To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Semantic categories of adjectives.
Journal articles on the topic 'Semantic categories of adjectives'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Semantic categories of adjectives.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Spencer, Andrew, and Irina Nikolaeva. "Denominal adjectives as mixed categories." Word Structure 10, no. 1 (2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0101.
Full textAbstract:
Many languages have morphological devices to turn a noun into an adjective. Often this morphology is genuinely derivational in that it adds semantic content such as ‘similar-to-N’ (similitudinal), ‘located-on/in’ (locational) and so on. In other cases the denominal adjective expresses no more than a pragmatically determined relationship, as in preposition-al phrase (see the synonymous preposition phrase), often called ‘relational adjectives’. In many languages relational adjectives are noun-to-adjective transpositions, that is, adjectival forms (‘representations’) of nominals. In some languages and constructions they retain some of the noun-related properties of the base. For example, the base can be modified by an attribute as though it were still a syntactically represented noun, giving rise to what we will call ‘syntagmatic category mixing’. We also find instances of ‘paradigmatic category mixing’ in which the derived adjectival form retains some of the inflectional morphology (case and/or number and/or possessive) of its base noun, as in a number of Uralic and Altaic languages. We address this kind of categorial mixing within the descriptive framework for lexical relatedness proposed in Spencer (2013) . A true transposition has a complex ‘semantic function’ (sf) role, consisting of the semantic function role of the derived category overlaid over that of the base. We explain how the complex semantic structure role of noun-to-adjective transpositions maps onto c-structure nodes, using the syntactic framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.
2
Grashchenkov, P., and E. Lyutikova. "Adjectives in typology and linguistic theory: Semantics, distribution, derivation." Rhema, no. 4, 2018 (2018): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2018-4-9-33.
Full textAbstract:
The paper discusses major theoretical issues concerning the adjectival category in both intralinguistic and crosslinguistic aspects. The basic semantic oppositions in the system of property-denoting lexical items are revealed; grammatical categories characteristic for adjectives are identified, generalizations on the syntactic distribution of adjectives are drawn. Special attention is paid to the issue of the structural position of adjectives and adjectival phrases within nominals.
3
Ollennu, Yvonne Akwele Amankwaa. "ADJECTIVE SEQUENCING IN GA." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 10 (December 13, 2017): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v10i0.1384.
Full textAbstract:
The use of multiple words to describe nouns is a common phenomenon in language and languages that have adjectives employ this word class.Ga, a Kwa language of the Niger Congo, branch is no exception, whereas languages without adjectives may use other lexical categories like nouns and verbs which play the adjectival role. Ga has adjectives and employs them as attributives for nouns. The paper examines the syntactic rule governing the occurence of several adjectives serving as attibtutes of a single head noun. In this paper the noun is considered as the head of the Ga Nominal Phrase. The order of these adjectives has not received scholarly attention in Ga and this is to fill that gap in the literature. I argued that the order of adjectives is not haphazardly arranged but follows a laid down syntactc prescription. For instance the data showed that Dimension adjectives normall occur in first position, whereas colour adjectives occur further from the head noun. It was also revealed that in the ordering of adjectives in which Value adjectives is included, the Age adjective occurs in last position and Value adjective occurs first or last when included in the ordering of adjectives for a noun. Consequently, it is opined that defying the arrangement in the ordering of the adjectives resulted in unacceptable forms.The adjectives are grouped according to Dixon semantic classes. Data is gathered from native speakers of Ga. The findings contribute to the existing literature on adjective sequencing in Ghanaian languages.
4
Arciuli, Joanne, Linda Cupples, and Gabriella Vigliocco. "Are word meanings corresponding to different grammatical categories organised differently within lexical semantic memory?" Mental Lexicon 1, no. 2 (2006): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.1.2.05arc.
Full textAbstract:
We report on two experiments that examined lexical semantic memory. Experiment 1 included semantically related word-pairs (similarity of meaning) and unrelated word-pairs from three grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives). Experiment 2 included semantically related word-pairs (contrasting meaning) and unrelated word-pairs from the same three categories. Results of both experiments showed similar levels of semantic priming across same versus different grammatical category word-pairs (e.g., verb–verb pairs vs. verb–adjective pairs). Additional analyses of each experiment showed similar levels of priming within each of the three grammatical categories (i.e., noun–noun vs. verb–verb vs. adjective–adjective pairs). These findings suggest that there are no sharp architectural distinctions amongst words from different grammatical categories within lexical semantic memory.
5
Bae, Hee Sook. "Termes adjectivaux en corpus médical coréen." Terminology 12, no. 1 (2006): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.12.1.03bae.
Full textAbstract:
In terminology, the predominance of nouns is an incontestable phenomenon. In Korean terminologies, this predominance of nouns is even more notable because the meaning and function associated with adjectives in Indo-European languages are often realized in noun form. However, the rarer adjectival terms are, the more they are used in restrictive, repetitive ways in specialized domains. Thus, it is important to distinguish the different senses of these terms. In this work, focusing on semantic characterization in terminology, we distinguish the different senses of adjectival medical terms by applying lexico-semantic criteria (L’Homme 2004a) and by classifying the arguments of the adjective into semantic categories (Bae et al. 2002). With this work, we aim to enrich terminological descriptions found in Korean medical dictionnaries by demonstrating empirically a method for distinguishing the different senses of adjectival medical terms. To achieve our goal, we used the KAIST corpus, composed of medical texts (1,500,000 eojeols), and a group of texts on various subjects (40,000,000 eojeols).
6
Formanowicz, Magdalena, Agnieszka Pietraszkiewicz, Janin Roessel, Caterina Suitner, Marta Witkowska, and Anne Maass. "“Make it Happen!”." Social Psychology 52, no. 2 (2021): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000435.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Verbs may be attributed to higher agency than other grammatical categories. In Study 1, we confirmed this hypothesis with archival datasets comprising verbs ( N = 950) and adjectives ( N = 2115). We then investigated whether verbs (vs. adjectives) increase message effectiveness. In three experiments presenting potential NGOs (Studies 2 and 3) or corporate campaigns (Study 4) in verb or adjective form, we demonstrate the hypothesized relationship. Across studies, (overall N = 721) grammatical agency consistently increased message effectiveness. Semantic agency varied across contexts by either increasing (Study 2), not affecting (Study 3), or decreasing (Study 4) the effectiveness of the message. Overall, experiments provide insights in to the meta-semantic effects of verbs – demonstrating how grammar may influence communication outcomes.
7
Marinellie, Sally A., and Cynthia J. Johnson. "Adjective Definitions and the Influence of Word Frequency." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 5 (2003): 1061–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/084).
Full textAbstract:
The present investigation is a study of the development of adjective definitions given by participants in Grades 6 and 10 and by young adults, as well as the influence of word frequency on those definitions. A total of 150 participants (50 per age group) wrote definitions for 6 high-frequency and 6 low-frequency adjectives. Adjective definitions were analyzed for use of semantic content and also grammatical form. Findings indicated that content of adjective definitions generally followed a developmental course from concrete and functional to more abstract. Response patterns of certain categories, such as superordinate, have implications for organization of the mental lexicon and suggest that adjective definitions may be less predictable than definitions of other grammatical categories, such as noun. Although conventional syntactic form was highly used in definitions (i.e., adjectival form for a definition of an adjective), verb form was also highly used. Conventional form may be less useful to characterize adjective definitions than other grammatical classes. Findings suggest that word frequency has a robust influence on adjective definitions and that development progresses differently for high- and low-frequency words.
