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Pavić, Adriana [Verfasser]. "Demonstrative Bezugnahme und die Semantik/Pragmatik-Unterscheidung / Adriana Pavić." Göttingen : V&R Unipress, 2020. http://www.v-r.de/.
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Künzi, Michael. "Anatolij Korolev 1992 : "Golova Gogolja" (Povest') : Syntagmatik, Pragmatik und Semantik /." Bern] : Selbstverlag, 2001. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Bende-Farkas, Ágnes. "Verb object dependencies in Hungarian and English a DRT-based account /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11144184.
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Müller, Sven [Verfasser]. "Zur Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik von Konzessivgefügen im Deutschen / Sven Müller." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224895908/34.
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Mwihaki, Alice. "Meaning and use: a functional view of semantics and pragmatics." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91021.
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This article addresses the notion of linguistic meaning with reference to Kiswahili. It focuses particular attention on meaning typology, with the assumption that a discussion of meaning types can enhance the understanding and appreciation of linguistic meaning. The discussion takes its general conceptual orientation from the approach that considers meaning as use, whereby the unit of analysis is the speech
act. This is a functional view of linguistic meaning, the tenets of which are contained in functional grammar. From a broader perspective, this article distinguishes conceptual and associative meaning then proceeds to deal with the individual types. Ultimately, five types of linguistic meaning are discussed: conceptual, connotative, social, affective and collocative. From the discussion, conclusionsabout the value of the typology for defining the concept and the scope of semantics are drawn.
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Schrott, Angela. "Futurität im Französischen der Gegenwart : Semantik und Pragmatik der Tempora der Zukunft /." Tübingen : Narr, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38956150b.
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Soffner, Martin. "Semantic and pragmatic aspects of some particular uses of contrast marking." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-25628.
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Skirl, Helge. "Emergenz als Phänomen der Semantik am Beispiel des Metaphernverstehens emergente konzeptuelle Merkmale an der Schnittstelle von Semantik und Pragmatik." Tübingen Narr, 2007. http://d-nb.info/992326931/04.
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Biewer, Carolin. "Die Sprache der Liebe in Shakespeares Komödien eine Semantik und Pragmatik der Leidenschaft." Heidelberg Winter, 2005. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2832125&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Biewer, Carolin. "Die Sprache der Liebe in Shakespeares Komödien : eine Semantik und Pragmatik der Leidenschaft /." Heidelberg : Winter, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/515599174.pdf.
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Mwihaki, Alice. "Meaning and use: a functional view of semantics and pragmatics." Swahili Forum 11 (2004) S. 127-139, 2004. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11492.
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This article addresses the notion of linguistic meaning with reference to Kiswahili. It focuses particular attention on meaning typology, with the assumption that a discussion of meaning types can enhance the understanding and appreciation of linguistic meaning. The discussion takes its general conceptual orientation from the approach that considers meaning as use, whereby the unit of analysis is the speech
act. This is a functional view of linguistic meaning, the tenets of which are contained in functional grammar. From a broader perspective, this article distinguishes conceptual and associative meaning then proceeds to deal with the individual types. Ultimately, five types of linguistic meaning are discussed: conceptual, connotative, social, affective and collocative. From the discussion, conclusionsabout the value of the typology for defining the concept and the scope of semantics are drawn.
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Rellstab, Daniel H. "Charles S. Peirce' Theorie natürlicher Sprache und ihre Relevanz für die Linguistik : Logik, Semantik, Pragmatik /." Tübingen : Narr, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2896939&prov=M&dok%5Fvar=1&dok%5Fext=htm.
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Johnen, Thomas. "Die Modalverben des Portugiesischen (PB und PE) : Semantik und Pragmatik in der Verortung einer kommunikativen Grammatik /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/371116252.pdf.
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Waltereit, Richard. "Abtönung : Zur Pragmatik und historischen Semantik von Modalpartikeln und ihren funktionalen Äquivalenten in den romanischen Sprachen /." Tübingen : Niemeyer, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0708/2007385690.html.
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Saury, Jean-Michel. "The phenomenology of negation and its expression in natural language /." Göteborg : Göteborg university, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40074709x.
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Jin, Jeongkun. "Pronominagebrauch und Pronominabedeutung : zur Pragmatik und Semantik der Personalpronomina der dritten Person und der Demonstrativpronomina, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Deutschen /." Münster ;Hamburg [u.a.] : Lit, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/353823147.pdf.
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Seeliger, Heiko. "Swedish and German Rejecting Questions." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19686.
