃÃo ocular analisadas foram: (i) o nÃmero de fixaÃÃes; (ii) o tempo
da primeira fixaÃÃo; (iii) a duraÃÃo mÃdia da fixaÃÃo ocular; e (iv) o tempo total de fixaÃÃo. A
anÃlise conjunta dos resultados dos experimentos sugere que a resoluÃÃo da anÃfora
correferencial nos perÃodos complexos estudados à uma funÃÃo da proeminÃncia sintÃtica da
posiÃÃo de sujeito e que a carga de informaÃÃo das expressÃes anafÃricas com conteÃdo
semÃntico parece levar a um aumento de custo durante o processamento anafÃrico de um
antecedente altamente acessÃvel.<br>In this dissertation, our main objective is to contribute for the development and understanding
of psycholinguistics studies that attempt to experimentally demonstrate relevant theoretical
conjectures about anaphoric processing. Under the conceptual frameworks of the Theory of
Accessibility (ARIEL, 1991, 2001), the Theory of Centering (GROSZ; JOSHI; WEINSTEIN,
1995), the studies on the typicality of the antecedent term (GARROD; SANFORD, 1977;
VAN GOMPEL; LIVERSEDGE; PEARSON, 2004), the Informational Load Hypothesis
(ALMOR, 1999), and the Position of Antecedent Hypothesis (CARMINATI, 2002), we
propose that the prominence of the syntactic position in complex sentences plays a major role
on the anaphoric resolution in the Portuguese language. Adopting a psycholinguistic
methodology based on on-line (tracking of eye movements) as well as off-line observations,
we searched for evidence to support our hypothesis from the results of the following set of
studies: (i) an experiment to evaluate the comprehension of complex sentences due to
coordination, in which both the position of the antecedent and the type of semantic
relationship between antecedent and anaphora are manipulated; (ii) an experiment to evaluate
the comprehension of complex sentences due to subordination, in which both the type of
anaphoric coreference, in the form of a plain or null pronoun, and the position of the
coreference, anaphoric or cataphoric, are manipulated; (iii) an experiment for generation of
complex sentences, using plain or null pronouns as coreferentials; and (iv) a reading
experiment of non-manipulated texts to establish a comparative standard for reading flux in
Brazilian Portuguese. Our on-line experiments were performed with an eye-tracker of 120 Hz,
which allowed eye movements to be recorded at each 8 milliseconds. The following
dependent variables related with the eye movement have been analyzed: (i) the number of
fixations; (ii) the duration time of the first fixation; (iii) the average duration of the fixations;
and (iv) the total time of fixation. The overall analysis of our results, based on the
investigation of complex sentences, suggests that the resolution of the coreferential anaphora
is a function of the prominence of the subject position. Moreover, the information load of
anaphoric expressions with semantic content seems to increase the cost of the anaphoric
processing of a highly accessible antecedent.
39
Nguyen, Truc-Vien T. "End-to-End Relation Extraction via Syntactic Structures and Semantic Resources." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369167.
Full textAbstract:
Information Extraction (IE) aims at mapping texts into fixed structure representing the key information.
A typical IE system will try to answer the questions like who are present in the text, what events happen and when these events happen. The task is making possible significant advances in applications that require deep understanding capabilities such as question-answering engines, dialogue systems, or the semantic web. Due to the huge effort and time consumation of developping extraction systems by domain experts, our approach focuses on machine learning methods that can accurately infer an extraction model by training on a dataset. The goal of this research is to design and implement models with improved performance by learning the combination of different algorithms or by inventing novel structures that are able to exploit kinds of evidence that have not been explored in the literature.
A basic component of an IE system is named entity recognition (NER) whose purpose is to locate objects that can be referred by names, belonging to a predefined set of categories. We approach this task by proposing a novel reranking framework that employs two learning phases to pick the
best candidate. The task is considered as sequence labelling with Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) is selected as the baseline algorithm. Our research employs novel kernels based on structured and unstructured features for reranking the N-best hypotheses from the CRFs baseline. The former features are generated by a polynomial kernel encoding entity features whereas tree kernels are used to model dependencies amongst tagged candidate examples.
Relation Extraction (RE) is concerned with finding relationships between pairs of entities in texts. State-of-the-art relation extraction model is based on convolution kernel over the constituent parse tree. In our research, we employ dependency parses from dependency parsing in addition to phrase-structure parses from constituent parsing. We define several variations of dependency parses to inject additional information into the trees.
