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Journal articles on the topic 'Semantic and syntactic comparisons'
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1
Ly Ngoc Toan. "Meaning-text Theory for Cross-linguistic Comparisons: A Study on Typological Investigations." International Journal of English Language Studies 3, no. 11 (2021): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.11.7x.
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This study explores the Meaning-Text Theory (MTT henceforth) and its application in cross-linguistic comparisons for typological investigations. MTT models the correspondence between meanings and their textual expressions, adopting a stratificational approach with semantic, syntactic, morphological, and phonological representation levels. A qualitative approach analyzes and compares the semantic, syntactic, and morphological structures across typologically diverse languages using the formal representations of MTT, including semantic networks, syntactic trees, lexical functions, and paraphrasing rules. MTT effectively facilitates cross-linguistic comparisons and typological investigations by capturing language-specific patterns and highlighting similarities and differences across languages at various linguistic representation levels. The findings contribute to understanding language typology and variation. MTT provides a principled approach to modeling and analyzing linguistic data across diverse languages, applicable in areas like natural language processing, machine translation, language learning, and documentation.
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Fuchs, Catherine, Nathalie Fournier, and Pierre Le Goffic. "Structures à subordonnée comparative en français." Les structures comparatives du français: Des bases de données aux corpus 31, no. 1 (2008): 11–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.31.1.03fuc.
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This article deals with syntactic and semantic representation of comparative structures in French. We propose an analysis of quantitative comparatives (plus, moins, aussi … que) and qualitative comparatives (comme) which highlights their common properties as well as their specificities. The first section (§ 1) offers a syntactic typology of matrix clause structures and (comparative) subordinate clause structures. The following sections consider the various aspects of semantic representations, as related to syntactic structures : we successively deal with (§ 2.) the type of parameter, (§ 3.) the type of differential constituant in the subordinate clause, (§ 4.) the type of parallel constituant in the matrix clause (with restitution of ellipses and anaphora), (§ 5.) the type of compared terms, by contrasting quantitative comparisons and qualitative comparison, and (§ 6.) the type of comparison, accounting for prototypical structures as well as for pragmatic effects induced by certain configurations.
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Loeb, Diane Frome, Clifton Pye, Lori Zobel Richardson, and Sean Redmond. "Causative Alternations of Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 5 (1998): 1103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4105.1103.
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Alternating verbs to indicate or to relinquish cause requires an understanding of semantic and syntactic knowledge. This study evaluated the ability of children with specific language impairment (SLI) to produce the causative alternation in comparison to age peers and to language peers. The children with SLI were proficient in lexically alternating verbs, yet provided fewer passive and periphrastic constructions and more different verbs and adjectival responses. Overgeneralization error data suggest that the semantic systems of some children with SLI were similar to their age comparisons. Individual differences within the SLI group suggested that some children were adept at providing syntactic responses and overgeneralizations, whereas some of the SLI group provided less mature responses of no alternations and no responses. These findings demonstrate a syntactic deficit in the causative alternation for some children with SLI.
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González Orta, Marta María. "The syntax and semantics interface of present-day and Old English speech verbs : say and tell versus secgan and tellan." Journal of English Studies 3 (May 29, 2002): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.70.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the syntax-semantics interface of the Old English speech verbs secgan and tellan, and the Present-day English speech verbs say and tell, respectively, in order to show the differences in each language when linking their syntactic and semantic representations. In this analysis the concept of lexical template has been applied as a lexical representation which includes syntactic and semantic information within the same format and allows us to capture linguistic regularities. Moreover, taking into account the syntactic alternations of these verbs a comparison between them will be established in terms of the degree of semantic prototypicality that they show within their respective domains and with respect to their transitivity
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М., С. Заоборна. "СТРУКТУРНО-СЕМАНТИЧНІ ПАРАМЕТРИ СКЛАДНОПІДРЯДНИХ ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИХ РЕЧЕНЬ В ІДІОЛЕКТІ МАРКА ВОВЧКА". Лінгвістичні дослідження, № 45 (19 червня 2017): 60–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.814061.
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<em>Pure syntactic, semantic and syntactic and pure syntactic features of subordinate comparative clauses as extrapolated on Marko Vovchok’s idiolect have been observed in the article. The topicality of such an approach is connected with the realization of the fact that, on the one hand, syntactic system of a language is the result of stabilizing of certain types of speech models which function in the text, and on the other hand, that typical features of a certain syntactic structure are highlighted and varied according to the individual and creative manner of the writer. The goal of the article is to realize the relevance of subordinate comparative clauses of the literary text of Marko Vovchok for the characteristics of the linguistic personality of the mentioned writer. According to the goal the following tasks have been set: to observe general linguistic systemic features of subordinate comparative structures in the texts written by Marko Vovchok; to actualize on the background individual author’s dominating features mentioned above; to define the peculiarity of the writer’s style in constructing complex comparisons. As a result of the investigation the following features of comparative technique typical of Marko Vovchok’s idiolect: the use of usual as well as folk-conversational semantic comparative tools of subordination; the use of deictic particle in the contact pre-position concerning the comparative conjunctions; preference of asymmetric sentences of unreal comparison complicated by the relation of hypothetic cause; anthropic character of situations (connected by the comparative relation) which are reproduced in the main and subordinate clauses. Carried out conclusions predetermine the understanding of complex subordinate comparative sentences as lingual markers of linguistic personality of Marko Vovchok on the background of defining the principles of functioning of such structures in the texts written by other authors.</em>
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Kuperberg, G. R., P. K. McGuire, E. T. Bullmore, et al. "Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic, and Syntactic Processing of Spoken Sentences: An fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 2 (2000): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562138.
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Extracting meaning from speech requires the use of pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic information. A central question is: Does the processing of these different types of linguistic information have common or distinct neuroanatomical substrates? We addressed this issue using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural activity when subjects listened to spoken normal sentences contrasted with sentences that had either (A) pragmatical, (B) semantic (selection restriction), or (C) syntactic (subcategorical) violations sentences. All three contrasts revealed robust activation of the left-inferior-temporal/fusiform gyrus. Activity in this area was also observed in a combined analysis of all three experiments, suggesting that it was modulated by all three types of linguistic violation. Planned statistical comparisons between the three experiments revealed (1) a greater difference between conditions in activation of the left-superior-temporal gyrus for the pragmatic experiment than the semantic/syntactic experiments; (2) a greater difference between conditions in activation of the right-superior and middletemporal gyrus in the semantic experiment than in the syntactic experiment; and (3) no regions activated to a greater degree in the syntactic experiment than in the semantic experiment. These data show that, while left- and right-superior-temporal regions may be differentially involved in processing pragmatic and lexico-semantic information within sentences, the left-inferior-temporal/fusiform gyrus is involved in processing all three types of linguistic information. We suggest that this region may play a key role in using pragmatic, semantic (selection restriction), and subcategorical information to construct a higher representation of meaning of sentences.
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Vysotskaya, Irina V. "Interuniversity scientific seminar “Transient phenomena in language and speech,” in memoriam of Professor Vera Vassilyevna Babaytseva (Kolomna, February 10, 2021)." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2021): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/76/25.
