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Journal articles on the topic 'Semi-grain'
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1
B. S. Hari et al.,, B. S. Hari et al ,. "Semi Automated Grain and Copra Collector." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun202061.
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Liu, Xiao Mei, Zheng Liu, and Yong Mei Hu. "Research on Effect of La on Microstructure in Semi-Solid A356 Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.693.
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Semi-solid A356 alloy slurry grain-refined by Al-La master alloy is prepared by low superheat pouring. The effects of La on the morphology and size of primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy are researched. The results indicate that the semi-solid A356 alloy slurry with particle-like and rosette-like primary grains can be prepared by low superheat pouring. The size and morphology of the primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy are markedly improved by La. The refining mechanism of La on the morphology and size of the primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy is delved. The eutectic reaction of Al-La binary alloy provides the effective nuclei for formation of the primary grains in semi-solid A356 alloy.
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Zhang, Xiongchao, Lei Chen, Han Xiao, Yuhang Zhou, Hao Chen, and Zhike Duan. "The Effect of CRITSIMA Process Parameters on the Microstructure Evolution and Element Segregation of Semi-Solid CuSn10P1 Alloy Billet." Metals 12, no. 3 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030487.
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In this paper, based on the as-cast CuSn10P1 alloy. Semi-solid CuSn10P1 alloy billet was prepared by cold-rolled isothermal treatment strain-induced melting activation (CRITSIMA). The effects of cold-rolling reduction, isothermal temperature, and isothermal time on the microstructure of semi-solid copper alloy billet were studied by metallographic microscope and Image-Pro Plus software. The changes of primary elements in as-cast and semi-solid microstructure were analyzed briefly by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that with the increase of cold rolling reduction, the average grain diameter of semi-solid microstructure decreases gradually, the average grain roundness increases first and then decreases, and the liquid fraction of the microstructure remains unchanged. During semi-solid isothermal treatment, with the increase of isothermal temperature and the extension of isothermal time, the average grain diameter increases gradually, the average grain roundness increases first and then decreases, and the liquid fraction increases gradually. When cold rolling reduction is 30%, isothermal temperature is 900 ℃, and isothermal time is 20 min, a better microstructure can be obtained. The average grain diameter, average grain roundness, and liquid fraction of semi-solid alloy billet are 66.45 μm, 0.71, and 12.78%, respectively. Sn and P diffuse from the intergranular liquid to the grain inside during the isothermal treatment from as-cast to semi-solid.
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Koivisto, J. M., L. R. Benjamin, G. P. F. Lane, and W. P. Davies. "Forage potential of semi-leafless grain peas." Grass and Forage Science 58, no. 2 (2003): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00368.x.
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Chen, Yongnan, Yazhou Huo, Yongqing Zhao, Zhiping Sun, and Fan Bai. "Research on the Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Ti-7Cu Alloy after Semi-Solid Forging." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 6 (2016): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0014.
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AbstractThe present work is focused on the development of microstructure of Ti-7Cu alloy as a function of forging temperature and forging ratio in semi-solid state and the influence of resulting microstructure on the mechanical properties. The experimental results showed that the dynamic recrystallization occurred during semi-solid forging and the grain refinement was attained which is considered to be favorable for improving the semi-solid formability. The grain size increased with forging temperature and decreased with forging ratio. Forging temperature has a significant effect on the precipitation behavior in grain boundary regions during the semi-solid processing. More acicular-Ti2Cu tended to precipitate in grain boundary regions with higher forging temperature and finally formed precipitates zones adjacent to grain boundaries after forged at 1,100°C. High ultimate tensile strengths and low elongation have been achieved after semi-solid forging. The strength and hardness decreased with increase of forging temperature, while the ductility increased with increase of forging ratio. The relative contributions of tensile properties were attributed to the varieties of grain size and the distribution of Ti2Cu precipitates obtained by semi-solid forging.
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Zhang, Ying, Jin Hua Xu, Shui Sheng Xie, Mao Peng Geng, Hong Min Guo, and Hai Bo Zhao. "Effect of Annealing on Microstructure and Properties for Semi-Solid Magnesium Strips." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.581.
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The experiment of the roll-casting for semi-solid AZ91D magnesium was carried out on the equipment made by ourselves in our laboratory. Parameters of annealing process and the effect of annealing temperature on structure and hardness of semi-solid magnesium were investigated. It was shown that annealing process can improve the structure and properties of roll-casting strips for semi-solid magnesium. In addition, it can relieve the eutectic structure segregation and make β-Mg17Al12 phase precipitate from primary α-Mg grain, which can cause dispersion strengthening process when the annealing temperature is about 420°C. With the increasing of annealing temperature, semi-solid primary α-Mg grain boundary become obscure gradually, grain growth is indistinct and β-Mg17Al12 phase is precipitated from the inner α-Mg grain. However, the aberrated eutectic α-Mg grain for non-equilibrium solidification increase continuously and separate gradually from β-Mg17Al12 phase, which makes the β-Mg17Al12 phase connect together and distribute on the α-Mg grain boundary closely approaching the equilibrium solidification structure. Hardness in eutectic structure area is higher than primary α-Mg grain. With the increasing of annealing temperature, hardness in eutectic structure area will increase and then decrease, when the temperature is over 400°C, the hardness will increase again, but hardness of primary α-Mg grain nearly unchanged. Keywords: casting-rolling; anneal; semi-solid; magnesium alloy; microstructure
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Kawasaki, Masahiro, and Takashi Yamazaki. "Grain Boundary Observation of Semi-conducting Ceramic Material." Materia Japan 40, no. 12 (2001): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.40.1037.
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Николаев, В. А. "GRAIN UNLOADING FROM UNIVERSAL SEMI-AUTOMATIC ROTARY DRYER." Vestnik APK Verhnevolzh`ia, no. 4(60) (December 27, 2022): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35694/yarcx.2022.60.4.012.
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Большие финансовые затраты на сушку обусловлены как дороговизной сушильно-сортировальных комплексов, так и ограниченным периодом их эксплуатации в течение года. Чтобы использовать сушилку в течение всего года, она должна быть универсальной, то есть качественно сушить без существенной переналадки все материалы и изделия сельскохозяйственного и подсобного производства. Так как конструкция предлагаемой полуавтоматической универсальной роторной сушилки имеет существенные отличия от сушилок, используемых в настоящее время, необходима разработка теории выгрузки зерна из неё. В результате анализа воздействия зерна на выгрузной транспортёр полуавтоматической роторной сушилки выявлен общий вращающий момент, необходимый для привода транспортёра выгрузки. Large financial costs for drying are due to both the high cost of drying and sorting complexes, and the limited period of their operation during the year. In order to use the dryer throughout the year it must be universal, that is, it must dry reliably all materials and products of agricultural and subsidiary production without significant readjustment. Since the design of the proposed semi-automatic universal rotary dryer has significant differences from the dryers currently in use, it is necessary to develop a theory for unloading grain from it. As a result of the analysis of the grain effect on the unloading conveyor of the semi-automatic rotary dryer, the total torque required to drive the unloading conveyor was revealed.