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Diese Arbeit untersucht eine Klasse von tendenziösen Fragen, die mindestens im Schwedischen und Deutschen existieren: Rejecting Questions (RQs). RQs unterscheiden sich von anderen Fragen mit deklarativer Syntax u.a. darin, dass die kontextuelle Evidenz, die solche Fragen lizensiert, von umgekehrter Polarität (relativ zur Polarität der Frage selber) ist - positive RQs benötigen Evidenz für eine negierte Proposition, positive deklarative Fragen benötigen Evidenz für eine positive Proposition. In drei Experimenten wird gezeigt, dass i) schwedische negative RQs sich in ihren Lizensierungsbedingungen von negativen deklarativen Fragen unterscheiden, ii) schwedische negative RQs sich in ihrer Intonation von Zurückweisungen unterscheiden, iii) schwedische und deutsche RQs tendenziell unmarkierter zu sein scheinen, wenn sie Negation enthalten. Das dritte Experiment liefert außerdem einen Beitrag zur Analyse der Bedeutung der schwedischen Modalpartikel väl. Ich argumentiere, dass RQs sprecherindizierte Präferenzen für einen eingebetteten Sprechakt ausdrücken. Dieser eingebettete Sprechakt unterscheidet sich im unmarkierten Fall zwischen negativen RQs, welche i.d.R. hypothetische Zurückweisungen sind, und positiven RQs, welche immer hypothetische Assertionen sind. Mit dieser Asymmetrie erkläre ich die Auffälligkeiten in den Lizensierungsbedingungen von RQs, die sowohl im Schwedischen als auch im Deutschen nachgewiesen werden können.<br>This thesis investigates a class of biased questions that exists at least in Swedish and German: rejecting questions (RQs). RQs differ from other questions with declarative syntax i.a. in that the contextual evidence that licenses such questions is of the opposite polarity relative to the polarity of the question itself - positive RQs require evidence for a negated proposition; positive declarative questions require evidence for a positive proposition. The results of three experiments show that i) Swedish negative RQs differ in their licensing conditions from negative declarative questions, ii) Swedish negative RQs differ in their intonation from rejections, iii) Swedish and German RQs tend to be less marked if they contain negation. The third experiment also contributes to the analysis of the meaning of the Swedish modal particle väl. I argue that RQs express speaker-indexed preferences for embedded speech acts. In the unmarked case, this embedded speech act differs between negative RQs, which are usually hypothetical rejections, and positive RQs, which are always hypothetical assertions. By way of this asymmetry, I explain the peculiarities in the licensing conditions of RQs that can be shown to exist both in Swedish and German.
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Panitz, Florian. "Die temporalen Elemente des Englischen und deren Zeitbezug in fiktionalen narrativen Texten : Semantik, Pragmatik und nicht-monotone Inferenzen in einem indexikalischen Modell temporaler Bedeutung /." Tübingen : M. Niemeyer, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399173090.
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Scharlaj, Marina. "23. JungslavistInnen-Treffen vom 18. bis 20. September 2014 am Institut für Slavistik der TU Dresden." De Gruyter, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71296.
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Vom 18. bis 20. September 2014 kam die Gruppe der JungslavistInnen zu ihrem 23. Treffen in Dresden zusammen. Die Tagung, die am Institut für Slavistik an der TU Dresden stattfand, beinhaltete ein breites Spektrum an Beiträgen aus der synchronen und diachronen Linguistik, Semantik und Pragmatik, Kontaktlinguistik und Kleinsprachenforschung. Präsentiert wurden außerdem Arbeitsergebnisse aus den Bereichen der Schriftlinguistik, genderorientierten Sprachwissenschaft sowie kulturwissenschaftlichen Linguistik. Die ausgewählten Aspekte und Problematiken der linguistischen Forschung wurden an zahlreichen Beispielen aus der Ost-, West- und Südslavia illustriert.
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Schwarz, Isabel [Verfasser], and Irene [Akademischer Betreuer] Rapp. "Attribute an der Schnittstelle. Zur (nicht-)restriktiven und (quasi-)adverbialen Interpretation von Adjektiv-, Partizipial- und Relativsatzattribut zwischen Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik / Isabel Schwarz ; Betreuer: Irene Rapp." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121134374X/34.
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Trulsson, Anders. "Ursäkta, men skulle du kunna göra mig en björntjänst? : Om idioms betydelser och fortlevnad i svenskan." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Scandinavian Languages, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8462.
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<p>Den här uppsatsen behandlar idiomatiska uttryck i det svenska språket. Huvudsyftet har varit att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det svenska folket känner till betydelsen av ett utvalt antal idiom samt också i vilken mån dessa idiom används. Undersökningen genomfördes med enkäter där 139 informanter, varav ungefär hälften gick i högstadiet och den andra hälften var över 50 år, fick kryssa i flervalsfrågor om betydelse och användning för 20 idiom. Resultatet visade att de äldre informanterna inte bara hade en bättre kännedom om idiomens betydelser, utan också använde sig av idiomen i större utsträckning än de yngre. Vidare gick det att utifrån resultatet se att några av idiomen, främst "Göra en björntjänst", håller på att genomgå en förändring i sin betydelse medan andra idiom, såsom "Vara en katt bland hermeliner", verkar vara på väg att försvinna ur vårt språk.</p>
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Lovén, Maria. "Polska diminutiv i svensk översättning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Slaviska språk, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353384.