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This review provides the summaries of reports presented in the scientific seminar “Transient phenomena in language and speech” dedicated to the memory of Professor Vera Vassilyevna Babaytseva, which was held online on the digital platform of the State University of Humanities and Social Studies (Kolomna, Russia). The seminar included a presentation of a paper by Babaytseva on the syntactic functions of the pronouns ty and vy that remained unpublished during the author’s lifetime. Also, a number of reports on topical issues of the Russian syntax were presented: the functioning of stable comparisons svetlo kak dnem and temno kak noch’yu in the structure of an impersonal sentence; the semantics and syntactics of predicatives vidno and slyshno in a complex sentence with complement clauses; performative inseparable utterances; variability in language and speech in correlation with the concept of “norm” when related to the word as a lexical or syntactical system unit; the contrast of the conditional-temporal logical-grammatical model (N1 - eto kogda ...) and the explanatory one (N1/Pron - eto pro N4). The information on the works of recent years implementing the ideas of the structural-semantic direction of modern Russian studies was introduced at the seminar.
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Kuibida, Khrystyna. "SOME MAIN CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF AN ADJECTIVE (ON THE MATERIAL OF." Grail of Science, no. 39 (May 21, 2024): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.10.05.2024.060.
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The article examines the basic properties of adjectives as an independent class of words on the basis of various theoretical positions existing in the linguistic literature, and interprets key linguistic terms and concepts. The research emphasizes that the analysis of adjectives as a distinct part of speech can be conducted based on different criteria, including semantics, key morphological features, syntactical considerations, and word-formation peculiarities. So, this article delves into the historical, semantic, and grammatical aspects of adjectives, particularly within the context of the Greek language. It begins by tracing the linguistic traditions surrounding adjective studies, from antiquity to modern times, highlighting the evolution of the concept of adjectives as a distinct part of speech. The article explores various linguistic traditions' classifications of adjectives and their roles within different morphological schools. In terms of semantics, the article clarifies the categorical meaning of adjectives, emphasizing their attributiveness and their ability to express static qualities of objects. It outlines the distinction between primary and secondary adjectives, explains their formation and semantic nuances. Furthermore, the article delves into the semantics of derivative adjectives, including qualitative, relative, and possessive adjectives, and explicates their lexical motivation and compositional nuances. Grammatically, the article describes the morphological and syntactic properties of adjectives, focusing on their agreement with nouns in gender, number, and case. It discusses the semantic-grammatical category of comparison and explores the syntactic functions of adjectives as attributive and predicative elements within sentences. Additionally, the article examines the position of adjectives relative to nouns in Ancient Greek, highlighting their syntactic independence from their position. The main points are supported by many illustrative examples based on the Greek language.
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Hong, Zhang. "Features of Syntactic Realization of Russian-Chinese Verbs of Emotional Attitude." Philology & Human, no. 4 (December 14, 2024): 95–108. https://doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2024)4-07.
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This article is devoted to the comparative description of the deep semantics of the verb Любить2 and its corresponding Chinese analogues xi huan/ai2. These lexemes are high-frequency verbs of emotional attitude in Russian and Chinese, they have the same interpretations, which contain deep semantic valencies: Experiencer, Patient and Stimulus (or Reason). In the article, by means of interlingual comparison of the semantics and syntax of these lexemes, similarities and differences between languages at the micro level are revealed. It is noted that due to different characteristics of speech functioning, the deep semantic valencies of the analyzed lexemes of the Russian and Chinese languages have different syntactic realizations in the surface structure, the description of which is the main content of the study. The presented comparative study can contribute to a deeper description of the semantic features of the compared languages, as well as syntactic realizations of deep semantic roles. The study may be useful for understanding the emotional culture of the Russian and Chinese peoples, and contribute to describing the common and different in this area. The results of the study may also be useful in the field of teaching Russian as a foreign language to the Chinese audience.
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Xiong, Yixuan. "A Study on "Directional Noun + を + 見る" in Japanese: Focusing on Its Semantic Functions". International Theory and Practice in Humanities and Social Sciences 2, № 2 (2025): 248–57. https://doi.org/10.70693/itphss.v2i2.247.
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This paper focuses on the particularities of the Japanese construction "Directional Noun + を + 見る," and the semantic features of the verb "見る" within this construction. First, the particularities of this construction is analyzed from two perspectives: its semantic distinctiveness and syntactic distinctiveness. Regarding semantics, the paper clarifies how the meaning of "Directional Noun + を + 見る" differs from that of "General Noun + を + 見る," emphasizing that the former primarily indicates the direction of gaze with weak intention to obtain visual information. As for syntactic distinctiveness, a comparison with other world languages reveals that, in Japanese, the verbal phrase remains unchanged while the nominal phrase undergoes modification. Furthermore, this paper elaborates on the event complexity, momentariness and continuity, transitional nature to motion verbs, and event suddenness of the verb "見る" to highlight the semantic features of the construction "Directional Noun + を + 見る."
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Hudcovičová, Marianna. "Analysis of Verbal Prepositional “of” Structures." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no. 2 (2019): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0050.
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Abstract The article presents empirical research of verbal prepositional “of“ structures, grammatical collocations of the verb and the preposition OF. The preposition OF belongs among the most frequent prepositions in the English language. The study is based on comparisons of English and Czech sentences containing verbs and prepositions that are followed by the object. Material was taken from the electronic data bank Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank 2.0. The structures were examined and analyzed from morphological, syntactical and semantic points of view. The aim of the study is to create English-Czech verbal prepositional counterparts; to create verbal prepositional groups on the grounds of the similar semantic, syntactic features; to identify the features that are the same for each verb group and generalize them; to identify trends and tendencies for verbs when they collocate with a certain preposition. The findings are presented in several charts and tables.
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О., А. Олексенко. "ОРуДНИЙ ВІДМІНОК ІЗ СЕМАНТИКОЮ ПОРІВНЯННЯ В ПРИІМЕННОМу ВЖИВАННІ". Лінгвістичні дослідження, № 47 (20 березня 2018): 169–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1204189.
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The word form of the noun instrumental case with the semantics of comparison / likeness that is used in the syntactic position of a dependent element in a noun phrase is not widely used in Ukrainian that causes superficial attention of scientists. However, its noticeable expressive potential and pragmatic volume demand special attention. The aim of the article is to reveal the specificity of semantic-syntactic relations that form the basis of functioning of the instrumental case of the dependent element in a noun phrase. It has been found out that this word form, being at the first (syntactic) stage of adverbialization and being used in the syntactic position of an attribute that doesn’t agree with the head noun, has in its basis a predicative-characterizing meaning that belongs to the class of functionally-syntactically tied ones – the same a predicative in compound nominal predicates has. It is a construction with the instrumental case in the function of an attribute that doesn’t agree with the head noun – a folded sentence structure with two logical subjects of the action, joined by a link-verb or an adjective with the semantics of incipience of the attribute.
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AL Mogami, Azzam Ahmed. "Linguistic features of the semantic translation of the Holy Quran from Arabic into Russian." Al-Adab Journal 1, no. 141 (2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i141.1426.
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This article discusses some linguistic problems that arise when translating the Holy Quran from Arabic to Russian. We analyze lexical, syntactic and semantic problems and support them with Examples of verses from the Qur'an, since the Qur'an is the word of Allah. It contains prayers and instructions full of both literal representations and figurative comparisons. The identification of linguistic and rhetorical features challenges translators of the Holy Qur'an, especially when translating such literary devices as metaphor, assonance, epithet, irony, repetition, polysemy, metonymy, comparisons, synonymy and homonymy. The article analyzes: metaphor, metonymy, ellipsis, polysemy.