Additionally, we provide an extensive ablation over various types of kernels by combining the tree, sequence, and polynomial kernels. These novel kernels are able to exploit learned correlations between phrase-structure parses and grammatical relations.
A large amounts of wide-coverage semantic knowledge today exists in large repositories of unstructured or semi-structured text documents. The increased availability of online collaborative resources has attracted the attention of much work in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community. Nevertheless, the ability to extract it using statistical machine learning techniques is hindered by well-known problems such as heavy supervision and scalability. These drawbacks can be alleviated by applying a form of weakly supervision, specifically named distant supervision (DS), to automatically derive explicit facts from the semi-structured part of Wikipedia.
To learn relational facts from Wikipedia without any labeled example or hand-crafted pattern, we employ DS where the relation providers are external repositories, e.g., YAGO (a huge semantic knowledge base), and the training instances are gathered from Freebase (a huge semantic database).
These allow for potentially obtaining larger training data and many more relations, defined in different sources. We apply state-of-the-art models for ACE RE, that are sentence level RE (SRLE), to Wikipedia. Based on a mapping table of relations from YAGO to ACE (according to their semantic
definitions), we design a joint RE model of DS/ACE and tested it on ACE annotations (thus according to expert linguistic annotators). Moreover, we experiment with end-to-end systems for real-world RE applications. Consequently, our RE system is applicable to any document/sentence, i.e. another major improvement on previous work, which, to our knowledge, does not show experiments on end-to-end SLRE.
40
Nguyen, Truc-Vien T. "End-to-End Relation Extraction via Syntactic Structures and Semantic Resources." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2011. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/594/1/TVNguyen_Dissertation_old.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Information Extraction (IE) aims at mapping texts into fixed structure representing the key information.
A typical IE system will try to answer the questions like who are present in the text, what events happen and when these events happen. The task is making possible significant advances in applications that require deep understanding capabilities such as question-answering engines, dialogue systems, or the semantic web. Due to the huge effort and time consumation of developping extraction systems by domain experts, our approach focuses on machine learning methods that can accurately infer an extraction model by training on a dataset. The goal of this research is to design and implement models with improved performance by learning the combination of different algorithms or by inventing novel structures that are able to exploit kinds of evidence that have not been explored in the literature.
A basic component of an IE system is named entity recognition (NER) whose purpose is to locate objects that can be referred by names, belonging to a predefined set of categories. We approach this task by proposing a novel reranking framework that employs two learning phases to pick the
best candidate. The task is considered as sequence labelling with Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) is selected as the baseline algorithm. Our research employs novel kernels based on structured and unstructured features for reranking the N-best hypotheses from the CRFs baseline. The former features are generated by a polynomial kernel encoding entity features whereas tree kernels are used to model dependencies amongst tagged candidate examples.
Relation Extraction (RE) is concerned with finding relationships between pairs of entities in texts. State-of-the-art relation extraction model is based on convolution kernel over the constituent parse tree. In our research, we employ dependency parses from dependency parsing in addition to phrase-structure parses from constituent parsing. We define several variations of dependency parses to inject additional information into the trees.
Additionally, we provide an extensive ablation over various types of kernels by combining the tree, sequence, and polynomial kernels. These novel kernels are able to exploit learned correlations between phrase-structure parses and grammatical relations.
A large amounts of wide-coverage semantic knowledge today exists in large repositories of unstructured or semi-structured text documents. The increased availability of online collaborative resources has attracted the attention of much work in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community. Nevertheless, the ability to extract it using statistical machine learning techniques is hindered by well-known problems such as heavy supervision and scalability. These drawbacks can be alleviated by applying a form of weakly supervision, specifically named distant supervision (DS), to automatically derive explicit facts from the semi-structured part of Wikipedia.
To learn relational facts from Wikipedia without any labeled example or hand-crafted pattern, we employ DS where the relation providers are external repositories, e.g., YAGO (a huge semantic knowledge base), and the training instances are gathered from Freebase (a huge semantic database).
These allow for potentially obtaining larger training data and many more relations, defined in different sources. We apply state-of-the-art models for ACE RE, that are sentence level RE (SRLE), to Wikipedia. Based on a mapping table of relations from YAGO to ACE (according to their semantic
definitions), we design a joint RE model of DS/ACE and tested it on ACE annotations (thus according to expert linguistic annotators). Moreover, we experiment with end-to-end systems for real-world RE applications. Consequently, our RE system is applicable to any document/sentence, i.e. another major improvement on previous work, which, to our knowledge, does not show experiments on end-to-end SLRE.