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Ordbildningskategorin diminutiv är ett utmärkande drag i det polska språket, men inte lika framträdande i svenskan. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur polska diminutiva former har översatts till svenska. Först presenteras en forskningsbakgrund och definition av begreppet diminutiv, sedan följer en teoretisk genomgång om översättning. Materialet för uppsatsen består av olika prosatexter: två noveller ur novellsamlingen Gra na wielu bębenkach (Spel på många små trummor) av Olga Tokarczuk (2001) och Le Petit Prince (Lille prinsen/ Mały Książę) av Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1946/1987). Utgångspunkten har varit de polska novellerna och den polska översättningen av Mały Książę, där substantiv, adjektiv och adverb med diminutiva suffix har markerats. Därefter har motsvarande ställe i de svenska översättningarna markerats och analyserats. Det franska originalet agerar som referens i jämförelsen av en polsk och svensk översättning. Analysen av de utvalda texterna visar att polskan oftare använder diminutiva suffix än svenskan och att svenskan uttrycker diminutivitet på andra sätt än med ändelser. I en del fall har den svenske översättaren använt adjektiv eller lexikala alternativ för att återge de polska diminutiven. I andra fall har de polska diminutiva formerna inte översatts alls. I jämförelse med den franskan texten, visade det sig att den polska översättaren lagt till diminutiva former trots att de inte finns i originalet eller i den svenska översättningen.<br>Kategoria słowotwórcza deminutiwów stanowi charakterystyczną cechę języka polskiego, jednakże nie jest ona równie oczywista w języku szwedzkim. Celem tej pracy jest prześledzenie, w jaki sposób polskie formy deminutywne znajdują swoje odzwierciedlenie w tłumaczeniach na język szwedzki. Na wstępie zaprezentowano pochodzenie i definicję pojęcia deminutywu (zdrobnienia), jego rozwój w historycznej perspektywie, a następnie podstawy teoretyczne przekładu. Materiał, na którym opiera się praca składa się z kilku utworów prozy. Są to dwie nowele ze zbioru Gra na wielu bębenkach (Spel på många små trummor) Olgi Tokarczuk (2001) oraz Le Petit Prince (Lille prinsen/Mały Książę) Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’ego (1946/1987). Metoda pracy polegała na wybraniu z powyższych tekstów rzeczowników, przymiotników i przysłówków ze zdrobniającymi przyrostkami, a następnie przeanalizowanie ich odpowiedników w tłumaczeniach na język szwedzki. Francuski oryginał Małego Księcia spełniał tu rolę punktu odniesienia dla porównania polskiego i szwedzkiego przekładu. Analiza wykazała znacznie większą częstotliwość używania zdrobnień w języku polskim niż w szwedzkim oraz różnice w sposobie tworzenia form deminutywnych. W wielu przypadkach szwedzki tłumacz zastosował formy przymiotnikowe lub leksykalne alternatywy dla oddania polskich zdrobnień. W innych przypadkach odstąpił on całkowicie od tłumaczenia form deminutywnych. W porównaniu z tekstem francuskim okazało się, że w polskim tłumaczeniu wprowadzono formy zdrobniałe, nawet tam gdzie nie występują one w oryginale ani w szwedzkim przekładzie.
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Lindström, Cecilia. "Unga kvinnor och gamla män : En pragmatisk studie i bruket av adjektiv och substantiv vid gestaltning av kvinnor och män." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Svenska språket och genusvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27002.
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Denna studie undersöker språkbruket vid kvinnliga och manliga gestaltningar i klassiskaromaner i svensk litteratur, om detta språkbruk styrker stereotyper om kvinnor och mänsamt om författarens könstillhörighet påverkat språkbruket. Studiens material består avromanerna Doktor Glas av Hjalmar Söderberg, Mor gifter sig av Moa Martinson ochKejsarn av Portugallien av Selma Lagerlöf. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är genusteorimed inslag av dekonstruktion, semantik, pragmatik och markerade konstruktioner.Vid datainsamlingen brukades metoden närläsning. Insamlade data bearbetades däreftermed en modifierad semantisk fältteori. Studiens resultat påvisade att språkbruket främststyrker stereotyper om både kvinnor och män samt att författarens könstillhörighet haften oansenlig påverkan på språkbruket.
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Verspoor, Cornelia M. "Contextually-dependent lexical semantics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/515.
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This thesis is an investigation of phenomena at the interface between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, with the aim of arguing for a view of semantic interpretation as lexically driven yet contextually dependent. I examine regular, generative processes which operate over the lexicon to induce verbal sense shifts, and discuss the interaction of these processes with the linguistic or discourse context. I concentrate on phenomena where only an interaction between all three linguistic knowledge sources can explain the constraints on verb use: conventionalised lexical semantic knowledge constrains productive syntactic processes, while pragmatic reasoning is both constrained by and constrains the potential interpretations given to certain verbs. The phenomena which are closely examined are the behaviour of PP sentential modifiers (specifically dative and directional PPs) with respect to the lexical semantic representation of the verb phrases they modify, resultative constructions, and logical metonymy. The analysis is couched in terms of a lexical semantic representation drawing on Davis (1995), Jackendoff (1983, 1990), and Pustejovsky (1991, 1995) which aims to capture “linguistically relevant” components of meaning. The representation is shown to have utility for modeling of the interaction between the syntactic form of an utterance and its meaning. I introduce a formalisation of the representation within the framework of Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (Pollard and Sag 1994), and rely on the model of discourse coherence proposed by Lascarides and Asher (1992), Discourse in Commonsense Entailment. I furthermore discuss the implications of the contextual dependency of semantic interpretation for lexicon design and computational processing in Natural Language Understanding systems.
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Nivre, Joakim. "Situations, meaning, and communication a situation theoretic approach to meaning in language and communication /." Göteborg, Sweden : Dept. of Linguistics, University of Göteborg, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31171651.html.
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Krajinovic, Rodrigues Ana. "Tense, mood, and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21598.