8
Vea Escarza, Raquel. "The recursive formation of Old English non-verbal categories. Productivity and constraints." Journal of English Studies 13 (December 15, 2015): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.2860.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims at analysing the recursivity in the formation of non-verbal categories, more specifically, of nouns and adjectives in old English. Pounder’s (2000) model, known as Process and Paradigm Model, provides the formal representation of recursive operations. The data of analysis consist of a total of 388 recursive nouns and adjectives, 11 of which undergo a two-level recursivity, or slot-II recursivity. Both in the case of nouns and adjectives, suffixation has a clearly preeminent role over prefixation. As for nouns, the suffix -nes is the most frequent one in number of tokens, whereas -∂ is the one that combines with a greater number of suffixes in prefinal position. Regarding adjectives, -lic is by far the suffix present in a higher number of predicates, and also the one that undergoes a wider variety of different recursive patterns, what evinces that there is correlation between a high type frequency and the assignment of a high number of different recursive patterns. Positional constraints affect -nes and -lic, since none of them can occur in a position other than final. A semantic interpretation of recursive suffixation leads to assign a semantic effect of this phenomenon when it applies to nouns, and a pragmatic one in the case of adjectives.
9
Ravid, Dorit, Amalia Bar-On, Ronit Levie, and Odelia Douani. "Hebrew adjective lexicons in developmental perspective." New Questions for the Next Decade 11, no. 3 (2016): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.3.04rav.
Full textAbstract:
Objective frequency does not always provide reliable information about lexical distributions across individuals’ development. We propose the subjective ranking by experts of lexical items’ register in the sense of ‘levels of linguistic usage’, which has been independently linked to AoA, as an alternative. This proposal was tested in Hebrew, a language showing marked distinctions between the everyday colloquial style and more formal, historically-related types of expression. A list of over 3,500 Hebrew adjectives in 19 morphological categories was compiled from dictionary sources. All adjectives on the list were ranked on a 1–5 linguistic register scale by 329 language expert judges. A Model Based Latent Class Analysis yielded five high-agreement groups of adjectives with mean register scores from 1.44 to 4.51, taken to represent five developmentally consecutive adjective lexicons. Semantic and morphological analyses indicated a rise in the abstractness and specificity of adjectives in the five lexicons, with concurrent changes in their morphological makeup. Two morphological categories emerged as the major components of the Modern Hebrew adjective lexicon: Resultative patterns, expressing states, and i-suffixed denominals, expressing nominal attributes. The study showed that subjective register classification may constitute a yardstick in development, with implications for other languages where register judgements can apply.
10
Karenisa, Kity. "Adjektiva dalam Bahasa Maanyan (The Adjective in Maanyan Language)." JALABAHASA 14, no. 2 (2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/jalabahasa.v14i2.207.
Full textAbstract:
Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan, terutama pada ciri morfologisnya, perilaku adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan berbeda dengan perilaku adjektiva bahasa Austronesia pada umumnya. Kategori sintaksis kalimat yang berbeda mensyaratkan bentuk adjektiva yang berbeda, yaitu dengan pemarkah adjektiva {ma-} ataupun tanpa pemarkah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ciri adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan berdasarkan ciri morfologis, perilaku sintaksis, dan perilaku semantisnya. Data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan oleh peneliti dari bahasa yang dikuasainya sebagai penutur asli bahasa Maanyan, kemudian dikonfirmasi dengan penutur asli lainnya. Berdasarkan analisis diperoleh simpulan bahwa adjektiva dalam bahasa Maanyan dapat dikenali dari ciri bentuk atau ciri morfologis yang berupa monomorfemis dan polimorfemis, dari perilaku sintaksis, yaitu sebagai atribut dalam frasa nomina, dan dari perilaku semantis dengan makna yang mengikutinya. Based on the observation on adjective in Maanyan language, especially in morphological features, adjective behavior in Maanyan language is different from the adjective behavior in other Austronesian languages in general. Different categories of syntactic sentences require different forms of adjectives: with the adjective marker {ma-} or without the marker. This study aims to determine the characteristics of adjectives in Maanyan language based on morphological characteristics, syntactic behavior, and semantic behavior. The data in this study were collected by researcher native speakers of Maanyan language and then confirmed to other native speakers. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the adjective in Maanyan language can be recognized by the morphological characteristic of monomorphemic and polymorphemic, from its syntactic behavior, ie as attributes in the noun phrase, and from its semantic behavior to the meaning that follows.
11
Medvedieva, Liudmyla. "On the opposite directions of semantic motivation in adjective / adverb derivational pairs in russian." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-203-213.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyses semantic relationships in adjective / adverb (ending in –о) derivational pairs in the Modern Russian language in terms of the direction of their motivation. The adverbial element in the derivational pairs is represented by adverbs describing the manner of an action. Derivational pairs such as острый – остро, быстрый – быстро refer to syntactic derivation and include words with the same lexical meaning. Thus, the direction of semantic motivation is irrelevant in this case, and adverbs are seen as derivatives on the basis of their formal compoundness. This approach prevents differentiation of derivational pairs in which the nature of semantic relationships between elements in the pair differ. However, the differentiation is possible if 1) the meanings of the related adjectives and adverbs are seen as close, but not the same; 2) in word comparison, the criterion of conformity / non-conformity of their lexical semantics with the categorial meaning of the part of speech is applied. This criterion, which is well-established in the pairs of ‘бежать – бег, острый – острота’ type in connection with the notion of folded proposition and which underlies the differentiation of isosemic and non-isosemic subclasses of nouns, is not easily extrapolated to the derivational pairs where both words have the categorial meaning of a modifier. Even so, correlating the lexical meanings of adjectives with modifying an object and the lexical meanings of adverbs with modifying an action reveals derivational pairs with opposite directions of semantic motivation. Forming adverbs from adjectives is a common direction in the pairs where the adjective describes an innate feature of the object, e.g. the shape, size, colour, etc., and the adverb describes the action not by its own characteristics, but by relating to the relevant feature of the object: острый нож → остро наточить нож meaning ‘так, что нож острый’. Forming adjectives from adverbs is a normal direction in the pairs where the adverb gives a characteristic of the action, e.g. speed or other peculiarities of the action unfolding in time, while the adjective renders a feature of an abstract action: быстро бежать → быстрый бег, meaning ‘такой, который происходит быстро’. Diachronically, derivational and semantic motivation is generated from the feature of a concrete object: быстрый конь → быстро бежит → быстрый бег, but in Modern Russian, the latter is primary, while быстрый конь comes secondary and is motivated by the meaning of the adverb. The indirect proof that in some pairs the adjective is the base, while in others it is the adverb can be given by the correlation of frequency scores of elements in the derivational pairs, i.e. in the derivational pairs of ‘острый → остро, крупный → крупно’ type, adjectives are more frequent, and in the derivational pairs of ‘быстро → быстрый, внезапно → внезапный’ type, adverbs show higher frequency. The analysis shows the need for further research of the semantic aspect of word-formation relationships between words with the categorial meaning of a modifier.
