Academic literature on the topic 'Semantics (meaning)'

The article presents the results of the study of the semantic structure of the polysemantic word in the aspect of cognitive semantics. The study is based on the position of cognitive lexicology that "the semantics of a word is not limited only to a meaning; it is wider than the meaning". Therefore, the meaning of a word can be studied in the aspect of cognitive semantics. The cognitive-semantic aspect of studying the meanings of a polysemantic word implies its multilevel analysis, so the semantic structure of a polysemic word is studied not only from the outside, surface semantics but also from the inside, at the cognitive level of semantics. The study proposes a methodology of multilevel analysis of the structure of a polysemous word and also approves the methodology of its interdisciplinary study on the basis of the integral methodological paradigm involving the values and methods of different sciences (lexicology, cognitive semantics, pragmatics, cultural studies, associative linguistics). The aim of the study is to identify and describe the meanings of a polysemous word and its meanings in terms of different approaches to their research. In the article on the basis of the analysis of different meanings, the polysemous word is considered with also its meanings as denotative, figurative, pragmatic, connotative, and associative meanings of the word. The novelty of the research consists in the author's attempt to apply the cognitive-semantic approach to the analysis of the multivalued word structure. This approach differs from the linguistic and lexicological one, which considers polysemantic words as the nuclear meaning of the word and its lexical-semantic variant. In the course of the research, scientific results were obtained: 1. The disciplinary approach in the process of multilevel analysis of polysemantic words revealed new meanings and meanings of this phenomenon; 2. The role of the subject in the formation of meanings of a polysemous word was revealed; 3. The structure of the polysemantic word is described on the basis of taking into account the principle of conceptual unity of language and speech.

The article examines the lexical semantics of personal names and the modality of "internal predicates of meaning" hidden in this semantics on the material of the modern Russian language. The study is relevant due to the insufficient knowledge of the modality of internal predicates of personal names. The article aims to identify and analyse the temporal and modal semantics of internal predicates of lexical meanings. The theoretical significance of the research is determined by the observational results the authors arrive at while studying the semantics and modality of the lexical meanings of personal names and their internal predicates in modern Russian. The article concludes: 1) direct and metonymical meanings of personal names in dictionary entries have "internal predicates" of real modality in their semantic structure although they are characterised by emotional-expressive modality to varying degrees; 2) implicit predicates of irrealis modality are inherent in metaphorical meanings; 3) functional names and relatives contain predicates of real modality in their semantics; 4) some personal names include predicates with perfective semantics; 5) a group of names designates a person by a visually observable actual action; 6) different meanings can include a predicate in different modal-temporal aspects in the semantic structure of a polysemantic word; 7) the semantic structure of one meaning may combine the perfective meaning of the predicate and the meaning of the usual present. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it attempts to resolve the issues of correctness, ambiguity, or even nonstandardness of certain types of syntactic constructions. Such language structures include the analysed personal names with one or another modal-temporal characteristic of the internal predicate.