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Sitar, Michael C., and Ryan J. Leary. "Technical note: colab_zirc_dims: a Google Colab-compatible toolset for automated and semi-automated measurement of mineral grains in laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry images using deep learning models." Geochronology 5, no. 1 (2023): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-109-2023.
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Abstract. Collecting grain measurements for large detrital zircon age datasets is a time-consuming task, but a growing number of studies suggest such data are essential to understanding the complex roles of grain size and morphology in grain transport and as indicators for grain provenance. We developed the colab_zirc_dims Python package to automate deep-learning-based segmentation and measurement of mineral grains from scaled images captured during laser ablation at facilities that use Chromium targeting software. The colab_zirc_dims package is implemented in a collection of highly interactive Jupyter notebooks that can be run either on a local computer or installation-free via Google Colab. These notebooks also provide additional functionalities for dataset preparation and for semi-automated grain segmentation and measurement using a simple graphical user interface. Our automated grain measurement algorithm approaches human measurement accuracy when applied to a manually measured n=5004 detrital zircon dataset. Errors and uncertainty related to variable grain exposure necessitate semi-automated measurement for production of publication-quality measurements, but we estimate that our semi-automated grain segmentation workflow will enable users to collect grain measurement datasets for large (n≥5000) applicable image datasets in under a day of work. We hope that the colab_zirc_dims toolset allows more researchers to augment their detrital geochronology datasets with grain measurements.
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Wen, Dong Hui, Xun Lv, and Ju Long Yuan. "Theoretical Research and Verification on the Porosity of Semi-Fixed Abrasive Tool." Key Engineering Materials 416 (September 2009): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.416.411.
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Semi-fixed abrasive tool is a new developed grinding wheel which can adjust abrasive grain near the workpiece-abrasive interface according to the situation of the hard and large grits, damaged surface layer generated by the scratch or crack could be decreased when using semi-fixed wheel. Porosity, one of the most important parameters to evaluate trap effect, was studied based on the analysis of uniform scratch and it’s effect on the polishing time, contact models between circle abrasive grain, line boundary and circle boundary were deduced to investigate the relations between engagement depth and the ratio of normal force to normal elastic stiffness. Theoretical research results show that semi-fixed grinding wheel should be conditioned after it’s compaction for the boundary between abrasive grain and line boundary is unstable, the contact status is stable for internal abrasive grain, predicted porosity value agree well with that measured in the experiment, the shear strength of semi-fixed abrasive tool can meet the demand of lapping and polishing processes.
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Schipper, Lidewij, Sebastian Tims, Eva Timmer, Julia Lohr, Maryam Rakhshandehroo, and Louise Harvey. "Grain versus AIN: Common rodent diets differentially affect health outcomes in adult C57BL/6j mice." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (2024): e0293487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293487.
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Semi-synthetic and grain-based diets are common rodent diets for biomedical research. Both diet types are considered nutritionally adequate to support breeding, growth, and long life, yet there are fundamental differences between them that may affect metabolic processes. We have characterized the effects of diet type on breeding outcomes, metabolic phenotype, and microbiota profile in adult mice. Healthy 8-week-old female and male C57BL/6J mice were fed a semi-synthetic or a grain-based diet for 12 weeks and changes in body weight and body composition were monitored. Breeding outcomes were determined. Body fat accumulation of female mice was lower on the semi-synthetic diet than on the grain-based diet. Pregnancy rate and newborn pup survival appeared to be lower in mice exposed to semi-synthetic diet compared to grain-based diet. Both female and male mice showed a profound change in fecal microbiota alpha and beta diversity depending on diet type. Our study shows that type of rodent diet may affect breeding outcomes whilst influencing metabolism and health of female laboratory mice. These factors have the potential to influence other experimental outcomes and the results suggest that semi-synthetic and grain-based diets are not interchangeable in research using rodent models. Careful consideration and increased understanding of the consequences of diet choice would lead to improvements in experimental design and reproducibility of study results.
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Flemings, M. C., and R. Andy Martinez. "Principles of Microstructural Formation in Semi-Solid Metal Processing." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.1.
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The essential first step in semi-solid forming is to obtain a high grain density during the initial stages of solidification of an alloy melt. This is usually done by a combination of cooling and convection. If the grain density is too low, the resulting structure is one of conventional coarse dendrites, unsuitable for semi-solid forming. At higher grain densities, fine dendrites grow that can be coarsened to a spheroidal structure in a short enough time to be of practical interest for semi-solid forming. If the initial grain density is still higher, the grains grow in a fully spheroidal manner. Thus there are two distinctly different paths to formation of the desired structure: 1) coarsening of fine dendrites, and 2) direct spheroidal growth. We are beginning to understand quantitatively the conditions necessary to form spheroids in these two different ways.
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Yan, Hong, and Fa Yun Zhang. "Microstructural Evolution of Semi-Solid AZ61 Magnesium Alloy during Reheating Process." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.275.
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The microstructural evolution of AZ61 semi-solid magnesium alloy during semi-solid remelting process was studied in this paper. The semi-solid billet was fabricated by strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) method. The results showed that the initial semi-solid grains melt mainly through coalescence. With the prolongation of isothermal holding time, the grains grew up and spheroidized, in which the mean diameter of grain and liquid volume fraction increased. In the meantime, the higher the holding temperature, the faster the grain grew and spheroidized. The suitable reheating temperature of AZ61 semi-solid magnesium alloy was 592. The samples were susceptible to serious deformation beyond 597.
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Zhao, Yong Qing, J. F. Wei, Wei Lu Wu, and P. Guo. "Research on Semi-Solid Deformation and Forging Behavior of Ti14 Alloy." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1373.
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Titanium and its alloys are widely used in industries due to their excellent comprehensive properties. However, their high-cost limits their applications in civil, therefore the research on low cost titanium technology is necessary. In the present study, the semi-solid deformation behavior of Ti14 burn resistant alloy was investigated. The results indicated that Ti2Cu melting phases within grains and at grain boundaries grow to form coarse grain boundaries and network structures during Ti14 alloy semi-solid deformation. Its microstructure was coarse and the grain boundary was wide after semi-solid forging, leading to low plasticity at room temperature. Recrystallizing heat treatment leads to fine microstructure, which is similar to that of conventional forging, resulting in improvement of tensile mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of semi-solid forging are similar to that of conventional one at high temperature.
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Cui, Lei, Linyuan Xu, Huihui Wang, et al. "Evaluation of Dual-Purpose Triticale: Grain and Forage Productivity and Quality Under Semi-Arid Conditions." Agronomy 15, no. 4 (2025): 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040881.
