Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sémantique des cadres'
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Michalon, Olivier. "Modèles statistiques pour la prédiction de cadres sémantiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0221/document.
Full textIn natural language processing, each analysis step has improved the way in which language can be modeled by machines. Another step of analysis still poorly mastered resides in semantic parsing. This type of analysis can provide information which would allow for many advances, such as better human-machine interactions or more reliable translations. There exist several types of meaning representation structures, such as PropBank, AMR and FrameNet. FrameNet corresponds to the frame semantic framework whose theory has been described by Charles Fillmore (1971). In this theory, each prototypical situation and each different elements involved are represented in such a way that two similar situations are represented by the same object, called a semantic frame. The work that we will describe here follows the work already developed for machine prediction of frame semantic representations. We will present four prediction systems, and each one of them allowed to validate another hypothesis on the necessary properties for effective prediction. We will show that semantic parsing can also be improved by providing prediction models with refined information as input of the system, with firstly a syntactic analysis where deep links are made explicit and secondly vectorial representations of the vocabulary learned beforehand
Djemaa, Marianne. "Stratégie domaine par domaine pour la création d'un FrameNet du français : annotations en corpus de cadres et rôles sémantiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC007/document.
Full textThis thesis describes the creation of the French FrameNet (FFN), a French language FrameNet type resource made using both the Berkeley FrameNet (Baker et al., 1998) and two morphosyntactic treebanks: the French Treebank (Abeillé et al., 2003) and the Sequoia Treebank (Candito et Seddah, 2012). The Berkeley FrameNet allows for semantic annotation of prototypical situations and their participants. It consists of:a) a structured set of prototypical situations, called frames. These frames incorporate semantic characterizations of the situations’ participants (Frame Elements, or FEs);b) a lexicon of lexical units (LUs) which can evoke those frames;c) a set of English language frame annotations. In order to create the FFN, we designed a “domain by domain” methodology: we defined four “domains”, each centered on a specific notion (cause, verbal communication, cognitive stance, or commercial transaction). We then sought to obtain full frame and lexical coverage for these domains, and annotated the first 100 corpus occurrences of each LU in our domains. This strategy guarantees a greater consistency in terms of frame structuring than other approaches and is conducive to work on both intra-domain and inter-domains frame polysemy. Our annotating frames on continuous text without selecting particular LU occurrences preserves the natural distribution of lexical and syntactic characteristics of frame-evoking elements in our corpus. At the present time, the FFNincludes 105 distinct frames and 873 distinct LUs, which combine into 1,109 LU-frame pairs (i.e. 1,109 senses). 16,167 frame occurrences, as well as their FEs, have been annotated in our corpus. In this thesis, I first situate the FrameNet model in a larger theoretical background. I then justify our using the Berkeley FrameNet as our resource base and explain why we used a domain-by- domain methodology. I next try to clarify some specific BFN notions that we found too vague to be coherently used to make the FFN. Specifically, I introduce more directly syntactic criteria both for defining a frame’s lexical perimeter and for differentiating core FEs from non-core ones.Then, I describe the FFN creation itself first by delimitating a structure of frames that will be used in the resource and by creating a lexicon for these frames. I then introduce in detail the Cognitive Stances notional domain, which includes frames having to do with a cognizer’s degree of certainty about some particular content. Next, I describe our methodology for annotating a corpus with frames and FEs, and analyze our treatment of several specific linguistic phenomena that required additional consideration (such as object complement constructions).Finally, I give quantified information about the current status of the FFN and its evaluation. I conclude with some perspectives on improving and exploiting the FFN
Maëso, Gardeil Florence. "Comptes rendus de perception dans le contexte des N fenêtre(s) et porte(s). Approche sémantique et pragmatique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030097.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to explain why the inclusion of perceptual reports (PRs) in a literary narrative does not interfere with the comprehension of such narratives, despite when breaking their thematic progression.Narratological studies (Hamon, Adam and Petitjean) define descriptive texts as sequences characterised by correlated introductory and closing markers. Furthermore, research on evidentiality (Vogeleer) shows that PR describe a situation that is accessible in the space/time situation of a subject. PRs are thetics statements characterised by a lack of topic (Furukawa). In the written form, the left context of the PR may make up for the lack of topic by describing a situation that may be used to infer the place targeted by the perception (Emma s’approcha de la fenêtre) of a subject introduced earlier. Statements of this type are thus similar to represented speech and thought or RST.The classification of a corpus of PRs incorporating the nouns fenêtre(s) and porte(s), leads us to distinguish six PRs types among which represented perceptual reports (RPRs), are most frequent. In these sequences, when the first PR of the excerpt has no link to its left context, it describes a perceived situation accessible in the spatial/temporal situation of the subject that perceives it, which is therefore unknown until introduced into the fictitious world. The spatial and temporal coincidence of the subject and this situation may be noted in certain excerpts by a spatial or temporal prepositional phrase (PP) that is placed earlier in the first PR of the sequence and that is potentially framing (Charolles). This PP signals the point of view of the subject introduced earlier, denotes the target location or temporal location of the situation described in the PR and makes it possible to interpret all the PRs in the sequence. In the excerpts that do not mention a PP, the target location and time of the perceived situation are inferred once the first PR is introduced, with this inference validating all perceptual reports in the sequence. The topical break caused by the introduction of PRs signals, in all cases, the emergence of the point of view of a character introduced earlier
Aptekman, Jeanne. "De la logique à la linguistique : une étude du sens de si." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0123.
