Journal articles: 'Semiochemical'

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Evenden, Maya L., and Peter J. Silk. "The influence of Canadian research on semiochemical-based management of forest insect pests in Canada." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (June 11, 2015): S170—S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.17.

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AbstractInsects use semiochemicals to mediate important behaviours such as mating, oviposition, and foraging for resources. Chemical ecology research aims to identify these message-bearing chemicals and develop synthetic copies of semiochemicals for use in integrated pest management (IPM). There has been, and continues to be, an extensive research effort to understand the chemical ecology of various insects considered to be pests of forests in Canada. Canadian chemical ecology research has had an impact on IPM of forest insect pests in Canada and around the world. Canadian researchers have been involved in the identification of semiochemicals used by forest insects and the development and implementation of semiochemical-based management tactics for forest pest management. Semiochemicals have been incorporated into forest pest management for a variety of insect taxa primarily as tools to monitor and control forest insect pests in Canada. The goals of the current review are to: (1) highlight research conducted on semiochemical-based management of forest pests in Canada; (2) discuss the current and potential uses of semiochemicals in IPM of forest pests in Canada; and (3) evaluate potential areas for increased research and implementation of semiochemicals into the management of forest pests in Canada.

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Mweresa, Collins K., W. R. Mukabana, J. J. A. van Loon, M. Dicke, and W. Takken. "Use of semiochemicals for surveillance and control of hematophagous insects." Chemoecology 30, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00317-1.

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Abstract Reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and chemotherapeutic agents to control hematophagous insect vectors, and their related diseases is threatened by increasing insecticide and drug resistance, respectively. Thus, development of novel, alternative, complementary and effective technologies for surveillance and control of such insects is strongly encouraged. Semiochemicals are increasingly developed for monitoring and intervention of insect crop pests, but this has not been adequately addressed for hematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides an insight in the application of semiochemicals for control of hematophagous insects. Here, we provide specific information regarding the isolation and identification of semiochemical compounds, optimization approaches, detection, perception and discrimination by the insect olfactory system. Navigation of insects along wind-borne odor plumes is discussed and methods of odor application in field situations are reviewed. Finally, we discuss prospects and future challenges for the application of semiochemical-based tools with emphasis on mosquitoes. The acquired knowledge can guide development of more effective components of integrated vector management, safeguard against emerging resistance of insects to existing insecticides and reduce the burden of vector-borne diseases.

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Fischer, Andreas, Yerin Lee, T'ea Dong, and Gerhard Gries. "Know your foe: synanthropic spiders are deterred by semiochemicals of European fire ants." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 5 (May 2021): 210279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210279.

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Many ants prey on spiders, suggesting that web-building spiders may avoid micro-locations near ant colonies or frequented by foraging ants. Here we tested the hypothesis that ant-derived semiochemicals deter synanthropic spiders. To generate stimuli, we exposed filter paper for 12 h to workers of European fire ants, Myrmica rubra, black garden ants, Lasius niger, or western carpenter ants, Camponotus modoc , and then offered select urban spiders in three-chamber olfactometer bioassays a choice between ant-exposed filter paper and unexposed control filter paper. Semiochemical deposits of M. rubra , but not of L. niger or C. modoc , had a significant deterrent effect on subadults of the false black widow, Steatoda grossa, the black widow, Latrodectus hesperus , and the hobo spider, Eratigena agrestis, as well as a moderate (but statistically not significant) deterrent effect on the cross spider, Araneus diadematus . The deterrent effect caused by semiochemical deposits of M. rubra may be attributable to the aggressive nature and efficient foraging of M. rubra in its invaded North American range, exerting selection pressure on community members to recognize M. rubra semiochemicals and to avoid micro-locations occupied by M. rubra .

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Tremblay, Émilie D., Troy Kimoto, Jean A. Bérubé, and Guillaume J. Bilodeau. "High-Throughput Sequencing to Investigate Phytopathogenic Fungal Propagules Caught in Baited Insect Traps." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5010015.