12
Zasina, Adrian Jan. "Gender-Specific Adjectives in Czech Newspapers and Magazines." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no. 2 (2019): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0060.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study is one of the few studies dealing with gender in the Czech language using corpus methods. It focuses on the issue of gender in Czech journalistic texts from the years 2010–2014. The main goal was to investigate the extent of stereotypical images of men and women in the press. This analysis is based on adjectival collocations of the lexemes muž ‘man’ and žena ‘woman’ and their semantic categorization. The research uses a journalistic part of the SYN2015 corpus. First, gender-specific adjectival collocates were identified. Second, adjectival collocates were classified into semantic categories and analyzed within journalistic genres. This study has shown that certain adjectives tend to co-occur with one of the examined lexemes and project a gender-stereotypical image of men and women within particular journalistic genres. It was confirmed that men are strongly associated with age specification, strength, appearance, and negative situations as a subject of crime, whereas women are related to motherhood, attractiveness, ethnicity, nationality, and are more often seen as victims of crime.
13
Tagliamonte, Sali A., and Katharina Pabst. "A Cool Comparison: Adjectives of Positive Evaluation in Toronto, Canada and York, England." Journal of English Linguistics 48, no. 1 (2020): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219881487.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines variation and change in the adjectives used to express “highly positive evaluation” in the varieties of English spoken in Toronto, Canada, and York, England. Building on earlier work on another semantic field, “strangeness,” we analyze over 4800 tokens and thirty-four different types, as in “That’s great” and “She’s awesome.” Our results show both similarities and differences between these two semantic fields. While individual forms in both fields tend to be popular for a long time, many forms fall in and out of favor. In the case of adjectives of highly positive evaluation, the adjectival set is particularly rich. Distributional analysis and statistical modeling of constraints on the major forms and their underlying social and linguistic correlates reveals that these changes are not progressing in parallel across varieties of English. There are robust linguistic patterns that suggest a systemic underlying explanation. New additions to this field arise in predicative position and as stand-alones, and in a later stage extend to attributive position. Finally, consistent with earlier findings on adjectives and (intensifying) adverbs, there are notable links to social trends and popular culture, affirming the link between open class categories and their sociolinguistic embedding.
14
FRANCIS, ELAINE J., and STEPHEN MATTHEWS. "A multi-dimensional approach to the category ‘verb’ in Cantonese." Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (2005): 269–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226705003270.
Full textAbstract:
Cantonese exhibits a pattern of variation among verbs that has often been interpreted as distinguishing a category of adjectives or a subcategory of adjectival verbs. However, neither of these approaches takes into account the complex patterns of overlap among the purported categories or subcategories. To account for these patterns, we propose a multi-dimensional, feature-based analysis, whereby morphological, phonological, syntactic, and semantic features interact to determine the distribution of each verb. While all verbs bear the same syntactic category feature, there are other features that affect the distribution of verbs independently of syntactic category. For example, constructions that resemble adjectival constructions in other languages license the semantic classes of verbs that are permanent, gradable, and/or non-dynamic, while constructions that resemble verbal constructions in other languages license the semantic classes of verbs that are dynamic, non-gradable, and/or non-permanent. Typological implications of this analysis are also considered.
15
Kurt, Hakan. "Water: Turkish Prospective Biology Teachers' Conceptual Structures and Semantic Attitudes towards Water." Higher Education Studies 8, no. 4 (2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v8n4p77.
Full textAbstract:
This study was prepared to investigate prospective biology teachers' cognitive structures related to "water". As the research design of the study, the case study was applied. The data were collected from 44 prospective biology teachers. The free word-association test, the drawing-writing technique and the semantic differential attitude scale were used as data collection instruments. The data were subject to content analysis and divided into categories through coding. In the analysis, the categories were formed and determined through the results of word-association test and drawing-writing test which were completed by the prospective biology teachers. With the help of these categories, the cognitive structures of prospective biology teachers were explained. These categories were determined as “the place and importance of water in life, the definition and chemical properties of water and water and metabolism”. It was determined that prospective biology teachers' semantic attitudes towards water were at a positive level in terms of mean scores of all adjectives considered; However based on each and every adjective, they mostly perceive water as compulsory, valuable and necessary. Moreover, the data collected through three data collection instruments indicated that prospective biology teachers had misconceptions about water considering the categories determined.
16
BYBYK, Svitlana. "“CHRONICLERS WILL NOT HARM FOR US EPITETS WITH A TINT OF RED” (epithetics “Poems from the war” by Borys Humeniuk)." Culture of the Word, no. 92 (2020): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x-2020.92.2.
Full textAbstract:
The article offers an analysis of one of the expressive markers of the language of social works of B. Humeniuk “Poems from the war”. Stylistic functions, structural and semantic properties of epithets are outlined. The connection between lyrical and epic epithets and the form of poems – verlibr – is noted. The functional load of epithets in correlation with linguistic-stylistic categories actualization, intimation, subjectivization, publicism, epicness, lyricism is traced. The role of epithets as actualizers of emotional assessments, concrete-sensory associations (color, size, smell of realities, mental state, mood, worldview of a lyrical hero) in readers is established. Emphasis is placed on militarized epithet with destructive semantics of meanings. The individual-author features of actualization of epithets-coloratives (black, red, white, green, blue, yellow) are emphasized. A specific group of epic, more typical of colloquial language, epithets-pronoun adjectives, which enhance the subjectivity of the poetic context. The originality of the epithetics of B. Humeniuk’s verlibr verse is characterized. In particular, the key proper epithet phrases with the direct meaning of adjectives and metaphorical epithets are singled out; two-syllable noun-adjective epithets, epithets as a part of an adjective inversion, epithets as a part of comparison, a paraphrase are distinguished. The correlation of the epithet “Poems from War” with the archetypal cognitive structures – the concepts of War, Warrior, Death, Life, Man, Nature – is traced.
17
Vashunina, Irina, and Maria Zimina. "Mechanisms of intersemiotic translation." SHS Web of Conferences 88 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208803001.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the results of an experimental study of the perception of creolized texts (verbal texts with illustrations), which aimed to detect regular correlations of verbal categories (adjectives cold, calm, light, bright, pleasant) and certain image parameters, as well as to characterize the mechanisms of intersemiotic translation. The study was conducted using the method of semantic differential, which involved evaluating creolized texts on five-point scales. As a result, the semantics of visual characteristics was determined, and the possibilities of visual representation of verbal characteristics were identified. The mechanisms of intersemiotic translation are characterized.
18
배희숙. "Frequencies and Semantic Categories of Adjectives used in Descriptive Texts of School-Aged Children." Korean Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 1 (2017): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2017.42.1.002.
Full text
19
Rondal, Jean A., and Anne Cession. "Input evidence regarding the semantic bootstrapping hypothesis." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 3 (1990): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010965.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe input language addressed to 18 language-learning children (MLU 1.00–3.00) was analysed so as to assess the quality of the semanticsyntactic correspondence posited by the semantic bootstrapping hypothesis. The correspondence appears to be quite satisfactory with little variation from the lower to the higher MLUs. All the persons and things referred to in the corpora were labelled by the mothers using nouns. All the actions referred to were labelled using verbs. Most of the attributive information was conveyed by adjectives. Spatial information was expressed through the use of spatial prepositions. As to the functional categories, all agents of actions and causes of events were encoded as subjects of sentences. All patients, themes, sources, goals, locations, and instruments were encoded as objects of sentences (either direct or oblique). This good semantic-syntactic correspondence may make the child's construction of grammatical categories easier.