Full textConditionals hold an important place in logical questioning about itself. In analysing the numerous theories about material conditional. Logic attempts‘ to grasp the logical implication as it appears intuitively to us,. Wich is a necessary entailment between an antecedent and a consequent. But a the same time arise the question of the possibility of offering a treatment for ordinary conditional using the material conditional of logic or the reforms that have been proposed for it. However, the conditionals which we will/ approach here in their paradigmatic forms of SI-clauses, do not always expressed a logical entailment and these are two different questions. That is the reason why we wanted to leave aside the philosophico-logical tradition to propose an analysis of the meaning of SI in a clearly semantic prospective. Within a large polysemy, a significant unity comas out of this approach which allows us to take a fresh look at the debate in psychology of reasoning about logical connectives
Stan, Johann. "Un cadre de développement sémantique pour la recherche sociale." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708781.
Full textDahm, Johannes. "Semantische Frames zur empirischen Erfassung sozialer Repräsentationen : ein diskurslinguistischer Ansatz zur Untersuchung der Wahrnehmung der Straßburger Neustadt durch die lokale Bevölkerung." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC025/document.
Full textIn our thesis, we analyse the social representations of the Neustadt, former German imperial district in Strasbourg, by the local population. Since 2010, the "German district" is an object of increasing media coverage, provoked by the candidature of the city of Strasbourg, which aims at the inscription of the Neustadt on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. The valorisation of this urban space, however, seems to disagree with the perception of the Neustadt by the inhabitants of the city. We propose an interdisciplinary and discursive approach to the analysis of the social representations of the Neustadt on the basis of questionnaires and interviews. We use and exploit the potential of two psychosocial concepts – the "theory of the central core" and the "hypothesis of the silent zone" – in the context of a linguistic discourse analysis and a cognitive semantics approach. We apply lexicometric methods and semantic frames (as cognitive categories for analysis) in order to analyse the content, the structure, the distribution, the dynamics and the interconnections of social representations inside the discourse
In der Dissertation untersuchen wir die sozialen Repräsentationen und die Wahrnehmung der Neustadt, des ehemaligen kaiserlichen Viertels in Straßburg, durch die lokale Bevölkerung. Seit 2010 wird das ‚deutsche Viertel‘ in der lokalen Presse zunehmend thematisiert, was auf die Bewerbung der Stadt Straßburg zurückzuführen ist, mit der die Einschreibung der Neustadt auf die Liste des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbes angestrebt wird. Die aktuelle Wertschätzung der Neustadt scheint allerdings nicht mit der Wahrnehmung durch die Bewohner Straßburgs übereinzustimmen. Wir entwickeln einen interdisziplinären, diskursanalytischen Ansatz und untersuchen die sozialen Repräsentationen der Neustadt anhand von Fragebögen und Interviews. Dabei werden zwei sozialpsychologische Konzepte – die ‚Theorie des zentralen Kerns‘ und die ‚Hypothese der zone muette‘ – in einen kognitiv inspirierten, diskurslinguistischen Ansatz eingebettet. Lexikometrische Verfahren und semantische Frames (kognitive Analysekategorien) werden eingesetzt, um Inhalt, Struktur, Distribution, Dynamik und die Vernetzung sozialer Repräsentationen im Diskurs zu erforschen
Morisset, Charles. "Sémantique des systèmes de contrôle d'accès : définition d'un cadre sémantique pour la spécification, l'implantation et la comparaison de modèles de contrôle d'accès." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066244.
Full textBenayoun, Jean-Michel. "L' opération [Ø + N] dans le cadre d'une étude sémantique et syntaxique." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030145.
Full textTo account for the [Ø + N] operation, as attested in French and English corpora, implies the prior analysis of the manifestation of [Ø], a phonologically empty sign. This in turn implies examining the value of [N] and their semantic variation when influenced by the presence of [Ø]. This study will resort to appropriate paradigms to find indications of the speaker's enunciative choice. [Ø] is never the outcome of "linguistic chance". [Ø + N] acquires meaning and sense from speech and discourse. [Ø] therefore takes its values from the text itself. It cannot be seen as a "crystallised" marker, the operation of which is always defined and determined. .
Mery, Bruno. "Modélisation de la Sémantique Lexicale dans le cadre de la théorie des types." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627432.