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Studying the means of dispersal of plant pathogens is crucial to better understand the dynamic interactions involved in plant infections. On one hand, entomologists rely mostly on both traditional molecular methods and morphological characteristics, to identify pests. On the other hand, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is becoming the go-to avenue for scientists studying phytopathogens. These organisms sometimes infect plants, together with insects. Considering the growing number of exotic insect introductions in Canada, forest pest-management efforts would benefit from the development of a high-throughput strategy to investigate the phytopathogenic fungal and oomycete species interacting with wood-boring insects. We recycled formerly discarded preservative fluids from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency annual survey using insect traps and analysed more than one hundred samples originating from across Canada. Using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) HTS technology and fusion primers, we performed metabarcoding to screen unwanted fungi and oomycetes species, including Phytophthora spp. Community profiling was conducted on the four different wood-boring, insect-attracting semiochemicals; although the preservative (contained ethanol) also attracted other insects. Phytopathogenic fungi (e.g., Leptographium spp. and Meria laricis in the pine sawyer semiochemical) and oomycetes (mainly Peronospora spp. and Pythium aff. hypogynum in the General Longhorn semiochemical), solely associated with one of the four types of semiochemicals, were detected. This project demonstrated that the insect traps’ semiochemical microbiome represents a new and powerful matrix for screening phytopathogens. Compared to traditional diagnostic techniques, the fluids allowed for a faster and higher throughput assessment of the biodiversity contained within. Additionally, minimal modifications to this approach would allow it to be used in other phytopathology fields.

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Bienboire-Frosini, Cécile, Rajesh Durairaj, Paolo Pelosi, and Patrick Pageat. "The Major Cat Allergen Fel d 1 Binds Steroid and Fatty Acid Semiochemicals: A Combined In Silico and In Vitro Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041365.

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The major cat allergen Fel d 1 is a tetrameric glycoprotein of the secretoglobin superfamily. Structural aspects and allergenic properties of this protein have been investigated, but its physiological function remains unclear. Fel d 1 is assumed to bind lipids and steroids like the mouse androgen-binding protein, which is involved in chemical communication, either as a semiochemical carrier or a semiochemical itself. This study focused on the binding activity of a recombinant model of Fel d 1 (rFel d 1) towards semiochemical analogs, i.e., fatty acids and steroids, using both in silico calculations and fluorescence measurements. In silico analyses were first adopted to model the interactions of potential ligands, which were then tested in binding assays using the fluorescent reporter N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. Good ligands were fatty acids, such as the lauric, oleic, linoleic, and myristic fatty acids, as well as steroids like androstenone, pregnenolone, and progesterone, that were predicted by in silico molecular models to bind into the central and surface cavities of rFel d 1, respectively. The lowest dissociation constants were shown by lauric acid (2.6 µM) and androstenone (2.4 µM). The specific affinity of rFel d 1 to semiochemicals supports a function of the protein in cat’s chemical communication, and highlights a putative role of secretoglobins in protein semiochemistry.

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YAMAOKA, RYOHEI. "Insect Semiochemical." Wood Preservation 21, no. 3 (1995): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.21.101.

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Borden, J. H., L. J. Chong, and B. S. Lindgren. "REDUNDANCY IN THE SEMIOCHEMICAL MESSAGE REQUIRED TO INDUCE ATTACK ON LODGEPOLE PINES BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 5 (October 1990): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122769-9.

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AbstractBaited tree experiments confirmed the hypothesis that frontalin is a multifunctional pheromone that can induce the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to aggregate on and mass-attack lodgepole pine, Pinus conforta var. latifolia Engelmann. A re-examination was undertaken of the role of four known semiochemicals, myrcene, trans-verbenol, exo-brevicomin, and frontalin, tested as tree baits alone (with the exception of myrcene) and in all possible combinations. There was considerable redundancy evident in the semiochemical signal. For example, myrcene + frontalin and trans-verbenol + exo-brevicomin induced attack on baited trees at similar levels of intensity. The results suggest that beetles of either sex could initiate a mass attack. During the most attractive phase of host colonization, redundancy in the semiochemical signal could act as a fail-safe mechanism to ensure perception of and response to odors from an attacked tree. In addition the standard, commercial, tree bait containing myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin might be modified by deleting myrcene, making a more acceptable and cost-effective operational bait.

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Sharma, Anamika, Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi, and Gadi V. P. Reddy. "A Review of Interactions between Insect Biological Control Agents and Semiochemicals." Insects 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120439.

