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Abubakari, Hasiyatu. "Noun class system of Kusaal." Studies in African Linguistics 50, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 116–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v50i1.128792.
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It is common knowledge that noun classes in Mabia (Gur) languages are primarily characterized by stems and affixes. Common to all studies on nominal classification in Kusaal is the observation that nouns that exhibit common morphological properties also share identical semantic features. Though this is true to some extent, the generalization breeds a lot of leakages because classifications based on semantic field alone is unable to explain the inclusion of nouns that share identical morphological and phonological features but different semantic features. Thus, this problem questions the assumption that noun classification in Kusaal is dependent on common semantic properties or coherence shared by all nouns in a group. The semantic classification of nouns, in this study, is composed based on the assumption that speakers of Kusaal put together nouns that are connected by identical semantic features and others that are linked by pragmatic associations into networks that define concepts and aspects of their survival as human beings. It is further observed that nouns within such groups also go through identical phonological rules or constraints. Nouns in this paper are classified based on their morphological features which are closely knit to their semantic networks as well as phonological constraints. The framework of Lexical-Phonology is employed in analyzing the morphophonological components of the nominal classification system of the language
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Sagna,, Serge. "Physical properties and culture-specific factors as principles of semantic categorisation of the Gújjolaay Eegimaa noun class system." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 1 (February 2012): 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0005.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the semantic bases of class membership in the noun class system of Gújjolaay Eegimaa (Eegimaa henceforth), a Niger-Congo and Atlantic language of the BAK group spoken in Southern Senegal. The question of whether semantic principles underlie the overt classification of nouns in Niger-Congo languages is a controversial one. There is a common perception of Niger-Congo noun class systems as being mainly semantically arbitrary. The goal of the present paper is to show that physical properties and culture-specific factors are central principles of semantic categorisation in the Eegimaa noun class system. I argue that the Eegimaa overt grammatical classification of nouns into classes is a semantic categorisation system whereby categories are structured according to prototypicality, family resemblance, metaphorical and metonymic extensions and chaining processes, as argued within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. I show that the categorisation of entities in the Eegimaa nominal classification system productively makes use of physical properties such as shape as well as using culture-specific, less productive parameters for the semantic categorisation of entities denoted by nouns. The analysis proposed here also shows that the cases of multiple morphosyntactic classifications of nouns reflect multiple conceptual categorisation strategies. A detailed examination of the formal and semantic instances of multiple classification reveals the existence of conceptual correlations between the physical properties and the culture-specific semantic parameters of categorisation used in the Eegimaa noun class system.
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Joon-Kyung Cha. "Semantic Classification of Korean Abstract Nouns." Discourse and Cognition 16, no. 2 (August 2009): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15718/discog.2009.16.2.149.
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Shubina, E. L. "Problem of the Classification of Quantitative Noun in the German Language." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(40) (February 28, 2015): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-237-243.
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This work is dedicated to the semantic classification of quantitative noun on the basis of a structural study (Nquant + (Adj) +N) (ein Glas frisches Wasser), since this model reveals the greatest variety of grammatical formulation. These word combinations can form by the genitive government eine Tasse starken Kaffees by the grammatical agreement ein Eimer kaltes Wasser, or by the adjunction mit einem Korb reife Apfel. The suggested classification of the noun performing the function of the first components is based on the form of the noun acting as the first component. Types of the first components fall into three groups: 1. The nouns, which specify quantitative characteristics of objects and substances. Two subgroups are also distingshed: word combinations with a noun in a singular form Nquant1a as the second component and word combinations with a noun in a plural form as the second component Nquant1b; 2. The nouns defining a group of living beings and objects Nquant2; 3. The nouns which formation is grounded on quantitative nouns Nquant3. Normative recommendations on the choice of subordinate connection type should be connected at least at the present stage of existence of German literary language, exactly with the semantics of the nouns which are the first components in these word combinations. The article illustrates that all types of constructions (organizes whether on the basis of government, agreement and or adjunction) are connected with the completely specific semantic characteristics of the name, i.e., these nouns belong to one of three groups of noun - first components.
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Sevdiyevna, Nuritdinova Rano. "Thematic Classification Of Onomastic Terms." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 11 (November 28, 2020): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue11-35.
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In linguistics, there are different ways of classifying the lexical richness of a particular language. In particular, classifications such as thematic groups of words, lexical-semantic groups of words, stylistic layers of lexicon, historical-etymological layers of words are widely used. However, in linguistics, it has become a tradition to first divide the nouns in the language into two major groups: common nouns and proper nouns. This classification is limited in size as it refers only to the noun family. In fact, all words (adjectives, rhymes, numbers, verbs, adverbs, adverbs) that do not fall into the category of nouns in the language can be placed as opposites. However, if we approach the issue from this point of view, the lexicon of the language can be divided into two large groups: a group of common (ordinary) nouns and a group of proper nouns. In onomastics, there is also the term appellate, appellate lexicon. The term does not refer to all common words in a language, but to words that are the basis or division of a noun. This means that the appellate lexicon is a branch of cognate words in the language that has the property of transitioning to the function of a pronoun.
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Phu, Vo Ngoc, Vo Thi Ngoc Tran, Vo Thi Ngoc Chau, Dat Nguyen Duy, and Khanh Ly Doan Duy. "Semantic lexicons of English nouns for classification." Evolving Systems 10, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 501–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12530-017-9188-6.
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Lammert, Marie. "Lexical plurals through meronymy and hyperonymy." Lexical plurals and beyond 39, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.39.2.07lam.
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This study uses meronymy and hyperonymy as semantic criteria applied to French collective nouns (CollNs) and lexical plural nouns (LPNs) in the issue of noun classification. After having outlined the semantic properties of CollNs and explained their links with meronymy and hyperonymy, LPNs are tested in different glosses related to these two relationships. These tests outline that CollNs and LPNs form two kinds of nouns that could hardly converge. They also enlighten the way the different subclasses of LPNs match with meronymy and hyperonymy.
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Stolbovskaya, Margarita Anatol'evna. "STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUND NOUNS OF AVIATION ENGLISH." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 4-2 (April 2018): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-4-2.41.
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CUCCHIARELLI, ALESSANDRO, DANILO LUZI, and PAOLA VELARDI. "Semantic tagging of unknown proper nouns." Natural Language Engineering 5, no. 2 (June 1999): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132499900220x.
