Relevant bibliographies by topics / Semantics of a word

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Semantics of a word'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Semantics of a word"

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Luo, Guanran, and Yunpeng Cui. "A Sememe Prediction Method Based on the Central Word of a Semantic Field." Electronics 13, no. 2 (2024): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020413.

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A “sememe” is an indivisible minimal unit of meaning in linguistics. Manually annotating sememes in words requires a significant amount of time, so automated sememe prediction is often used to improve efficiency. Semantic fields serve as crucial mediators connecting the semantics between words. This paper proposes an unsupervised method for sememe prediction based on the common semantics between words and semantic fields. In comparison to methods based on word vectors, this approach demonstrates a superior ability to align the semantics of words and sememes. We construct various types of seman
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Abisheva, Klara M., Kamar K. Karimova, Aiman B. Nurgazina, Galiyabanu K. Rezuanova, and Bakhyt H. Galiyeva. "The structure of a polysemantic word in the cognitive-semantic aspect." XLinguae 16, no. 1 (2023): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2023.16.01.02.

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The article presents the results of the study of the semantic structure of the polysemantic word in the aspect of cognitive semantics. The study is based on the position of cognitive lexicology that "the semantics of a word is not limited only to a meaning; it is wider than the meaning". Therefore, the meaning of a word can be studied in the aspect of cognitive semantics. The cognitive-semantic aspect of studying the meanings of a polysemantic word implies its multilevel analysis, so the semantic structure of a polysemic word is studied not only from the outside, surface semantics but also fro
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Wolfe, Robert, and Aylin Caliskan. "VAST: The Valence-Assessing Semantics Test for Contextualizing Language Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 10 (2022): 11477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21400.

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We introduce VAST, the Valence-Assessing Semantics Test, a novel intrinsic evaluation task for contextualized word embeddings (CWEs). Despite the widespread use of contextualizing language models (LMs), researchers have no intrinsic evaluation task for understanding the semantic quality of CWEs and their unique properties as related to contextualization, the change in the vector representation of a word based on surrounding words; tokenization, the breaking of uncommon words into subcomponents; and LM-specific geometry learned during training. VAST uses valence, the association of a word with
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Hao, Zhoushao. "Naive Bayesian Prediction of Japanese Annotated Corpus for Textual Semantic Word Formation Classification." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 16, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8048335.

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With the rapid development of Japanese information processing technology, problems such as polysemy and ambiguity at the text and dialogue level, as well as unregistered words, have become increasingly prominent because computers cannot fully “understand” the semantics of words. How to make the computer “understand” the semantics of words accurately requires the computer to “understand” the rules of converting and integrating words into words from the perspective of semantics. Traditional Japanese text classification mostly adopts the text representation method of vector space model, which has
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Bär, Jochen A. "Methoden historischer Semantik am Beispiel Max Webers – Teil 2." Glottotheory 6, no. 1 (2015): 1–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2015-0001.

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AbstractThe paper discusses methods of historical semantics (word semantics and conceptual semantics). The example of the concept ‹Geist› of Max Weber will show means by which the linguistic description of complex semantic phenomena (transcending the level of single words) can be captured and described. Based on the original works of Max Weber, the concept ‹Geist› will be approached in three steps: investigation of the single word (the lexeme)
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Gray, Shelley. "Word Learning by Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 5 (2004): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/083).

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Twenty preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI) and 20 age matches with normal language (NL) participated in a study to determine whether phonological memory or semantic knowledge predicted word-learning success. Poor learners’ performance was analyzed to investigate whether phonology or semantics contributed more to word-learning difficulty. Results suggest that existing lexical knowledge, as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III), and fast-mapping ability hold promise for identifying poor word learners, but individual PPVT-III scores must be compared with SLI
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Relander, Kristiina, Pia Rämä, and Teija Kujala. "Word Semantics Is Processed Even without Attentional Effort." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 8 (2009): 1511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21127.