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Biological control agents and semiochemicals have become essential parts of the integrated pest management of insect pests over recent years, as the incorporation of semiochemicals with natural enemies and entomopathogenic microbials has gained significance. The potential of insect pheromones to attract natural enemies has mainly been established under laboratory conditions, while semiochemicals from plants have been used to attract and retain natural enemies in field conditions using strategies such as trap crops and the push–pull mechanism. The best-known semiochemicals are those used for parasitoids–insect pest–plant host systems. Semiochemicals can also aid in the successful dispersal of entomopathogenic microbials. The use of semiochemicals to disseminate microbial pathogens is still at the initial stage, especially for bacterial and viral entomopathogens. Future studies should focus on the integration of semiochemicals into management strategies for insects, for which several semiochemical compounds have already been studied. More effective formulations of microbial agents, such as granular formulations of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), along with bio-degradable trap materials, could improve this strategy. Furthermore, more studies to evaluate species-specific tactics may be needed, especially where more than one key pest is present.

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Patel, Priya, Bhupendra Kumar, Rekha Upadhyay, Daya Ram Bhusal, and Dinesh Kumar. "Semiochemical tracks of predaceous Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) modulate feeding attributes and assimilation of nutrients in Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Canadian Entomologist 152, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.18.

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AbstractParthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus (Asteraceae) is a toxic weed found abundantly in major agroecosystems of the world. The weed is inhabited by both phytophagous Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera), used as biocontrol agents, and the predaceous Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). The present investigation was designed to assess the feeding attributes and larval development of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the presence of semiochemical tracks of coccinellid beetles. Results revealed that the presence of coccinellid semiochemical tracks on the weed reduced larval consumption rates, conversion efficiencies, and growth rates. The feeding deterrent effects of the semiochemical tracks were species specific. Larvae accumulated lower concentrations of glucose, proteins, and triacylglycerols and exhibited reduced body biomass in the presence of semiochemical tracks. The coccinellid semiochemical tracks also promoted Z. bicolorata larvae to accelerate their developmental rates and develop faster than the larvae reared in the absence of semiochemical tracks. While the fourth instars consumed food maximally and were heavier, their food use efficiencies were lower than the other instars. Our findings, therefore, suggest that the presence of semiochemical tracks of coccinellids on P. hysterophorus impedes its biological control by Z. bicolorata larvae.

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Gray, D. R., E. Holsten, and M. Pascuzzo. "EFFECTS OF SEMIOCHEMICAL BAITING ON THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF FELLED AND UNFELLED LETHAL TRAP TREES FOR SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), MANAGEMENT IN AREAS OF HIGH AND LOW BEETLE POPULATIONS." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 2 (April 1990): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122373-3.

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AbstractA two by two factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design tested single and combined effects of tree felling and semiochemical baiting on the attractiveness of spruce (Picea spp.) trees treated with monosodium methanearsenate (MSMA) to Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) in British Columbia and Alaska. In British Columbia, tree felling and semiochemical baiting had significant effects on attack density, but in Alaska only tree felling had a significant effect. Semiochemical baiting had a significant effect on within-tree attack distribution in British Columbia but cot in Alaska, regardless of the felling treatment. The felled treatment captured more beetles than the not-felled treatment regardless of the baiting treatment in British Columbia, but only in the absence of a semiochemical bait in Alaska. The differences between the two locations may have been caused by lower temperatures and beetle population density in Alaska. Effective spruce beetle management with MSMA-treated trees requires tree felling, and beetle capture can be improved with the use of a semiochemical bait.

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Gillette, Nancy E., and Christopher J. Fettig. "Semiochemicals for bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) management in western North America: where do we go from here?" Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.61.

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AbstractThis paper is intended as an assessment of the state of knowledge and development of semiochemical methods for control of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in western North America and as a roadmap for future research and development in this field. It is based on a keynote presentation given at the symposium Managing Bark and Ambrosia Beetles with Semiochemicals, held in 2018 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, at the Joint Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, the Entomological Society of Canada, and the Entomological Society of British Columbia. We describe currently available active ingredients, formulations, and release devices. Furthermore, we describe the most urgently needed new products and techniques, and constraints to their further development. Finally, we speculate about opportunities afforded by new advances in microbial synthesis of semiochemicals, streamlining of regulatory processing, and aerial application using unmanned aerial vehicles.