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Shklyaeva, Polina Denisovna, and Elena Evgen'evna CHikina. "Semiotic study of the preposition "on" in contemporary English." Филология: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2025): 149–60. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2025.4.74099.
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The study is dedicated to the semiotic analysis of the preposition "on" in modern English, covering its semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic characteristics in the context of complex sign systems. The material consists of data from the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), as well as from the Oxford and Cambridge dictionaries, allowing for the identification of patterns in the usage of "on" across diverse contexts: spatial, temporal, abstract, and causal relationships. The analysis revealed that the semantics of "on" depends on its collocation with nouns, verbs, and adjectives, while its pragmatic function is often related to conveying logical or culturally specific relationships. A comprehensive approach to the data from corpus linguistics and lexicographic sources identified the polysemy of "on," which is influenced by contextual and cognitive factors, confirming its role as a key element in structuring English discourse. The main research methods, necessitated by the need to identify the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features of the preposition "on," include semantic, contextual, and pragmatic analyses. Additionally, table, summarizing, descriptive, and retrospective methods were used to process the material. The main findings of the study include the identification of the core component of the semantics of the preposition "on" – the postulation of a temporal or spatial contact with an object. This core component is preserved in all types of realization of the linguistic sign "on" – in its iconic, indexical, and symbolic forms. Secondarily associative mental schemes arising from the core component of the semantics of "on" are manifested in the semiotic space of complex signs of idioms and phrasal verbs. The authors identify the following secondary semantic models: cyclical action, maximum proximity to a certain state or event, achieving maximum potential, continuous ongoing action, activation of something / transitioning to a working state, and optimal localization of the subject. The functioning of the linguistic sign "on" as a particle in a phrasal verb, a preposition, and an adverb demonstrates its ability to form, within the framework of complex signs, relationships of semantic paradigmatics, syntactic paradigmatics, and narrative syntax, respectively. A contrastive comparison of the preposition "on" with prepositions that can participate in the formation of similar syntactic constructions can reveal its linguistic and pragmatic presuppositions.
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Sadovaia, Anna. "Comparative model of the world in A. Surov’s idiostyle." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 12, no. 21 (2019): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2019-12-21-174-181.
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The article deals with the comparative model of the world in A. Surov’s individual style, which demonstrates the dynamics of the author's thinking, his view of reality and his inner world. The poet’s typical comparative models have been revealed: with syntactic and morphological comparisons. The author’s typical syntactic indicators are conjunctions «kak» (as) and «slovno» (as if/as though); the morphological indicators are the comparative degree of adjectives and the instrumental (ablative) case. The semantic mechanisms of these units formation have been described. Constructions with the conjunction «kak» (as) contain comparisons of the relatively constant and non-constant qualities of adjectives in the full and short forms respectively, as well as of the actions, the completed and the incomplete processes, which are presented by the verb forms. Constructions with the conjunction «slovno» (as if/as though) demonstrate the comparison of real entities and processes with potentially real situations, reflecting the concept of the outside world, explaining the similarity that is perceived only by the author. Comparative units with the instrumental (ablative) case express comparisons and similarities in various actions. These two types of comparative constructions can also be repeated, stratified, and combined in one sentence in A. Surov's works. In constructions with an adjective in the comparative degree, the overall characteristic of the compared entities is irrelevant, since the comparison is made on the basis of focusing on the degree of the certain features manifestation. This is confirmed by the author's semantic explications. Components of all types of comparative constructions represent four donor and recipient conceptual spheres: «Man», «Abstraction», «Nature», and «Objects». The conceptual sphere «Man» has been proved to be the dominant recipient and donor conceptual sphere, which testifies A. Surov’s anthropocentric creativity. The conceptual sphere «Nature» is also widespread among the donor conceptual spheres. To sum up, comparativeness is a semantic category presenting the opposition of meanings which are expressed by linguistic means and perform a comparative function regardless of the environment. This category is widely represented in the semantic structure and figurative function of constructions within the poet’s works. The comparative model of the world is a reflection of A. Surov's individual style formation and ways of the individual author's worldview perception. The proposed research is prospective for understanding the semantic category of comparability and its explication as a comparative model of the world in a particular author’s individual style.
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Palmer, Martha, Daniel Gildea, and Paul Kingsbury. "The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles." Computational Linguistics 31, no. 1 (2005): 71–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0891201053630264.
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The Proposition Bank project takes a practical approach to semantic representation, adding a layer of predicate-argument information, or semantic role labels, to the syntactic structures of the Penn Treebank. The resulting resource can be thought of as shallow, in that it does not represent coreference, quantification, and many other higher-order phenomena, but also broad, in that it covers every instance of every verb in the corpus and allows representative statistics to be calculated. We discuss the criteria used to define the sets of semantic roles used in the annotation process and to analyze the frequency of syntactic/semantic alternations in the corpus. We describe an automatic system for semantic role tagging trained on the corpus and discuss the effect on its performance of various types of information, including a comparison of full syntactic parsing with a flat representation and the contribution of the empty “trace” categories of the treebank.
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Gawlasová, Eva. "La impersonalidad en el español actual y sus recursos." NOVÁ FILOLOGICKÁ REVUE 16, no. 1 (2024): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/nfr.2024.16.1.121-139.
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The Spanish language has at its disposal various forms that serve to express impersonality. The objective of this article is to identify the syntactic, semantic and syntactic-semantic ways of impersonal expression and to analyse the frequency of their use within contemporary texts, published between years 1980 and 2020, of the literary, publicistic and scientific functional style. Coming to the conclusion, for both publicistic and scientific functional styles it is the category of the semantic impersonality that becomes more typical with, approximately, 40% of occurrences in each functional style in total. In comparison, the syntactic impersonal way of expression is most typical for the literary functional style with 60,8% of its examples in general. As for the least developed categories, while the syntactic- semantic ways of impersonal expression are found to the least extent in the publicistic and also in the literary functional style, for the scientific functional style is the category of the syntactic impersonality. To sum up, the impersonal expression is documented the most in the publicistic functional style, on the other hand, it is the literary functional style in which the lowest number of impersonal forms is registered in total.
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Derkevych, Nataliia. "DERIVATIVE VERBS – ACTIVE LEXICAL UNITS FOR THE CONNECTION OF THE TEXT." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 17(85) (2023): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2023-17(85)-45-48.
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The article analyzes the semantics of derivatives of verbs with an indefinite prefix ver- in a literary text, because the derivative word has the ability to display or describe a situation with the required degree of completeness, accuracy and detail. Derivatives in formal and semantic structure of text provide semantic compression, which lies in their ability to express semantics, commensurate with the value of syntactic units, as well as grammatical re-categorization of sign values, which provides for them new communicative functions. A derivative word, in comparison with simple, underived, introduces more information because of its motivation, because of presence in it of additional component that carries this information. The complex character of meaning of word-building units, semantic and functional correlation of most derivative words with the corresponding syntactic structures, predetermines the possibility and need for the use of secondary names. Continuous replenishment of vocabulary of a given language with derivative words serves as a very suitable material to study the ways of language functioning, its connection with the development of society. A particularly broad perspective opens the study of semantic structure in the context of a new derivative word, which can capture the direct act of word formation, as well as interpret the use of neologisms in it. Any text displays the sequence of nominative units, including derivative words. In the text, the word-forming unit receives an incentive to disclose its derivative possibilities, since the text is the environment in which the word is born, it is in it that it is possible to define the stages of the natural process of formation of derivatives. The property of the derivative verb by means of one token to convey information that is equivalent to the semantics of the syntactic construction, can become decisive in the content organization of the text.