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Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) is a valuable dual-purpose crop due to its adaptability to marginal environments and its potential for both high-quality grain and forage production. However, a comprehensive evaluation of its forage quality characteristics and agronomic performances is still needed. This study evaluated the grain and forage yield potentials and nutritional compositions of 11 triticale genotypes over two consecutive years in a semi-arid region located in Shanxi province, China. Forage quality was assessed using several key parameters, including nutrient composition, fiber digestibility, mineral content, and energy density, while grain quality parameters, including nutrient composition as well as carbohydrate and fiber characteristics, were also analyzed. Significant genetic variation was observed in these traits, indicating the influence of genotype–environment interactions on these traits. The tested genotypes exhibited grain yields ranging from 4.83 to 6.92 t ha−1 and fresh forage biomass yields between 20.06 and 29.78 t ha−1, demonstrating their potential for sustainable forage and grain production under semi-arid conditions. Genotypes from our breeding programs, including Shengnongsicao 1 and Jinsicao 1, demonstrated superior adaptability, maintaining stable forage and grain yield potentials under adverse conditions. Their favorable nutritional characteristics further enhance their suitability for semi-arid livestock systems. High levels of essential minerals, particularly calcium and potassium, further enhanced the nutritional value of these genotypes. These results provide valuable insights for triticale breeding programs and suggest triticale’s potential as a reliable crop in semi-arid regions, where maximizing land productivity is essential.
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Zhao, Hai Yue, Da Quan Li, Min Luo, Stephen P. Midson, and Qiang Zhu. "Impact of Intensification Pressure and Grain Refiner on the Hot Tearing Susceptibility of a Semi-Solid Cast Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.283.
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The commercial application of wrought aluminum alloys to semi-solid casting would be extremely beneficial, as wrought alloys often exhibit better strength-ductility combinations than cast aluminum alloys. Semi-solid casting typically reduces the hot tearing tendency, as it requires a globular microstructure and produces grain refinement, but hot tearing often still occurs during the semi-solid die casting of complex-shaped components produced from wrought alloys. This study examined the impact of intensification pressure and grain refinement on the hot tearing tendency of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Semi-solid slurries were produced using the SEED (Swirled Equilibrium Enthalpy Device) process. A specially designed constrained rod mold was used to evaluate hot tearing. Results showed the tendency for hot tearing decreased with increasing of intensification pressure. Grain refinement (with 0.06Ti) was also found to be beneficial to the elimination of hot tearing.
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ANNICCHIARICO, P., Z. ABDELLAOUI, M. KELKOULI, and H. ZERARGUI. "Grain yield, straw yield and economic value of tall and semi-dwarf durum wheat cultivars in Algeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 1 (2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605004855.
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In cereal-livestock farming systems of North Africa and West Asia the straw of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp. turgidum conv. durum (Desf.) MacKey] is frequently used for feeding animals during the dry season and may enhance the sustainability and the flexibility of farming in various respects. In Algeria the average sale price per unit weight of the durum straw is around 30% of that of grain. Six tall and 18 semi-dwarf locally well-adapted cultivars were grown in the season 2000/01 at five Algerian locations representing the main durum wheat cropping areas to verify: (i) the impact of straw yield on the economic merit of cultivars for recommendation and (ii) the interest of tall v. semi-dwarf plant types for breeding. The tall material comprised four cultivars derived from local landraces and two old varieties. The semi-dwarf germplasm originated from CIMMYT, ICARDA or various Mediterranean countries. In the economic assessment the straw value was expressed in terms of grain-equivalent, defining an economic yield as: grain yield+(0·30×straw yield). The merit of individual cultivars was markedly affected by ignoring or taking into account the straw yield. On average, tall germplasm had a moderate (about 3%) but significant (P<0·02) economic advantage over semi-dwarf material as a result of much higher straw yield (+25%) and aerial biomass (+12%) and somewhat lower grain yield (−7%). However, three semi-dwarf varieties from CIMMYT were top-ranking for economic yield. They possessed outstanding aerial biomass and similar harvest index compared with the mean response of other semi-dwarf germplasm. On average, the tall germplasm showed higher grain yield stability (P<0·01), lower straw yield stability (P<0·01) and slightly higher stability of economic yield (P<0·11) than the semi-dwarf group as measured by Shukla's stability variance. Grain yield was negatively correlated with straw yield (r=−0·41, P<0·05), and was not correlated with aerial biomass, in the whole set of cultivars. However, it was not correlated with straw yield, and was positively correlated with aerial biomass (r=0·61, P<0·01), within the semi-dwarf germplasm. Information on straw yield can improve the targeting of cultivars for cereal-livestock farming systems. Breeding for these systems may target either a tall type within semi-dwarf material (i.e. a ‘tall dwarf’), or a truly tall plant type.
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CURLE, U. A., and G. GOVENDER. "Semi-solid rheocasting of grain refined aluminum alloy 7075." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20 (September 2010): s832—s836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60590-0.
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Wang, Yong Fei, Sheng Dun Zhao, Chao Chen, Peng Dong, and Peng Zhang. "Microstructural Evolution of ZL104 Aluminum Alloy Semi-Solid Billet Fabricated by RAP Process." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.234.
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In this study, ZL104 aluminum alloy supplied in cold rolled state was introduced in recrystallization and partial melting (RAP) process to fabricate semi-solid billets. During the RAP process, samples cut from cold rolled ZL104 aluminum plate were heated to different semi-solid temperatures, and the effects of isothermal treatment parameters on the microstructures of semi-solid billets were investigated. Results showed that, with the increase of isothermal holding temperature and time, both the average grain size and the shape factor were increased. Namely, the shape of solid grain was more and more spherical, but the size of solid grain was larger and larger, which may be not suitable for semi-solid forming. The size of liquid droplets was increased while the number of liquid droplets was decreased with increasing the isothermal holding temperature and time. Microstructural coarsening of solid grain were attributed to coalescence and Ostwald ripening mechanisms, however, the latter one played a more and more important role with the increase of isothermal holding time and temperature. Additionally, The optimal isothermal holding temperature and time are 570 °C and 5 min, respectively, and the coarsening rate constant is 1357.2 μm3/s at 570 °C.
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Reddy, M. D., M. M. Panda, B. C. Ghosh, and B. B. Reddy. "Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen concentration in grain and straw of rice under semi-deepwater conditions (51–100 cm)." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 1 (1988): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079685.
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SummaryUnder conditions of semi-deep water (51–100 cm) rice varieties with greater plant height produced more dry matter and grain yield as N fertilizer was increased from 0 to 20 and 40 kg/ha. The varieties which performed better in a situation of slow rise in water level to a depth of 120 cm could not survive a quick rise in water level owing to their lesser plant height and elongation ability. The loss of dry matter (dead and dried leaves) was also greater in varieties susceptible to deep water than varieties tolerant of deep water.With the increase in N fertilizer, there was increase in plant height, number of tillers, dry-matter production and grain yield. The loss of dry matter was less in crops given N fertilizer than in those not given N fertilizer. The varieties capable of producing higher grain yield in response to N fertilizer under semi-deep water did not improve their grain yield under intermediate deep water (15–50 cm). With increase in application of N fertilizer from 0 to 40 kg/ha the N concentration in grain increased. N concentration did not vary in straw under intermediate deep water, there was no definite trend in semi-deep water, and it was higher under conditions of semi-deep than intermediate deep water.