Full textMillet, Christophe. "Construction et utilisation de la sémantique dans le cadre de l'annotation automatique d'images." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003602.
Full textWidlöcher, Antoine. "Analyse macro-sémantique des structures rhétoriques du discours : cadre théorique et modèle opératoire." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2042.
Full textIn the general field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), this work concerns the analysis of the rhetorical structure of discourse, which consists in the argumentative organization of texts through various stereotypes. Our main goal was to define a theoretical and computational framework allowing formal modeling and automatic exploration of various discursive structures involved in this textual organization. We notably propose to describe those structures using the three elementary categories of units, relations and schemas, and outline recurrent properties of discursive patterns and clues which signal their presence: variable granularity, fuzziness, possible non-linearity and non-sequentiality, local/global interactions. . . In order to give a formal description of the studied linguistic phenomena and to make their computational analysis possible, in a corpus-based approach, we propose the CDML formalism (Contraint-based Discourse Modeling Language). It allows to design formal models of discursive patterns by means of constraints expressed on textual objects whose nature (morphologic, syntactic, semantic. . . ) and whose granularity level may vary. A CDML parser has been implemented and may be used to apply such a formal description to a corpus and automatically detect textual structures satisfying the given constraints. In addition, we present two case studies dedicated to significantly different discursive patterns and illustrating our analysis principles, formal model and computational approach. The first one concerns Charolles' discourse framing theory. The second considers contrastive relations between various kind of textual objects, at different granularity levels
Ceausu-Dragos, Valentina. "Définition d'un cadre sémantique pour la catégorisation de données textuelles : application à l'accidentologie." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05S001.
Full textKnowledge engineering requires the application of techniques for knowledge extraction, modeling and formalization. The work presented concerns the definition of a semantic portal for text categorization. This portal relies on several techniques developed for semantic resources engineering. From a theorical point of view, this semantic portal allows ; (I) knowledge extraction from text ; (II) semantic resources construction ; (III) finding correspondances between semantic resources and textual corpora ; (IV) aligning semantic resources. The core of this portal is a knowledge system allowing text categorization in accidentology. This system implements a reasoning mechanism supported by domain knowledge and it offers a solution for the automatic exploitation of accident scenarios
Djenouhat, Manel Amel. "Un cadre sémantique formel pour la description, sélection et composition des services web." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1137/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to provide a suitable formal semantic framework that supports interoperability ofdifferent formalisms already used to describe and deploy a Web service. In other words, we contribute to thedevelopment of a rigorous mathematical formalism to describe a complex Web service that may change duringexecution and coordinate with other services adaptively. To achieve this goal, the steps of description, selectionand composition constitute the three major issues studied in this thesis.We proposed so, initially, through the use of the K semantic framework the K-WSDL : a Web servicesdescription language endowed with an operational semantics in terms of rewriting rules which can be executedand analyzed in Maude. We introduced, in a second step, WS-Sim, a new approach based on the category theorywhich evaluates the behavioral equivalence between services by representing each service by a category and byestablishing formal links (functor) between them. Finally, we present RMop-ECATNet (Refined Meta OpenECATNet): a formal model for the specification of services composition. product of the refinement of the Mop-ECATNets model, introduced initially by [LB14]. We extended and enriched this model at three distinct levels:at the structural, behavioural level and implementation levels
Maurel, François. "Un cadre quantitatif pour la Ludique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00152476.
Full textUn résultat de complétude est montré pour la ludique probabiliste vis-à-vis de la ludique et de la logique MALL2. La ludique exponentielle proposée vérifie les théorèmes principaux de la ludique : les théorèmes analytiques. En particulier, ce modèle montre une interprétation de la logique linéaire avec des répétitions gardant une topologie séparée. De plus, les coefficients introduits apporte à la ludique une "plus grande séparation" que dans le modèle d'origine.
Louis, François. "Étude sémantique et lexico-combinatoire de lexèmes du champ sémantique de la santé en breton vannetais dans le cadre de la théorie linguistique Sens-Texte." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20038/document.
Full textThe thesis offers a first-start study of the semantic field of health in the vannetais variety of Breton, based both on a corpus of literary Breton from the Vannes region and a corpus of oral Breton collected from traditional speakers in the Pontivy area. Lexicographic description of lexical units from that semantic field is embedded in the Meaning-Text linguistic theory. An overview of the theory, in particular it’s lexicological branch, the Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology is given, followed by a detailed description of the lexical and syntactic co-occurrence of nouns denoting physiological disorders, illnesses and diseases. Such a description has required lexemization of vocables (= discrimination of different word-senses of polysemous words) to which belong basic lexemes of this semantic field: DROUG ‘≈ physiological disorder’, KLEÑVED ‘disease’, KLAÑV ‘ill / sick’, KLEÑVEDET lit. ‘made.ill’ = ‘having an illness’, YAC’H ‘healthy’, YEC’HED ‘health’ and AESAAT ‘to cure / heal’. These lexemes have been given a detailed lexicographic description. The thesis represents the very first attempt at applying a clear, coherent and descriptively powerful lexicographic methodology to Breton data. In addition, it makes available to the scientific community a corpus of oral Breton of about a half million words
Mounè, Philippe. "Contribution à l'étude de la sémantique des verbes d'action dans le cadre d'une approche orientée objet." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30080.