20
Carvalho, Roberto Santos de, and Gessilene Silveira Kanthack. "Uma breve abordagem histórica da classe dos adjetivos (A brief historical approach of the class of adjectives)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 9, no. 2 (2011): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v9i2.1160.
Full textAbstract:
Este artigo apresenta uma parte da história dos estudos dos adjetivos, ao longo do pensamento ocidental, partindo das reflexões gregas, passando pelas bases romanas e suas ramificações. Descreve o contexto do pensamento filosófico em que os adjetivos foram descritos por Platão e demonstra que, em razão do seu comportamento sintático-semântico bastante peculiar, ocorreram tentativas de agrupá-los em distintas classes, visando melhor conhecer o seu comportamento. O objetivo precípuo do artigo é, pois, apresentar um breve panorama histórico da configuração dos adjetivos, com vistas a demonstrar que o interesse por eles tem longa tradição na investigação linguística ocidental.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Adjetivo. História. Semântica. Sintaxe.
 ABSTRACT This paper presents an historical overview of adjective study along the western tradition, from the Greek reflections to the Roman roots and their branches. We will describe the context of the philosophical thought in which the adjective categories were described by Plato. Besides, we will demonstrate that, due to the syntactic-semantic behaviour of this grammatical class, many attempts were made in order to group the adjectives in different classes, by aiming at knowing better the fluid behaviour of this category. The main goal of this article is, therefore, to present a general and historical overview of the configuration of the adjective category, and to show that the interest for this grammatical topic follows a long tradition in the western linguistics investigation.KEYWORDS: Adjective. History. Semantics. Syntax.
21
SPENCER, ANDREW. "Gender as an inflectional category." Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 2 (2002): 279–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001421.
Full textAbstract:
Russian adjectives, especially participles, can be used as nouns denoting people, e.g. bol′noj/bol′naja ‘(male/female) patient’ from bol′noj ‘sick’, učaščijsja/učaščajasja ‘(boy/girl) pupil’, participle from the verb učit′sja ‘to learn, study’. These are unusual in that they formally reflect the sex of their referent by means of inflectional morphology. Moreover, many surnames inflect like adjectives and they, too, inflect for gender: Mr. Puškin, Čexov, Tolstoj, Dostoevskij but Ms. Puškina, Čexova, Tolstaja, Dostoevskaja. Lexemes such as ‘patient, pupil’ are genuine nouns and not just adjectives modifying null nouns. The latter type do exist and have different properties from converted nouns. Converted nouns and adjectival surnames thus form systematic gender pairs which are forms of a single lexeme. However, gender is not conventionally regarded as an inflection category of the kind which induces word forms of lexemes in this way, rather it is an inherent ‘classificatory’ property of nouns. The paper discusses the peculiar nature of this type of inflectional marking and provides an explicit analysis of the construction. On the semantic side, nouns such as bol′noj, učaščijsja have a similar representation to that of a phrase person who is sick/studies and we effectively have an instance of the poorly researched phenomenon of de-phrasal word formation. On the morphosyntactic side, the lexical entry of the deadjectival noun or surname shares crucial properties with 3rd person pronouns. The analysis raises questions about the nature of lexical categories (especially ‘mixed categories’) and the structure of lexical entries generally.
22
Fadlon, Julie, Galit W. Sassoon, and Petra B. Schumacher. "Discrete dimension accessibility in multidimensional concepts." Mental Lexicon 13, no. 1 (2018): 105–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.17011.fad.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Previous studies have identified that conceptual categories corresponding to nouns exhibit semantic domain effects: (1) classification into biological ones reflects a non-additive consideration of their defining dimensions whereas classification into artefactual and, presumably, social nouns is based on an additive one (2) nominal biological concepts are less graded than artifacts. Nevertheless, much uncertainty exists about the structure of conceptual categories corresponding to multidimensional adjectives. We propose that the effects observed for concepts corresponding to nouns are connected to a property we term discrete dimension accessibility and ask how it is manifested in multidimensional concepts corresponding to adjectives. We then hypothesize that (a) ratings of dimension-counting structures can be used as a diagnostic for these properties (b) the dimensions of multidimensional concepts corresponding to adjectives are inherently discrete. We report an acceptability rating experiment involving 42 adult Hebrew speakers revealing that with nouns, dimension-counting constructions with artefactual and social predicates are rated higher than ones with biological predicates, hence confirming (a). With adjectives, ratings for dimension-counting constructions remained high across the domain manipulation, hence confirming (b). We argue that the interaction between discrete dimension accessibility and lexical category indicates that lexical distinctions interact with conceptual ones.
23
Shigemori Bučar, Chikako. "Creative competence in borrowings : words of Japanese origin in Slovene." Linguistica 51, no. 1 (2011): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.245-262.
Full textAbstract:
Japanese has no category of gender or number. Nouns as well as adjectives have no inflection. The phonological construction of words is syllabic and there is no stress accent but pitch accent. Five vowels have short and long opposition. On the other hand, Slovene has categories of number and gender. Nouns are inflected according to six cases. Phonologically, all nouns carry a stress accent. In this paper, the gender and number assignment to loanwords of Japanese origin in Slovene is discussed on the basis of the morphology and phonology of the source and recipient languages. Assignment rules have certain morphological and semantic foundations. The relative competence of the speakers of the recipient language, Slovene, is particularly noticeable when activating the categories and rules that are specific to their own language. The integration of loanwords may be observed through the additional derivation of adjectives and nouns within the framework of the recipient language.
24
HALL, D. GEOFFREY, TRACEY C. BURNS, and JODI L. PAWLUSKI. "Input and word learning: caregivers' sensitivity to lexical category distinctions." Journal of Child Language 30, no. 3 (2003): 711–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000903005749.
Full textAbstract:
Twenty-four caregivers and their two- to four-year-old children took part in a storybook reading task in which caregivers taught children novel labels (‘DAXY’) for familiar objects. One group (N=12) received labels modelled syntactically as proper names (‘This is NAMED DAXY’), and another group (N=12) received the same labels for the same objects modelled syntactically as adjectives (‘This is VERY DAXY’). Caregivers took strikingly different approaches to teaching words from the two lexical categories. In teaching proper names, but not adjectives, caregivers flagged cases in which one word was paired with two objects; two words were paired with one object; and one word was paired with an inanimate object. In teaching adjectives, but not proper names, caregivers discussed meaning and offered translations. Caregivers' distinctive strategies for teaching proper names and adjectives are congruent with recent findings about children's word meaning assumptions, and with analyses of the semantics of these lexical categories. The findings indicate that parental speech could provide a rich source of information to children in learning how different lexical categories are expressed in their native language.
25
Dobbs, Roselle, and La Mingqing. "The two-level tonal system of Lataddi Narua." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 39, no. 1 (2016): 67–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.39.1.04dob.