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We examined the attentional modulation of semantic priming and the N400 effect for spoken words. The aim was to find out how the semantics of spoken language is processed when attention is directed to another modality (passive task), to the phonetics of spoken words (phonological task), or to the semantics of spoken words (word task). Equally strong behavioral priming effects were obtained in the phonological and the word tasks. A significant N400 effect was found in all tasks. The effect was stronger in the word and the phonological tasks than in the passive task, but there was no difference
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Averina, A. "The Syntactic and Semantiс Properties of Modal Words in German". Philology at MGIMO 7, № 1 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-1-25-5-14.

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The aim of the article is to examine the semantic and syntactic properties of modal words in German. The paper analyzes the types of modal semantics which are encoded in modal words; the peculiarities of the syntactic use of modal words are shown; the relationship between the type of modal semantics and their syntactic use is revealed, and the question which words with evaluative semantics can be classified as modal is considered. The relevance of this kind of work is determined by the following circumstances: firstly, it is necessary to describe the syntax and the semantics of modal words and
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Koreneva, Yulia V. "Semantic volume of the word Conviction in the Words and Homilies of the Russian saints of the 20th century." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 3 (2019): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-3-665-672.

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For the first time the article analyzes the semantics of the word conviction in the words and teachings of Russian saints of the twentieth century. The material is extracted from symphonies in the works of saints and from collections of sayings of Russian elders of the twentieth century. The article analyzes the semantics of the use of this word in religious texts as the implementation of religious discourse in comparison with the codified meaning of modern dictionaries. It is shown that the lexeme conviction is included in the etymological-word formative nest of semantics of different words i
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KOSTRYBA, Оlha. "COGNITIVE DIMENSION OF WORD-FORMATION SEMANTICS IN INTRANUMERAL WORD FORMATION: EVENT-BASED CONTENT." Folia Philologica, no. 4 (2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/folia.philologica/2022/4/6.

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The article proposes to consider the cognitive aspect of the word semantics of derivatives with a mutational type of derivation in the intra-numerical word formation. The analysis is implemented by involving a propositional-semantic frame method that promotes cognitive modeling of derivatives of seven word-forming meanings, taking into account the hierarchy of frame structures (frame→ subframe → slot → three-element propositional scheme → three-component specific proposition). The presence of a significant action as one of the three constituents of the deep level of language, namely its core,
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Semantics of a word"

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Dolena, Alexis Lynn. "Uncovering the "slow mapping" process of word learning through word definition and word association tasks." Click here for download, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1212794661&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Shebani, Zubaida Soliman. "Semantic word category processing." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610751.

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Lau, Ka-po Natalie, and 劉家寶. "Semantic interference of Chinese words in the picture-word interference task." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45007597.

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Grover, Ishaan. "A semantics based computational model for word learning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120694.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-77).<br>Studies have shown that children's early literacy skills can impact their ability to achieve academic success, attain higher education and secure employment later in life. However, lack of resources and limited access to educational content causes a "knowledge gap" between children that come from different socio-economic backgrounds. To solve this problem, there has b
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Taylor, Maureen Deirdre. "Word grammar and the semantics of compound nouns." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1987. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28840/.

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This investigation is a mentalistic inquiry into the study of semantic structure for compound nouns in English. The phenomenon of compounding entails competence in both semantic and pragmatic aspects of knowledge. These two aspects of language are generally described by separate grammatical models with the result that traditional analyses have been unable to provide a descriptively adequate account of the meanings of English compound nouns. This inquiry adopts the grammatical model of Word Grammar which incorporates a systematic representation of grammatical competence within a model of perfor
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Burton, Marilyn Elizabeth. "Semantics of glory : a cognitive, corpus-based approach to Hebrew word meaning." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9573.

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The concept of ‘glory’ is one of the most significant themes in the Hebrew Bible, lying at the heart of God’s self-disclosure in biblical revelation. Yet, while the concept has received theological treatment, and while various relevant Hebrew roots have individually benefited from linguistic survey, the group of lexemes surrounding this concept is as yet untouched by a comprehensive semantic study. Through indepth semantic study this thesis offers a clearer understanding of the interrelations and differences between the Classical Hebrew lexemes centring around the concept of ‘glory’. The first
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Forse, Jessica Amy. "The conceptual semantics of word formation : a romance perspective." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678457.