Full textIgnatieva, Chaillou Maria. "Le phénomène d'axiologisation discursive de la signification lexicale : le cas de harmonisation dans le cadre de l'Union Européenne." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT3028.
Full textThis research seeks to study the axiological modality in linguistics. Through the use of the Semantics of Argumentative Probabilities, axiology is presented as having both a linguistic and discursive status and it will be treated in relation with the concept of semantic kinesis. This research will show that the axiological, understood as "the rupture of indifference", contains five modal zones that are characterized by a positive or negative polarity. In the perspective of the Semantics of Argumentative Probabilities the theory of axiology is presented through the study of : 1) the axiological values in the theory of modalities ; 2) the axiological potential embedded in meaning (in the core sense, stereotypes or the argumentative probabilities) ; 3) the degree of axiologisation ; 4) the mechanisms of axiologisation and the semantic kinesis. Applied to the discourse analysis of the daily newspaper Le Monde, the phenomenon of discursive axiologisation is described as a process of deconstruction-reconstruction of the axiological potential of the discursive mechanisms mobilized in the chosen element of study harmonisation européenne des formations. The results of this study show that the re(de)construction of axiological values in meaning depend on : a) where the harmonization of education is taking place : in the European Union, in France or in Germany ; and b) the axiological zone activated and/or inserted in or by the discourse
Vittek, Marian. "Elan : un cadre logique pour le prototypage de langages de programmation avec contraintes." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10372.
Full textBen, Khelil Cherifa. "Construction semi-automatique d'une grammaire d'arbres adjoints pour l'analyse syntaxico-sémantique de l'arabe." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2013.
Full textThis thesis deals with the formal description and development of an electronic grammar of Arabic language. This work is a prerequisite for the creation of automatic Arabic processing tools. This language presents many challenges for automatic processing. Indeed the order of words in Arabic is relatively free,the morphology is rich and the diacritics are omitted in written texts. Although several research studies have addressed some of these issues, electronic resources useful for the processing of Arabic remain relatively rare or not widely available. In this thesis work, we are interested in the representation of syntax (word order) and the meaning of modern standard Arabic. As a formal system of language representation, we chose the formalism of Tree Adjoining Grammar. Thus we proposed an electronic adjoint tree grammar of Arabic named"ArabTAGV2.0". This resource partially reuses the pre-existing modeling in the manually defined grammar "ArabTAG" and integrates it into an abstract representation called meta-grammar. The linguistic expert canthus describe the syntax and semantics of the language with abstraction tools facilitating the maintenance and extension of the grammar. The new described grammar has 1074 syntactical rules (not lexicalized) and27 semantic frameworks (predicative relations). This resource was evaluated by analyzing a corpus from excerpts of an Arabic textbook
Atzeni, Thierry. "Organisation et évocation des connaissances sémantiques des concepts des domaines du vivant et du non vivant dans le cadre d'une approche épisodique de la mémoire." Chambéry, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CHAML034.
Full textLiczner, Aleksandra. "Une contribution à l'amélioration des ressources terminographiques : étude terminologique fondée sur un corpus de textes de spécialité du domaine du droit de l'internet." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2089/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to propose a holistic description of terminological units in the field of Internet law, based on a hybrid model that reflectis both the linguistic and the conceptual dimension of terms. To be more precise, this model aims to point out the lexical-semantic relationships and conceptual links that those terms maintain with other terminological and lexical units belonging to the Internet law vocabulary, by studying their behavior in the discursive universe. The project (which we call DITerm) is part of a descriptive approach whose ambition is to explain observed usage in the specialized language at hand. The model was created using acorpus made up of legal texts which totals about 5 000,000 words. The model will be used as the basis for the conception of a specialized encoding dictionary. This dictionary is intended for translators with French language as their working language. The term, as it is viewed in this study, is a multi-dimensional unity which should be considered from many angles. Its description is hence based on the analysis of its lexical, conceptual and contextual relationships which is widely inspired by lexicographical models. Thetheoretical background of the DITerm project is Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology, the lexicological component of Meaning-Text Theory (Mel’čuk et al. 1995). We also draw inspiration from the frame theory and its different applications (Minsky’s Frame System Theory,Fillmore’s Frame Semantics). The methodology adopted in this project fits into the framework of corpus linguistics (Sinclair).The DITerm model proposes to describe each term as the center of a constellation around which several coordinated terms gravitate, creating what Cornu (2002) calls operational families. In order to model the relationships the term shares with the units which tend to appear in its contextual universe, we rely on several explicit formulas based on a broadly comprehensible metalanguage. This formalism, which is based on paraphrase, correlates partly with the popularization of the lexical functions. On the other hand, it has the advantage of adapting to the representation of conceptual links. In addition, the description is enriched by the implementation of an annotation model of the contexts in which the terms occur, which makes it possible to account for indirect links that are maintained by terms. This annotation model is an application of the FrameNet methodology
Billami, Mokhtar Boumedyen. "Désambiguïsation sémantique dans le cadre de la simplification lexicale : contributions à un système d'aide à la lecture pour des enfants dyslexiques et faibles lecteurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0354.