Full textAbstract:
Lataddi Narua is the first reported variety of a Naish language having only two tonal levels; all other Naish languages described to date have three. The language uses a system in which level tones are primary, and tones are associated to lexical items rather than to individual syllables. Four tone categories are identified for nouns and adjectives, and six for verbs. Processes of tonal interaction across word boundaries are discussed, from tonal morphology to observations about syntactic and semantic factors influencing the placement of tone group boundaries within a sentence.
26
Tran, Thien Khai, and Tuoi Thi Phan. "Towards a Sentiment Analysis Model Based on Semantic Relation Analysis." International Journal of Synthetic Emotions 9, no. 2 (2018): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijse.2018070104.
Full textAbstract:
Sentiment analysis is an important new field of research that has attracted the attention not only of researchers, but also businesses and organizations. In this article, the authors propose an effective model for aspect-based sentiment analysis for Vietnamese. First, sentiment dictionaries and syntactic dependency rules were combined to extract reliable word pairs (sentiment - aspect). They then relied on ontology to group these aspects and determine the sentiment polarity of each. They introduce two novel approaches in this work: 1) in order to “smooth” the sentiment scaling (rather than using discrete categories of 1, 0, and -1) for fined-grained classification, then extract multi-word sentiment phrases instead of sentiment words, and 2) the focus is not only on adjectives but also nouns and verbs. Initial evaluations of the system using real reviews show promising results.
27
Bloom, Paul. "Syntactic distinctions in child language." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 2 (1990): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013805.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study of young children's understanding of a constraint on English word order, which is that pronouns and proper names cannot be modified by prenominai adjectives. For adults, this is a syntactic constraint: adjectives can only precede nouns, and pronouns and proper names are lexical Noun Phrases (NPs). In two analyses, the spontaneous speech of 14 one- and two-year-old children was studied. These analyses show that even in children's very first word combinations, they almost never say things like big Fred or big he. Some non-syntactic theories of this phenomenon are discussed and found to have serious descriptive problems, supporting the claim that children understand knowledge of word order through rules that order abstract linguistic categories. A theory is proposed as to how children could use semantic information to draw the noun/NP distinction and to acquire this restriction on English word order.
28
Metlitskaya, N. A. "LINGUISTIC DATABASE FOR AUTOMATIC GENERATION SYSTEM OF ENGLISH ADVERTISING TEXTS." «System analysis and applied information science», no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-4923-2017-2-62-67.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the linguistic database for the system of automatic generation of English advertising texts on cosmetics and perfumery. The database for such a system includes two main blocks: automatic dictionary (that contains semantic and morphological information for each word), and semantic-syntactical formulas of the texts in a special formal language SEMSINT. The database is built on the result of the analysis of 30 English advertising texts on cosmetics and perfumery. First, each word was given a unique code. For example, N stands for nouns, A – for adjectives, V – for verbs, etc. Then all the lexicon of the analyzed texts was distributed into different semantic categories. According to this semantic classification each word was given a special semantic code. For example, the record N01 that is attributed to the word «lip» in the dictionary means that this word refers to nouns of the semantic category «part of a human’s body».The second block of the database includes the semantic-syntactical formulas of the analyzed advertising texts written in a special formal language SEMSINT. The author gives a brief description of this language, presenting its essence and structure. Also, an example of one formalized advertising text in SEMSINT is provided.
29
Kaliska, Agnieszka K. "Les prédicats Prep N figés adjectivaux et adverbiaux." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 38, no. 1 (2015): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.38.1.04kal.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to consider syntactic and semantic properties of frozen predicates Prep N in Polish, which may express either a state or a property of the subject. Some of them correspond to adjectival interrogative pronouns, while others correspond rather to an adverbial interrogation. We discuss to what extent these and other syntactic features reflect the notional features, defined as a property or as a state and if they justify the division between the adjectival Prep N and the adverbial Prep N. Our analysis is based on Polish data but it also contains references to other languages: French, Korean, English. More general issues are also discussed in this paper: identification of the categories called parts of speech and transfer between categories (noun vs. adjective vs. adverbe).
30
Pinheiro, Ana P., Robert W. McCarley, Elizabeth Thompson, Óscar F. Gonçalves, and Margaret Niznikiewicz. "From Semantics to Feelings: How Do Individuals with Schizophrenia Rate the Emotional Valence of Words?" Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/431823.
Full textAbstract:
Schizophrenia is characterized by both emotional and language abnormalities. However, in spite of reports of preserved evaluation of valence of affective stimuli, such as pictures, it is less clear how individuals with schizophrenia assess verbal material with emotional valence, for example, the overall unpleasantness/displeasure relative to pleasantness/attraction of a word. This study aimed to investigate how schizophrenic individuals rate the emotional valence of adjectives, when compared with a group of healthy controls. One hundred and eighty-four adjectives differing in valence were presented. These adjectives were previously categorized as “neutral,” “positive” (pleasant), or “negative” (unpleasant) by five judges not participating in the current experiment. Adjectives from the three categories were matched on word length, frequency, and familiarity. Sixteen individuals with schizophrenia diagnosis and seventeen healthy controls were asked to rate the valence of each word, by using a computerized version of the Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley and Lang, 1994). Results demonstrated similar ratings of emotional valence of words, suggesting a similar representation of affective knowledge in schizophrenia, at least in terms of the valence dimension.
31
Oltra-Massuet, Isabel. "Towards a morphosyntactic analysis of -ish." Word Structure 10, no. 1 (2017): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0100.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of the adjectives derived with the English morpheme -ish. The main goal of the paper is to outline a morphosyntactic analysis of -ish that: (i) accounts for its cross-categorial nature, (ii) derives its surface polysemy, and (iii) is compatible with Bochnak & Csipak's (2014) recent semantic analysis of deadjectival -ish (for example, reddish) and free-standing propositional -ish (for example, I liked the movie …ish) as a metalinguistic degree operator. Focusing on the analysis of the various subtypes of bounded -ish forms, this paper develops a unified morphosyntactic approach to -ish with a single shared semantics, and suggests that the cross-categorial and polysemous nature of -ish derives from three main closely interrelated factors: (i) the source of the degree variable that -ish targets, whether syntactic, lexical, or metalinguistic; (ii) the syntactic realization site of -ish; and (iii) the late insertion of the underspecified morpheme -ish.
32
Ifaturoti, Adeboye Oluwaseun. "Краткий очерк типологических особенностей языка йоруба". Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, № 7 (2021): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_1_74_85.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents materials on the phonetic and grammatical structure of Yoruba – one of the most widely spoken languages of West Africa, which, along with its literary form, exists in many dialectical variants. Using examples selected from modern normative speech usage, the author – a native speaker of the Standard Yoruba – demonstrates the ways of expressing semantic content, various grammatical meanings and categories in the Yoruba language, whose structure has significant differences from known modern analytical (English, French) and synthetic (Russian) languages of Europe. The results of the study show that, first, lexical meanings in Yoruba language can be differentiated by changing tone pitch; second, reduplication and agglutination are vital to the process of word formation; third, the categories of verb tense, definiteness / indeterminacy, comparative and superlative adjectives are expressed by lexical means; finally, syntactic constructions due to the non-inflectional nature of words in Yoruba, as in European analytical languages, are constructed according to a fixed model.