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Bose, Sougata. "On decision problems on word transducers with origin semantics." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0073.

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La sémantique d'origine pour les transducteurs de mots a été introduite par Bojańczyk en 2014 afin d'obtenir une caractérisation indépendante de la machine pour les fonctions mot à mot définies par les transducteurs. Notre objectif principal était d'étudier certains problèmes de décision classiques pour les transducteurs dans la sémantique d'origine, tels que le problème d'inclusion et d'équivalence. Nous avons montré que ces problèmes deviennent décidables dans la sémantique d'origine, même si la version classique est indécidable.Motivé par l'observation que la sémantique d'origine est plus f
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Neff, Kathryn Joan Eggers. "Neural net models of word representation : a connectionist approach to word meaning and lexical relations." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/832999.

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This study examines the use of the neural net paradigm as a modeling tool to represent word meanings. The neural net paradigm, also called "connectionism" and "parallel distributed processing," provides a new metaphor and vocabulary for representing the structure of the mental lexicon. As a research method applied to the componential analysis of word meanings, the neural net approach has one primary advantage over the traditional introspective method: freedom from the investigator's personal biases.The connectionist method is illustrated in this thesis with an extensive examination of the mean
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Sinha, Ravi Som Mihalcea Rada F. "Graph-based centrality algorithms for unsupervised word sense disambiguation." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9736.

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Books on the topic "Semantics of a word"

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Fisiak, Jacek, ed. Historical Semantics - Historical Word-Formation. DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110850178.

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Jacek, Fisiak, and International Conference on Historical Semantics and Historical Word-Formation (1984 : Błażejewko, Poland), eds. Historical semantics, historical word formation. Mouton Publishers, 1985.

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Jacek, Fisiak, ed. Historical semantics historical word formation. Mouton Publishers, 1985.

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Andrews, Edna. The semantics of suffixation. LINCOM Europa, 1996.

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Papegaaij, Bart C. Word expert semantics: An interlingual knowledge-based approach. Foris, 1986.

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Marosán, Lajos. The meaning of word classes. P. Lang, 2006.

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Lipka, Leonhard. An outline of English lexicology: Lexical structure, word semantics, and word-formation. Niemeyer, 1990.

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International Pragmatics Conference (7th 2000 Budapest, Hungary). Pragmatics and the flexibility of word meaning. Elsevier Science, Ltd., 2001.

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Buckley, William F. Buckley: The right word. Harcourt Brace, 1998.

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Cottrell, Garrison Weeks. A connectionist approach to word sense disambiguation. Pitman, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Semantics of a word"

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Hobbs, Jerry R. "6. Word meaning and world knowledge." In Semantics - Theories, edited by Claudia Maienborn, Klaus Heusinger, and Paul Portner. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110589245-006.

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Birner, Betty J. "Semantics I: Word meaning." In Meaning. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003351214-2.

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Bauer, Laurie, and Salvador Valera. "Sense Inheritance in English Word-Formation." In Semantics of Complex Words. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14102-2_5.

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Szymanek, Bogdan. "Remarks on Tautology in Word-Formation." In Semantics of Complex Words. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14102-2_8.

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Kortmann, Bernd. "Semantics: Word and sentence meaning." In English Linguistics. J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05678-8_6.

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ten Hacken, Pius. "Transposition and the Limits of Word Formation." In Semantics of Complex Words. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14102-2_10.

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Macpherson, Melissa. "Redefining the “level” of the “word”." In Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55801-2_33.

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Kempen, Gerard, and Karin Harbusch. "Chapter 7. Frequential test of (S)OV as unmarked word order in Dutch and German clauses." In Crossroads Semantics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.210.07kem.