Full textIn recent years, a large number of technologies have been created to help people who have difficulty when reading written texts. The proposed systems integrate speech technologies (reading aloud) or visual aids (setting and/or coloring of fonts or increasing the space between letters and lines). However, it is essential to also propose transformations on the texts’ content in order to have simpler and more frequent substitutes. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to develop a reading aid system that automatically provides a simplified version of a given text while keeping the same meaning of words.The presented work addresses the problem of semantic ambiguity (quite common in natural language processing) and aims to propose solutions for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) by using unsupervised and knowledge-based approaches from lexico-semantic resources. First, we propose a state of the art of the WSD approaches and semantic similarity measures which are crucial for this process. Thereafter, we compare various algorithms of WSD in order to get the best of them. Finally, we present our contributions for creating a lexical resource for French that proposes disambiguated and graduated synonyms according to their level of difficulty to be read and understood. We show that our resource is useful and can be integrated in a lexical simplification of texts module
Esculier, Christian. "Introduction à la tolérance sémantique : la prise en compte des exceptions dans le cadre du couplage des bases de données et des bases de connaissances." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333100.
Full textChardonnens, Anne. "La gestion des données d'autorité archivistiques dans le cadre du Web de données." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/315804/5/Contrat.pdf.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is the management of authority records for persons. The research was conducted in an archival context in transition, which was marked by the evolution of international standards of archival description and a shift towards the application of knowledge graphs. The aim of this thesis is to explore how the archival sector can benefit from the developments concerning Linked Data in order to ensure the sustainable management of authority records. Attention is not only devoted to the creation of the records and how they are made available but also to their maintenance and their interlinking with other resources.The first part of this thesis addresses the state of the art of the developments concerning the international standards of archival description as well as those regarding the Wikibase ecosystem. The second part presents an analysis of the possibilities and limits associated with an approach in which the free software Wikibase is used. The analysis is based on an empirical study carried out with data of the Study and Documentation Centre War and Contemporary Society (CegeSoma). It explores the options that are available to institutions that have limited resources and that have not yet implemented Linked Data. Datasets that contain information of people linked to the Second World War were used to examine the different stages involved in the publication of data as Linked Open Data.The experiment carried out in the second part of the thesis shows how a knowledge base driven by software such as Wikibase streamlines the creation of multilingual structured authority data. Examples illustrate how these entities can then be reused and enriched by using external data in interfaces aimed at the general public. This thesis highlights the possibilities of Wikibase, particularly in the context of data maintenance, without ignoring the limitations associated with its use. Due to its empirical nature and the formulated recommendations, this thesis contributes to the efforts and reflections carried out within the framework of the transition of archival metadata.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Naoui, Mohamed. "Efficacité des manuels scolaires dans l’acquisition et la maitrise de la lecture sémantique en arabe langue étrangère : diagnostic et orientations pédagogiques avec la réalisation de corpus." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0324/document.