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In this paper, we describe a context-based method to semantically tag unknown proper nouns (U-PNs) in corpora. Like many others, our system relies on a gazetteer and a set of context-dependent heuristics to classify proper nouns. However, proper nouns are an open-end class: when parsing new fragments of a corpus, even in the same language domain, we can expect that several proper nouns cannot be semantically tagged. The algorithm that we propose assigns to an unknown PN an entity type based on the analysis of syntactically and semantically similar contexts already seen in the application corpus. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated not only in terms of precision, following the tradition of MUC conferences, but also in terms of information gain, an information theoretic measure that takes into account the complexity of the classification task.
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NULTY, PAUL, and FINTAN COSTELLO. "General and specific paraphrases of semantic relations between nouns." Natural Language Engineering 19, no. 3 (May 20, 2013): 357–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000089.
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AbstractMany English noun pairs suggest an almost limitless array of semantic interpretation. A fruit bowl might be described as a bowl for fruit, a bowl that contains fruit, a bowl for holding fruit, or even (perhaps in a modern sculpture class), a bowl made out of fruit. These interpretations vary in syntax, semantic denotation, plausibility, and level of semantic detail. For example, a headache pill is usually a pill for preventing headaches, but might, perhaps in the context of a list of side effects, be a pill that can cause headaches (Levi, J. N. 1978. The Syntax and Semantics of Complex Nominals. New York: Academic Press.). In addition to lexical ambiguity, both relational ambiguity and relational vagueness make automatic semantic interpretation of these combinations difficult. While humans parse these possibilities with ease, computational systems are only recently gaining the ability to deal with the complexity of lexical expressions of semantic relations. In this paper, we describe techniques for paraphrasing the semantic relations that can hold between nouns in a noun compound, using a semi-supervised probabilistic method to rank candidate paraphrases of semantic relations, and describing a new method for selecting plausible relational paraphrases at arbitrary levels of semantic specification. These methods are motivated by the observation that existing semantic relation classification schemes often exhibit a highly skewed class distribution, and that lexical paraphrases of semantic relations vary widely in semantic precision.
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Rijkhoff, Jan. "On flexible and rigid nouns." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 727–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.12rij.
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This article argues that in addition to the major flexible lexical categories in Hengeveld’s classification of parts-of-speech systems (Contentive, Non-Verb, Modifier), there are also flexible word classes within the rigid lexical category Noun (Set Noun, Sort Noun, General Noun). Members of flexible word classes are characterized by their vague semantics, which in the case of nouns means that values for the semantic features Shape and Homogeneity are either left undetermined or they are specified in such a way that they do not quite match the properties of the kind of entity denoted by the flexible item in the external world. I will then argue that flexible word classes constitute a proper category (i.e. they are not the result of a merger of some rigid word classes) in that members of flexible word categories display the same properties regarding category membership as members of rigid word classes. Finally this article wants to claim that the distinction between rigid and flexible noun categories (a) adds a new dimension to current classifications of parts-of-speech systems, (b) correlates with certain grammatical phenomena (e.g. so-called number discord), and (c) helps to explain the parts-of-speech hierarchy.
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Noskina, L. V. "Specificity of Cognate Nouns and Adjectives Functioning." Discourse 6, no. 5 (November 30, 2020): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-5-130-139.
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Introduction. The aim of the article is to determine whether syntactic behavior of linguistic unit depends on its part-of-speech identity or only its semantics. The importance of the research is determined by the absence of systematic description of the specificity of cognate words functioning in linguistics.Methodology and sources. The research deals with the cognate nouns and adjectives functioning. According to the classification of semantic types of predicates developed by A. G. Eliseeva, O. N. Seliverstova we define the researched predicates as the ones denoting state. These predicates are studied in terms of case grammar, i. e. they are compared in the aspect of an argument structure realization. In determining the semantic cases of predicates, we mainly rely on the set of semantic cases proposed by V. V. Bogdanov.Results and discussion. It is shown that the analyzed nouns, as a rule, expressing given or known information require a lower number of cases in its explicit forms which still can be implicit. The researched adjectives that usually denote new information are accompanied by a higher number of cases in a surface structure. These predicates also differ in the forms of their arguments.Conclusion. The revealed features of cognate nouns and adjectives functioning show the significant influence of the form of linguistic unit on syntactic behavior and indicate that formation of syntactic structures is not only determined by semantics.
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Mihas, Elena I. "Nominal classification in Asheninka Perene (Arawak)." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.510.
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The study describes nominal classification in Ashéninka Perené, of the Kampan subgrouping of Arawak and presents preliminary results from fieldwork data collected in Ashéninka communities of southeastern Peru. The results show that Ashéninka Perené has three systems of nominal classification, (i) class and measure terms, (ii) noun and verbal classifiers, and (iii) a gender-based classification system. Noun classifiers categorize nouns in terms of their shape, dimensionality, and consistency; the categorization of verbal classifiers is based on the semantic parameters of shape, dimensionality, arrangement, and amount.
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Lysak, Myroslava. "COMPOUND NOUNS WITH SOMATIC COMPONENT IN GERMAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE." Studia Linguistica, no. 16 (2020): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2020.16.101-114.
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The article is dedicated to the study of semantics and functioning of compound nouns with a somatic component (CNSC) in the German language, in particular, the CNSC in German political discourse within the period from 2016 to 2020. Main semantic and functional features of CNSC are being determined. The article is focused on the role of CNSC in creating a pragmatic effect of publications within the political topics, looks into a powerful manipulative influence on the reader during the formation of a positive image of the politician or his deliberate discrediting, including the possibility of using individual compound nouns with a somatic component in order to ridiculize and undermine his image. The study explores metaphorical and metonymic transfers, on the basis of which the semantics of such compound nous with a somatic component in German political discourse is developing. The investigation presents the classification of a compound nouns with a somatic component into thematic subgroups within the thematic block “Politics”, the relationship of these groups in German-language mass media texts with political items, the semantic evolution of such compound nouns with a somatic component. Compound nouns with a somatic component with positive, negative, and ambivalent connotations which are actualized within the German political discourse, are also being explored. The studied lexical units belong to the dynamic and innovative part of the German lexicon, they represent the creativity of speakers, as well as their aspiration for their speech individualization and its emotional richness.
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Łuczyk, Małgorzata, and Галина Панова. "Категория рода русских существительных в гендерном аспекте: парадигматический и синтагматический потенциал." Acta Neophilologica 2, no. XXI (December 1, 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.4743.
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This article proposes a gender classification of Russian declinable nouns. The following aspects are discussed:1. The way in which nouns are connected with gender semantics: factually, when the gender stem is part of their lexical meaning structure, or potentially;2. the level at which the semantics is rendered: the level of the word (within the lexeme stem or the entire word form) or the level of the syntagma;3. the semantic nature: the meaning of the biological or the symbolic gender that is present in the anthropomorphic reflection of the world.