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Körtvélyessy, Lívia, Pavol Štekauer, and Július Zimmermann. "Word-Formation Strategies: Semantic Transparency vs. Formal Economy." In Semantics of Complex Words. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14102-2_6.

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Degemmis, M., P. Lops, and G. Semeraro. "WordNet-Based Word Sense Disambiguation for Learning User Profiles." In Semantics, Web and Mining. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11908678_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Semantics of a word"

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Navigli, Roberto, Edoardo Barba, Simone Conia, and Rexhina Blloshmi. "A Tour of Explicit Multilingual Semantics: Word Sense Disambiguation, Semantic Role Labeling and Semantic Parsing." In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.aacl-tutorials.6.

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Matthews, Jacob, John Starr, and Marten Schijndel. "Semantics or spelling? Probing contextual word embeddings with orthographic noise." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.266.

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Merrill, William, Zhaofeng Wu, Norihito Naka, Yoon Kim, and Tal Linzen. "Can You Learn Semantics Through Next-Word Prediction? The Case of Entailment." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.161.

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Helou, Mamoun Abu, and Matteo Palmonari. "Cross-lingual lexical matching with word translation and local similarity optimization." In SEMANTiCS '15: 11th International Conference on Semantic Systems. ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2814864.2814888.

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Shajalal, Md, and Masaki Aono. "Sentence-Level Semantic Textual Similarity Using Word-Level Semantics." In 2018 10th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icece.2018.8636779.

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Lu, Yuyin, Xin Cheng, Ziran Liang, and Yanghui Rao. "Graph-based Dynamic Word Embeddings." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/594.

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As time goes by, language evolves with word semantics changing. Unfortunately, traditional word embedding methods neglect the evolution of language and assume that word representations are static. Although contextualized word embedding models can capture the diverse representations of polysemous words, they ignore temporal information as well. To tackle the aforementioned challenges, we propose a graph-based dynamic word embedding (GDWE) model, which focuses on capturing the semantic drift of words continually. We introduce word-level knowledge graphs (WKGs) to store short-term and long-term k
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Grover, Ishaan, Hae Won Park, and Cynthia Breazeal. "A Semantics-based Model for Predicting Children's Vocabulary." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/188.

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Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) provide educational benefits through one-on-one tutoring by assessing children's existing knowledge and providing tailored educational content. In the domain of language acquisition, several studies have shown that children often learn new words by forming semantic relationships with words they already know. In this paper, we present a model that uses word semantics (semantics-based model) to make inferences about a child's vocabulary from partial information about their existing vocabulary knowledge. We show that the proposed semantics-based model outperform
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Maklakova, Elena, and Liudmila Litvinova. "Correlation Of Semantic Components In The Structure Of Word Semantics." In International Conference on Language and Technology in the Interdisciplinary Paradigm. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.3.

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Yonghe, Chu, Hongfei Lin, Liang Yang, Yufeng Diao, Shaowu Zhang, and Fan Xiaochao. "Refining Word Representations by Manifold Learning." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/749.

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Pre-trained distributed word representations have been proven useful in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the effect of words’ geometric structure on word representations has not been carefully studied yet. The existing word representations methods underestimate the words whose distances are close in the Euclidean space, while overestimating words with a much greater distance. In this paper, we propose a word vector refinement model to correct the pre-trained word embedding, which brings the similarity of words in Euclidean space closer to word semantics by using manifo
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Krishnan, Praveen, and C. V. Jawahar. "Bringing Semantics in Word Image Retrieval." In 2013 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2013.150.

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Reports on the topic "Semantics of a word"

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Білоконенко, Л. А. Semantic integrity of overtext of conflict. Vědecko vydavatelské centrum «Sociosféra-CZ», 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1811.

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The article describes the problem of internal area of overtext of conflict. The author analyzes one of the most important qualities of overtext –semantic integrity, that exists because of its ability to coordinate with the extra- textual world, situations and events; transmission of speech actions of people at different stages of the conflict using confrontational tactics and activating in the language semantics specific fragment culture – conflict.
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Baader, Franz. The instance problem and the most specific concept in the description logic EL w.r.t. terminological cycles with descriptive semantics. Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.126.