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Kalashnyk, Yuliya. "Hryhorii Skovoroda's Aphoristics: Structural, Semantic and Stylistic Aspects." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Philology", no. 94 (June 2024): 71–76. https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-1864-2024-94-11.
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Consideration of the aphorism of the famous thinker in terms of syntactic construction of the expressed thought and creation of various stylistic techniques in this plane to enhance it is relevant. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the stylistic and syntactic features of H. Skovoroda's winged expressions that reflect the individual features of his philosophical and poetic linguistic thinking. The conciseness and, at the same time, the depth of Hryhorii Skovoroda's thinking are demonstrated by aphorisms represented by simple sentences, often complicated by various syntactic elements that concretize the thought, concentrating it around one grammatical center. The imperative mood of the main members of a one-part sentence with the semantics of thinking enhances the impact of the aphorism on the recipient. Aphorisms with the desirable modality are an expressive communicative type. Among the complex constructions, complex subordinate clauses, mostly of minimal structure, prevail. Certain instructions and conclusions expressed in aphorisms of this structure are often accompanied by an indication of a condition or time. Pronominal-relative sentences with the objective meaning of correlates have a powerful potential in expressing philosophical maxims. Comparison, as one of the most significant cognitive tools in the aphorisms of H. Skovoroda, is represented by various structural types of syntactic units: from word combinations to complex sentences with corresponding syntactic components (comparative subordinate clauses, comparative constructions, etc.). Aphorisms, which are equivalents of supraphrase units, are often formed by two sentences, the connection between which is provided by repetitions and other lexical-grammatical means. So, the outstanding philosopher uses a variety of syntactic constructions and stylistic figures, including antithesis, rhetorical questions and objections, various types of repetition, syntactic parallelism, for expressive expression of thought.
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Klienkova, I. B. "Peculiarities of Grammatical Properties in Nominal Word Combinations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-300-305.
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The article examines some peculiarities if grammatical properties of nominal word combinations based on the study of German-speaking Swiss press. The accumulated experience of linguists is analyzed and certain factors influencing the choice of syntactic relations in nominal word combinations with quantitative meaning are researched. It has been established that the choice of syntactic relations in such word combinations is determined by functional style, semantics and grammatical features of nouns - first or second components in a word combination. The aforementioned factors influencing the choice of syntactic relations in quantitative nominal word combinations are studied on the material of Germanspeaking Swiss press. The research revealed a number of peculiarities. First of all, German-speaking Swiss press uses such syntactic relation as genitive subordination quite often, not only on "special occasion" and unlike its use in Germany does not produce a magniloquent, pompous impression. Secondly, it has been established that the choice of syntactic relations in word combinations of the above-mentioned type of word combinations greatly depends on the semantic meaning of the noun - the first component of the word combination - and does not always coincide with the grammatical properties in nominal combinations in Germany. Thirdly, a clear dependence of syntactic relations choice is observed. Moreover, the article highlights the importance of grammatical features of the second component. These are such features as gender, number, case accompanied by noun declension. All the afore-mentioned features help to define the type of syntactic relations, which nominal quantitative word combinations may be connected by. The results of the comparisons of grammatical properties of quantitative nominal word combinations in German and Swiss press are demonstrated in a table below.
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Parahonco, Liudmila. "Syntactic classification of pleonastic structures." Akademos, no. 3(62) (December 2022): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52673/18570461.22.3-66.10.
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The purpose of the article is to study the structural (syntactic) aspect of pleonastic formations, build a structural concept and thereby prove their semantic significance, as well as informative interpretation. The object of analysis is pleonastic expressions and their pragmatic functions based on the material of publicist and artistic discourses. The subject of analysis is the comparison of the transaction (transmission) of the author’s and the “communicative isolation” of the meaningful lexical unit – pleonasm. The result of the study is the recognition of the normality of the use of this phenomenon, but subject to certain conditions: only models with homogeneous components with the meaning of a person, phenomenon, quality, state, basically, complement, clarify the conceptual content of the expression. The semantics of the object or subject is redundant in models with predicative units. These constructions are usually found in colloquial and publicistic styles, which does not allow them to be attributed to the norm of the modern Russian literary language. Structural models with a subordinate relationship with the meaning of an object, attribute, action (agreement) are also considered superfluous.
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Муйдиновна Расулова, Азизахон. "To the question of expression of concessional relationships in texts in the uzbek language." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (2021): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/37-40.
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It is known that the text is a syntactic unit consisting of more than one independent sentence. These sentences are connected with each other by content and grammatical aspect and are merged under one concept. In fictions, where two or more sentences refer to one content there are many cases where the event in the second sentence can not be an obstacle for the occurrence of an event in the first sentence. Such sentences are considered as texts in a field with the same content, indicating the attitude of concession. In syntactic integrities with superphrases, interconnected meaningful relationships arise. Such complex semantic relationships as time-condition, condition-concession, cause-effect, comparison-contrast are realized in them. The article discusses the concept of the syntactic field, supersintactic integrities and their role in the field. The data is given by analyzing many fictional books. Key words: syntactic field, supersyntactic integrities, semantic relationships, concession, contrast, time, semantic connection
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Sicherl, Eva. "Slovene Nominal Diminutives and their English Equivalents: A Comparison." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 9, no. 2 (2012): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.9.2.53-63.
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A contrastive analysis of nominal diminutives in Slovene and English clearly shows that diminutive formation and use of diminutives in Slovene is tied to the morphological characteristics of nouns and, consequently, their morphological–lexemic features, whereas the focus of diminutive formation and use in English remains bound to the syntactic use, or rather, the respective syntactico–semantic use of a given lexeme. In all languages, diminutiveness is a basic meaning– forming element, which can, however, be realized predominantly morphologically, as is the case in Slovene, or predominantly syntactically, as is the case in English. As a meaning–forming element it also plays a crucial role in the development of terminology – in this case the diminutive as language metaphor gains semantic independence and becomes a technical term.
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Gvantseladze, Anna. "Comparisons in works of fiction of Turkish writers of the XX century." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-122-130.