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Sagna, Serge. "A typological overview of Eegimaa (Jóola Banjal)." Studies in African Linguistics 48, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v48i1.114928.
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This paper presents some of the most prominent properties of Eegimaa, a Jóola/Diola2 language spoken in the Basse-Casamance (Southern Senegal). The phonological features examined include [ATR] vowel harmony, backness harmony, lenition, and Eegimaa’s typologically unusual geminate consonants. Most of the paper, however, focuses on Eegimaa morphology. My analysis of the noun class system separates morphological classes from agreement classes (genders), and presents the most important principles of semantic categorization, including shape encoding. I also show that Eegimaa classifies nouns and verbs by the same overt linguistic means, namely, noun class prefixes. I argue that this overt classification of nouns and verbs reflects parallel semantic categorization of entities and events. Other prominent typological features include associative plural marking and nominal TAM marking with the inactualis suffix, which also expresses alienability contrasts.
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McPherson, Leslie Maggie Perrin. "A little goes a long way: evidence for a perceptual basis of learning for the noun categories COUNT and Mass." Journal of Child Language 18, no. 2 (June 1991): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900011089.
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ABSTRACTVarious theories of learning for the categories COUNT NOUN and MASS NOUN are compared. It is argued that children assign words to these categories on the basis of intuitions arising from perception that are relevant to Macnamara's (1986) semantic definitions of the categories. These definitions rest on the centrality of identity in the meaning of nouns and the centrality of individuation in the meaning of count nouns but not mass nouns. Empirical evidence is presented that supports the hypothesis that young children classify words as count nouns or mass nouns on the basis of perceptual information about the extension of the words, that is, whether or not the extension consists exclusively of enduring individuals whose discreteness from one another is perceptually salient (count nouns) or not (mass nouns). In an experiment, 48 children with a mean age of 2;10 (S.D. = 0;5) were taught a word for a kind of object (i.e. a perceptually distinct individual) or for a kind of substance (i.e. a collection of small granules). For some children the word was syntactically COUNT and for others it was syntactically MASS. Half of the children received incongruous perceptual and syntactic cues. For most of these children, classification of the word was guided by the object- or substance-like appearance of the stimulus despite the presence of incongruent syntactic cues. Syntactic cues influenced classification of the word for a minority of subjects, most of whom were among the oldest in the sample. It is concluded that perceptual information is critical in early decisions about membership in the categories COUNT NOUN and MASS NOUN.
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Schadeberg, Thilo C. "Classificatie van Naamwoorden en Dingen in Het Bantoe (1)." Afrika Focus 1, no. 1-2 (January 12, 1985): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0010102006.
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Classification of nouns and things in Bantu Is there a semantic foundation for the system of noun classes and genders found in Bantu (and in Niger-Congo-Kordofanian) ? This question has intensely occupied many bantuists for over a century. Fundamentalist, mentalistic, and ethnosemantic approaches were used to construct explanations. The present paper reviews several such approaches, giving particular emphasis to some old and recent Dutch contributions to this field.
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Ó SÉAGHDHA, DIARMUID, and ANN COPESTAKE. "Interpreting compound nouns with kernel methods." Natural Language Engineering 19, no. 3 (March 12, 2013): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000368.
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AbstractThis paper presents a classification-based approach to noun–noun compound interpretation within the statistical learning framework of kernel methods. In this framework, the primary modelling task is to define measures of similarity between data items, formalised as kernel functions. We consider the different sources of information that are useful for understanding compounds and proceed to define kernels that compute similarity between compounds in terms of these sources. In particular, these kernels implement intuitive notions of lexical and relational similarity and can be computed using distributional information extracted from text corpora. We report performance on classification experiments with three semantic relation inventories at different levels of granularity, demonstrating in each case that combining lexical and relational information sources is beneficial and gives better performance than either source taken alone. The data used in our experiments are taken from general English text, but our methods are also applicable to other domains and potentially to other languages where noun–noun compounding is frequent and productive.
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Karachun, Yuliia, Yuliia Haidenko, and Inna Borkovska. "Compound Term-nouns in Electrical Engineering Texts: Structural, Semantic and Functional Peculiarities." Arab World English Journal, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/elt3.13.
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This article aims to analyze, systematize, and unify compound term-nouns in electrical engineering by several classifications. The report's significance draws on the modern linguistic trends towards research on the structural, semantic, and functional peculiarities of compound terminological units. Moreover, it is relevant to study compound term-nouns as specific lexical content of English electrical engineering texts. The article's scientific novelty is in integrated and systematic research of compound term-nouns in electrical engineering because of semantics, stylistics, and lexicology. The study used a continuous sampling method and drew on a collection of English scientific and technical texts with 10296 pages. Compound term-nouns have been systematized according to their semantics. In electrical engineering, they consist of seven micro fields. According to the degree of abstraction, compound term-nouns have been classified into abstract and concrete. We revealed that in the texts on electrical engineering, abstract compound term-nouns dominate. Concerning the degree of stylistic features, we have arranged compound term-nouns into stylistically colored and stylistically neutral. As to usage frequency, we have researched that science textbook is the primary source of functioning compound term-nouns in electrical engineering. In respect to functional coloring, compound term-nouns have been classified into neologisms, obsolete vocabulary, archaisms, occasionalisms, and borrowings. We have found that in texts on electrical engineering borrowings, prevail. The results of the study have been summarized in the concluding section.
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Mineeva, Zoya I. "Feminitives with Suffix ‘-shits(a ) /-chits(a)’." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-7-142-157.
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The feminitives (nouns denoting women) of the modern Russian language, formed with the help of the productive suffixal morpheme ‘-shits(a) /-chits(a)’ are considered. The views of scientists of the 19th-21st centuries on the process of derivation of feminine nouns are characterized. The relevance of the study is due to the stable productivity of the suffix formant and the insufficient development of the theory of word formation of feminitives. Structural-semantic and corpuscular methods are used. The novelty and scientific significance of the work is determined primarily by the research material: neologisms, which are included in the dictionaries of new words of 1971-2014, the Russian National Corpus (main and newspaper corps) used in media texts, are analyzed. The specifics of correlates of male and female gender fixing in the explanatory dictionaries of the last years of publication are shown. Particular attention is paid to the semantics of neoplasms, a classification of new feminitives by semantic properties is proposed. Motivating words, morphological features of the compound of the formant with the motivating basis are revealed. The author dwells on potential neologisms. The conclusion is made that the formation of feminitives with suffixes ‘-shits(a ) /-chits(a)’, as well as masculine nouns with value of a person, is carried out using verbs and deverbatives, nouns and adjectives.