Full textIf we take the following definition literally: « Reading is understanding », Reading Comprehension thus, becomes the sole significant measure to take into account when we evaluate the capacity to read a text.Indeed, the students who learn Arabic are unable to master semantic reading at the end of their Lycée (High school) cycle. When we consider the results of their oral exams, we note that they decipher a text without really being able to introduce, explain and analyse it. They do not really understand its meaning. They often spend their time talking about it at a superficial level, without being able to nuance their explanations. In the end, they remain no more than novice readers who can only decipher! These difficulties can also be noted with their written exams, therefore affecting the oral and comprehension of the students who can speak the dialect as well as those who cannot.Yet, The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL) clearly recommends a totally fresh approach whose aim is to rethink the objectives and the teaching methods of foreign languages, and most of all, it sets a common basis for the conceptions of curricula. Indeed, the CEFRL considers that the teaching/learning of a foreign language must be done through media or textbooks that take into account not only the social and cultural background, but also the language itself in its evolution and in its diglossic reality, unlike what is unfortunately still too often the case in Arabic language textbooks, which are randomly devised according to a normative, orthographic and grammatical inspiration. In chapter 6 of the CEFRL, the requirement is on methodology and can be epitomized in two questions: “How can we acquire and learn a new foreign language? What can be done to facilitate the learning and acquisition process?”That is how, from 2005 onwards, how some language textbooks designers started to devise methods, books, toolboxes, which in their introduction parts claim that they are productions that comply with the recommendations of the CEFRL, and labelled them A1, A2. These language textbooks unfortunately keep considering the acquisition of the reading skills as a deciphering or decoding operation. They are presented according to a linguistic and grammatical progression without taking into account the fact that a number of our students not only belong to heterogeneous social and cultural backgrounds, and that many come to the Arabic class already speaking an Arabic dialect, with its multiple regional varieties.As for other course books, honourable efforts can indeed be observed. Some designers take into account the different dialectal varieties by integrating some dialectal references so as to reassure the students who speak a dialect about the existing and possible bridges between the different language levels and registers of Arabic, and to enable the learners who do not speak a dialect to use expressions that will be socially understandable and ready to be used in order to make them aware of the diglossic problems of Arabic.It is true that “Official Instructions” recommend that Arabic teachers should leave an important place to dialectal varieties and to communication, but unfortunately, a lot of course books simply ignore all that wealth, for they are guided by an all normative approach.We are convinced today that French students (of Arabic origin or not) are not taught the Arabic language the same way and with the same objectives, Arabic students from Morocco, Lebanon or Egypt are
Pauchet, Alexandre. "Modélisation cognitive d'interactions humainesdans un cadre de planification multi-agents." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125259.
Full textLes protocoles collectés au cours de cette expérimentation ont été analysés du point de vue de la planification et du point de vue des interactions. Ainsi, un modèle de la planification humaine et un modèle de l'interaction humaine ont pu être conçus.
Ces deux modèles sont intégrés de façon homogène à une nouvelle architecture d'agent appelée BDIGGY. Parmi les modèles d'agents existants, le modèle BDI (Belief, Desire, Intention) offre un cadre intéressant pour la conception d'agents délibératifs capables de planifier et
d'interagir selon leurs états mentaux. Ainsi, l'architecture BDIGGY est née d'une fusion entre le système IGGY (un système pré-existant de planification humaine) et une architecture BDI étendue à la résolution coopérative de problèmes.
Le modèle de l'interaction humaine introduit dans BDIGGY est sur deux niveaux :
1. il s'appuie sur la théorie des actes de langage pour modéliser les énoncés, à l'aide d'un ensemble de performatives (comme c'est le cas dans les ACL classiques) appliquées à des états mentaux ;
2. il utilise un modèle du discours, représenté par des automates temporisés, pour décrire la dynamique des conversations humaines, en remplacement des protocoles de communication jugés trop rigides.
Les niveaux de l'énoncé et du discours sont liés par une sémantique des performatives. Cette sémantique décrit les pré-conditions et les post-conditions portant sur les états mentaux des agents, à la réception et à l'envoi de messages.
Dans BDIGGY, l'interaction, la planification et les connaissances s'entrelacent grâce auxconcepts BDI.
L'architecture BDIGGY est validée en comparant au cours d'un test "à la Turing", les protocoles expérimentaux provenant de l'expérimentation psychologique et les protocoles générés par des agents BDIGGY, durant une simulation de la résolution du problème.
Defresne, Michèle. "L' expression de la faible quantité en latin : parvum, paulum, pauci, dans le cadre de la théorie de l'argumentation dans la langue d'O. Ducrot." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA040055.
Full textDelmas, Rémi. "Un cadre formel pour la modélisation et la vérification compositionnelles et hétérogènes des systèmes avioniques modulaires intégrés." École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ESAE0011.
Full textGuérin, Clément. "Proposition d'un cadre pour l'analyse automatique, l'interprétation et la recherche interactive d'images de bande dessinée." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS024/document.
Full textSince the beginning of the twenty-first century, the cultural industry, both in France and worldwide, has been through a massive and historical mutation. They have had to adapt to the emerging digital technology represented by the Internet and the new handheld devices such as smartphones and tablets. Although some industries successfully transfered a piece of their activity to the digital market and are about to find a sound business model, the comic books industry keeps looking for the right solution and has not yet produce anything as convincing as the music or movie offers. While many new young authors and writers use their creativity to produce specifically digital designed pieces of art, some other minds are focused on the preservation and the development of the already existing heritage. So far, efforts have been concentrated on the transfer from printed to digital support, with a special attention given to their specific features and how they can be used to create new reading conventions. There has also been some concerns about the content indexing, which is a hard task regarding the large amount of data created since the very beginning of the comics history. From a scientific point of view, there are several issues related to these goals. First, it implies to be able to identify the underlying structure of a comic books page. This comes through the extraction of the page's components, their validation and their correction based on the representation and reasoning capacities of two ontologies. The first one focus on the representation of the image analysis concepts and the second one represents the comic books domain knowledge. Secondly, a special attention is given to the semantic enhancement of the extracted elements, based on their spatial relations to each others and on their own characteristics. These annotations can be related to elements only (e.g. the position of a panel in the reading sequence), or to the bound between several elements (e.g. the text pronounced by a character)
Sene, Abib. "Sémiotique de l'espace et sémantique du discours littéraire dans les oeuvres de Ngugi wa Thiong'o, George Lamming et William Boyd." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR2030/document.