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The paper deals with comparison constructions of the Turkish language on the base of works of fiction of Turkish writers of the 20th century. Reflecting figurative (simile) and non-figurative (correlation between qualitative and quantitative characteristics of two objects) collation of two or more objects comparisons in the Turkish language are examined from the lexico-semantic point of view and though their syntactic role in the sentence. Comparison remains a relevant and interesting topic of research despite the large number of works. It is a mean, a way of investigation and knowing of reality when unknown object is collated with the well-known one. Comparison may be represented as an act and a result at once. As the act of knowing reality comparison, represents such stages of exploration of the real world as identification of an object, its correlation with already known categories and groups of objects, definition of common features and juxtaposition of their intensity for further classification of the object explored. While resembling the result of act of cognition comparison demonstrates the degree of manifestation of a particular feature on a scale from complete identity to absolute difference. As an act of logical operation comparison consists of four elements, having different nominations in research works, they resemble object that is compared, object to which something is compared with, ground of comparison (some common feature for both objects) and result of comparison that describes identity, resemblance or distinctions between objects. Since logical operations of world’s investigation find reflection in language as a linguistic category comparison also has four elements in its structure. According to the lexico-semantic group of object and subject of comparison, Turkish comparisons may be divided on such groups as human-human, human-animal, nature-human. Comparisons are mostly used to express nature, human’s appearance or character, size of items, to make some estimation, to describe the way something is happening like or to resemble someone’s condition. Turkish works of fiction use both figurative comparison (simile) and non-figurative comparison. The syntactic role of comparison in a sentence depends on which member of the sentence the comparative part of the comparative construction belongs to. Mostly, comparisons act as attribute or adverbial modifier of manner, but also may act as predicate or grammatical object.
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Li, Xiao, and Qingsheng Li. "Calculation of Sentence Semantic Similarity Based on Syntactic Structure." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/203475.
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Combined with the problem of single direction of the solution of the existing sentence similarity algorithms, an algorithm for sentence semantic similarity based on syntactic structure was proposed. Firstly, analyze the sentence constituent, then through analysis convert sentence similarity into words similarity on the basis of syntactic structure, then convert words similarity into concept similarity through words disambiguation, and, finally, realize the semantic similarity comparison. It also gives the comparison rules in more detail for the modifier words in the sentence which also have certain contributions to the sentence. Under the same test condition, the experiments show that the proposed algorithm is more intuitive understanding of people and has higher accuracy.
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Dyushekeeva, D. T. "MEANS OF EXPRESSING THE SEMANTICS OF INDEFINITENESS IN THE RUSSIAN AND KYRGYZ LANGUAGES." Vestnik of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University 24, no. 10 (2024): 63–67. https://doi.org/10.36979/1694-500x-2024-24-10-63-67.
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This article explores the lexical, syntactic, and morphological methods used to express the semantics of indefiniteness in the Russian and Kyrgyz languages. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to systematize these means within the model of the functional-semantic field. At present, the category of definiteness/indefiniteness is being actively researched in various languages. This article stands out from many other similar scientific studies by presenting the semantics of indefiniteness in the Russian language in comparison with the Kyrgyz language. The article demonstrates the lexical and syntactic methods of expressing the semantics of indefiniteness in the Russian language, where the category of definiteness/indefiniteness is covert. It also reveals that in the Kyrgyz language, besides lexical means, there are regular morphological means of expressing the category of definiteness/indefiniteness.
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XUE, NIANWEN, and MARTHA PALMER. "Adding semantic roles to the Chinese Treebank." Natural Language Engineering 15, no. 1 (2009): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324908004865.
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AbstractWe report work on adding semantic role labels to the Chinese Treebank, a corpus already annotated with phrase structures. The work involves locating all verbs and their nominalizations in the corpus, and semi-automatically adding semantic role labels to their arguments, which are constituents in a parse tree. Although the same procedure is followed, different issues arise in the annotation of verbs and nominalized predicates. For verbs, identifying their arguments is generally straightforward given their syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank as they tend to occupy well-defined syntactic positions. Our discussion focuses on the syntactic variations in the realization of the arguments as well as our approach to annotating dislocated and discontinuous arguments. In comparison, identifying the arguments for nominalized predicates is more challenging and we discuss criteria and procedures for distinguishing arguments from non-arguments. In particular we focus on the role of support verbs as well as the relevance of event/result distinctions in the annotation of the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. We also present our approach to taking advantage of the syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank to bootstrap the predicate-argument structure annotation of verbs. Finally, we discuss the creation of a lexical database of frame files and its role in guiding predicate-argument annotation. Procedures for ensuring annotation consistency and inter-annotator agreement evaluation results are also presented.
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Du, Shengbin, and Tiaoyuan Mao. "Comparison of Double Object Construction in Chinese and Japanese." Researching and Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language 4, no. 2 (2024): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/rtcfl.28739.
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Double-object construction is a common cross-linguistic phenomenon, and there exists a special double-object construction which differs from the normal one both syntactically and semantically. This article aims to explore the syntactic and semantic similarities and discrepancies of two types of construction in Chinese and Japanese. Specifically, this article first generalizes the similar and divergent syntactic and semantic features of the two patterns in Chinese and Japanese (also involving other languages, such as Korean). Further, based on the comparison, this article reveals that the formation of the special construction depends on whether its possessor can receive appropriate case.
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Mel’čuk, Igor. "Agreement, Government, Congruence." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 17, no. 2 (1993): 307–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.17.2.04mel.
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Rigorous definitions are proposed for three important syntactic-morphological concepts: agreement, government and congruence. They are defined as particular cases of morphological dependency between wordforms of an utterance (distinguished from semantic and syntactic dependencies between wordforms). Definitions are based on the intermediate concepts of agreement class and related inflectional categories, as well as on the concepts of inflectional category, grammeme, syntactics feature and syntactics feature value. AGREEMENT is defined (roughly speaking) as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is not a substitute pronoun, is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of a related category of the controller, or 2) upon its agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number (syntactics features), or else 3) upon some of its semantic properties. GOVERNMENT is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of an unrelated category of the controller or 2) upon one of its syntactics features, which is not agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number. CONGRUENCE is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is a substitute pronoun replacing an occurrence of the controller, is selected depending upon any property of the controller. Numerous examples of agreement, government and congruence are cited and analyzed, a comparison of agreement and government is presented, and relationships between these concepts and other types of dependencies are examined.
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Rodriguez, Beatriz. "The attributive system in English and Spanish." Languages in Contrast 4, no. 2 (2004): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.4.2.04rod.
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This paper examines the English and Spanish attributive systems of becoming. Due to the striking syntactico-semantic differences observed in these languages, we deem it necessary, in the first place, to distinguish two distinct classes of change of state attributive structures: ‘canonical attributive clauses’, such as In spring the land turns emerald and Las aguas se habían vuelto amargas, and ‘resultative attributive clauses’ of the type illustrated in My throat was swelling shut and Se tiñe el pelo de rubio. We then proceed to compare the grammatical behaviour each set of constructions exhibits in English and Spanish, in order to demonstrate that, as regards the syntactic encoding of the semantic notion of becoming, the linguistic phenomenon known as ‘attribution’ is, in short, syntactically, semantically and pragmatically far more constrained in the latter language than in the former: on the one hand, its attributive verbal system is subject to greater and stricter semantico-pragmatic restrictions than its English counterpart; and on the other, the productivity of its resultative pattern is quite marginal in comparison with the English one.
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Boussaha, Karima, Farid Mokhati, and Amira Hanneche. "System-Based Ontology for Assessing Learner's Programming Practical Works Activities (S_Onto_ALPPWA)." International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies 16, no. 5 (2021): 80–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwltt.20210901.oa5.