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KUMAR, B. N. ARAVINDA, S. N. AZAM-ALI, J. W. SNAPE, R. M. WEIGHTMAN, and M. J. FOULKES. "Relationships between carbon isotope discrimination and grain yield in winter wheat under well-watered and drought conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 3 (2010): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000730.
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SUMMARYThe association of carbon isotope discrimination of grain (Δ13C) with yield performance under rain-fed and well-watered conditions was analysed using a doubled-haploid (DH) winter wheat population, derived from the cross between cvars Beaver×Soissons, within field experiments at two site-seasons. The aim of this work was to quantify associations between Δ13C and yield responses to drought and to test effects of major genes (the semi-dwarf genes, Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, an awn suppressor gene, B1 and the 1BL.1RS wheat–rye chromosome translocation) segregating in the population for associations with Δ13C and drought performance. Carbon isotope discrimination, through its negative relationship with transpiration efficiency, may be used as a surrogate for this trait. Grain Δ13C was positively associated with grain yield under both irrigated and unirrigated conditions in each site-season and, overall, explained 0·34 of the phenotypic variation in grain yield amongst DH lines under drought and 0·14 under well-watered conditions. There was a positive association between specific leaf lamina N content (SLN) at anthesis and Δ13C under drought amongst DH lines in one site-season, suggesting higher SLN may confer increased stomatal conductance via higher photosynthetic capacity, hence increased grain Δ13C. Overall the Rht-D1b (semi-dwarf) lines had slightly higher Δ13C of grain (20·0‰) than the Rht-B1a/Rht-D1a (tall) group of lines (19·8‰). There were no significant differences between the Rht-B1b (semi-dwarf) or the Rht-B1b/Rht-D1b (dwarf) lines and the tall lines. Comparing their performance under irrigated and unirrigated conditions, the Rht groups of lines (Rht-B1b semi-dwarf, Rht-D1b semidwarf and dwarf and tall groups) responded no differently to drought for Δ13C. The Rht-D1b semi-dwarf lines had higher grain yield (9·50 t/ha) than the tall lines (8·76 t/ha), while the yield of the Rht-B1b semi-dwarf and dwarf lines did not differ significantly from the tall lines. In each site-season, the presence of the 1BL.1RS chromosome increased grain Δ13C (P<0·001), with an overall increase from 19·7‰ in the 1B lines to 20·0‰ in the 1BL.1RS lines (P<0·001). However, the 1BL.1RS and 1B lines responded similarly to drought. The effect of the presence/absence of awns on grain Δ13C was not statistically significant in either site-season. Overall, the present results show that Rht-D1b confers higher Δ13C and grain yield, and the 1BL.1RS translocation confers higher Δ13C. This implies that modern UK wheat cultivars may have lower water-use efficiency during the grain filling period than their predecessors, and therefore may require more water to fulfil their yield potential.
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Perera, Delwin, and Jochen Rohrer. "Semi-analytical approach to transport gaps in polycrystalline graphene." Nanoscale 13, no. 16 (2021): 7709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr00186h.
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We present a semi-analytical method to calculate strain-induced transport gap modulations in graphene polycrystals. Our method uses a physically intuitive picture of grain-to-grain transport via Dirac cones avoiding explicit transport calculations.
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Kovaleva, Olga, and Kseniia Lukina. "Characteristics of the Western European ecological group barley varieties in the North-Western region of the Russian Federation." BIO Web of Conferences 36 (2021): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213601025.
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In the North-West region, spring barley is the main grain fodder crop. The variety is an effective and most affordable means of increasing the harvest and quality of the grain. The studying selection material for breeding ensures success in the creation of new varieties. European varieties are characterized by resistance to powdery mildew, which is a limiting factor of breeding in the North-West region. This work aimed to find new sources of agrobiological valuable traits. In 2016-2018, which differed in weather conditions, 32 varieties of spring barley were studied on the field of the Pushkin Laboratory of VIR. As a result of studying a set of samples of the Western European ecological group, according to the main agrobiological valuable traits sources for breeding in the North-West region were identified: early maturing, semi-dwarf, large-grain variety – “Brucefield” (к-31555, parallelum, Germany); semi-dwarf, large-grain variety – “Brennus” (к-31331, nutans, France); middle-maturity, high-yielding, large-grain, semi-dwarf, resistant to lodging, with an adaptation coefficient more than 1 – “Niagara” (к-31334, nutans, France), “Tocada” (к-31341, deficiens, Germany), “Juhata” (к-31346, nutans, Germany), “KWS Alciana” (к-31348, nutans, Germany).
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Eagles, H. A., and D. B. Moody. "Using unbalanced data from a barley breeding program to estimate gene effects: the Ha2, Ha4, and sdw1 genes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 4 (2004): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03190.
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The effects of genes in self-pollinated crops are usually estimated from designed experiments where selection is minimised. In this study, we used a large, but unbalanced, dataset from a barley breeding program to estimate the effects of the Ha2, Ha4, and sdw1 genes on grain yield, grain weight, grain protein, malt extract, and diastatic power. The Ha2 and Ha4 genes for resistance to cereal cyst nematode were under intense selection pressure, whereas the sdw1 gene, which reduces plant height, was under mild selection pressure.From a mixed-model analysis of mainly F5-derived lines over 5 years, resistance due to the Ha2 gene was found to increase grain yields at 2 sites where the nematode was expected to be present, but not at 3 other sites. There was no significant effect of Ha4 on grain yield. Because of selection, data from later stages of evaluation were not useable for Ha2 or Ha4. From analyses of both early stage and later stages of evaluation, the semi-dwarf allele of the sdw1 gene increased grain yields at high-yielding sites, but decreased yields at low-yielding sites. The semi-dwarf allele reduced grain weight. The effects of Ha2 or Ha4 on malt extract and diastatic power were not significant, but the semi-dwarf allele at sdw1 reduced grain protein.We concluded that plant breeding data can be used to successfully estimate the effects of important genes, with bias due to selection minimised by the use of data from appropriate stages of selection and the use of appropriate statistical models.
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Kryukov, Andrey V., Aleksandr V. Arisov, Anton V. Vyatkin, Valentina A. Pomozova, and Alexey Yu Volkov. "Production Technology Development of Semi-Finished Products from Sprouted Wheat Grain and Its Practical Application in the Smoothie Composition." Food Industry 9, no. 3 (2024): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2500-1922-2024-9-3-4.