Full textAfrican, Caribbean, and English societies, in spite of the fact that they share common features, remain different in their profile on the grounds of the particularities of the physical spaces that witness their expressions and the specific goals they target within historical, cultural, political and economic data that form out their social stratification. In this way, it becomes important, as a main idea of this work, to put on surface the intrinsic link between space and discourse. A semiotic analysis of literary space in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s, George Lamming’s and William Boyd’s works has led to a concluding argument which highlights social and political realities. Read through a semiotic stand, the nomenclature of these events and realities root their meaning in communicating scenarios which portray pragmatic aspects. Levels of language and nature of messages help to observe some logic of positions and transformations that imply continuity and discontinuity dimensions. What affects to the literary message an anthropological account narrated into a framework of interactions that articulate a totalizing significance
Golden, Boris. "A unified formalism for complex systems architecture." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/82/71/07/PDF/phd.pdf.
Full textComplex industrial systems are typically artificial objects designed by men, involving a huge number of heterogeneous components (e. G. Hardware, software, or human organizations) working together to perform a mission. In this thesis, we are interested in modeling the functional behavior of such systems, and their integration. We will model real systems as functional black boxes (with an internal state), whose structure and behaviors can be described by the recursive integration of heterogeneous smaller subsystems. Our purpose is to give a unified and minimalist semantics for heterogeneous integrated systems and their integration
Buzon, Laurent. "Contribution à la structuration des échanges de connaissances dans le cadre de relations de collaboration dans les chaînes logistiques." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00147393.
Full textGrosjean, Julien. "Modélisation, réalisation et évaluation d'un portail multi-terminologique multi-discipline, multi-lingue (3M) dans le cadre de la Plateforme d'Indexation Régionale (PlaIR)." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES028.
Full textGolden, Boris. "Un formalisme unifié pour l'architecture des systèmes complexes." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00827107.
Full textHachicha, Maroua. "Un modèle de prise de décision basé sur la performace des procesus métiers collaboratifs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2028.
Full textThis thesis focuses on improving the performance evaluation of collaborative business processes. It is about pursuing the evolution of the collaboration between the company and its partners. In the beginning, three abstraction levels were identified: Business, functional and application. Then, we developed a top-down approach from the business level to the application level. In the business level, different key performance indicators have been proposed through the ECOGRAI method. In the application level, we proposed an analytical repository containing functional technical indicators such as duration, input, output, and non-functional, including maturity, risk, and interoperability based on execution traces. We have thus proposed an ontological model in order to capitalize and enrich the semantics of the performance of these processes. We proposed a bottom-up model for the aggregation of technical indicators at the business level. The main objective of this aggregation is the correlation between the behavior of the aggregated business application from the execution and the evolution of the business indicators. Another business event management model was also proposed to consolidate the learning process of our approach. Moreover, to ensure the convergence of performance, we have combined traces management and business event management. This combination allows to accompany the evolution of the collaborative business processes during their execution. The aforementionedaccompaniment favors the obtaining of a diagnosis on performance to be used for decision-making. The latter is closely linked to the detection of alerts and particularly to the anticipation of deviations in performance as quickly as possible. To validate the scientific contribution of this thesis, a case study was carried out on a process of creation of quote within the framework of the European project FITMAN
Bernier-Colborne, Gabriel. "Aide à l'identification de relations lexicales au moyen de la sémantique distributionnelle et son application à un corpus bilingue du domaine de l'environnement." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18474.