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Lapteva, Mariya, and Natalya Lukina. "Combinatorial Set of Lexico-Grammatical Classes of Nouns in the Russian Language." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (July 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.3.3.
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The article focuses on the changes of nouns, the lexico-grammatical features of which make it impossible to refer them to a specific lexico-grammatical class. The article is based on the assumption, that traditional methodological foundations, generally accepted in native language studies – the grammatical classification, according to which nouns belong to one of the four classes: concrete, abstract, collective or material nouns, – is rather conventional and doesn't cover many transitional phenomena observed in substantive lexis. The expansion of nominal semantic structure is often accompanied by grammatical shifts. Semantic structures of Russian substantives are described as apt to undergo six types of changes, which reflect combinatorics of lexical and grammatical categories of polysemantic nouns: concreteness – abstractness, concreteness – collectiveness, abstractness – concreteness, abstractness – collectiveness, collectiveness – abstractness, collectiveness – concreteness. The considered polysemants demonstrate different lexico-grammatical features depending on the meaning in which they are used. The applied quantitative analysis has enabled the authors to conclude that the prevalent changes occur in nominal structures of abstraction – concreteness type, while the changes of collectivity – abstraction type are less prominent in the Russian language. The article justifies the use of the term "lexical-grammatical class" in relation to a lexical-semantic variant of the word, which refers to nouns by morphological characteristics.
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Baron, Irène. "Les syntagmes nominaux complexes dans les textes juridiques français." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 5, no. 9 (July 29, 2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v5i9.21504.
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With its point of departure in the verb valency theory, the present article introduces a classification of complex NPs in French legal texts. The heads of the NPs are subdivided into predicative and non-predicative nouns: predicative when they show the same valency pattern as verbs and non-predicative when they do not. The two classes may have bound and free expansions in the form of both complements and modifiers. The final classification of the NPs thus consists of eight different categories. The syntactic distrinction between predicative and non-predicative nouns is supplemented, on the semantic level, by a gradable scale, ranging from the concrete to the abstract, along which the nouns are placed according to their degree of predication, i.e. according to the number of valents.
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Kovalevskaitė, Jolanta, Erika Rimkutė, and Laura Vilkaitė-Lozdienė. "Light Verb Constructions in Lithuanian: Identification and Classification." Studies About Languages, no. 36 (July 1, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.36.22846.
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Light verb constructions (LVCs) are verb-noun constructions in which the noun carries the semantic meaning and the verb is semantically reduced, when compared with its main meaning, for example, atlikti analizę (‘to perform an analysis’). LVCs in Lithuanian have not been addressed much so far. The analysis of Lithuanian LVCs was carried out as a part of the PARSEME project on verbal identification of multiword expressions (MWE). This paper aims at presenting some initial findings on the identification of LVCs in Lithuanian, based on the 1st edition of the PARSEME shared-task results (2017). We describe the identification process according to the semantic and syntactic features of LVCs (PARSEME guidelines 1.0 2017) and discuss the grammatical features of the identified Lithuanian LVCs.
LVCs seem to be less frequent in Lithuanian than in other languages: they make up about 0.2% (215 instances) of the analysed 200,000 token corpus. Based on the number of different LVCs, there seem to be two groups of verbs functioning as light verbs: a relatively small group of common light verbs used in the most prototypical examples of Lithuanian LVCs (e.g., vykdyti ‘to perform’, atlikti ‘to perform’, daryti ‘to do’, and turėti ‘to have’) and a larger group of less common light verbs. Most of the nouns in analysed LVCs have suffixes -imas and -ymas, which are the most typical Lithuanian suffixes for deriving a noun from a verb. Almost 40% of all LVCs are used with 1–3 words intervening between a verb and a noun.
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Gorbaniuk, Oleg, Andrij Mirowich, Władysława Leoszko, Julia Gorbaniuk, Aleksandra Kordon, Maria Świderska, Olena Kuts, and Anna Korczak. "A Psycholexical Classification of Ukrainian Descriptors of Individual Differences." Current Problems of Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2018-0007.
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Abstract The aim of the psycholexical study was to classify the terms describing individual differences in the Ukrainian language. Method. To accomplish this objective, we analysed 220,000 entries included in a universal dictionary of Ukrainian and identified 20,024 terms – adjectives, participles, type-nouns, and attribute-nouns – used to describe human characteristics. The identified person-descriptive terms were classified by a team of five trained judges into 13 categories and subcategories. The judges’ taxonomic decisions were tested for validity and interjudge agreement. Results. This procedure yielded lists of Ukrainian personality descriptors, consisting, respectively, of 2,426 adjectives, 2,255 participles, 1,653 attribute-nouns, and 1,474 type-nouns. The analysis of semantic redundancy of terms representing different parts of speech but having the same common morpheme among dispositional descriptors identified a total of 1,634 morphemes that differed in terms of meaning. The analysis identified 212 (22.0% of morphemes) type-nouns that could not be replaced by any different part of speech with the same morpheme to describe the same personality trait. Conclusions. Ukrainian personality lexicon has a comparable or higher diversity of personality-descriptive vocabulary, attested to by the presence of 96% Big Factors markers from international comparative analyses of psycholexical structures of natural languages. The results of the study contribute to the debate on universals in the description of individual differences and constitute the basis for future questionnaire-based studies aimed at identifying the psycholexical structure of the Ukrainian language.
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Elli, Giulia V., Connor Lane, and Marina Bedny. "A Double Dissociation in Sensitivity to Verb and Noun Semantics Across Cortical Networks." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 11 (February 15, 2019): 4803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz014.
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AbstractWhat is the neural organization of the mental lexicon? Previous research suggests that partially distinct cortical networks are active during verb and noun processing, but what information do these networks represent? We used multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate whether these networks are sensitive to lexicosemantic distinctions among verbs and among nouns and, if so, whether they are more sensitive to distinctions among words in their preferred grammatical class. Participants heard 4 types of verbs (light emission, sound emission, hand-related actions, mouth-related actions) and 4 types of nouns (birds, mammals, manmade places, natural places). As previously shown, the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LMTG+), and inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) responded more to verbs, whereas the inferior parietal lobule (LIP), precuneus (LPC), and inferior temporal (LIT) cortex responded more to nouns. MVPA revealed a double-dissociation in lexicosemantic sensitivity: classification was more accurate among verbs than nouns in the LMTG+, and among nouns than verbs in the LIP, LPC, and LIT. However, classification was similar for verbs and nouns in the LIFG, and above chance for the nonpreferred category in all regions. These results suggest that the lexicosemantic information about verbs and nouns is represented in partially nonoverlapping networks.