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This article introduces a new learner's self-assessment environment as CEHL that allows comparison of learners' programs with those elaborated by the teacher. The subjacent idea is to indirectly compare programs through their graphical representations described by ontologies. So, CEHL developed so-called S_Onto_ALPPWA which allows comparing learners' productions with those elaborated by the teacher. The tool allows essentially (1) generating two ontologies from the learner's program and the teacher's one, (2) applies some matching algorithms for measuring degrees of similarity and dissimilarity between learner's program and teacher's one, and (3) assessing the learners by giving them a list of semantic and syntactic errors detected in their programs. The present work is an extension of the authors' previous work, which did not take into account semantics errors. In the present work, they have managed to detect syntactic and semantic errors by using ontologies. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, two prospective experiments were conducted. The obtained results were very encouraging.
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Duraj-Nowosielska, Izabela. "The Word Order and Prosody of Polish Constructions with Subject-oriented Evaluative Adverbs and Their Impact on the Meaning of These Structures (Part 1)." Studies in Polish Linguistics 19, no. 3 (2025): 135. https://doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.24.006.21188.
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The article examines the impact of word order and prosody on the meaning of constructions with evaluative adverbs in Polish. While Polish literature on adverbs often suggests that the position of adverbs “proper” carries no semantic significance, unlike that of metatextual particles (some of which are formally identical to them), there exists a specific subclass of adverbs that exhibit similar behaviour to particles in this regard. This subclass, known as subject-oriented adverbs, includes evaluative adverbs, which are the main focus of this analysis. The article is divided into two parts. Following a brief introduction, Part 1, Section 2, discusses evaluative adverbs in comparison with other subject-oriented adverbs, outlining their shared semantic-syntactic properties. Section 3 focuses on the ambiguity of sentences containing evaluative expressions, which is influenced by word order and/or prosody. In line with structural semantics, the analysis seeks to identify a general mechanism underlying the observed interpretative differences, presenting basic syntactic-semantic formulas corresponding to these variants, along with related prosodic patterns and, consequently, information structure. These considerations lay the groundwork for Part 2, which will extend the analysis through a detailed examination of corpus data.
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Kolesnikova, Olesya P. "Enantiosemic Syntactic Constructions with als würde in German." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v156.
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This paper discusses the grammatical tense form Konjunktiv II and its use in enantiosemic syntactic constructions with the als würde component. The concept of enantiosemy at the syntactic level in the German language and the concept of asymmetry in syntactic constructions are investigated. The research material included fiction in German and examples from the German DWDS corpus. The main content of the work is the analysis of enantiosemic syntactic constructions with als würde. The following methods were used: comparison and analysis of the structural and semantic features of enantiosemic syntactic constructions and contextual analysis. During the research, syntactic models of sentences with enantiosemic meaning were identified, as well as conditions contributing to the development of their opposite meaning. The paper studied enantiosemic syntactic constructions in the form of complex sentences with an adverbial clause of comparison with als würde, including the verb of behaviour tun and verbs of impression aussehen, scheinen, klingen, as well as with the component es war in the main clause. The research revealed that enantiosemy, which is characterized by asymmetry of form and content, is inherent in these syntactic constructions. The analysis of enantiosemic syntactic constructions with als würde demonstrated that they do not require context in order to be recognized, since the discrepancy between grammatical form and content is inherent in the constructions, namely, in the adverbial clauses of comparison expressing an unreal action. According to the results, certain schemes of syntactic constructions with enantiosemic meaning can be introduced into scientific discourse, which can help identify such constructions in the German language and facilitate further research into the issues of German semantics, stylistics, and syntax.
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Poiret, Rafaël, Simon Mille, and Haitao Liu. "Paraphrase and parallel treebank for the comparison of French and Chinese syntax." Languages in Contrast 21, no. 2 (2021): 298–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.20002.poi.
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Abstract This paper proposes to study the contrastive syntax of French and Chinese through the lens of syntactic mismatches, and by making use of parallel treebanks. A syntactic mismatch is the non-similarity between the syntactic structures of one linguistic unit and its translation. Syntactic mismatches are formalized using the notion of paraphrase from the Meaning-Text Theory, which allows for capturing mismatches at different levels of the linguistic description (e.g. Semantic, Deep-Syntactic, and Surface-Syntactic). In this paper, we report in details on the types of paraphrases found in the seed corpus used, demonstrating that the Deep-Syntactic paraphrases constitute the best starting point for our study. Then, we show how, starting from the seed corpus, we semi-automatically constructed a multi-layer parallel treebank with the alignment and annotation of paraphrases.
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Manfredi, Stefano. "Pain Constructions in modern Arabic dialects: a typological overview." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 75, no. 4 (2022): 501–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2022-1061.
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Abstract Pain Constructions (PCs) constitute a class of experiential constructions expressing situations that involve unpleasant physical experiences (e.g. headache, burning eyes, dizziness, etc.). Previous cross-linguistic comparisons have shown that, though languages do not have dedicated morphosyntactic structures for encoding pain, there are certain constructions that are more likely to express physical experiences. Based on original data elicited by means of a situational questionnaire, this paper aims at analyzing the semantic and syntactic properties of PCs in modern Arabic dialects and to make typological generalizations about their cross-dialect variation. Benefiting from insights from both linguistic typology and contact linguistics, the study eventually shows that, despite considerable lexicosemantic and morphosyntactic variation, PCs in Arabic can be reduced to two main syntactic types: locational and inverse constructions.
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K., Vani, and Deepa Gupta. "Unmasking text plagiarism using syntactic-semantic based natural language processing techniques: Comparisons, analysis and challenges." Information Processing & Management 54, no. 3 (2018): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2018.01.008.
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Pradhan, Sameer S., Wayne Ward, and James H. Martin. "Towards Robust Semantic Role Labeling." Computational Linguistics 34, no. 2 (2008): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2008.34.2.289.
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Most semantic role labeling (SRL) research has been focused on training and evaluating on the same corpus. This strategy, although appropriate for initiating research, can lead to overtraining to the particular corpus. This article describes the operation of assert, a state-of-the art SRL system, and analyzes the robustness of the system when trained on one genre of data and used to label a different genre. As a starting point, results are first presented for training and testing the system on the PropBank corpus, which is annotated Wall Street Journal (WSJ) data. Experiments are then presented to evaluate the portability of the system to another source of data. These experiments are based on comparisons of performance using PropBanked WSJ data and PropBanked Brown Corpus data. The results indicate that whereas syntactic parses and argument identification transfer relatively well to a new corpus, argument classification does not. An analysis of the reasons for this is presented and these generally point to the nature of the more lexical/semantic features dominating the classification task where more general structural features are dominant in the argument identification task.
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Nazarov, Sardor. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE WORD COMBINATIONS." Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари / Актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук / Actual Problems of Humanities and Social Sciences. 5, no. 1 (2025): 281–84. https://doi.org/10.47390/spr1342v5i1y2025n38.
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This article presents a comparative analysis of the structural and semantic features of phrases in Englishand Uzbek. It examines the syntax and word order in both languages, identifying key differences and similaritiesin phrase construction. The study focuses on aspects such as the subject-verb-object order, the use of case markersin Uzbek versus prepositions in English, and the syntactic flexibility of Uzbek compared to the more rigid structureof English. Additionally, it explores how meaning is conveyed through these structural differences, particularlythrough idiomatic expressions, phrasal verbs, and the use of postpositions in Uzbek. The findings enhance theunderstanding of the relationship between syntax and semantics in both languages, offering valuable insights forlinguists, language learners, and those involved in language teaching and translation. This research underscoresthe different ways in which English and Uzbek organize phrase structures to convey meaning and lays thegroundwork for future cross-linguistic comparisons.