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Modern trends in the food industry target on nutritionally fortified food product development. The research concerns the development of a semi-finished product technology from sprouted wheat in catering establishments using a steam convection device for subsequent application to smoothies based on carrot juice with the sea buckthorn berries added. To obtain a semi-finished product, a man soaked and sprouted the grain until 1.8–2.0 mm seedlings appeared. The authors determined main parameters of soaking and germination (duration, grain-to-water ratio, wheat layer thickness) and wheat grain germination parameters (root length, humidity). They ground sprouted wheat grain to a homogeneous mass, packed in vacuum bags, treated with high pressure (HP technology) at a pressure of 3000 and 5500 MPa, exposure of 300 c and temperature (21 ± 3) °C to ensure shelf life. A man determined organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters in the manufactured semi-finished product; developed recipes for smoothies with sprouted wheat grain. When adding 15% of chopped sprouted grain, the fiber content in the apple– carrot–sea buckthorn smoothie was 2.7 g/100 g, in the apple–kiwi smoothie – 4.1 g/100 g, whereas in the control sample the fiber content was 1.1 and 2.0 g/100 g, consequently. The sprouted wheat grain use in smoothies is an effective way to increase the nutritional value of ready-made drinks, as well as to improve its organoleptic properties.
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Zhao, Yong Qing, Xue Dan Ma, Wei Lu Wu, Liang Feng, Hai Ying Yang, and Lanlan Yu. "Research on Semi-Solid Oxidation Behavior of Ti14 Alloy." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.569.
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The semi-solid oxidation behavior of Ti14 alloy was researched. The results show that the weigh gain increases obviously with the increasing of the semi-solid oxidation temperature. After semi-solid oxidation, the oxidation scales are only TiO2 and there are not any oxides of Cu. That is the result of the evaporation of CuO. The evaporation of CuO, which is over 1050°C, makes the weight grain happen to decrease. The oxidation layer consists of five regions. Because of the existence of the low-melting-point-phase (Ti2Cu), the melting grain boundaries become the preference walkway for the oxygen diffusion.
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Yamanaka, N., S. Sakane, and T. Takaki. "2D multi-phase-field lattice Boltzmann simulations of semi-solid shear deformation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1274, no. 1 (2023): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1274/1/012045.
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Abstract The deformation of solid–liquid coexistence regions strongly affects the formation of solidification defects in casting applications. Thus, understanding the mechanism of semi-solid deformation is crucial. This study used the multi-phase-field lattice Boltzmann model (MPF-LBM), which can simulate polycrystalline solidification with solid motion and liquid flow, to simulate two-dimensional semi-solid shear deformation with various grain shapes and solid fractions. It was concluded that the MPF-LBM could express the characteristic behaviors of semi-solid deformation, such as the Reynolds’ dilatancy and shear band, depending on the grain shape and solid fraction.
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Shimada, Chiaki, Kazuya G. Kobayashi, and Katsutoshi Ootsubo. "An Application for 3D Grain Generation Based on t-FFD." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 2 (2016): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0214.
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This study aims to generate grain forms on 3D models by applying Free Form Deformation (t-FFD). As the fully automated placement of grain patterns on curved surfaces tends to generate distorted grain patterns, we propose a method of semi-automatically placing grain patterns, based on simple inputs from the user, as well as of controlling the heights of grain patterns in real sizes in reference to the model sizes. The proposed method has proved to successful in placing the desired grain forms.
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CAREFOOT, J. M., C. W. LINDWALL, and M. NYBORG. "TILLAGE-INDUCED SOIL CHANGES AND RELATED GRAIN YIELD IN A SEMI-ARID REGION." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 2 (1990): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-022.
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Crop yields are affected by tillage-induced changes in soil chemical and physical parameters. This study was conducted to determine the tillage-induced soil changes and related grain yield and grain N concentration for two crop rotations in a semi-arid region. Soil physical and chemical properties were measured in winter wheat-barley-fallow and continuous wheat rotations under no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT). The field measurements were made in 1983 and 1984 on a Lethbridge loam and a Chin clay loam in a semi-arid region of Alberta. Soil moisture, temperature, bulk density and inorganic N were measured. The effects of tillage-induced soil changes on grain yield and grain N concentration were assessed. In 1983, at Lethbridge, tillage had no effect on grain yield. Grain yield was greater for NT than for CT crops in 1984, a year characterized by early summer drought. At Vauxhall, yield of NT crops was equal to or greater than that of CT crops except for barley in 1983, where volunteer winter wheat growth was a severe problem in the NT treatment. May soil temperatures (2-cm soil depth) for spring-seeded barley averaged 14.7 °C in the CT compared with 13.9 °C in the NT treatment. Inorganic N (0 to 30 cm) was not significantly affected by tillage in 1983, but in 1984 inorganic N was consistently greater in the CT than in the NT treatments at midseason and in the fall. The dominant effect on grain N concentration was an inverse relationship with grain yield. However, when grain yields were similar between tillage systems, greater inorganic N with the CT treatment was reflected in larger grain N concentrations for CT. Greater grain yield with NT than with CT at Lethbridge was associated with greater total soil water and improved seedbed moisture resulting in greater seed imbibition of water and plant emergence. At Vauxhall, tillage treatment did not significantly affect total soil water conservation, but greater grain yields with NT than with CT were attributed to improved plant emergence with NT. Conserving both seedbed moisture and total soil water by reducing tillage had beneficial effects on crop yield in this semi-arid region. Key words: No-till, conventional till, soil water, soil temperature, soil nitrogen
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Fu, Jin Long, Yu Wei Wang, Kai Kun Wang, and Xiao Wei Li. "Microstructure Evolution and Coarsening Mechanism of 7075 Semi-Solid Aluminum Alloy Pre-Deformed by ECAP Method." Solid State Phenomena 256 (September 2016): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.256.294.
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To investigate the influence of refined grains on the microstructure of 7075 aluminum alloy in semi-solid state, a new strain induced melting activation (SIMA) method was put forward containing two main stages: pre-deformation with equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method and isothermally holding in the semi-solid temperature range. The breaking up and growth mechanisms of the grains and kinetics of equiaxed grains coarsening during the semi-solid holding were investigated. The results showed that the average grain size after ECAP extrusion decreased significantly, e.g., microstructure with average globular diameter less than 5μm was achieved after four-pass ECAP extrusion. Obvious grain coarsening had been found during isothermal holding in the semi-solid state and the roundness of the grains increased with the increasing holding time. The proper microstructure of 66.8μm in diameter and 1.22 in shape factor was obtained under proper soaking condition (at 590°C for 15 min). Two coarsening mechanisms, namely, coalescence in lower liquid fraction and Ostwald ripening in higher liquid fraction contributed to the grain growth process.
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Tian, Wen Tong, H. Yang, and X. Cao. "Microstructural Evolution of 7A04 Alloy Prepared by FE-ECAE in Semi-Solid State." Key Engineering Materials 426-427 (January 2010): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.426-427.274.