33
Kessler, J., M. Bley, R. Mielke, and E. Kalbe. "Strategies and Structures in Verbal Fluency Tasks in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 10, no. 4 (1997): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/695154.
Full textAbstract:
Reduced word production in verbal fluency tasks is a sensitive indicator for brain damage. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are supposedly more affected in semantic than in letter fluency, which is probably resulting from partially destroyed structure of semantic knowledge, whereas in letter fluency tasks the patients can use phonemic cues for searching. In this study, 21 patients with probable AD according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were examined on a verbal fluency task with F, A, S as initial letters, and a supermarket task. Performances were compared with a control group. Patients with AD showed lower word rate in all tasks than the control group. The difference was most significant in the supermarket task. Both groups produced most of the words in the supermarket task, followed by S, A and F. They both showed a percentuallikely distribution pattern of items into different supermarket categories. The items of the supermarket task were mostly ranged in clusters (patients with AD 70%, control group 83%). Patients with AD, however, on average, used fewer categories which they also filled with fewer items. In the F, A, S test, patients with AD mainly produced nouns, whereas the control group named nearly twice as many adjectives and verbs. In patients with AD word generation was highly correlated with degree of dementia, free recall of a verbal memory task, and the Token test. Low word production and qualitatively changed output in patients with AD might relate to an inefficient searching strategy, attentional deficits and/or degraded semantic knowledge.
34
Shigurov, Viktor Vasil'evich. "Characteristics of the degrees of modalation and predicativation of word forms such as “it is evident” in asyndetic complex sentence." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2021): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.3.34219.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the mechanism of transposition of linguistic units from short adjectives into introductory-modal units and predicatives. The object of this research is word forms such as “it is evident”, which in asyndetic complex sentences represent a zone of hybrid structures on the scale of modalation. The subject of this research is the combinatorics and proportion of the characteristics of adjectives, introductory-modal words and expressions, and impersonal-predicative words (predicatives) within the structure of hybrids. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the need for studying the mechanism of interaction between grammatical and lexical within the structure of word forms involved in one or more transpositional processes on the level of parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech categories. On thee example of deadjectival word form “it is evident”, the author calculates the indexes of modalation and predicativation of short adjectives in the zone of hybrid structures represented by asyndetic complex sentences with explicative relations between the predicative parts. It is established that the hybrid “it is evident” demonstrates 56 % correspondence of differential characteristics with characteristics of the original nuclear short adjective “evident” in the meaning of “available for visible perception”, 27 % correspondence with the characteristics of nuclear introductory- modal word “evident” in the meaning of “probably”, and 67% correspondence with the characteristics of nuclear predicative “it’s a shame” with the semantics of emotional state of a person and moral-ethical evaluation of his behavior.
35
SETIAWAN NUGRAHA, DEDEN NOVAN. "Verb Go Combinations in Perspective English Linguistics and Culture." Journal Sampurasun : Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage 2, no. 01 (2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/sampurasun.v2i01.115.
Full textAbstract:
Language and culture are both integral parts of human life. Humans use language to express their feelings, and to communicate to each other. To support the processs of communication language must be able to represent ideas of speakers and be understood by the hearers. Linguistics is the study of languge. The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is divided into a number of subfields: syntax and semantics. Syntax is the system of rules and categories that underlies sentence formation in human language, meanwhile semantics is the study of meaning in human languge. Because language is such a central feature of being a human, linguistics has connections with many other disciplines in the humanities like culture. Based on Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (Sapir, 1929); (a). Language influences thought and culture; (b). Language and culture influence each other. This study aims to investigate syntactic categories combined to the verb go and to analyze the meaning of the verb go after being combined with the complements. The data itself is taken from the British National Corpus (BNC). The results of the article indicate that there is a very close relationship between language and culture. That is, culture has a direct effect on language. Language and culture are closely correlated. Based on the analysis, the verb go can be combined with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, verbs-ing and past participles. In the case of semantic analysis there are two categories of meaning of the verb go combinations: dynamic verb indicates moving away from something or causing something to move or to happen; and stative verb which shows the meaning of steady state with no internal changes or phases. Most of the verb go combinations have generates new meaning, that is idiomatic meaning.
36
Hashmi, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Asim Mahmood, and Muhammad Ilyas Mahmood. "Analysis of Lecxico-Semantic Relations of Punjabi Shahmukhi Nouns: A Corpus Based Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 3 (2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n3p357.
Full textAbstract:
The current study is an effort in the development of Lecxico-semantic relations among Punjabi Shahmukhi nouns. Semantic relations are those nets, which are found among nouns on the bases of word meanings. Development of semantic nets is taken as a key part while developing WordNet of any language. The WordNet of Punjabi Shahmukhi is not developed yet. The digital exposure and progress of Punjabi Shahmukhi is very slow in comparison to other languages of the world. The present study explores the kind of semantic relations found among the nouns of Punjabi Shahmukhi. WordNet organizes words on the basis of word meanings rather than word forms. WordNet of English includes four open class categories including; nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives, but present study is limited to the analysis of nouns. A corpus of 2 million words of Punjabi Shahmukhi was taken from different sources. Then, it was POS tagged and a list of 846 nouns was generated. Then, each noun was analyzed individually to develop its Lecxico-semantic relations including: synonymy, antonymy, meronyms, holonymy, hyponymy, hypernymy, singular, plural, masculine, feminine and HAS a part. The present research is significant and useful in the development of WordNet for Punjabi Shahmukhi. With the development of WordNet, it will be possible to run digital applications in Punjabi Shahmukhi including: machine translation, information retrieval, querying archive and report generation to automatic speech recognition, data mining, read aloud, robotics and many more. On the other hand, WordNet will help to maintain an international status for Punjabi Shahmukhi.
37
DILNA, Oksana. "«TAKI SVOYI CHUZHISHI CHUZHYNY» (ON THE ISSUE OF EXPRESSIVE POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES IN LINA KOSTENKO’S NOVEL "BERESTECHKO")." Culture of the Word, no. 92 (2020): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x-2020.92.19.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the expressive possibilities of the words belonging to different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs) in Lina Kostenko’s novel «Berestechko». The main focusis on the stylistic role of grammatical non-normatives used in the text of the novel in question: non-standard forms of the number of nouns, irregular forms of comparative degrees of adjectives and non-normative pronouns. Such forms are evaluated according to the norms of the literary language regarding their semantics and stylistics hades of meaning (solemnity, familiarity, diminutive form, intimacy, colloquialism, etc.) given to the utterance. There is a detailed description of the metaphoricuse of one morphological form instead of another: singular form of noun instead of plural and viceversa, one pronoun instead of the other one, one tense form and mood of the verb instead of another. The article emphasizes the technique of nounstring (the same noun in different cases and pronouns of different categories). Stylistic aim of metaphoric form usageis clarified; the description is provided how the meaning of the utteranceis changed, what stylistic shades of meaning appearine very separate case and how they influence the communicative aim of the utterance.