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Gusarenko, Sergey V., and Marina K. Gusarenko. "Frame determinism of artistic narrative." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education 1, no. 6 (2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-21.044.
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The article presents the results of a study undertaken to study the nature and degree of determinism of the plot semantics of artistic narrative by frame structures that serve as the basis of this narrative. The research focused on questions about the properties of frames that predetermine the deployment of narrative (determinant frames); questions about the nature of the connection between plot-forming frames (interframe transitions); questions about the nature, perspective and degree of imperativeness of the constraints imposed by the determinant frames on the deployment of the narrative. It is concluded that the frame as a meaningful unit of the meaning of the text has prospective semantics, from which it follows that any frame that forms the main storyline in the narrative prescribes each functional component of its composition, first of all, the first and second terms, predicates and basic sirconstrants, defined trajectories of further existence in the plot. The assumption is confirmed that the organization of artistic narrative is determined by both superframes-determinants and superstructures that form thematic sequences of macrostructures. The experience of constructing a graphical two-level model of the frame semantics of artistic narrative is presented, the comparison of this model with the representation of the frame in the FrameNet system is carried out. It was also concluded that the systematic and consistent description of the plot-content semantics of the narrative as a kind of literary text requires the same consistent and systematic description of the semantic-syntactic frames that form this semantics. In the systematic description of the frame semantics of narrative, special attention should be paid to predicates of nuclear propositions, since it is their semantic valences that determine the filling of the terminals of semantic-syntactic frames and their description gives explanatory power to the description of the semantic structure of frames. The authors see the prospect of the research in the systematic description of the frame semantics of the narrative with the involvement of the resources of the FrameBank project.
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Abbasov, Adalat. "Comparison of Syntactic-Semantic Features of Sentences and Incomplete Sentences." Teaching of Azerbaijani Language and Literature 71, no. 1 (2025): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.48445/f9646-0590-9052-d.
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Incomplete sentences belong to the system of participle sentences and can be expressed by all sentence members. It is especially useful to compare them with a sentence in order to determine precisely the coordinations that belong to incomplete sentences. These two sentence types have an apparently synonymous effect from a structural-semantic point of view. Because both sentence types have a dialogic structure in terms of communicative form. In incomplete sentences, one or both members involved in the expression of the idea are omitted. If one or more members of a single or double short and long sentence are omitted and these members can be easily restored, such sentences are called incomplete sentences. The word refers to a group of simple sentences that are not divided into members, that is, they are not members. Missing members in incomplete sentences can be recovered based on the context in the text. However, this is not possible in the sentence, because there is no need for it because the attitude to the original idea is expressed here. In general, connected speech should not be incomplete in content; this incompleteness is observed only in the form compared to its whole variants that can be used independently. Understanding these differences contributes to a deeper understanding of language usage. KEYWORDS syntactic-semantic feature, speech environment, communicative function, member sentence, stylistic aspect, contextual situation
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Ojanguren López, Ana Elvira. "Interclausal relations with Old English verbs of inaction." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 34, no. 2 (2021): 555–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.19040.oja.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse the syntactic and semantic interclausal relations that hold with Old English verbs of inaction. These verbs are studied from the perspective of juncture-nexus relations and the semantic relations Phase, Psych-action and Causative. The results are compared on the grounds of the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy. The comparison of semantic content and syntactic expression evidences discrepancies between too weak juncture-nexus types, such as clausal subordination, and very close semantic relations, like Phase. Two main conclusions are drawn. Firstly, the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy allows us to describe the variation in the complementation of inaction verbs in Old English; and to make predictions on the diachronic axis, given that the loss of finite clause complementation and the change to infinitival complementation presented by Present-Day English verbs of inaction are fully predicted by the IRH. Secondly, semantic relations and nexus types remain stable throughout the change, whereas juncture levels change.
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Karyawati, A. A. I. N. Eka, Edi Winarko, Azhari Azhari, and Agus Harjoko. "Ontology-based Why-Question Analysis Using Lexico-Syntactic Patterns." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 2 (2015): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i2.pp318-332.
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This research focuses on developing a method to analyze why-questions. Some previous researches on the why-question analysis usually used the morphological and the syntactical approach without considering the expected answer types. Moreover, they rarely involved domain ontology to capture the semantic or conceptualization of the content. Consequently, some semantic mismatches occurred and then resulting not appropriate answers. The proposed method considers the expected answer types and involves domain ontology. It adapts the simple, the bag-of-words like model, by using semantic entities (i.e., concepts/entities and relations) instead of words to represent a query. The proposed method expands the question by adding the additional semantic entities got by executing the constructed SPARQL query of the why-question over the domain ontology. The major contribution of this research is in developing an ontology-based why-question analysis method by considering the expected answer types. Some experiments have been conducted to evaluate each phase of the proposed method. The results show good performance for all performance measures used (i.e., precision, recall, undergeneration, and overgeneration). Furthermore, comparison against two baseline methods, the keyword-based ones (i.e., the term-based and the phrase-based method), shows that the proposed method obtained better performance results in terms of MRR and P@10 values.
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Outeiral, Sara María Riveiro, and Juan Carlos Acuña-Fariña. "Agreement processes in English and Spanish." Functions of Language 19, no. 1 (2012): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.19.1.03riv.
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The nature of agreement has been the topic of extensive debate in the recent literature of both linguistics and psycholinguistics. In contrast to either fully syntactic or fully semantic accounts, so-called ‘constraint-satisfaction models’ (Haskell et al. 2010, among others) posit that all grammatical encoding is subject to a number of influences (syntax, semantics, pragmatics, frequency, etc.) which compete to dominate every computation, including agreement processes. After briefly considering psycholinguistic work on attraction (Wagers et al. 2009 and references therein), we try to shed light on this debate by observing how agreement operates in certain structures which were previously tested by Berg (1998) in a comparison of German and English. Here, we establish the same type of comparison between Spanish and English, and conclude that: 1. agreement is resolved after a constant tug-of-war between the syntactic and the semantic, a process in which semantics is likely to interfere in formal operations when these are performed in the context of a weak morphology; 2. agreement resolution is effectively subject to various linguistic influences, including the morphological characteristics of each language, but also the domain in which agreement is realised; and 3. agreement is responsible for shaping overall linguistic systems in the sense that, as noted by Berg, it may motivate left–orientation (as in English) or not (as in Spanish) as a general default strategy for locating subjects.
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Liudmila, PARAHONCO. "SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY OF TAUTOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS." Limbaj si context / Speech and Context International Journal of Linguistics, Semiotics and Literary Science 1/2019, no. 11 (2022): 15–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7454058.
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<em>The purpose of the article is to study the structural (syntactic) aspect of tautological formations, build a structural concept and thereby prove their semantic significance, as well as their informative interpretation. The object of our analysis comprises tautological expressions and their pragmatic functions based on the material of publicistic and artistic discourses. The subject of analysis is the comparison of the transaction (transmission) of the author's intention and the «communicative isolation» of the meaningful lexical unit – tautology. The result of the study is the recognition of the normality of the use of this phenomenon, but subject to certain conditions.</em>
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Kocourek, Rostislav. "The prefix post- in contemporary English terminology." Terminology 3, no. 1 (1996): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.3.1.05koc.