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In the paper, forward extrusion-equal channel angular extrusion (FE-ECAE), which is new strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) method, is introduced in making semi-solid billet of 7A04 alloy. The principle of the method is that by using FE-ECAE as strain induced step and semi-solid isothermal treatment as melt activation step. The results show that semi-solid billet with highly spheroidal and homogeneous refined grains can be prepared by FE-ECAE method. The equivalent strain in FE-ECAE before reheating has a great influence on its microstructural evolution. Grain size decreases and its shape also approaches to sphericity with increasing equivalent strain. The main mechanism of the initial semi-solid grains coarsening was coalescence. With the prolongation of isothermal holding time, the grains grew up and spheroidized, in which the mean diameter of grain and liquid volume fraction increased. In the meantime, the higher the reheating temperature, the faster the grain grew and spheroidized. Subsequently, the main mechanism of grains coarsening was Ostwald ripening. The suitable reheating temperature of 7A04 alloy was 610°C.
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CARDOSO, MILTON JOSÉ, FRANCISCO DE BRITO MELO, and VALDENIR QUEIROZ RIBEIRO. "POPULATION DENSITY ON COWPEA CULTIVARS WITH DIFFERENT GROWTH HABITS IN THE MATOPIBA REGION." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 1 (2018): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n127rc.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the productive performance of cowpea cultivars with different growth habits as a function of population density in the MATOPIBA region, Brazil. The experiments were carried out in Magalhães de Almeida, MA in the agricultural season 2014/2015. The cultivars BRS Itaim, BRS Tumucumaque, and BRS Pajeú, which present an erect, semi-erect, and semi-prostrate growth habits, respectively, were assessed. For the erect and semi-erect cultivars, a total of 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 plants m−2 were used whereas for the semi-prostrate cultivar, a total of 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 plants m−2 were used. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications and treatments composed of plant densities. Grain yield and number of pods per area presented a quadratic response to the increased plant density whereas a decreasing linear response was observed for the number of pods per plant. The maximum grain yield of erect, semi-erect, and semi-prostrate cultivars were 1,076 kg ha−1 (19.5 plants m−2), 1,252 kg ha−1 (18.7 plants m−2), and 755 kg ha−1 (14.5 plants m−2), respectively. The number of pods per area was the character that most correlated (P<0.01) with grain yield, regardless of the plant growth habit.
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Zhao, Ping, Qian Fa Deng, Bing Hai Lv, Wei Hang, Zhi Wei Wang, and Ju Long Yuan. "Investigation of Semi-Fixed Abrasive Plate Wear Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.1029.
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In order to reduce or eliminate the surface defects caused by abrasive grains and improve the efficiency of ultra-precision processing, the technique of semi-fixed machining has been proposed for machining advanced ceramics. A semi-fixed abrasive tool (SFAT) has been manufactured; it has performances of semi-fixed machining technique. This document demonstrates wear characteristics of SFAT through experiments of machining silicon wafer. It showed that wet status or dry status of SFAT has greatly influenced wear characteristics of SFAT. Wear characteristic of SFAT presented mostly blockage and little grain-off occurred in dry status; mostly grain-off and little blockage presented in wet status.
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Николаев, В. А. "CALCULATION OF GRAIN LOADING BY ELEMENTS OF UNIVERSAL SEMI-AUTOMATIC ROTARY DRYER." Vestnik APK Verhnevolzh`ia, no. 3(59) (September 30, 2022): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35694/yarcx.2022.59.3.012.
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Распространённым видом подлежащего сушке материала является зерно и другие сыпучие материалы. Работа элементов универсальной полуавтоматической роторной сушилки во время загрузки, в частности, зерна должна быть синхронизирована. Для этого необходимо определить кинематические, динамические и энергетические параметры элементов универсальной полуавтоматической роторной сушилки при загрузке зерна или других сыпучих материалов. Разработана методика определения кинематических, динамических и энергетических параметров элементов универсальной полуавтоматической роторной сушилки при загрузке зерна или других сыпучих материалов. В результате анализа взаимодействия высушиваемого сыпучего материала с элементами универсальной полуавтоматической роторной сушилки выявлены кинематические, динамические и энергетические параметры элементов конструкции, осуществляющих загрузку. A common type of material to be dried is grain and other bulk materials. The operation of the elements of the universal semi-automatic rotary dryer during loading, in particular grain, must be synchronized. To do this, it is necessary to determine the kinematic, dynamic and energy parameters of the elements of the universal semi-automatic rotor dryer when loading grain or other bulk materials. A method has been developed for determining kinematic, dynamic and energy parameters of elements of a universal semi-automatic rotor dryer when loading grain or other bulk materials. As a result of analysis of interaction of dried bulk material with elements of universal semi-automatic rotor dryer, kinematic, dynamic and energy parameters of elements of structure carrying out loading are revealed.
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Liu, Zhao Ming, Xin Wang, Ying Bo Zhang, and Hong Gao. "Effects of Semi-Solid Isothermal Treatments on Microstructures of Quasicrystal Reinforced AZ91 Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.551.
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The as-cast and semi-solid microstructures of quasicrystal reinforced AZ91 alloys were investigated. The results show that the main phases of as-cast AZ91ZY1 and AZ91ZY2 alloys are all α-Mg, I-phase, Mg17Al12 and Al2Y phase. The grain boundary phases contents increase with increasing Y and Zn contents. The better semi-solid processing technological parameters of AZ91ZY1 and AZ91ZY2 alloys are 580 °C, 30 min and 560 °C, 30 min respectively. The better semi-solid processing temperature of AZ91ZY2 alloy is lower than the one of AZ91ZY1 alloy is mainly attributed to the higher contents of the grain boundary phases in the AZ91ZY2 alloy.
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Luo, Min, Da Quan Li, Hong Xing Lu, et al. "Effects of Grain Morphology on Flow Behavior of Semi-Solid Slurries." Solid State Phenomena 327 (January 10, 2022): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.327.140.
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The flow behavior of semi-solid slurry determines the quality of the castings produced by the semi-solid forming process. Many studies have done to investigate the flow behavior of slurry under different conditions, and results show that the rheological behavior of slurry with dendritic structure is inappropriate for semi-solid forming. In this study, slurries with varying morphologies of grain for the same alloy with the same fraction solid have tested using a partial filling method. The SEED process was employed, and the pouring temperature adjusted to prepare semi-solid slurries with different grain morphologies. The flow pattern, entrapped air during the filling process, and also microstructure of the samples were examined to characterize the macro and micro flow behavior. The results show that a turbulent macro-flow, leading to entrapped air, and severe segregation appeared in the sample using slurry of Tpour ≥ 660 °C . For the slurry of Tpour < 660 °C, none of the three phenomena found in the sample. This investigation further showed that the detriment of dendrite on the semi-solid forming process, and implied that large size dendrite in semi-solid slurry must avoided.
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Huang, Yuanyou, Xiaoxun Zhang, Fang Ma, Jiaming Li, and Shuxian Wang. "A Semi-Supervised Method for Grain Boundary Segmentation: Teacher–Student Knowledge Distillation and Pseudo-Label Repair." Electronics 13, no. 17 (2024): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173529.