38
Valera, Salvador. "English ‘-Ly’ Adverbs: from Subject Orientation to Conversion." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 49, no. 1 (2014): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2014-0004.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractUnlike subject-orientation in English ‘-ly’ adverbs, subject-relatedness does not conflate two syntactic functions in one and the same form: subject-related ‘-ly’ adverbs are predicative elements in the clause and do not function as adverbials. Therefore, the morphological make-up of subject-related ‘-ly’ adverbs does not match the syntactic function and the categorial meaning usually associated with the adverbial suffix ‘-ly’. In subject-relatedness, the association of the predicative function with the ‘-ly’ suffix differs from that of the well-known set of ‘-ly’ adjectives where the suffix is the present-day form of Old English ‘-līc’. Subject-relatedness raises the question of how these ‘-ly’ adverbs should be classified and the implications of this classification on their place in the system of word-classes. Specifically, it raises the question of the place of this morphological, syntactic and semantic behaviour with respect to word-class membership. In this respect, the paper explores the interpretation of subject-related ‘-ly’ words in frameworks where adjectives and adverbs are considered one and the same word-class and also where they are considered separate ones. The interpretation of subject-related ‘-ly’ words as belonging to the categorial space between adjective and adverb is relevant especially in respect of the morphosyntactic processes described in the literature for similar cases: although the profile of subject-related ‘-ly’ words appears to meet the conditions of conversion, they do not become lexicalized, as in lexical conversion, and cannot be traced back to a syntactic process, as in syntactic conversion
39
Goddard, Cliff. "“Joking, kidding, teasing”: Slippery categories for cross-cultural comparison but key words for understanding Anglo conversational humor." Intercultural Pragmatics 15, no. 4 (2018): 487–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2018-0017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Terms like to joke (and joking) and to tease (and teasing) have a curious double life in contrastive and interactional pragmatics and related fields. Occasionally they are studied as metapragmatic terms of ordinary English, along with related expressions such as kidding. More commonly they are used as scientific or technical categories, both for research into English and for cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison. Related English adjectives, such as jocular and mock, are also much-used in a growing lexicon of compound terms, such as jocular abuse, mock abuse, jocular mockery, and the like. Against this background, the present paper has three main aims. In the first part, it is argued that the meanings of the verbs to joke and to tease (and related nouns) are much more English-specific than is commonly recognized. They are not precisely cross-translatable even into European languages such as French and German. Adopting such terms as baseline categories for cross-cultural comparison therefore risks introducing an Anglocentric bias into our theoretical vocabulary. Nor can the problem be easily solved, it is argued, by attributing technical meanings to the terms. Detailed analysis of the everyday meanings of words like joking and teasing, on the other hand, can yield insights into the ethnopragmatics of Anglo conversational humor. This task is undertaken in the second part of the paper. The important English verb to kid and the common conversational formulas just kidding and only joking are also examined. The semantic methodology used is the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, which depends on paraphrase into simple, cross-translatable words. Building on the NSM analyses, the third part of the paper considers whether it is possible to construct a typological framework for conversational humor based on cross-translatable terminology.
40
Žele, Andreja. "Slovenian legal language from the standpoint of a Slovenian language expert." Linguistica 53, no. 2 (2013): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.53.2.227-236.
Full textAbstract:
The paper draws attention to the current issues of legal language use within oneʼs own language, in this case Slovenian. We use specific cases to point out the additional semantic stress on legal terminology, word-formational variations and their (non-)acceptability, the need to take into consideration grammatical categories such as semantic definiteness in adjectives, and perfective and imperfective aspects in verbs and gerunds, as well as the (non-)justification of conversions within multiword legal terms. In this regard it is established that whatever is ambiguous in legal terminology is at the same time also wrong. Comment is made on the lexico-grammatical response of legal Slovenian to the inclusion of concepts of the transnational legal order, i.e. the legal order of the European Union. The analysis uses Slovenian legal texts and translated legal texts all approved by the competent legal institutions for linguistic analysis and the legal lexis which had already been included in language-oriented discussions. According to the issues presented, the study of law (i.e. legal norms, legal science and legal practice) reveals a constant need, or rather impetus, to introduce a parallel study course dealing with regular language based and linguistic updates of legal Slovenian.
41
Gorbaniuk, Oleg, Andrij Mirowich, Władysława Leoszko, et al. "A Psycholexical Classification of Ukrainian Descriptors of Individual Differences." Current Problems of Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2018-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of the psycholexical study was to classify the terms describing individual differences in the Ukrainian language. Method. To accomplish this objective, we analysed 220,000 entries included in a universal dictionary of Ukrainian and identified 20,024 terms – adjectives, participles, type-nouns, and attribute-nouns – used to describe human characteristics. The identified person-descriptive terms were classified by a team of five trained judges into 13 categories and subcategories. The judges’ taxonomic decisions were tested for validity and interjudge agreement. Results. This procedure yielded lists of Ukrainian personality descriptors, consisting, respectively, of 2,426 adjectives, 2,255 participles, 1,653 attribute-nouns, and 1,474 type-nouns. The analysis of semantic redundancy of terms representing different parts of speech but having the same common morpheme among dispositional descriptors identified a total of 1,634 morphemes that differed in terms of meaning. The analysis identified 212 (22.0% of morphemes) type-nouns that could not be replaced by any different part of speech with the same morpheme to describe the same personality trait. Conclusions. Ukrainian personality lexicon has a comparable or higher diversity of personality-descriptive vocabulary, attested to by the presence of 96% Big Factors markers from international comparative analyses of psycholexical structures of natural languages. The results of the study contribute to the debate on universals in the description of individual differences and constitute the basis for future questionnaire-based studies aimed at identifying the psycholexical structure of the Ukrainian language.
42
Sommers, Ronald K. "Some Relationships between Skills in Word-Category Recall and Factors in Adults' Aphasia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, no. 1 (1998): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.1.187.
Full textAbstract:
It has long been recognized that a basic dimension to the lexical organization of the brain is semantic, and some brain mapping studies have indicated that the brain fields are distinctly different from some grammatical classes. Findings from the present investigation showed consistent relationships between 29 aphasic adults' performances on tasks involving graphic and gestural skills and those involving sequential recall of spoken words from different word categories. Each adult received the Porch Index of Communication Abilities which relies upon the physical manipulation of objects to assess verbal, gestural, and graphic abilities. Scores on a test requiring recall of word strings of nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, or prepositions were used to predict the subscale scores from the Graphic and Gestural factors of the index. Recall scores for verb and preposition were predictive of the aphasic subjects' performances on the Graphic subscale, and noun and preposition scores were predictors of subjects' scores on the Gestural subscale. The results are related to other research showing that verb and preposition skills are predictive of fine motor abilities of children with communication disorders and brain-mapping studies. Some discussion centers on possible overlapping functions of brain activity involving word categories, language, and fine motor skills.
43
Trotzke, Andreas, and Eva Wittenberg. "Long-standing issues in adjective order and corpus evidence for a multifactorial approach." Linguistics 57, no. 2 (2019): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0001.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the issue of adjective order and show that different approaches vary in their answers to the question of how fine-grained the semantic categories determining adjective order are. We report on a corpus study that we conducted and that illustrates that a clear answer to the question of what general factors exactly determine adjective order is elusive, given the multifactorial nature of the problem. We then present the individual contributions to this special issue, and how they attempt to add new observations from Germanic languages to the general issues revolving around the topic of adjective order.