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The article is based on a corpus of English words and technical terms obtained from contemporary texts and major up-to-date dictionaries and encyclopedias. It gives a description of "post- " prefixation, its morphology (including derivational patterns of one-word terms and syntactic patterns of multiword terms) and semantics (including motivational ambiguity and definitions). French terms are used for comparison and contrast. Morphological and semantic properties of term-constituting lexemes are examined within the framework of an analysis of lexical productivity, which is defined by three criteria: number of existing derivatives, rules of derivation, and neological potential. The analysis also shows other aspects of derivational productivity: favourite word-class membership, semantic options, and terminologization.
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Rynjah, Rymphang K., and Saralin A. Lyngdoh. "Cross-Linguistic Comparisons of Noun Phrase Constructions in Khasi Varieties." Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics 4, no. 2 (2023): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijll2325.
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This research paper presents a detailed analysis of the noun phrases (NP) in War-Khasi and War-Jaiñtia, two varieties of the Khasi language spoken in north-eastern India. The study investigates the syntactic and morphological features of NPs, with a particular emphasis on the distinctions between pre-modifiers and post- modifiers. By comparing and contrasting the NPs of War-Khasi and War-Jaiñtia, the paper highlights the unique attributes and functions of these constructions in each variety. The research also explores the various constructions of NPs in both varieties and evaluates their syntactic and semantic roles. The findings demonstrate that while both varieties share similar NP constructions, there are notable differences in the functions and attributes of NPs in each variety. Furthermore, the paper elaborates on the different functions of NPs and their lexical elements, including the head noun and all of its accompanying modifiers. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the syntax and morphology of noun phrases in Khasi and provides insights into the unique linguistic features of these two varieties. The findings have important implications for cross-linguistic comparisons of NP constructions and for further research in the field of linguistics of the Khasi varieties.
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Kholodon, Olena. "SYNTAX AND SEMANTIC VALENCY OF VERBS: DIALECT VS LITERARY LANGUAGE." Philological Review, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.1.2021.232712.
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In modern linguistics the research of verb syntax and semantics is still relevant. Although there are a number of Ukrainian dialectologists’ works on the verbs functioning in the structure of the dialect language at different levels, the problem of realization of verb syntactic and semantic valency in the Eastern Polissian dialect in the context of the Ukrainian literary language is still not considered, that shows the relevance of the proposed research. The sources of the research are the dialect materials recorded during 2009–2019 by the author in Chernihiv and Sumy regions, materials of «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language» (in 11 vol. and in 20 vol.), «Phraseological dictionary of the Ukrainian language» (in 2 books) and «General regionally annotated Corpus of the Ukrainian language» (version 10). During the research it is applied the method of purposeful interview - for recording of the dialect material, the descriptive method, which includes methods of observation, interpretation and comparison, which represents dialect material in the paper, the methods of contextual analysis - to identify the semantic processes and the methods of corpus analysis - to define the literary equivalents. Although the paper does not provide a systematic study of the difference between the verb syntactic and semantic valency in the dialect and literary languages, but the general tendencies of dialect phenomena are outlined, in particular the author reveals the reduction of preposition на in the construction С|векар ме|не л’уба|ваўс’а, syntactic localism - |ноде |буд’еш, voice transposition and diathesis change in the context of syntagmatics in the constructions Йа |пасʼ:а ← Йа пас |конеĭ with the saving of subject’s activity, expanding the repertoire of meanings in the constructions Йа на |конʼах ро|биў, Йа |кʼінʼми ро|биў ‘graze horses’, Га|моним на ўс’у |губу ‘to speak a lot of the dialect language’ (negative), |Баби мужи|ком ба|лакайутʼ ʻto speak in a rough voice (about a woman)ʼ in the context of the literary language. The use of the corpus (GRAK-10) helps to establish the functioning of corresponding to the recorded in dialect constructions in the literary language. The linguistic data revealed in the Eastern Polissian dialect testify either a larger archaic syntactic and semantic matrix, or an actualization of the dialect speakers’ language creation, that requires further investigation.
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Mohammed, Maree, and Belkhatir Mohammed. "On the Merging of Domain-Specific Heterogeneous Ontologies Using WordNet and Web Pattern-Based Queries." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 10, no. 01 (2011): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649211002808.
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Ontologies are a basic interest in various computer science disciplines such as semantic web, information retrieval, database design, etc. They aim at providing a formal, explicit and shared conceptualisation and understanding of common domains between different communities. In addition, they allow for concepts and their constraints of a specific domain to be explicitly defined. However, the distributed nature of ontology development and the differences in viewpoints of ontology engineers have resulted in the so-called "semantic heterogeneity" between ontologies. Semantic heterogeneity constitutes the major obstacle against achieving interoperability between ontologies. To overcome this obstacle, we present a multipurpose framework which exploits the WordNet generic knowledge base for the following purposes: (i) discovering and correcting the incorrect semantic relations between the concepts of the ontology in a specific domain, this step is a primary step of ontology merging; (ii) merging domain-specific ontologies through computing semantic relations between their concepts; (iii) handling the issue of missing concepts in WordNet through the acquisition of statistical information on the Web; (iv) enriching WordNet with these missing concepts. An experimental instantiation of the framework and comparisons with state-of-the-art syntactic- and semantic-based systems validate our proposal.
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Kim, Sun-Min. "Le problème du choix entre les prépositions à, dans et sur du côté des apprenants coréens." Scolia 24, no. 1 (2010): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/scoli.2010.1126.
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This study aims at helping Korean beginning level learners of French to better understand the semantic and syntactic behavior of the prepositions à, dans and sur. After explaining the semantics and relations between the Korean elements E, AnE and WiE, we have approached the French prepositions in comparison with their Korean equivalents. To mark a relation of localization, Korean language aims at describing the zone or the part occupied by the figure. French spatial system focuses rather on the relation between two terms.
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Koshkareva, Natalia B., and Valentina N. Solovar. "Adjectival equative comparative constructions in the Khanty language." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2025): 205–19. https://doi.org/10.17223/18137083/91/16.
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Equative constructions illustrate one type of equivalence relation (equality), establishing the identity of comparatives based on a gradable feature. The Kazym dialect of the Khanty language exhibits two distinct structural types of equative constructions: parametric and adjectival. Parametric constructions feature comparatives in the subject position, with the predicate, a parametric noun, identifying the parameter base, and an adjective expressing “sameness” as the relational marker. In adjectival constructions, comparative structures exhibit distinct syntactic positioning. The adjective in the position of the predicate denotes the parameter aspect, with a relation expressed by a postposition that formalizes the position of the second comparative (marker of the standard of comparison). The use of postpositions to form adjectival constructions with equivocal meanings extends to the expression of similative relations. In other types of constructions, postpositions convey the meaning of a subjective modality. Despite exhibiting structural equivalence, equivocal and differential constructions are semantically differentiated by their postpositional elements. Similative constructions contrast with equative and differential constructions in lacking a comparison parameter position. Alternatively, these are combined with comparative expressions of equivalence, whereby postpositions such as ‘ity’ (‘how’) function in both equative and similative comparisons. Functional-semantic comparison reveals three distinct semantic cores, each exhibiting relationships with other cores within the field and with external semantic fields (e.g., modality, approximativity) based on several parameters.