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Grain boundary segmentation is crucial for the quantitative analysis of grain structures and material optimization. However, challenges persist due to noise interference, high labeling costs, and low detection Accuracy. Therefore, we propose a semi-supervised method called Semi-SRUnet, which is based on teacher–student knowledge distillation and pseudo-label repair to achieve grain boundary detection for a small number of labels. Specifically, the method introduces SCConv (Spatial and Channel Reconstruction Convolution) and boundary regression to improve the U-Net (a convolutional neural network architecture) as a teacher network. These innovations aim to reduce spatial and channel redundancy, expand the receptive field, and effectively capture contextual information from images, thereby improving feature extraction robustness and boundary precision in noisy environments. Additionally, we designed a pseudo-label repair algorithm to enhance the Accuracy of pseudo-labels generated by the teacher network and used knowledge distillation to train a lightweight student network. The experimental results demonstrate that Semi-SRUnet achieves 88.86% mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), 96.64% mean Recall (mRecall), 91.5% mean Precision (mPrecision), and 98.77% Accuracy, surpassing state-of-the-art models and offering a novel approach for reliable grain boundary segmentation and analysis.
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LATIRI, K., J. P. LHOMME, and D. W. LAWLOR. "GRAIN FILLING OF DURUM WHEAT THROUGH ASSIMILATE REMOBILISATION UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 2 (2012): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712001238.
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SUMMARYIn a context of understanding the physiological mechanisms and cultivar traits which could improve durum wheat (Triticum durum) yield in water limited conditions, the paper focuses on the contribution of stored assimilates to grain growth and yield. A conceptual model describing the different fluxes of assimilate during the grain filling period is used together with a dataset from field experiments made in northern Tunisia during two growing seasons and under different conditions of water and nitrogen supply. Three types of behaviour have been encountered in relation to the balance between demand for assimilate and supply. Remobilisation of stored assimilates provides a buffer enabling grain growth to be maintained. Conditions at anthesis play an important role in determining the type of fluxes of assimilates. Grain number also plays a major role in short- or long-term remobilisation and grain number per ear increases short-term remobilisation. In rain-fed conditions, short-term remobilisation allows faster grain growth.
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Nikolaev, Vladimir Anatolievich. "LIMITING THE ANGULAR SPEED OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC GRAIN CLEANING MACHINE." Аграрный вестник Верхневолжья, no. 3 (2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35523/2307-5872-2021-36-3-70-75.
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O’Brien, Graham, Barry Jenkins, Philip Ofori, and Kirsty Ferguson. "Semi-automated petrographic assessment of coal by coal grain analysis." Minerals Engineering 20, no. 5 (2007): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2006.11.006.
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Garda, B., F. Hodaj, and F. Durand. "Semi-analytical calculation of equiaxed grain-size in recalescence conditions." Materials Science and Engineering: A 173, no. 1-2 (1993): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(93)90196-l.
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Sapta, Doru, Ana Socalici, Corneliu Birtok Baneasa, and Vasile Putan. "Quality Assessment of Aluminum Alloys for Automotive Rims." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1319, no. 1 (2024): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1319/1/012013.
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Abstract This paper presents experimental research conducted at a factory specializing in the development of aluminum alloys and the semi-continuous production of bars intended for rim manufacturing. The semi-finished products are made of 6082 aluminum alloy and undergo forging processes to obtain rims. The charge load consists of various types of aluminum waste and primary aluminum in different proportions, depending on the quality of the waste in the experimental recipes. The elaboration of the aluminum alloy takes place in melting furnaces with a capacity of 80 tons, equipped with two chambers. The casting is performed using a semi-continuous casting installation, and the cast semi-finished products undergo further heat treatment. The casting process involves the addition of alloying elements, in the form of wire, which serve to refine the structure. Experimental data were processed, and correlations between the qualitative characteristics of the alloy and the elements in the chemical composition, as well as grain size, were analyzed. From the obtained correlation analysis, it is observed that the alloying elements refine the grain size, while the grain size and quality of the resulting product are of interest for industrial practice.
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Sadygova, M. K., E. A. Marinina, L. V. Andreeva, I. A. Osyka, and A. V. Kondrashova. "Effect of fruit and vegetable powders on the rheological profile of a semi-finished product from light-grain rye flour." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1052, no. 1 (2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1052/1/012019.
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Abstract The article studies the effect of fruit and vegetable powders on the rheological profile of a semi-finished product based on flour from the grain of light-grain rye of the Bambyshev Memory variety. The flour from the grain of light-grain rye of the Bambyshev Memory variety was control sample No.1. Prototype No.2 was with the addition of apple pomace powder in an amount of 15% to the weight of flour. Prototype No.3 was with the addition of pumpkin pulp powder in an amount of 15% to the weight of flour. The rheological properties of semi-finished products were determined using a Mixolab device. The data of mixograms and Mixolab profilers showed differences in the parameters of the rheological profile and Mixolab indices for the studied flour and mixtures. The authors have proved that, when using rye flour with high amylolytic activity, the introduction of fruit and vegetable powders in the mixture allows you to increase the viscosity of the dough, reduce the amylolytic activity and recommend additives as improvers of the properties of rye semi-finished products. When adding fruit and vegetable powders in an amount of 15% by weight of flour, additives are improvers of the properties of rye semi-finished products. The analysis of the rheological profiles of the dough from the experimental mixtures allows us to recommend them for the production of flour confectionery products.
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Song, Ren Bo, Ya Ping Li, Yong Jin Wang, and Peng Wang. "Effects of Inclined Plate Angle and Length on Semi-Solid Microstructure of Martensitic Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (September 2014): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.412.
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An experimental equipment with inclined plate cooling and shearing had been developed to prepare semi-solid 9Cr18 martensitic stainless steel slurry. The effects of inclined plate angel and length on microstructures refinement and spheroidization in semi-solid 9Cr18 alloy was investigated. The results show that when the molten alloy is flowing along the plate surface, the microstructure of the alloy involves from coarse dendrite to fine spherical grains, the sloping plate can provide sufficiently the undercooling for nucleation and lay a foundation for heterogeneous nucleation to form lots of nuclei of crystal internally and on the sloping plate surface, thus causing the melt to nucleate eruptively. Sloping plate angle and sloping plate length can affect the shear strength and shear time of the flow alloy on the sloping plate and thus influence alloy microstructure. Fine spherical grain in the semi-solid 9Cr18 slurry can be obtained at α=45°and L=600mm, the major grain equivalent diameters are less than 55μm and more than 40% of the grain shape factor is in 0.75, exhibiting better grain fine degree and roundness. Using energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to investigate the liquid and solid phase in the 9Cr18 semi-solid slurry, iron content is lower and carbon and chromium content is higher in the liquid phase than in the solid phase which makes it possible to prepare the FGM (functional gradient material) with a high wear resistance in the surface and a good strength and toughness in the center.