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In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich aus einer typologischen Perspektive die Bedeutung von Tempus, Modalität und Aspekt (TMA) in Nafsan (South Efate), einer ozeanischen Sprache Vanuatus. Ich konzentriere mich auf die Bedeutung des perfektiven Aspekts und der Realis/Irrealis-Modalität in Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen, als Fallstudien zur Untersuchung der sprach-übergreifenden Merkmale dieser TMA-Kategorien. Um ihre Bedeutungen in Nafsan zu analysieren, untersuche ich die Grammatik von Nafsan (Thieberger, 2006) und den Korpus von Thieberger (1995–2018), gefolgt von meiner Feldarbeit (Krajinovic, 2017b). Meine Analysen zeigen, dass Perfekt in Nafsan alle Funktionen hat, die für das Perfekt im Englischen typisch sind, mit Ausnahme der zusätzlichen Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen. Die Verwendung des Nafsan-Perfekts liefert einen Beitrag zu der Debatte über die sprachübergreifende Gültigkeit von Iamitive, definiert durch die Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen (Olsson, 2013). Basierend auf den Daten aus Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen zeige ich, dass die von Klein (1994) vorgeschlagene semantische Definition des Perfekts ausreichend ist, um zusätzliche Funktionen des Perfekts zu berücksichtigen, ohne eine neue Iamitive-Kategorie zu etablieren. Was die Unterscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis betrifft, so habe ich festgestellt, dass die Kategorie Realis in Nafsan semantisch unterbewertet ist, wie sie in Irrealis-Kontexten auftreten kann, die mit der Bedeutung von Realis unvereinbar sein sollten. Ich schlage vor, dass “Realis” gelegentlich Realis-Bedeutungen durch pragmatischen Wettbewerb mit Irrealis erhaltet. Indem ich das “branching-times’’ Modell annehme, das den Ausdruck von Modalität und zeitlichem Bezug vereint (Prince, 2018), zeige ich, dass Nafsan und mehrere andere ozeanische Sprachen Beweise dafür liefern, dass Irrealis als Modalitätskategorie, die sich auf nicht-aktuelle Welten bezieht, eine semantisch sinnvolle Kategorie ist.<br>In this thesis I study the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) expressions in Nafsan (South Efate), an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, from a typological perspective. I focus on the meanings of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, as case studies for investigating the cross-linguistic features of these TMA categories, frequently disputed in the literature. In order to analyze their meanings in Nafsan, I studied the Nafsan grammar (Thieberger, 2006) and corpus by Thieberger (1995–2018), followed by storyboard and questionnaire elicitation in my fieldwork (Krajinovic, 2017b). I found that the Nafsan perfect has all the functions considered to be typical of the English-style perfect, except for the additional meaning of change of state. I place the analysis of the Nafsan perfect in the debate about the cross-linguistic validity of the newly proposed category of iamitives, defined by the meaning of change of state akin to `already' and lacking experiential and universal perfect functions (Olsson, 2013). Based on the data from Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, I show that, when language-internal processes are considered, the semantic definition of perfect proposed by Klein (1994) is sufficient to account for additional perfect functions, without the need to posit the new iamitive category. Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, I have found that the “realis” category is semantically underspecified in Nafsan, as it can occur in irrealis contexts that should be incompatible with realis meanings. I propose that “realis” in Nafsan only occasionally receives realis meanings through pragmatic competition with the irrealis category. By adopting a branching-times model that unites the expression of modality and temporal reference (Prince, 2018), I also show that Nafsan and several other Oceanic languages provide evidence that irrealis as a mood category referring to non-actual worlds is a semantically meaningful category.
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Pankhurst, Anne Fisher. "Metonymy : semantic, pragmatic, cognitive and stylistic perspectives." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22540.
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The present research is concerned to define metonymy and discuss its functions in discourse. The theoretical background to the research is pluralist, including semantic, pragmatic, cognitive and stylistic approaches. Different theories are shown to account for conventional and creative realisations of metonymy in everyday discourse, as well as its functions in literary texts. Metonymy is traditionally described in rhetoric and poetics as a figure of speech but the scope of the term has been extended. It is used to describe a means of structuring narrative discourse (Jakobson 1956), and a generalised cognitive mechanism (Lakoff 1987). Recent claims that metonymy is itself a universally valid explanatory principle, based on the evidence of psycholinguistic experiments (Gibbs 1994), lead to consideration of how metonymy affects semantic and syntactic features of language. The thesis considers typological descriptions and explanations of metonymy in terms of general semantic relationships such as part for whole and cause for effect. Metonymy, traditionally a property of noun phrases, is shown to be present in different word categories and at different levels of discourse. Contiguity, a general principle on which metonymic relationships are based, is revised to include contiguity between physical entities and in their perception and interpretation. Metonymy as a naming and referring mechanism is shown to be a shortening device with cohesive functions, related to ellipsis. Contextualisation is reviewed and theories of domain presented. Referentiality is reconsidered with respect to the effects of metonymy. The thesis investigates whether principled distinctions may be made between metonymy and metaphor, and discusses the functions of metonymy in symbolic language. Arguments for its metafunctions in narrative structure are presented taking into account the presence of metonymy at word, phrase and sentence levels. A new way of analysing narrative through metonymy is proposed, and illustrated from literary works.
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Prieto, Victor Moisés. "Spanish evaluative morphology pragmatic, sociolinguistic, and semantic issues /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010940.
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Losada, Alfonso. "Disagreements. Semantics, Pragmatics and Existence." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113033.
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In this article, we defend the existence of disagreements in areas of discourse that involve anagent’s perspective, as the semantic theory known as Radical Relativism” putsit. In the face of the idea that such disagreements exist and can only be explainedby a radical relativist semantics, contextualist theorists have offered arguments to deny their existence or to provide an explanation of them which does not imply departing from the standard semantic theory. These arguments will be our targetof criticism. We raise the debate in terms of the distinction between semantic andpragmatic aspects of disagreement, and we defend a simple vision of disagreement, which we believe the relativist must have in mind if he wants to argue that disagreements belonging to areas that involve an agent’s perspective can count as evidence in his favor.<br>En este trabajo ofrecemos una defensa de la existencia de desacuerdos en ámbitos del discurso que involucran la perspectiva de un agente, tal como los contempla la teoría semántica conocida como relativismo radical. Ante la idea deque tales desacuerdos existen y que solo pueden ser explicados a partir de una semántica relativista radical, los teóricos del marco contextualista han ofrecido argumentos, o bien para negar la existencia de los mismos, o bien para proveer una explicación de ellos sin necesidad de postular un alejamiento de la teoría semántica estándar. Estos argumentos serán nuestro blanco de crítica. Planteamos el debate en términos de la distinción entre aspectos semánticos y aspectos pragmáticos del desacuerdo, y defendemos una visión simple del desacuerdo, la cual creemos que el relativista debe tener en mente si quiere sostener que los desacuerdos que pertenecen a ámbitos que involucran la perspectiva de un agente pueden contar como evidencia a su favor.