Full textIdentifying semantic relations is one of the main tasks involved in terminology work. This task, which aims to establish links between terms whose meanings are related, can be assisted by computational methods, including those based on distributional semantics. These methods estimate the semantic similarity of words based on corpus data, which can help terminologists identify semantic relations. The quality of the results produced by distributional methods depends on several decisions that must be made when applying them, such as choosing a model and selecting its parameters. In turn, these decisions depend on various factors related to the target application, such as the types of semantic relations one wishes to identify. These can include typical paradigmatic relations such as (near-)synonymy (e.g. preserve -> protect), but also other relations such as syntactic derivation (e.g. preserve -> preservation). This dissertation aims to further the development of a methodological framework based on distributional semantics for the identification of semantic relations using specialized corpora. To this end, we investigate how various aspects of terminology work must be accounted for when selecting a distributional semantic model and its parameters, as well as those of the method used to query the model. These aspects include the descriptive framework, the target relations, the part of speech of the terms being described, and the language (in this case, French or English). Our results show that two of the relations that distributional semantic models capture most accurately are (near-)synonymy and syntactic derivation. However, the models that produce the best results for these two relations are very different. Thus, the target relations are an important factor to consider when choosing a model and tuning it to obtain the most accurate results. Another factor that should be considered is the part of speech of the terms that are being worked on. Among other things, our results suggest that relations between verbs are not captured as accurately as those between nouns or adjectives by distributional semantic models. The descriptive framework used for a given project is also an important factor to consider. In this work, we compare two descriptive frameworks, one based on lexical semantics and another based on frame semantics. Our results show that terms that evoke the same semantic frame are not captured as accurately as certain semantic relations, such as synonymy. We show that this is due to (at least) two reasons: a high percentage of frame-evoking terms are verbs, and the models that capture syntactic derivation most accurately are very different than those that work best for typical paradigmatic relations such as synonymy. In summary, we evaluate two different distributional semantic models, we analyze the influence of their parameters, and we investigate how this influence varies with respect to various aspects of terminology work. We show many examples of distributional neighbourhoods, which we explore using graphs, and discuss sources of noise. This dissertation thus provides important guidelines for the use of distributional semantic models for terminology work.
Jridi, Jamel Eddine. "L'ingénierie des documents d'affaires dans le cadre du web sémantique." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11934.
Full textIn this thesis, we present the problems of business document exchanges. We propose a methodology to adapt the XML-based business standards for the Semantic Web technologies by mapping documents defined on DTD or XML Schema to an ontological representation in OWL 2. Next, we propose an approach based on formal concept analysis techniques to regroup the ontology classes sharing some semantics to improve the quality, readability and the representation of the ontology. Finally, we propose ontology alignment to determine the semantic links between heterogeneous business ontologies generated by the transformation process to help entreprises to communicate fruitfully.
Ghazzawi, Nizar. "Du terme prédicatif au cadre sémantique : méthodologie de compilation d'une ressource terminologique pour les termes arabes de l'informatique." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16028.
Full textThe description of terms in traditional terminological resources is limited to certain details, such as the term (which is usually a noun), its definition, and its equivalent. This description seldom takes into account other details, which can be of high importance for the users, especially if they consult resources to enhance their knowledge of the domain, to improve professional writing, or to find contexts where the term is realized. The information that might be useful includes the description of the actantial structure of the terms, contexts from authentic resources and the inclusion of other parts of speech such as verbs. Verbs and deverbal nouns, or predicative terminological units (PTUs), which are often ignored by traditional terminology, are of great importance especially for expressing actions, processes or events. But the description of these units requires a model of terminological description that takes into account their special features. Some terminologists (Condamines 1993, Mathieu-Colas 2002, Gross et Mathieu-Colas 2001 et L’Homme 2012, 2015) proposed description models based on different theoretical frameworks. Our research consists of proposing a methodology of terminological description of PTUs of the Arabic language, in particular Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), according to the theory of Frame Semantics of Fillmore (1976, 1977, 1982, 1985) and its application, the FrameNet project (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010). The specialized domain in which we are interested is computing. In our research, we compiled a corpus that we collected from online material and we based our method on an existing online terminological resource called the DiCoInfo (L’Homme 2008) in our pursuit to compile our own. Our objectives are the following. First, we will lay the foundations of an MSA version of the aforementioned resource. This version has its own features: 1) we target specific units, namely verbal and deverbal PTUs; 2) the developed methodology for the compilation of the original DiCoInfo should be adapted to take into account a Semitic language. Afterwards, we will create a framed version of this resource. In this version, we organize the PTUs in semantic frames according to the model of FrameNet. Since this frame version has a multilingual dimension, we add English and French PTUs to the resource. Our methodology consists of automatically extracting the verbal and nominal terminological units (VTUs and NTUs) such as Ham~ala (حمل) (download). To do this, we integrated the MSA to an existing automatic extractor, TermoStat (Drouin 2004). Then, with the help of terminological validation criteria, we validate the terminological status of the candidates. After the validation, we create terminological files with an XML editor for each VTU and NTU. These files contain elements, such as the actantial structure of the PTUs and up to 20 annotated contexts. The last step consists of creating semantic frames from the MSA PTUs. We also associate English and French PTUs to the created frames. This association resulted in the creation of a second terminological resource called “DiCoInfo: A Framed Version”. In this resource, the PTUs that share the same semantic features and actantial structures are organized in semantic frames. For example, the semantic frame Product_development groups PTUs such as Taw~ara (طور) (develop), to develop and développer. As a result of our methodology, we obtained a total of 106 PTUs in MSA compiled in the MSA version of DiCoInfo and 57 semantic frames associated to these units in the framed version. Our research shows that the MSA can be described using the methodology that we set up.
Berrut, Catherine. "Indexation des données multimedia, utilisation dans le cadre d'un système de recherche d'informations." Phd thesis, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004920.
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