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Chamorro, Pilar, and Fábio Bonfim Duarte. "On the semantic properties of mass and count nouns in Guajajára (Tenetehára)." Linguistic Variation 20, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00027.cha.
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Abstract In this paper we show that Guajajára has grammaticalized the distinction between mass and count nouns, but that the coding of this distinction is different from the systems of coding in classifier languages, number-marking languages, and number-neutral languages (Chierchia 1998a, 1998b, 2010; Wilhelm 2008). As a result, we conclude that Guajajára presents a challenge to the tripartite classification of languages proposed in Chierchia’s work, since Guajajára number marking is non-inflectional and optional when plural is already expressed by other quantificational expressions. Furthermore, in Guajajára notional mass nouns can pluralize and directly combine with numerals without the mediation of container or measure constructions in contexts where conventional and non-conventional container and units of measurement are implied. This last observation suggests that coercion is not a mechanism that operates in this language.
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Oh, Yoonjung. "Lexical Changes in the Korean Residential Culture Corpus: Focused on Semantic Classification of Nouns." Language and Information 24, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29403/li.24.3.2.
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Cucchiarelli, Alessandro, and Paola Velardi. "Unsupervised Named Entity Recognition Using Syntactic and Semantic Contextual Evidence." Computational Linguistics 27, no. 1 (March 2001): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101300346822.
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Proper nouns form an open class, making the incompleteness of manually or automatically learned classification rules an obvious problem. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to suggest the use of a complementary “backup” method to increase the robustness of any hand-crafted or machine-learning-based NE tagger; and second, to explore the effectiveness of using more fine-grained evidence—namely, syntactic and semantic contextual knowledge—in classifying NEs.
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Metlitskaya, N. A. "LINGUISTIC DATABASE FOR AUTOMATIC GENERATION SYSTEM OF ENGLISH ADVERTISING TEXTS." «System analysis and applied information science», no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-4923-2017-2-62-67.
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The article deals with the linguistic database for the system of automatic generation of English advertising texts on cosmetics and perfumery. The database for such a system includes two main blocks: automatic dictionary (that contains semantic and morphological information for each word), and semantic-syntactical formulas of the texts in a special formal language SEMSINT. The database is built on the result of the analysis of 30 English advertising texts on cosmetics and perfumery. First, each word was given a unique code. For example, N stands for nouns, A – for adjectives, V – for verbs, etc. Then all the lexicon of the analyzed texts was distributed into different semantic categories. According to this semantic classification each word was given a special semantic code. For example, the record N01 that is attributed to the word «lip» in the dictionary means that this word refers to nouns of the semantic category «part of a human’s body».The second block of the database includes the semantic-syntactical formulas of the analyzed advertising texts written in a special formal language SEMSINT. The author gives a brief description of this language, presenting its essence and structure. Also, an example of one formalized advertising text in SEMSINT is provided.
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Oleniak, Mariana. "Old English Simile of Equality: The Highest Degree of Similarity." Research in Language 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2018-0023.
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This paper aims to provide an account of Old English similes of equality marked by the superlative degree of the adjective gelic. It deals with the structure and semantics of similes marked by the (ge)/(on)licost component, which, unlike in Modern English, being subjected to gradation, can show the highest degree of similarity between referents. The article presents the criteria for structural classification of the simile in question describing two major structural types, that employ nouns in the dative or nominative case, as well as its semantic interpretation from macro and micro levels of perspective. The paper examines every simile with the (ge)/(on)licost component found in Old English manuscripts belonging to various textual genres.
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Semenova, Sofiya N. "Cognitive and pragmatic characteristics of the poem genre (based on the material of M.Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino” in Russian and English)." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 4 (July 2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.4-21.062.
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The article is devoted to a complex cognitive-pragmatic study of the poem genre based on the material of M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Borodino” in Russian and two translations in English, performed by modern interpreters: Robin Kallsen and D. Ben-Lemeshev. A number of tasks was outlined for achieving the goal of the article. A comparatively-confrontative analysis of M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Borodino” text was carried out simultaneously with two translations by using the similarities and differences of the lexical and semantic components in the poem. The main terminological and semantic contents of the work were determined. The next stage of the research was the identification and classification of nouns and adjectives. Tables were constructed to show the classifications and the numbers of lexical examples found by the help of a continuous selection from the text versions of the poem. Metaphors were highlighted and interpreted in all variants of the studied material. It was revealed that the poet had reported quantitatively more information despite of the lexical and grammatical meaning of the sentence structure. An informative, semantic increment was amounted to the implicit meaning of the embedded author’s statements in the poem. The following methods were used during the research process: comparatively-confrontative, classification, quantitative, calculation and interpretation.
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Musehane, N. M. "Morphological structure and semantic classification of Noun + Noun compounds." South African Journal of African Languages 27, no. 1 (January 2007): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2007.10587284.
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YEO, CHAI KIAT, WAI KONG LAM, and ING YANN SOON. "ENGLISH-JAPANESE MACHINE TRANSLATION: VERB-BASED NOUN CLASSIFICATION APPROACH." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 05, no. 04 (December 1996): 367–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213096000249.
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A new approach to machine translation, capable of resolving different meanings of a verb in sentences of varying context, is described. The design revolves around the Verb Usage Frame (VUF) and the Noun Classification Hierarchy (NCH). VUF contains different context items which embody the different semantic usages of a verb under different contexts. The meaning of the verb is resolved through the classifications of its subject and object, achieved through the NCH. NCH returns not just the basic classification of a noun but also its super-classification. This allows thorough semantic analysis of both the verb and the noun. The entire design is implemented using object-oriented techniques and a prototype English-Japanese machine translator is built to illustrate the merits of the design.
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Fadlon, Julie, Galit W. Sassoon, and Petra B. Schumacher. "Discrete dimension accessibility in multidimensional concepts." Mental Lexicon 13, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 105–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.17011.fad.