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Bentahar, Jamal. "A Pragmatic and Semantic Unified Framework for Agent Communication." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22724/22724.pdf.
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Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un cadre unifié pour la pragmatique et la sémantique de la communication entre agents logiciels. La pragmatique traite la façon dont les agents utilisent les actes communicatifs lorsqu’ils participent aux conversations. Elle est liée à la dynamique des interactions entre agents et à la manière avec laquelle les actes individuels sont reliés pour construire des conversations complètes. La sémantique, quant à elle, est intéressée par la signification de ces actes. Elle établit la base pour une signification concise et non ambiguë des messages échangés entre les agents. Ce cadre unifié vise à résoudre trois problèmes majeurs dans le domaine de communication entre agents :
1- L’absence d’un lien entre la pragmatique et la sémantique.
2- L’inflexibilité des protocoles actuels de communication entre agents.
3- La vérification des mécanismes de communication entre agents.
Les contributions principales de cette thèse sont :
1- Une approche pragmatique formelle basée sur les engagements sociaux et les arguments.
2- Un nouveau formalisme pour la communication entre agents appelé Réseau d’Engagements et d’Arguments.
3- Un modèle logique définissant la sémantique des éléments utilisés dans l’approche pragmatique.
4- Une technique de vérification de modèles basée sur une sémantique à tableaux pour vérifier une famille de protocoles flexibles de communication entre agents appelée protocoles à base de jeux de dialogue.
5- Un nouveau protocole de persuasion à base de jeux de dialogue.
L'idée principale de notre approche pragmatique est que la communication entre agents est modélisée comme des actions que les agents accomplissent sur des engagements sociaux et des arguments. La dynamique de la conversation entre agents est représentée par cette notion d’actions et par l’évolution de ces engagements et arguments. Notre formalisme (Réseau d’Engagements et d’Arguments) basé sur cette approche fournit une représentation externe de la dynamique de communication entre agents. Ce formalisme peut être utilisé par les agents comme moyen pour participer à des conversations d’une manière flexible parce qu’ils peuvent raisonner sur leurs actes communicatifs en utilisant leurs systèmes d’argumentation et l’état actuel de la conversation.
Notre modèle logique est une sémantique, à base d’un modèle théorique, pour l’approche pragmatique. Il définit la signification des différents actes de communication que nous utilisons dans notre approche pragmatique. Il exprime également la signification de quelques actes de discours importants dans le contexte de communication multi-agents et il capture la sémantique des arguments annulables. Ce modèle logique permet d’établir le lien entre la sémantique et la pragmatique de communication entre agents.
Nous traitons le problème de vérification des protocoles à base de jeux de dialogue en utilisant une technique de vérification de modèles basée sur une sémantique à tableaux. Ces protocoles sont spécifiés sur la base de notre modèle logique. Nous montrons que notre algorithme de vérification offre une technique, non seulement pour vérifier si le protocole à base de jeux de dialogue (le modèle) satisfait une propriété donnée, mais également si ce protocole respecte la sémantique des actes communicatifs.
Notre protocole de persuasion à base de jeux de dialogue est spécifié dans le contexte de notre cadre unifié en utilisant un langage logique. Il est implémenté en utilisant une programmation logique et un paradigme orienté-agent. Dans ce protocole, le processus décisionnel des agents est basé sur les systèmes d’argumentation et sur la notion de crédibilité des agents.<br>In this thesis, we propose a unified framework for the pragmatics and the semantics of agent communication. Pragmatics deals with the way agents use communicative acts when conversing. It is related to the dynamics of agent interactions and to the way of connecting individual acts while building complete conversations. Semantics is interested in the meaning of these acts. It lays down the foundation for a concise and unambiguous meaning of agent messages. This framework aims at solving three main problems of agent communication:
1- The absence of a link between the pragmatics and the semantics.
2- The inflexibility of current agent communication protocols.
3- The verification of agent communication mechanisms.
The main contributions of this thesis are:
1- A formal pragmatic approach based on social commitments and arguments.
2- A new agent communication formalism called Commitment and Argument Network.
3- A logical model defining the semantics of the elements used in the pragmatic approach.
4- A tableau-based model checking technique for the verification of a kind of flexible protocols called dialogue game protocols.
5- A new persuasion dialogue game protocol.
The main idea of our pragmatic approach is that agent communication is considered as actions that agents perform on social commitments and arguments. The dynamics of agent conversation is represented by this notion of actions and by the evolution of these commitments and arguments. Our Commitment and Argument Network formalism based on this approach provides an external representation of agent communication dynamics. We argue that this formalism helps agents to participate in conversations in a flexible way because they can reason about their communicative acts using their argumentation systems and the current state of the conversation.
Our logical model is a model-theoretic semantics for the pragmatic approach. It defines the meaning of the different communicative acts that we use in our pragmatic approach. It also expresses the meaning of some important speech acts and it captures the semantics of defeasible arguments. This logical model allows us to establish the link between the semantics and the pragmatics of agent communication.
We address the problem of verifying dialogue game protocols using a tableau-based model checking technique. These protocols are specified in terms of our logical model. We argue that our model checking algorithm provides a technique, not only to verify if the dialogue game protocol satisfies a given property, but also if this protocol respects the underlying semantics of the communicative acts.
Our persuasion dialogue game protocol is specified in our framework using a logical language, and implemented using a logic programming and agent-oriented programming paradigm. In this protocol, the agents’ decision making process is based on the agents’ argumentation systems and the notion of agents’ trustworthiness.
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Flowerdew, John Leslie. "Semantic/pragmatic theory and second language teaching syllabus design." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236348.
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Basso, Renato Miguel. "A semantica das relações anaforicas entre eventos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270558.