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Palanichamy, S., T. Boopathi, and S. Uma. "Development of a semiochemical-based trapping technique for efficient control of Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 5 (July 12, 2021): 616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2021.30.

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AbstractThe banana stem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important economic insect pest of bananas throughout the world. In this study, several important volatile substances were analysed to develop a semiochemical-based trapping technique for the control of O. longicollis. Electroantennogram responses of both sexes were associated with electroantennogram-active compounds (1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, cis-3-Nonen-1-ol, methyl jasmonate, and terpenoids such as (–)-linalool, (+)-(1R)-α-pinene, (–)-(1S)-α-pinene, and 1,8-cineole) and then were analysed using a Y-tube olfactometer. The results revealed that only methyl jasmonate and 1-hexanol elicited strong behavioural responses in O. longicollis. These two semiochemicals and the host plant extract were evaluated individually and in a mixture for their efficiencies in attracting O. longicollis in order to develop a semiochemical-based trapping technique. The methyl jasmonate + host plant extract and 1-hexanol + host plant extract mixtures captured more weevils (> 3.5 times) than the host plant extract alone did in both high- and low-altitude regions. The captured weevils were female-dominated, with a mean sex ratio of 1:1.29 (males:females). This is the first report on the use of methyl jasmonate or 1-hexanol and the host plant extract as a potential attractant in mass trapping and managing O. longicollis.

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Kumar, B., G. Mishra, and Omkar. "Larval and female footprints as feeding deterrent cues for immature stages of two congeneric ladybird predators (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 5 (June 25, 2014): 652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000479.

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AbstractIn the present study predation parameters, i.e. consumption rate, conversion efficiency and growth rate, and total developmental duration of immature stages of two congeneric ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata (L.) and Coccinella transversalis F., have been evaluated in presence of conspecific and heterospecific fourth instar larval and adult female tracks. We hypothesized that the semiochemicals within larval/adult female tracks might act as foraging/feeding deterrent pheromones (FDPs) and would reduce the predation parameters; and would prolong total developmental duration of ladybird predators. Results of the study positively affirmed our hypothesis. The deterrence in prey consumption and reduction in conversion efficiency and growth rate was density dependent with species-specific variations. Consumption rate, conversion efficiency, and growth rate of larval instars decreased and the total developmental duration of immature stages increased when exposed to an increasing density of zero, two, three, and four conspecific/heterospecific larval/adult female tracks. Between ladybird species, C. septempunctata had higher consumption rate, growth rate, and total developmental durations, whereas conversion efficiency was higher in C. transversalis. Despite the presence of semiochemical tracks as foraging barriers, early instars showed higher conversion efficiencies and growth rates, whereas fourth instars had highest consumption rate in all experimental treatments. The present study, therefore, suggests that semiochemical tracks significantly reduce the predation potential and prolong developmental duration of conspecifics and heterospecifics. They, thus behave as FDP.

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Radadiya, Ashish, and John A. Pickett. "Characterizing human odorant signals: insights from insect semiochemistry and in silico modelling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0263.

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Interactions relating to human chemical signalling, although widely acknowledged, are relatively poorly characterized chemically, except for human axillary odour. However, the extensive chemical ecology of insects, involving countless pheromone and other semiochemical identifications, may offer insights into overcoming problems of characterizing human-derived semiochemicals more widely. Current techniques for acquiring insect semiochemicals are discussed, particularly in relation to the need for samples to relate, as closely as possible, to the ecological situation in which they are naturally deployed. Analysis is facilitated by chromatography coupled to electrophysiological preparations from the olfactory organs of insects in vivo . This is not feasible with human olfaction, but there are now potential approaches using molecular genetically reconstructed olfactory preparations already in use with insect systems. There are specific insights of value for characterizing human semiochemicals from advanced studies on semiochemicals of haematophagous insects, which include those involving human hosts, in addition to wider studies on farm and companion animals. The characterization of the precise molecular properties recognized in olfaction could lead to new advances in analogue design and a range of novel semiochemicals for human benefit. There are insights from successful synthetic biology studies on insect semiochemicals using novel biosynthetic precursors. Already, wider opportunities in olfaction emerging from in silico studies, involving a range of theoretical and computational approaches to molecular design and understanding olfactory systems at the molecular level, are showing promise for studying human semiochemistry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘ Olfactory communication in humans ’.