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Abstract Previous studies have identified that conceptual categories corresponding to nouns exhibit semantic domain effects: (1) classification into biological ones reflects a non-additive consideration of their defining dimensions whereas classification into artefactual and, presumably, social nouns is based on an additive one (2) nominal biological concepts are less graded than artifacts. Nevertheless, much uncertainty exists about the structure of conceptual categories corresponding to multidimensional adjectives. We propose that the effects observed for concepts corresponding to nouns are connected to a property we term discrete dimension accessibility and ask how it is manifested in multidimensional concepts corresponding to adjectives. We then hypothesize that (a) ratings of dimension-counting structures can be used as a diagnostic for these properties (b) the dimensions of multidimensional concepts corresponding to adjectives are inherently discrete. We report an acceptability rating experiment involving 42 adult Hebrew speakers revealing that with nouns, dimension-counting constructions with artefactual and social predicates are rated higher than ones with biological predicates, hence confirming (a). With adjectives, ratings for dimension-counting constructions remained high across the domain manipulation, hence confirming (b). We argue that the interaction between discrete dimension accessibility and lexical category indicates that lexical distinctions interact with conceptual ones.
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Barrios Rodríguez, María A., and Cliff Goddard. "‘Degrad verbs’ in Spanish and English." Functions of Language 20, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20.2.04bar.
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The Lexical Function Degrad is a device used in Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) to select the appropriate verb for expressing ‘to become permanently worse or bad’ in combination with different nouns. For example, in English one says that fruit rots, milk goes off, shoes wear out, flowers wilt, and iron rusts; thus, the verbs rot, go off, wear out, etc. can all be considered “values” of Degrad. Comparing these verbs with their translation equivalents in Spanish shows that verbs in the two languages have somewhat different collocational possibilities. Are such collocational differences arbitrary or do they result from subtle meaning differences between the translation equivalents? In this study we undertake a contrastive semantic analysis of a selection of words in the Degrad domain, using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) method of semantic explication. We conclude that collocational preferences are indeed semantically motivated, but at the same time we recognize that Degrad is a valuable lexicological tool for verb classification, as well as for coordinating translation equivalents across languages at an approximate level. The paper aims to encourage productive engagement between two well developed approaches to lexical semantics, while at the same time demonstrating the explanatory power of the detailed “micro semantic” analysis enabled by the NSM methodology.
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Miletova, Ekaterina, and Olga Litvishko. "Comparative Analysis of the Structural and Semantic Features of Terminological Units of Professionally Oriented Discourse (on the Material of the English Language)." Philology & Human, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2021)1-04.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of structural features of terms in the spheres of art, religion and law. The material of the research includes art-related texts from the journal The Artist, religion-related texts from the journal Faith and Philosophy published in the Internet, texts of the decisions of International Court of Justice presented in the official website of the Court. The authors speak about the existence of a universal classification of terms according to which terms can be classified into one-component, two-component and multi-component ones. The article presents a comparative analysis of terminological systems of art, religion and law. The results of the empirical research proved that the sphere of art is represented by one-component terms, verbalized by nouns, two-component terms expressed by a combination adjective + noun, multi-component terms consisting of three and more lexemes. The terminological system of religion is represented by one-component and two-component terms, expressed by analogous part-of-speech models. Terminological system of law also employs one-component terms expressed both by nouns and verbs, two-component terms represented by various structural models, multi-component terms.
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Tikhonova, E. S. "Ways to Specify Temporal Nouns in the “Livonian Rhymed Chronicle”." Discourse 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2019-5-4-128-137.
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Introduction. Introduction explores synchronic and diachronic researches of temporal nouns in German as well as their classifications. Combinations of time adverbials with attributes of different kind in the Middle High German period are studied insufficiently. The research was conducted in the field of historical pragmatics, which allows to specify the speaker’s attitude to a statement.Methodology and sources. Material for the research is the “Livonian Rhymed Chronicle”. Provenience, specifics and the study of this text in linguistics and historiography as well as different points of view on the text’s poetics are considered. If the chronicle is considered as a conscious imitation of court epics, the functioning of its time adverbials is also to be considered from the court epic’s poetics’ point of view. Temporal organization of the Chronicle is not studied very well.Results and discussion. Results of the research represent examples of temporal nouns in the Chronicle. Collected examples are divided into groups according to by what part of speech is an attribute represented: by nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, numerals and subordinate clauses. Most characteristic examples for each group are analyzed. Discussion is devoted to summarizing the investigation and reviewing the results. A conclusion is drawn that temporal nouns due to their attributes receive some quality that bears the main semantic charge, whereas the temporal noun itself is partly non-semantic. Parallels to the usage of time adverbials in court epics are drawn.Conclusion. In the conclusion the connection between time presentation in the Chronicle and the medieval mentality is highlighted.
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Tran, Thien Khai, and Tuoi Thi Phan. "Towards a Sentiment Analysis Model Based on Semantic Relation Analysis." International Journal of Synthetic Emotions 9, no. 2 (July 2018): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijse.2018070104.
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Sentiment analysis is an important new field of research that has attracted the attention not only of researchers, but also businesses and organizations. In this article, the authors propose an effective model for aspect-based sentiment analysis for Vietnamese. First, sentiment dictionaries and syntactic dependency rules were combined to extract reliable word pairs (sentiment - aspect). They then relied on ontology to group these aspects and determine the sentiment polarity of each. They introduce two novel approaches in this work: 1) in order to “smooth” the sentiment scaling (rather than using discrete categories of 1, 0, and -1) for fined-grained classification, then extract multi-word sentiment phrases instead of sentiment words, and 2) the focus is not only on adjectives but also nouns and verbs. Initial evaluations of the system using real reviews show promising results.
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UTSUMI, AKIRA. "A semantic space approach to the computational semantics of noun compounds." Natural Language Engineering 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 185–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132491200037x.
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AbstractThis study examines the ability of a semantic space model to represent the meaning of noun compounds such as ‘information gathering’ or ‘heart disease.’ For a semantic space model to compute the meaning and the attributional similarity (or semantic relatedness) for unfamiliar noun compounds that do not occur in a corpus, the vector for a noun compound must be computed from the vectors of its constituent words using vector composition algorithms. Six composition algorithms (i.e., centroid, multiplication, circular convolution, predication, comparison, and dilation) are compared in terms of the quality of the computation of the attributional similarity for English and Japanese noun compounds. To evaluate the performance of the computation of the similarity, this study uses three tasks (i.e., related word ranking, similarity correlation, and semantic classification), and two types of semantic spaces (i.e., latent semantic analysis-based and positive pointwise mutual information-based spaces). The result of these tasks is that the dilation algorithm is generally most effective in computing the similarity of noun compounds, while the multiplication algorithm is best suited specifically for the positive pointwise mutual information-based space. In addition, the comparison algorithm works better for unfamiliar noun compounds that do not occur in the corpus. These findings indicate that in general a semantic space model, and in particular the dilation, multiplication, and comparison algorithms have sufficient ability to compute the attributional similarity for noun compounds.