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Orientador: Edson Françozo<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T10:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: Nesta tese, avaliamos a afirmação de Davidson (1967) de que a anáfora de eventos e a anáfora de objetos ordinários lançam mão dos mesmos recursos linguísticos. Davidson usa a evidência da anáfora não apenas para postular eventos na ontologia, mas também como um argumento a favor de considerá-los como objetos ordinários (como particulares). No entanto, ao investigarmos os mecanismos linguísticos mobilizados na anáfora de eventos, encontramos grandes diferenças em comparação com o que encontramos na anáfora de objetos (em geral, linguisticamente veiculados através de nomes ou de descrições), levando-nos a colocar a afirmação de Davidson sob suspeita. Na primeira parte da tese, apresentamos e defendemos uma versão da teoria de eventos postulada por Davidson que os trata como objetos ordinários (particulares). Analisamos também as teorias que tomam eventos como propriedades de momentos de tempo e teorias que tomam eventos como entidades proposicionais. Cada uma dessas teorias tem seus méritos e problemas, mas o intuito é nos mantermos o mais próximo à formulação de Davidson para avaliarmos suas afirmações quanto à anáfora de eventos. Ainda na primeira parte, investigamos as relações entre dêixis e anáfora, um tema que envolve quaisquer discussões sobre termos usados anaforicamente. Na segunda parte da tese, nosso olhar volta-se para a anáfora de eventos cujos antecedentes são expressões sentenciais (i.e., que não são DPs). Diante de tais antecedentes, os termos anafóricos preferenciais são demonstrativos, e investigamos o pronome demonstrativo 'isso' e descrições demonstrativas da forma 'esse/essa/aquele/aquela N'. Apresentamos o estado-da-arte dos estudos sobre demonstrativos, salientando que eles podem ser tratados como termos referenciais ou como termos quantificacionais. Dado que o debate é bastante complexo e ainda incipiente, apresentamos duas análises de retomadas de eventos com demonstrativos: uma que os toma como termos referenciais, e outra que os toma como termos quantificacionais. Contudo, apesar dessa diferença nas análises, o resultado a que chegamos é semelhante, e mostra que os mecanismos por trás da anáfora de eventos são mais próximos da anáfora de entidades proposicionais do que da anáfora de objetos ordinários, contrariando a tese davidsoniana. Na terceira parte, analisamos a retomada de eventos em que o antecedente é uma estrutura nominal (i.e., DPs) e cujos termos anafóricos preferenciais são descrições definidas e demonstrativas. Nesta parte, investigamos a semântica das nominalizações e sua relação com eventos veiculados por verbos de ação flexionados. Assumimos, como é comum na literatura sobre eventos, que uma sentença com verbo de ação flexionado e sua contraparte com nominalização têm a mesma forma lógica. Mostramos que tal assunção leva a resultados indesejados quando consideramos a anáfora de eventos, que se situam, também nessa configuração, mais próxima da anáfora de entidades proposicionais. Na conclusão, apontamos que adotar a noção de evento como um objeto a partir do fenômeno da anáfora não se sustenta, já que a anáfora de eventos se assemelha em muito à anáfora de entidades abstratas, como as proposições, e não à anáfora de objetos. Tal conclusão tem consequências para as teorias semânticas contemporâneas que ingenuamente equiparam eventos a objetos.<br>Abstract: In this thesis, we evaluated Davidson's (1967) statement according to which event anaphora and (ordinary) object anaphora use the same linguistic resources. Davidson uses the evidence of anaphora not only to postulate events in the ontology but also as an argument for considering them as ordinary objects (as individuals). However, as we investigate the linguistic mechanisms mobilized in event anaphora and the ones mobilized in (ordinary) object anaphora we found significant differences, a conclusion which compromises Davidson's assumptions about the metaphysics of events. In the first part of this thesis, we present and defend a version of the theory of events postulated by Davidson that treats them as individuals in the same way as other objects. We look briefly at other theories that take events as properties of moments of time and theories that take events as propositional entities. Each of these theories has their merits and problems, but our intention is to follow Davidson's formulation closely, in order to evaluate his claims about anaphora event. We investigate the differences between deixis and anaphora, a theme that involves any discussion of the terms used in anaphora. In the second part, our attention goes to event anaphora when the antecedents are sentential expressions (i.e., that are not DPs). With this kind of antecedent, the preferred anaphoric terms are demonstratives, and we investigate the demonstrative pronoun 'isso' and demonstrative descriptions ('esse / essa / aquele / aquela N'). We present the state-of-the art of the studies of demonstrative, noting that they can be treated as referring or as quantificational expressions. Since the debate is very complex and still in its beginning, we present two analysis of event anaphora with sentential antecedents: one that takes the anaphoric terms as referential, and one that takes them as quantificational. However, despite this difference in the analysis, the result we reached is similar, and it shows that the mechanisms behind the anaphora of events are closer to the anaphora of propositional entities than to the anaphora of ordinary objects, against the Davidsonian thesis. In the third part, we analyze the anaphora of events in which the antecedent is a nominal structure (i.e., DPs); with this kind of antecedent the preferred anaphoric terms are definite and demonstrative descriptions. We also investigate the semantics of nominalizations and their relationship to events conveyed by inflected action verbs. We assume, as is common practice in the literature on events, that sentences with an inflected action verb and their nominalized counterparts have the same logical form. We show that this assumption leads to undesired results when we consider event anaphora. In the conclusion, we point out that adopting the concept of event as an object can not be sustained from the point of view of anaphoric phenomenona, since event anaphora resembles the anaphora of abstract entities such as propositions, and not object anaphora. This conclusion has implications for contemporary semantic theories which naively equate events and objects.<br>Universidade Estadual de Campi<br>Linguistica<br>Doutor em Linguística
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Johnson, Cynthia Amy. "Deconstructing and Reconstructing Semantic Agreement: A Case Study of Multiple Antecedent Agreement in Indo-European." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417714779.