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In two previous reports we have investigated both standard and non-standard inferences in the presence of terminological cycles for the description logic EL, which allows for conjunctions, existential restrictions, and the top concept. Regarding standard inference problems, it was shown there that the subsumption problem remains polynomial for all three types of semantics usually considered for cyclic definitions in description logics, and that the instance problem remains polynomial for greatest fixpoint semantics. Regarding non-standard inference problems, it was shown that, w.r.t. greatest
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Borgwardt, Stefan, and Walter Forkel. Closed-World Semantics for Conjunctive Queries with Negation over ELH⊥ Ontologies. Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2023.222.

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Ontology-mediated query answering is a popular paradigm for enriching answers to user queries with background knowledge. For querying the absence of information, however, there exist only few ontology-based approaches. Moreover, these proposals conflate the closed-domain and closed-world assumption, and therefore are not suited to deal with the anonymous objects that are common in ontological reasoning. We propose a new closed-world semantics for answering conjunctive queries with negation over ontologies formulated in the description logic ELH⊥, which is based on the minimal canonical model.
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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. TRANSFORMATION OF WORD-FORMS DURING THEIR SPONTANEOUS CREATION IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTIN: ADJECTIVES ADVERBS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11409.

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The article analyzes transformation of word-forms during spontaneous creation in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to adjectives adverbs. The specific properties of adverbs makes it easier to trace general trends in their transformations, because adverbs are not burdened with many different forms and their variations, that occur in the process of word change of some other class of words at the same time adverbiatives allow to analyze in more detail the semantical and grammatical structure of speech. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist,
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NARYKOVA, N. A., S. V. KHATAGOVA, and Yu R. PEREPELITSYNA. PEJORATIVE WORDS IN GERMAN MASS-MEDIA IN NOMINATIONS OF POLITICIANS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-57-68.

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One of the main functions of mass media is influence on public opinion. So emotionally-painted lexical means are widely used in mass media in relation to leading politicians who are the centre of political arena. They are exposed to the frequent criticism, a negative estimation. The present article is devoted to the consideration of pejorative lexicon which is applied in nominations for heads of states. An empirical material of research were electronic newspapers and editions: Der Spiegel, Die Zeit, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel, taz, Die Welt, Gegenblende. As the basic methods of res
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Borgwardt, Stefan, Walter Forkel, and Alisa Kovtunova. Finding New Diamonds: Temporal Minimal-World Query Answering over Sparse ABoxes. Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2023.223.

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Lightweight temporal ontology languages have become a very active field of research in recent years. Many real-world applications, like processing electronic health records (EHRs), inherently contain a temporal dimension, and require efficient reasoning algorithms. Moreover, since medical data is not recorded on a regular basis, reasoners must deal with sparse data with potentially large temporal gaps. In this paper, we introduce a temporal extension of the tractable language ELH⊥, which features a new class of convex diamond operators that can be used to bridge temporal gaps. We develop a com
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Бережна, Маргарита Василівна. Psycholinguistic Image of Joy (in the Computer-Animated Film Inside Out). Psycholinguistics in a Modern World, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/5827.

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The paper is focused on the correlation between the psychological archetype of a film character and the linguistic elements composing their speech. The Nurturer archetype is represented in the film Inside Out by the personalized emotion Joy. Joy is depicted as an antropomorphous female character, whose purpose is to keep her host, a young girl Riley, happy. As the Nurturer, Joy is completely focused on Riley’s happiness, which is expressed by lexico-semantic group ‘happy’, positive evaluative tokens, exclamatory sentences, promissive speech acts, and repetitions. She needs the feeling of conne
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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education. [б. в.], 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4431.

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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glos
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Janifer, Ercelle M., and Edward A. Brown. Acquisition Semantics. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236193.

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10

Fielding, R., M. Nottingham, and J. Reschke, eds. HTTP Semantics. RFC Editor, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9110.

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