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Amalia, Falia, and Moch Arif Bijaksana. "Semantic Model Evaluation Dataset For Indonesian In Al-Qur'an Vocabulary: Similarity and Relatedness." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Terapan 7, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jtit.v7i1.137.
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Abstract — The Qur'an is one of the research in linguistic branches that have not been studied by many experts in their field so it has not gotten a popular place. Whereas in the Qur'an, very many words can be used to be researched especially in terms of Natural Language Processing such as text classification, document clustering, text summarization, etc. One of them is like the semantic similarity and the Distribution Semantic Model. The purpose of this writing is to try to create an evaluation dataset in the model of semantic distribution in Bahasa Indonesia with two classes of words that are noun and verb, looking for equal value and linkage of 500 word-pairs provided. Hopefully by looking at this, the semantic sciences that exist for the study of the Qur'an are growing, especially in the translation of the Quran in the Indonesia Language. This research was created at the same time to create datasets such as previously conducted research, in order to hope that future research with the focus of other discussions can use this dataset to help with the research. The study uses 6236 number of verses and from the number of such verses, the system gets 2193 for nouns and 1733 for verbs. The amount is processed using the Sim-rail vector method, a questionnaire against 15 respondents and gold standard, to get the performance value measured using Spearman Rank and get a correlation result of 0.909.
Keywords — Natural Language Processing; Distribution Semantic Model; Sim-Rel Vector; Spearman Rank
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Tkachuk-Miroshnychenko, O. Ye. "CORONASPEAK-2020: WORD-FORMATION ASPECT." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 68 (1) (2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2021.1.10.
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The article presents a first assessment of the word-stock of “coronaspeak”-2020 — a new language of the Covid-19 pandemic. The English vocabulary is subjected to constant change due to various extralinguistic factors. The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the ‘explosion’ of new words. As of today, “coronaspeak” has over 1,000 words with more units appearing each day. The scale of the expansion is unprecedented, which requires reaction of the linguistic community. The article raises the issue of the classification of the “coronaspeak” word-stock. It argues that facilitated by media and social networks new words are changing their status of nonce words to neologisms, which makes the classification untimely and premature. The word-building analysis of 200 new words of “coronaspeak” allows to conclude that the creation of the new “coronavirus” word-stock applies the structural patterns specific for the English language. These various patterns include semantic change in denotation, derivation, compounding, blending, shortening, The analysis of the “coranaspeak” word-stock has demonstrated that the semantic changes in denotation, in particular the extension and the narrowing of a meaning, are scarce, and, hence, non-productive. Affixation, as a word-forming process, has proved semi-productive with the predominantly noun-forming suffixes. Among a limited number of shortenings we have observed final (apocope) and initial (apheresis) clippings, combined with affixation, by adding the suffix — y. Compounding and blending have proved to be highly productive. According to the part of speech classification, most “coronaspeak” compounds and blends are nouns. Of special interest are a group of “coronapuns”, which have demonstrated pragmatic potential.
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Segalowitz, Norman, Pavel Trofimovich, Elizabeth Gatbonton, and Anna Sokolovskaya. "Feeling affect in a second language." Emotion words in the monolingual and bilingual lexicon 3, no. 1 (April 7, 2008): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.1.05seg.
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Anecdotal evidence from second language users and results from experimental studies indicate that affectively valent words are not always represented identically in a person’s first language (L1) and second language (L2) mental lexicons. The present study investigated whether such differences reflect how automatic (immediate, involuntary) the processing is of the affective element of affectively valent words, and what the relation is between this kind of processing and general word recognition efficiency for L2 words lacking affective valency. Participants were 48 L1 speakers of English with L2 French. Automaticity of processing adjectives with affective valence was operationalized using an Implicit Affect Association Task (IAAT) developed for this purpose. General efficiency in L2 word recognition was operationalized using a speeded semantic classification task with affectively neutral concrete nouns. Reaction time results from the IAAT showed that the processing of affectively valent words was less automatic in the L2 than in the L1. However, results from the semantic classification task indicated that this effect is not related to general weaker L2 word recognition abilities. Implications for an understanding of the L2 mental lexicon are discussed.
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Гогулина, N. Gogulina, Вэньцзя, and Wang Vncz. "The Russians and Chinese Proverbs of the Lexemes «Mother», «Father», «Husband», «Wife» in the Russian and Chinese Communication." Modern Communication Studies 3, no. 5 (October 10, 2014): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5744.
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The article deals with the problem of comparative study of Russian and Chinese
proverbs. The paper is an analysis of some nouns of persons through
relationship and Proverbs with nouns and conceptually important for Russian
and Chinese philology and culture. The work is done at the interface
between Linguistics and culture experts and is aimed at identifying national
cultural specifics of Russian and Chinese Proverbs with the names of persons
on the basis of kinship.
It is in the axiological notions of gender, kinship and family in Russian and
Chinese cultures reflected in paremias that the national specifics is detected.
The article gives logical and thematic classification of the collected material,
which includes the following semantic groups: characterization of the role of
a family member, their emotionally estimated characteristics, relationships
between family members.
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WANNER, LEO. "Towards automatic fine-grained semantic classification of verb-noun collocations." Natural Language Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 2004): 95–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324904003328.
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García, Adolfo M., Eugenia Hesse, Agustina Birba, Federico Adolfi, Ezequiel Mikulan, Miguel Martorell Caro, Agustín Petroni, et al. "Time to Face Language: Embodied Mechanisms Underpin the Inception of Face-Related Meanings in the Human Brain." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 11 (June 24, 2020): 6051–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa178.
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Abstract In construing meaning, the brain recruits multimodal (conceptual) systems and embodied (modality-specific) mechanisms. Yet, no consensus exists on how crucial the latter are for the inception of semantic distinctions. To address this issue, we combined electroencephalographic (EEG) and intracranial EEG (iEEG) to examine when nouns denoting facial body parts (FBPs) and nonFBPs are discriminated in face-processing and multimodal networks. First, FBP words increased N170 amplitude (a hallmark of early facial processing). Second, they triggered fast (~100 ms) activity boosts within the face-processing network, alongside later (~275 ms) effects in multimodal circuits. Third, iEEG recordings from face-processing hubs allowed decoding ~80% of items before 200 ms, while classification based on multimodal-network activity only surpassed ~70% after 250 ms. Finally, EEG and iEEG connectivity between both networks proved greater in early (0–200 ms) than later (200–400 ms) windows. Collectively, our findings indicate that, at least for some lexico-semantic categories, meaning is construed through fast reenactments of modality-specific experience.