41
Artesini, Luca. "ERP correlates of semantic and syntactic processing in cochlear implant users." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/367643.
Full textAbstract:
Deafness is a common sensory loss condition that affects a relatively large portion of the population around the world. Profound sensorineural deafness is the condition that we will consider in this work given its compatibility with cochlear implantation. Cochlear implant (CI) is a neuroprosthesis that allows the acoustic signal to bypass the impaired inner hear system, by sending an electrical input directly to the acoustic nerve. Although it represents an important success among neuroprosthesis, it still represents a matter of interest in the field of cognitive neuroscience. Specifically, it is still unclear how it impacts language processing in prelingually and postlingually deaf CI users where the presence and the nature of a critical period for language acquisition has been long debated (Chapter 1). To this aim, we selected well-established ERP components that have been linked to language processing like the N400 and the P600: the first usually is elicited by semantic incongruities and the second is elicited in response to syntactic manipulations (Chapter 2). We adopted a widely employed EEG paradigm where participants had to read a large sample of sentences one word at a time and we also tested subjects with a set of behavioral tasks. Sentences were semantically incongruent or contained a subject-verb number-agreement violation; an equal number of correct sentences were used as a control condition. We tested CI recipients with early deafness onset (< 3 years) or postverbal deafness onset (>3 years) as well as a large population of normal hearing participants that ranged from 12 up to 70 years old. The first study of this thesis will compare ERP components of language processing between preverbal CI users and a group of age-matched hearing controls. Results revealed comparable P600 and a larger N400 in CI users as well as interesting correlations between components and age at implantation that support the existent general consensus in favor of early implantation (Chapter 5). The second study employed the same RSVP paradigm and compared postlingually deaf CI participants with a sample of age peers. This study revealed that, despite the implanted group seems to have similar overall results to NH controls, CI can still impact language processing as revealed by the correlation between the N400 effect and the use of the CI (Chapter 6). Lastly, we analyzed the sample of control participants to better understand how aging can impact ERP components of language processing. We observed that both the N400 and the P600 (but also other components) are modulated by aging (Chapter 4).
Together these results proved that the study of language and its neural signatures (ERPs) is of primary interest, not only for clinical purposes but also for the advancement of psycholinguistic knowledge.
42
Artesini, Luca. "ERP correlates of semantic and syntactic processing in cochlear implant users." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2019. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3565/1/PhD_Thesis_Artesini_online.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Deafness is a common sensory loss condition that affects a relatively large portion of the population around the world. Profound sensorineural deafness is the condition that we will consider in this work given its compatibility with cochlear implantation. Cochlear implant (CI) is a neuroprosthesis that allows the acoustic signal to bypass the impaired inner hear system, by sending an electrical input directly to the acoustic nerve. Although it represents an important success among neuroprosthesis, it still represents a matter of interest in the field of cognitive neuroscience. Specifically, it is still unclear how it impacts language processing in prelingually and postlingually deaf CI users where the presence and the nature of a critical period for language acquisition has been long debated (Chapter 1). To this aim, we selected well-established ERP components that have been linked to language processing like the N400 and the P600: the first usually is elicited by semantic incongruities and the second is elicited in response to syntactic manipulations (Chapter 2). We adopted a widely employed EEG paradigm where participants had to read a large sample of sentences one word at a time and we also tested subjects with a set of behavioral tasks. Sentences were semantically incongruent or contained a subject-verb number-agreement violation; an equal number of correct sentences were used as a control condition. We tested CI recipients with early deafness onset (< 3 years) or postverbal deafness onset (>3 years) as well as a large population of normal hearing participants that ranged from 12 up to 70 years old. The first study of this thesis will compare ERP components of language processing between preverbal CI users and a group of age-matched hearing controls. Results revealed comparable P600 and a larger N400 in CI users as well as interesting correlations between components and age at implantation that support the existent general consensus in favor of early implantation (Chapter 5). The second study employed the same RSVP paradigm and compared postlingually deaf CI participants with a sample of age peers. This study revealed that, despite the implanted group seems to have similar overall results to NH controls, CI can still impact language processing as revealed by the correlation between the N400 effect and the use of the CI (Chapter 6). Lastly, we analyzed the sample of control participants to better understand how aging can impact ERP components of language processing. We observed that both the N400 and the P600 (but also other components) are modulated by aging (Chapter 4).