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Szalárdi, T., A. Nagy, F. Oláh, M. Tóth, and S. Koczor. "Preliminary data on attractiveness of phenylacetaldehyde-based lures on economically important plant bug pests (Hemiptera: Miridae)." International Journal of Horticultural Science 27 (July 21, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/27/2021/8259.

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Several plant bug species (Miridae) are important pests of crops and vegetables, thus monitoring them is of essential importance for effective pest control. During the current, preliminary study synthetic plant volatile combinations were tested in field conditions in Hungary in alfalfa fields. Beside semiochemical baited traps, sweep-netting was also performed. In the experiments three plant bug species were found in higher numbers: Adelphocoris lineolatus, Lygus rugulipennis and L. pratensis. As a novel, interesting finding L. pratensis was attracted to phenylacetaldehyde baited traps. For all species, both males and females were trapped in all combinations. Sweep-netting and semiochemical baited traps showed different efficacy in case of the three species, as sweep-netting catches were highly biased for A. lineolatus, which indicates the higher efficacy of this method as compared to the tested semiochemical-baited traps. On the other hand, semiochemical baited showed better performance for L. rugulipennis and L. pratensis. For these species none of the tested combinations performed better than phenylacetaldehyde baited traps. The potential implication of results in view of monitoring are discussed.

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Blum, Murray S. "Semiochemical Parsimony in the Arthropoda." Annual Review of Entomology 41, no. 1 (January 1996): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.002033.

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Renwick, J. A. A. "New directions in semiochemical research." Journal of Applied Entomology 114, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1992): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1992.tb01149.x.

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Bohman, Bjorn, Ryan D. Phillips, Gavin Flematti, Rod Peakall, and Russell A. Barrow. "Sharing of Pyrazine Semiochemicals between Genera of Sexually Deceptive Orchids." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 6 (June 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800605.

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It has recently been discovered that novel di-, tri- and tetra- substituted pyrazines are semiochemicals in Drakaea, an orchid genus that secures pollination by the sexual deception of male thynnine wasps. We examined if similar pyrazines were also present in the distantly related Caladenia barbarossa, a sexually deceptive orchid that is also pollinated by a thynnine wasp. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of two pyrazines, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate (1) and 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2) in the orchid genus Caladenia. The former is known as a semiochemical involved in pollinator attraction in Drakaea livida. This convergence of floral odour between distantly related plants provides an exciting opportunity to understand the evolution and molecular basis of this sophisticated chemical mimicry.

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Woszczyło, Martyna, Tadeusz Jezierski, Antoni Szumny, Wojciech Niżański, and Michał Dzięcioł. "The Role of Urine in Semiochemical Communication between Females and Males of Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) during Estrus." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112112.

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This study aimed to assess the mechanisms of semiochemical signal detection in dogs. In the first experiment, five males were exposed to volatile semiochemicals emitted by a live female in estrus and the female’s urine sample collected during estrus. The odor of canine food and clean air were used as controls. In the second experiment, 25 males could directly sniff and lick the urine samples from females in estrus, from females in anestrus, from males and from humans, placed in a lineup. Sniffing, licking and salivation, as well as keeping dogs at different distances from the source of odor, were recorded in both experiments. Experiment 1 showed that food odor was sniffed by males longer than estrous urine. Volatile semiochemicals from females in estrus evoked interest in males but without visual cues did not cause overt symptoms of sexual arousal. In Experiment 2, the estrous urine evoked interest in males and provoked significantly longer sniffing. Licking accompanied by salivation was observed in all instances only during direct contact with estrous urine. The results suggest a complex character of detection of female reproductive status, in which both volatile and nonvolatile compounds emitted by females and present in female urine are involved.

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Worden, Christopher, Karen Mulford, Galen Dively, and Mike Embrey. "Field Efficacy of Semiochemical Baits to Control Diabroticine Beetles on Muskmelon." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 676f—677. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.676f.