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Klinger, Leonid, and Eugen Rabkin. "Stress Generation during Grain Boundary Interdiffusion." Defect and Diffusion Forum 309-310 (March 2011): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.309-310.19.
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A grain boundary interdiffusion in a semi-infinite bicrystal under the conditions of negligible bulk diffusion is considered. We show that the inequality of intrinsic grain boundary diffusion coefficients of the two components leads to plating out of additional material at the grain boundary in the form of extra material wedge, which generates an elastic stress field in the vicinity of the grain boundary. We solved a coupled diffusion/elasticity problem and determined the time-dependent stress field and concentration distribution in the vicinity of the grain boundary.
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Cao, Miao, Jucun Wang, Qi Zhang, and Ke Huang. "In Situ Observation of Deformation-Induced Spherical Grains in Semi-Solid State of C5191 Copper Alloy." Materials 13, no. 23 (2020): 5496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235496.
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The formation mechanism of spherical grains during the strain-induced melt activation is investigated by in situ observation of the cold rotary swaged materials during heat treatment. The microstructure of the cold rotary swaged material changed from original dendritic structure to spherical grains after heating semi-solid state, whereas the as-received alloy without deformation exhibited non-spherical grains. These results show that static recrystallization, preferential melting of grain boundaries, and small grains cause the deformed grains to form the initial spherical grain structure during the temperature rising to semi-solid state; besides, the Zener pinning effect of second-phase particle and the heterogeneous nucleation of solidification also play negative roles in spherical grain growth up freely during the cooling process.
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Kuzenko, M. V. "Some aspects of winter wheat productivity." New Technologies 17, no. 3 (2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-2-71-76.
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The article presents studies carried out in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 in the southern foothill zone of the North-West Caucasus in the fields of the selection and primary seed produc- tion department of the Adygh Research Institute of Agriculture. The aim was to study the actual, biological or potential yield of winter soft wheat varieties cultivated in the region, as well as the ratio of the mass of the grain part and the harvested straw - the yield index. The studied varieties were divided into groups according to plant height: semi-dwarfs (up to 90 cm), short-stemmed (up to 105 cm), medium-sized (up to 120 cm). According to the results of the studies carried out, differences in the studied characteristics were revealed. In the group of semi-dwarf varieties, the grain yield varied from 7,25 to 8,05 t/ha, short-stemmed 7,78–8,91 t/ha, medium-sized 7,34–9,60 t/ha. The highest grain yield was shown by the Vekha variety (9,60 t/ha) belonging to the group of medium-sized varieties, from the short-stemmed Maikopchanka varieties (8,91 t/ha) stood out, Kalym semi-dwarf varieties (8,05 t/ha). The biological yield in the experiment varied from 9,37 to 15,29 t/ha. From semi-dwarf varieties, Grom stood out (14,06 t/ha), short-stemmed varieties – Mafe (10,8 t/ha), medium-sized varieties – Vekha (15,29 t/ha). The difference between the actual and biological grain yield of varieties belonging to the short-stem group was the smallest in comparison with the varieties of the semi-dwarf and medium-grown group. On average, over two years of research, the harvesting index was 46,9–53,2%. Semi-dwarf winter wheat varieties had the maximum value of this indicator. In the group of short-stemmed Grom and Graf varieties, the ratio of the mass of the grain part to the harvested straw varied from 46,8% (Velena) to 50,5% (Alekseich). The harvesting index for medium-sized varieties was at the level of 46,9–51,8%. The Vekha variety, which showed the maximum value, stood out from this group.
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Kim, Jeong Min, Bong Koo Park, Joong Hwan Jun, Ki Tae Kim, and Woon Jae Jung. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast and Semi-Solid Formed Mg-Al-Zn Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.288.
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Various Mg-Al-Zn alloys with different Al and Zn contents were fabricated by conventional casting and semi-solid forming process. And the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys were investigated. In Mg-4%Al-(5~7)%Zn alloys most of the grain boundary phases were found to be Mg-Al-Zn while in Mg-6%Al or Mg-8%Al based alloys the Mg- Al-Zn phase coexisted with Mg17Al12 at grain boundaries. At room temperature the semi-solid formed alloys showed significantly higher tensile properties, especially elongation, than the conventionally cast alloys.
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Hu, Yanghu, Ming Chang, Shuqin Fan, et al. "Microstructure Evolution During Preparation of Semi-Solid Billet for 7075 Aluminum Alloy by EASSIT Process." Metals 15, no. 4 (2025): 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040452.
Full textAbstract:
The 7075 aluminum alloy semi-solid billet is prepared using the extrusion alloy semi-solid isothermal treatment (EASSIT) process. These findings indicate that as the isothermal time increases, there is a noticeable increase in both the average grain size (AGS) and shape factor (SF). The relationship between the AGS, SF, and isothermal temperature is complex due to the influence of grain refinement mechanisms. The HV0.2 of isothermal samples decreased with the increase in isothermal temperature, which may be related to the increase in liquid-phase composition and AGS; Cu and Si show obvious segregation at grain boundaries and within intracrystalline droplets. The segregation of Cu and Si in the initially melted solid grains leads to the creation of intracrystalline droplets. The diffraction peaks of Al7Cu2Fe, Al6(Cu, Fe), Al2CuMg, and MgZn2 gradually decrease as the isothermal temperature increases. Due to the influence of the grain refinement mechanism and melting mechanism, the coarsening behavior of grains at high isothermal temperatures is more complicated, and the coarsening rate constant shows an increment followed by a subsequent decrease as the isothermal temperature rises. The coarsening kinetics of 7075 aluminum alloy in a semi-solid state can be described using the LSW equation of n = 3.
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Mousavi Ojaq, Seyed Mojtaba, Hamid Mozafari, Hamid Jabbari, and Behzad Sani. "Evaluation of yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes under semi-arid conditions." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 4 (2020): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262120000301.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTo identify appropriate genotypes for breeding varieties suitable for semi-arid areas, yield components, as well as morphophonological traits of 127 safflower genotypes, were assessed at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Iran. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups. The largest group (third cluster) includes 48 genotypes with characteristics such as mostly yellow-coloured flowers, mostly thorny with few thistle genotypes, relatively early-flowering, relatively high number of heads and grains per plant, highest 1000-grain weight with the highest grain yields. In contrast, the smallest group (second cluster) contains 13 genotypes with characteristics such as yellow florets, semi-dwarf, thorny, moderately late-flowering, low number of heads per plant and number of grains per head, low 1000-grain weight, and low grain yield. Principal component analysis results showed that the three components accounted for 29.5, 15.9 and 11.1% of the total variation, respectively. Graphic representation of the biplots based on the first and second principal components showed that the experimental genotypes were classified into four groups. The results also indicated that stem diameter, the number of branches, heads per plant and grains per head had the highest correlation with the first component, and grain yield, flower colour, flowering initiation and plant height had the highest correlation with the second component. These traits can be considered as an appropriate index for the selection of elite safflower genotypes for breeding varieties suited to cultivation in semi-arid conditions.