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Kolkmann, Julia. "The pragmatics of possession : issues in the interpretation of pre-nominal possessives in English." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-pragmatics-of-possession-issues-in-the-interpretation-of-prenominal-possessives-in-english(a8dc1f64-8c63-4105-b30d-6f174e01f6db).html.
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In everyday conversation, we frequently express relationships between two entities by using attributive possessive NPs. Structurally, these consist of a possessor referent, a possessum nominal and a possessive marker which explicates said relationship. For example, if I want to enquire about a house owned by your friend Mary which you are currently decorating, I might feasibly say "How are you getting on with Mary’s house?". My utterance of the pre-nominal possessive NP Mary’s house allows you to represent a specific referent, ensuring that we mentally converge on the same house and are able to talk about it. This study investigates English pre-nominal possessive NPs from a pragmatic point of view. It does so with the aim of providing a cognitively plausible description of their interpretationwhich simultaneously serves to understand how they function as referring expressions in communication. In particular, I discuss some of the intricacies they pose to interlocutors when itcomes to their referential interpretation. One of these concerns the fact that pre-nominal possessives are semantically compatible with numerous different interpretations, yet reference aparticular possessive relation in concrete communicative situations. Thus, given that the Englishlanguage, quite in contrast to the majority of the world’s languages, does not render thepossessive relation that holds between two entities morphosyntactically explicit, the interpretation of pre-nominal possessive NPs falls entirely within the remit of a pragmatic theory. This should explain how Mary’s house, which is compatible with interpretations such asthe house that Mary is letting, the house that Mary wishes to buy, as well as various others,comes to denote the house that Mary owns in a communicative situation like the above. Fullyinterpreting this NP, as Peters & Westerståhl (2013) suggest, involves knowing what possibleinterpretations it gives rise to, selecting the most salient one to the detriment of any others, and, finally, representing a determinate referent denoted by the NP as a whole. While the first aspect has received much attention (e.g. Barker, 1995; Vikner & Jensen, 2002), the other two have been considered by only few researchers. This study represents the first holistic account of possessive interpretations which combinesall three questions to explain the various facets of their pragmatics. On the theoretical level, itsuggests that the currently dominant stance (advocated by Vikner & Jensen, 2002), accordingto which it is the lexical semantic content of the possessum nominal which largely exhausts theinterpretation process, is in need of rethinking. Contrary to existing insights, I attribute a greaterrole to context and pragmatic reasoning both at the level of possible and at the level of salientinterpretations. On the methodological level, the study is multimethodological in its approach,complementing theoretical argument by means of a psycholinguistic production study and alarge-scale corpus study. In this respect, the present study paves the way for a description of pragmatic aspects of theEnglish grammar which have hitherto been explained in terms of more descriptive possessivetaxonomies, including ones delineating alienable vs. inalienable (e.g. Nikolaeva & Spencer,2013), prototypical vs. non-prototypical (e.g. Langacker, 1995; Rosenbach, 2002) and lexicalvs. pragmatic interpretations (Vikner & Jensen, 2002). Ultimately, I suggest that construing referential interpretation as an addressee-dependent search for relevance (e.g. Sperber & Wilson, 1986/1995) largely obviates the need for taxonomies of this kind at the descriptive level.
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Mendes, José Vicente Santos. "The semantics-pragmatics of route directions." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974329509.
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Buckland, Warren Stephen. "Filmic meaning : the semantics-pragmatics interface." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333505.
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Papafragou, Anna. "Modality and the semantics-pragmatics interface." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317914/.
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This thesis explores certain aspects of the structure of lexical semantics and its interaction with pragmatic processes of utterance comprehension, using as a case-study a sample of the English modal verbs. Contrary to previous polysemy-based accounts, I propose and defend a unitary semantic account of the English modals, and I give a relevance-theoretic explanation of the construction of their admissible (mainly, root and epistemic) contextual interpretations. Departing from previous accounts of modality, I propose a link between epistemic modality and metarepresentation, and treat the emergence of epistemic modal markers as a result of the development of the human theory of mind. In support of my central contention that the English modals are semantically univocal, I reanalyse a range of arguments employed by previous polysemy-based approaches. These arguments involve the distributional properties of the modals, their relationship to truth-conditional content, the status of so-called speech-act modality, and the historical development of epistemic meanings: it turns out that none of these domains can offer reasons to abandon the univocal semantic analysis of the English modals. Furthermore, I argue that the priority of root over epistemic meanings in language acquisition is predicted by the link between epistemic modality and metarepresentation. Finally, data from a cognitive disorder (autism) are considered in the light of the metarepresentation hypothesis about epistemic modality. The discussion of modality has a number of implications for the concept of polysemy. I suggest that, despite its widespread use in current lexical semantics, polysemy is not a natural class, and use the example of the Cognitive Linguistics to illustrate that polysemy presupposes some questionable assumptions about the structure of lexical concepts. I propose a division of labour between ambiguity, semantic underdeterminacy, and a narrowed version of polysemy, and present its ramifications for the psychology of word meaning. In the final chapter, I extend the proposed framework for modality to the analysis of generic sentences, thereby capturing certain similarities between genericity and modality.
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Chor, Oi-wan Winnie, and 左靄雲. "A semantic and pragmatic analysis of verbal particles in Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B2914744X.
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Fung, Roxana Suk-Yee. "Final particles in standard Cantonese : semantic extension and pragmatic inference /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488195154360318.
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Ho, Man-yee. "Trendy expressions in Hong Kong Cantonese morphological, semantic and pragmatic analyses /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31601029.