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McLaughlin, Fiona. "Noun classification in Wolof when affixes are not renewed." Studies in African Linguistics 26, no. 1 (June 1, 1997): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v26i1.107395.
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The Wolof noun class system exhibits a variety of class assignment strategies based on the intersection of semantic, morphological, phonological and sociolinguistic criteria. This study examines and analyzes the many strategies for class assignment that have coalesced in the Wolof noun class system, including the tendency towards a single default class, and an unusual copy process in which phonological material is copied from the stem to the class marker in a process that looks superficially like reduplication. Wolof noun classification is examined within the comparative context of its two closest sister languages, Pulaar and Seereer-Siin, and is shown to contrast with them in that the disappearance of class prefixes did not entail their replacement by suffixes. Finally, an argument is made that noun class systems like that of Wolof which appear to be somewhat incoherent from a semantic point of view are actually typical because noun classification is not only an artifact of the human mind, but also an artifact of human language.
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Cui, Wei, Fei Wang, Xin He, Dongyou Zhang, Xuxiang Xu, Meng Yao, Ziwei Wang, and Jiejun Huang. "Multi-Scale Semantic Segmentation and Spatial Relationship Recognition of Remote Sensing Images Based on an Attention Model." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 2, 2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091044.
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A comprehensive interpretation of remote sensing images involves not only remote sensing object recognition but also the recognition of spatial relations between objects. Especially in the case of different objects with the same spectrum, the spatial relationship can help interpret remote sensing objects more accurately. Compared with traditional remote sensing object recognition methods, deep learning has the advantages of high accuracy and strong generalizability regarding scene classification and semantic segmentation. However, it is difficult to simultaneously recognize remote sensing objects and their spatial relationship from end-to-end only relying on present deep learning networks. To address this problem, we propose a multi-scale remote sensing image interpretation network, called the MSRIN. The architecture of the MSRIN is a parallel deep neural network based on a fully convolutional network (FCN), a U-Net, and a long short-term memory network (LSTM). The MSRIN recognizes remote sensing objects and their spatial relationship through three processes. First, the MSRIN defines a multi-scale remote sensing image caption strategy and simultaneously segments the same image using the FCN and U-Net on different spatial scales so that a two-scale hierarchy is formed. The output of the FCN and U-Net are masked to obtain the location and boundaries of remote sensing objects. Second, using an attention-based LSTM, the remote sensing image captions include the remote sensing objects (nouns) and their spatial relationships described with natural language. Finally, we designed a remote sensing object recognition and correction mechanism to build the relationship between nouns in captions and object mask graphs using an attention weight matrix to transfer the spatial relationship from captions to objects mask graphs. In other words, the MSRIN simultaneously realizes the semantic segmentation of the remote sensing objects and their spatial relationship identification end-to-end. Experimental results demonstrated that the matching rate between samples and the mask graph increased by 67.37 percentage points, and the matching rate between nouns and the mask graph increased by 41.78 percentage points compared to before correction. The proposed MSRIN has achieved remarkable results.
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Narushevich, Andrei, and Hadi Bak. "The category of animacy-inanimacy in the Russian language and the linguistic worldview." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 11025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127311025.
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The main goal main goal of our study is to give a description of a segment of the linguistic worldview, which reflects the division of objects of objective reality into animate and inanimate, which underpins the grammatical category of animacy-inanimacy of nouns in Russian. Methodology. The methodological basis of is study is comprised of the combination of structural-semantic, cultural-anthropological and comparative methods. The interpretation of linguistic phenomena is based upon the link between the grammatical form and its semantic content. The employment of cultural-anthropological approach allows us to reveal the reflection of fragments of the linguistic worldview in language forms, a reflection of collective ideas about the surrounding reality fixed in the language and obligatory for all speakers of this language. An analysis of everyday ideas about various objects of reality that are interpreted as living or inanimate, allows us to discover, at the epistemological level, several intermediate conceptual forms (interpreted as resembling the animate, as formerly animate, as a set of living organisms, etc.).This makes it possible to explain the existence of nouns with fluctuating animacy-inanimacy. Results. The performed analysis leads us to the conclusion that in the linguistic consciousness of speakers, the classification of objects as animate/inanimate is carried out not onlyon the basis of the biological properties of these objects, but also basedontheir interpretationbyspeakersas active or inactive. At the same time, ourinterpretationof some objects may cause difficulties because they combine the characteristics of both “animate” and “inanimate”.
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Pokora, Roman Michael, Lucian Le Cornet, Philipp Daumke, Peter Mildenberger, Hajo Zeeb, and Maria Blettner. "Validation of Semantic Analyses of Unstructured Medical Data for Research Purposes." Das Gesundheitswesen 82, S 02 (October 9, 2019): S158—S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1007-8540.
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Abstract Background In secondary data there are often unstructured free texts. The aim of this study was to validate a text mining system to extract unstructured medical data for research purposes. Methods From a radiological department, 1,000 out of 7,102 CT findings were randomly selected. These were manually divided into defined groups by 2 physicians. For automated tagging and reporting, the text analysis software Averbis Extraction Platform (AEP) was used. Special features of the system are a morphological analysis for the decomposition of compound words as well as the recognition of noun phrases, abbreviations and negated statements. Based on the extracted standardized keywords, findings reports were assigned to the given findings groups using machine learning methods. To assess the reliability and validity of the automated process, the automated and two independent manual mappings were compared for matches in multiple runs. Results Manual classification was too time-consuming. In the case of automated keywording, the classification according to ICD-10 turned out to be unsuitable for our data. It also showed that the keyword search does not deliver reliable results. Computer-aided text mining and machine learning resulted in reliable results. The inter-rater reliability of the two manual classifications, as well as the machine and manual classification was very high. Both manual classifications were consistent in 93% of all findings. The kappa coefficient is 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.92]. The automatic classification agreed with the independent, second manual classification in 86% of all findings (Kappa coefficient 0.79 [95% CI 0.75–0.81]). Discussion The classification of the software AEP was very good. In our study, however, it followed a systematic pattern. Most misclassifications were found in findings that indicate an increased risk of cancer. The free-text structure of the findings raises concerns about the feasibility of a purely automated analysis. The combination of human intellect and intelligent, adaptive software appears most suitable for mining unstructured but important textual information for research.