44
Langacker, Ronald W. "Grounding, semantic functions, and absolute quantifiers." English Text Construction 10, no. 2 (2017): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.10.2.03lan.
Full textAbstract:
Absolute quantifiers (e.g. many, few, three) have adjectival uses, but when initial they function as grounding elements: like demonstratives, articles, and relative quantifiers (e.g. all, most, every), they indicate the epistemic status of the nominal referent. This ambivalence is due to their being intermediate, having semantic affinities with both categories but being marginal with respect to each. The dual role of absolute quantifiers is readily described in Cognitive Grammar, given its dynamic view of meaning as consisting in semantic functions (interactive tasks to be fulfilled). These functions belong to the symbolic assemblies constituting language structure; they are fundamental, the role of lexicon and grammar being to effect their implementation. More schematic functions –such as grounding –are independent of any particular implementation. In the absence of a dedicated grounding element, absolute quantifiers assume that function through a conventional pattern of implicit functional augmentation (a common type of construction).
45
Haman, Ewa. "Derived words in the lexicon of Polish children." Annual Review of Language Acquisition 2 (October 1, 2002): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arla.2.04ham.
Full textAbstract:
The present work is an attempt to explain how the structure of derived words influences the order of acquisition of word formation rules. Three main types of derivatives transpositions, modifications and mutations are investigated in Polish child language. The differences among the three categories (analyzed in nouns, verbs and adjectives) are discussed, regarding semantic and formal changes undergone in the process of forming complex words. It is claimed that semantic-formal correspondence is an essential factor influencing the order of acquisition of word formation rules. Modifications in which the correspondence is both preserved and has a simple character emerge earlier than the other types of derivatives transpositions (the correspondence is broken) and mutations (the correspondence is complex). The proposal is said to be complementary to Clarks principles of acquisition of complex words (Clark, 1993). Polish has a very rich word formation system (compared e.g. with English), thus the analysis of word formation acquisition in such a language seems to be especially important for developmental psycholinguistic research. The proposal is tested on four Polish childrens speech diaries available in CHILDES (Smoczynska, 1998). All data available from ages two to seven were analyzed. The analyses revealed that indeed modifications are acquired earlier than transpositions and mutations. The consequences of the finding for psycholinguistic theory are discussed.
46
Stupenko, Mariia, and Olha Dunaievska. "FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF LEXIS’ CORPUS “ROGUE LAWYER” (BASED ON THE BOOK BY JOHN GRISHAM “ROGUE LAWYER”)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (2020): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-250-253.
Full textAbstract:
The paper addresses the analysis of the lexis used for verbalization of lawyer’s professional activity described by John Grisham in his work “Rogue Lawyer.” The words used for lawyer’s professional activity are approached as uniform corpus of nominative units. The paper focuses on the corpus content and the research of functional peculiarities of its nominative units is offered. The approach to classification of the lexical corpus used by the author for description of lawyer’s professional activity is based on content-analysis procedure. The latter presupposes the fracturing of lexical corpus into specific categories differentiated according to part of speech they belong to. The researched corpus of lexical units contains nominal, verbal, and adjectival / adverbial / participial categories. The obtained data point at their definite mode to explicate the semantic characteristics and the functional potential of each lexical unit analysed. As the result it was determined that the distribution of the units within the corpus of lexis adheres to the principle of functional-semantic field and their smaller fragments – micro functional-semantic fields. Thus, it is inspected that the corpus of lexis used by John Grisham in his book “Rogue Lawyer” splits into four functional-semantic fields: “Lawyer,” “Client,” “Trial,” and “Tools,” which involve the smaller components − micro functional-semantic fields.
47
Cauchard, Aurelie. "Describing lexical flexibility in Caac (New Caledonia)." Lexical flexibility in Oceanic languages 41, no. 2 (2017): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.2.09cau.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Like other New Caledonian languages (see Ozanne-Rivierre 1998: 33–34 for Nyelâyu; see Bril 2002: 89–95, 2009, this volume for Nêlêmwa; see also Moyse-Faurie 2004: 15–61), Caac displays little categorial flexibility and, based on formal grounds, one can clearly identify two main syntactic categories: nouns and verbs, in addition to other small classes such as adverbs, adjectives or prepositions. Nouns, however, have the ability to be polyfunctional, and can function as the head of referential expressions as well as the head of predicative expressions in equative constructions, and in a certain type of presentative and spatial constructions, without undergoing any morphological change. By contrast, verbs require deverbal derivation in order to function as the head of referential expressions, a process mainly used for word creation purposes. There is in addition a small number of lexical bases which can function as the head of predicative and referential expressions indifferently. An analysis of the syntactic context in which they occur enables us to interpret them in a particular utterance. Similar lexemes in neighbouring languages have been analysed as flexible lexemes (Bril 2009: 2; in press). In this paper, I would like to explore the extent to which those lexemes can be differentiated from nouns (notably indirectly possessed free nouns) and verbs in Caac, depending on whether one puts the emphasis on formal or semantic criteria.
48
ALBIRINI, ABDULKAFI, ELABBAS BENMAMOUN, and BRAHIM CHAKRANI. "Gender and number agreement in the oral production of Arabic Heritage speakers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 1 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000132.
Full textAbstract:
Heritage language acquisition has been characterized by various asymmetries, including the differential acquisition rates of various linguistic areas and the unbalanced acquisition of different categories within a single area. This paper examines Arabic heritage speakers’ knowledge of subject–verb agreement versus noun–adjective agreement with the aim of contrasting their distributions and exploring areas of resilience and vulnerability within Arabic heritage speech and their theoretical implications. Two oral-production experiments were carried out, one involving two picture-description tasks, and another requiring an elicited narrative. The results of the study show that subject–verb agreement morphology is more maintained than noun–adjective morphology. Moreover, the unmarked singular masculine default is more robust than the other categories in both domains and is often over-generalized to other marked categories. The results thus confirm the existence of these asymmetries. We propose that these asymmetries may not be explained by a single factor, but by a complex set of morphological, syntactic, semantic, and frequency-related factors.
49
Michaela, Mrázková. "Function of vagueness in politically oriented speeches." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no. 1 (2019): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0042.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The subject of vagueness is discussed in analytical philosophy but from a linguistic point of view it is rather overlooked. We approached the issue of the concept definition and tried to find the cross point of two fields which is found in approach to vagueness using or violating of cooperative principle. The aim of the paper is to specify the criteria for the evaluation of vagueness, determine the motivation to use vagueness, defining its potential sources and describing the language means that typically make vagueness in persuasive texts specifically in politically oriented speeches. Based on the results of qualitative analysis, the occurrences of vagueness were found at lexical units’ level and semantic-pragmatic units. We have therefore focused on the linguistic manifestations of vagueness that is the appearance of evaluative adjectives, epistemic particles, metaphors, abstract word etc. Quantitative analysis of these linguistic categories has proven to be inadequate because not all of these occurrences can be labelled as vague. For this reason, we have been applied four types of vagueness based on violation of conversational maxima, which offers and partly clarifies conceptual difficulties and provide instructions for detecting vagueness in the text.
50
배희숙. "A Comparison of Adjective Use between Youths in Juvenile Detention Center and General Youths Focusing on Semantic Categories." Korean Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 3 (2017): 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2017.42.3.011.
Full text