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Ho, Man-yee, and 何敏兒. "Trendy expressions in Hong Kong Cantonese: morphological, semantic and pragmatic analyses." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31601029.
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Hartigan, Julie Ann. "Semantic and pragmatic parsing based on systemic grammar and layered abduction /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487856906261165.
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Kerbel, Debra. "A study of idiom comprehension in children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4907.
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In the light of inconclusive evidence regarding the comprehension of idioms by children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties, this study aimed to investigate the extent to which difficulty with idiom comprehension was characteristic of a group of primary school children considered to have semantic-pragmatic difficulties. It further aimed to explore whether such difficulty constitutes a valid means of discriminating children diagnosed as having "semantic-pragmatic disorder", Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, from children considered to have language disorders not primarily of a semantic and/or pragmatic type. It also compared these two groups with normallydeveloping children aged 6; 6 to 7; 6 or 10; 6 to 11; 6. In view of the limitations of available procedures for assessing idiom comprehension in children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties, a new play-based methodology was developed for this study. Supplementary information was obtained from an additional definition task and from a symptom checklist. The results indicate that the children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties did, as a group, demonstrate significantly fewer appropriate idiomatic interpretations and significantly more inappropriate interpretations than did any of the other three groups. However, the higher level of inappropriate scores reflected a larger number of "fuzzy" responses rather than significantly higher rates of literality. Despite relative weakness, the children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties displayed appropriate interpretations considerably more often than they evidenced inappropriate ones. Within-group analysis reveals that the children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism performed less well than did those diagnosed with "semantic-pragmatic disorder". Nevertheless, both of these subgroups encompassed a considerable range of comprehension ability. This variation appears to reflect essential differences in the critical semantic and pragmatic skills underpinning idiom comprehension. In combination with definition task data and broader knowledge of particular children, the play task may be used to identify the sites and sources of idiom comprehension breakdown in individual children.
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Wong, King-on John. "Semantics and pragmatics of tautology in Cantonese." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36902640.
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Wong, King-on John, and 黃敬安. "Semantics and pragmatics of tautology in Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36902640.
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Serapinas, Valdemaras. "Semantikos ir pragmatikos ribų problema kalbos filosofijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_193936-60262.
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Semantikos ir pragmatikos ribų problema kalbos filosofijoje Šio darbo tikslas - ištirti semantikos ir pragmatikos ribų problemą analitinėje kalbos filosofijoje. Ši problema svarbi sprendžiant klausimą, kokia turėtu būti semantinė teorija. Semantikos ir pragmatikos ribų problemą galima išspręsti tik tiksliai apibrėžus, kas yra semantika, ir kas yra pragmatika. Šias disciplinas galima aiškiai atskirti pagal jų tyrimo objektą. Semantika tiria kalbą kaip sisteminį darinį, o pragmatika tiria kalbą kaip kalbos vartotojų elgseną ir elgsenos bei nelingvistinio konteksto reikšmę perduodamai informacijai. Darbe analizuojami tiek Donaldo Davidsono, Davido Lewiso, Jerroldo Katzo, Hilary Putnamo ir kitų autorių semantiniai tyrinėjimai, tiek kasdienes kalbos filosofų - Ludwigo Wittgensteino, Paulo Grice’o, Johno Searle’o ir kitų autorių tekstai, nagrinėjantys kalbos pragmatinius aspektus. Darbe teigiama, kad Davidsono teisingumo sąlygų semantinė teorija, tiesą laikydama santykiu tarp sakinio, kalbėtojo ir laiko, kada sakinys yra pavartotas, neišvengiamai susidurs su būtinybe tirti pragmatikos sferai priskirtinus fenomenus, nes kasdienėje kalboje yra vartojami intencionalius būvius apibūdinantys sakiniai, kurių teisingumo sąlygos nėra savaime suprantamos. Darbe daroma išvada, kad vėlyvojo Wittgensteino „kalbiniai žaidimai“ ir Johno L. Austino „kalbiniai aktai“ yra tiksliausiai pragmatikos tyrimo objektą apibūdinantys konceptai. Pragmatika, siekdama nelikti vien aprašomosios disciplinos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The Problem of the Boundary between Semantics and Pragmatics in Philosophy of Language The author analyses the problem of the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. This problem is highly important for the theoretical question what form a theory of semantics of a natural language should take. The author argues that they should be distinguished by the main field of inquiry. Semantics explores a sphere of language as a system, when pragmatics explores a language as behaviour of the language's users and explores the influence of non-linguistic contexts on utterances. From analysis of the philosophy of Donald Davidson the author concludes that Davidson's Truth conditional semantics cannot dissociate from the pragmatics either. Because Davidson views truth as a relation between a sentence, a person, and a time, he should analyse situations when persons are using words describing intentional states such as "I believe", "I love" etc. e. g. explore the sphere of pragmatics. Truth conditions of sentences describing intentional states are not obvious by themselves. The author analyses texts of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Paul Grice, John Searle, John L. Austin and others philosophers of language whose works concern pragmatical aspects of language. He concludes that Wittgenstein's language-games and Austin's speech acts are the most congenial terms to characterize the pragmatics. The author postulates that the pragmatics cannot dissociate from semantics as far as it tries to explain... [to full text]
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Pettitt, Jeremy Nicholas. "Metaphor, meaning and truth : semantic and pragmatic aspects of the metaphorical function." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358539.
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Magidow, Alexander. "The semantic and pragmatic role of case marking in formal spoken Arabic." Thesis, [Austin, Tex. : University of Texas, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-05-130.
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Ressue, Lauren. "Reciprocity in Russian: An investigation of the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic interfaces." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429699754.
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Taylor, Ruth. "Profiles of semantic-pragmatic disorder and the investigation of underlying psychological mechanisms." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311817.
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