Together these results proved that the study of language and its neural signatures (ERPs) is of primary interest, not only for clinical purposes but also for the advancement of psycholinguistic knowledge.
43
Angwin, Anthony John. "Dopaminergic modulation of lexical-semantic and syntactic processing : evidence from Parkinson's disease /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18763.pdf.
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Bringe, Maya Jerome Janda Laura A. "A particle on the edge a semantic/syntactic analysis of Russian khotʹ /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,461.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures." Discipline: Slavic Languages and Literatures; Department/School: Slavic Languages and Literatures.
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Muthaiyah, Saravanan. "A framework and methodology for ontology mediation through semantic and syntactic mapping." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3070.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--George Mason University, 2008.<br>Vita: p. 177. Thesis director: Larry Kerschberg. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Technology. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 3, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-176). Also issued in print.
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Schweickert, Janell Marie. "Experimental measures of syntactic and semantic effects in real-time sentence processes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32568.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Psychology, 1985.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES<br>Bibliography: leaves 168-173.<br>by Janell Marie Schweickert.<br>Ph.D.
47
Malinga, Bongiwe Bernadette. "A semantic and syntactic analysis of break and bend verbs in Zulu." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52131.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of this study is Break and Bend verbs in isiZulu, which can be classified as
verbs of change of state. This study examines the semantic as well as the syntactic
analysis of these verbs of change of state in Zulu. Semantically Bend verbs are divided
into verbs denoting the bending of body parts, e.g: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena,
guqa, vosho, and verbs that denote the bending of body parts as well as physical
objects, e.g. goba, qethuka/qethula as shown in the sentences below:
Indoda igobe ucingo
The man bent the wire.
Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda
The man bent the head backwards.
Inkosikazi igobe amadolo
The woman bent the knees.
Uthe qethu isigxobo
He made the pole bend backwards.
The study will demonstrate that Break verbs are semantically divided into verbs denoting
break or fracture, e.g. aphula/aphuka; those denoting "break off" e.g.
nqamuka/nqamula; a verb denoting "to smash", e.g. fahlaza/fahlaka; those denoting
" crack", e.g. chachamba, verbs meaning "to tear", e.g. dabula/dabuka; verbs
denoting "to demolish", e.g. bhidliza/bhidlika and verbs denoting "to break open", e.g.
havuka I havula.
Syntactically, Break predicates may occur as ideophones, which are ergative with
transitive/intransitive alternation, e.g. aphulaj aphuka, In addition, Break predicates may
consist of ideophones with verbal suffixes:
[-k-] is the suffix of intransitive ideophone
[-I-] or [-z-] is the suffix of transitive ideophone
Intransitive ideophone: Intambo ithe nqamu
The rope broke
Intransitive verb with [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile
The rope broke
Transitive ideophone: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo
The man broke the rope
Transitive verb with [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo.
The man broke a rope
Transitive verb with [-z-]: Indoda iphoqoze intambo.
The man broke a bone
The study demonstrates that with Bend verbs there are two ergative verbs, namely thoba
and goba.
--
The study further demonstrates that Bend verbs are mostly intransitive with a shadow
argument; there is an ideophone qethu, which takes the transitive / intransitive
alternation with the suffix [-k-] for the intransitive and [-1-] for the transitive alternation,
respectively.
The study provides evidence that Break and Bend verbs are characterised by specific
selection restrictions as well as event structures. Some alternations were also investigated
in the study, such as the Possessive alternation and Instrument-Subject alternation.
Lastly, the Lexical conceptual paradigm and the Lexical Inheritance Structure of each verb
were examined.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van hierdie studie is Breek en Buig werkwoorde in isiZulu, wat
geklassifiseerword as werkwoorde van toestandverandering. Hierdie studie ondersoek die
semantiese en die sintaktiese analise van die werkwoordtipe van toestandverandering in
isizulu. Buigwerkwoorde word semanties ingedeel in werkwoorde wat die buig van
liggaamsdeleaandui, byvoorbeeld: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena, guqa, vosho, en
werkwoorde wat die buig van liggaamsdele sowel as die fisiese objekte aandui,
byvoorbeeld: goba, qethuka/qethula, soos aangedui word in die sinne hieronder:
Indoda igobe ucingo
Die man het die draad gebuig
Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda
Die man het sy kop agteroor gebuig
Inkosikazi igobe amadolo
Die vrou het (haar) knieë gebuig
Uthe qethu isigxobo
Hy het die paal agtertoe gebuig.
Hierdie studie toon aan dat Breek-werkwoorde semanties ingedeel kan word in
werkwoorde wat "breek" aandui, bv. aphula/aphuka: werkwoorde wat "afbreek" aandui,
bv. nqamuka/nqamula; werkwoorde wat "flenters breek" aandui, bv.
fahlaza/fahlaka; werkwoorde wat "bars" aandui, bv. chachamba, werkwoorde wat
"skeur" aandui, bv. dabula/dabuka; werkwoorde wat "ruineer" aandui, bv.
bhidliza/bhidlika en werkwoorde wat "oopbreek" aandui, bv. havuka/havula.
Breek-predikate kan sintakties as ideofone verskyn, wat ergatief (ergative) is met 'n
transitief/intransitief alternasie, bv.. aphula/aphuka. Voorts kan Breek-predikate ook
verskyn as ideofone met werkwoordagtervoegsels:
[-k-] is die suffiks van die intransitiewe ideofoon
[-1-] of [-z-] is die suffiks van die transitiewe ideofoon
Intransitiewe ideofoon: Intambo ithe nqamu
Die tou het gebreek
Intransitiewe werkwoord met [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile
Die tou het gebreek
Transitiewe ideofoon: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo
Die man het die tou gebreek
Transitiewe werkwoord met [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo.
Die man het die tou gebreek
Transitiewe werkwoord met l-e-l: Indoda iphoqoze umlenze
Die man het die been gebreek
Die studie toon aan dat met Buigwerkwoorde, twee ergatiewe werkwoorde gevind is,
naamlik thoba en goba.
Die studie toon ook aan dat Buigwerkwoorde meestal intransitiewe werkwoorde is wat met
'n skadu-argument verskyn. Daar is 'n ideofoon qethu, wat die transitief/intransitief
alternasie vertoon met die suffiks [-k-] vir die intransitief en [-I-] vir die transitief
alternasie, respektiewelik
Die studie bied bewys daarvoor dat Breek- en Buigwerkwoorde gekenmerk word deur
seleksiebeperkings en gebeure ('event') strukture. Sommige alternasies is ook ondersoek
in die studie, byvoorbeeld die Possessief alternasie en Instrument-Subjek alternasie.
Laastens, is die leksikaal-konseptuele paradigma en die Leksikale-erwingstruktuur van elke
werkwoord ondersoek.
48
Nkantah, Dianabasi Edet. "Large-scale connectionist natural language parsing using lexical semantic and syntactic knowledge." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2007. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/317/.
Full textAbstract:
Syntactic parsing plays a pivotal role in most automatic natural language processing systems. The research project presented in this dissertation has focused on two main characteristics of connectionist models for natural language processing: their adaptability to different tagging conventions, and their ability to use multiple linguistic constraints in parallel during sentence processing. In focusing on these key characteristics, an existing hybrid connectionist, shift-reduce corpus-based parsing model has been modified. This parser, which had earlier been trained to acquire linguistic knowledge from the Lancaster Parsed Corpus, has been adapted to learn linguistic knowledge from the Wall Street Journal Corpus. This adaptation is a novel demonstration that this connectionist parser, and by extension, other similar connectionist models, is able to adapt to more than one syntactic tagging convention; this implies their ability to adapt to the underlying linguistic theories used to annotate these corpora. The parser has also been adapted to integrate shallow lexical semantic information with syntactic information for full syntactic parsing. This approach was used to investigate the effect of shallow lexical semantic information on full syntactic parsing. In pursuing the aims of this project, a novel algorithm for semantic tagging of nouns in the Wall Street Journal Corpus has been developed. The lexical semantic information used in this semantic annotation algorithm was extracted from WordNet, an online lexical resource. Using only syntactic information in making parsing decisions, this parsing model was tested on test sets of sentences that were not used during training. The parser generalised to parse these test sentences with an F-measure of 72.5% and 59.5% on sentences from the Lancaster Parsed Corpus and Wall Street Journal Corpus, respectively. On the integration of shallow lexical semantic information with syntactic information in its input representation, the parser generalised to parse test sentences from the Wall Street Journal Corpus with an F-measure of 56.75%. Although this integration did not seem to improve the parser's overall training/generalisation performance, given its present configuration, it did appear to improve the parser's decision making concerning preposition phrase attachment.
49
Ressue, Lauren. "Reciprocity in Russian: An investigation of the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic interfaces." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429699754.
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