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Semiochemical baits impregnated with cucurbitacin, floral volatiles, and small amounts of carbaryl insecticide have been developed to control cucumber beetles. Insecticide application of low carbaryl levels with insect attractants offers low risk advantages over conventional insecticides. Experiments determined the effectiveness of different timing schedules of granular semiochemical baits and compared two application methods (i.e., air-blast and standard boom) of flowable semiochemical baits. One concern this study addressed was whether the shearing action of the air-blast applicator affected the physical integrity of the microsphere formulations and therefore its effectiveness. Both granular and flowable formulations reduced cucumber beetle populations. Total number of live and dead beetles in treated plots generally exceeded the total number found in the control plots. This suggests that immigrating beetles were attracted from outside, died, and accumulated in the treated plots. Control plots were treated with floral attractants. Bacterial wilt symptoms were not observed in any plot.

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Teulon, D. A. J., M. M. Davidson, N. B. Perry, M. C. Nielsen, C. Castañé, D. Bosch, J. Riudavets, R. W. H. M. van Tol, and W. J. de Kogel. "Methyl isonicotinate – a non-pheromone thrips semiochemical – and its potential for pest management." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 37, no. 02 (May 16, 2017): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758417000030.

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AbstractMethyl isonicotinate is one of several patented 4-pyridyl carbonyl compounds being investigated for a variety of uses in thrips pest management. It is probably the most extensively studied thrips non-pheromone semiochemical, with field and glasshouse trapping experiments, and wind tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer studies in several countries demonstrating a behavioural response that results in increased trap capture of at least 12 thrips species, including the cosmopolitan virus vectors such as western flower thrips and onion thrips. Methyl isonicotinate has several of the characteristics that are required for an effective semiochemical tool and is being mainly used as a lure in combination with coloured sticky traps for enhanced monitoring of thrips in greenhouses. Research indicates that this non-pheromone semiochemical has the potential to be used for other thrips management strategies such as mass trapping, lure and kill, lure and infect, and as a behavioural synergist in conjunction with insecticides, in a range of indoor and outdoor crops.

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Leclaire, Sarah, Thomas Merkling, Christine Raynaud, Hervé Mulard, Jean-Marie Bessière, Émeline Lhuillier, Scott A. Hatch, and Étienne Danchin. "Semiochemical compounds of preen secretion reflect genetic make-up in a seabird species." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1731 (September 21, 2011): 1185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1611.

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Several vertebrates choose their mate according to genetic heterozygosity and relatedness, and use odour cues to assess their conspecifics' genetic make-up. In birds, although several species (including the black-legged kittiwake) exhibit non-random mating according to genetic traits, the cues used to assess genetic characteristics remain unknown. The importance of olfaction in birds' social behaviour is gaining attention among researchers, and it has been suggested that, as in other vertebrates, bird body scent may convey information about genetic traits. Here, we combined gas chromatography data and genetic analyses at microsatellite loci to test whether semiochemical messages in preen secretion of kittiwakes carried information about genetic heterozygosity and relatedness. Semiochemical profile was correlated with heterozygosity in males and females, while semiochemical distance was correlated with genetic distance only in male–male dyads. Our study is the first to demonstrate a link between odour and genetics in birds, which sets the stage for the existence of sophisticated odour-based mechanisms of mate choice also in birds.

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Hansen, E. Matthew, A. Steven Munson, David Wakarchuk, Darren C. Blackford, Andrew D. Graves, S. Sky Stephens, and Jason E. Moan. "Advances in Semiochemical Repellents to Mitigate Host Mortality From the Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 5 (June 25, 2019): 2253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz172.

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AbstractWe tested 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) and novel semiochemicals as potential spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) repellents over multiple years in Utah and Colorado trapping bioassays. MCH is a known spruce beetle repellent and our testing revealed Acer kairomone blend (AKB) and isophorone plus sulcatone as repellents. We subsequently tested these semiochemicals for area and single tree protection to prevent spruce beetle attacks at locations in Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Alaska. Individual tree protection trials found MCH–AKB provided significant protection against spruce beetle attacks in the southern Rocky Mountains but not in Alaska. Adding sulcatone or doubling MCH–AKB pouches did not further enhance protection. A degree of protection was extended to spruce at least 10 m distant from the repellents, including in Alaska. Tree diameter was not a significant covariate among treated trees but was positively correlated with the probability of infestation for surrounding spruce. In area protection trials, spruce in control plots were 2.4 times more likely to be in a higher severity attack class compared with spruce in plots treated with MCH–AKB pouches deployed at 30 sets per hectare. Tree diameter had a significant, positive relationship to the probability of infestation. We found MCH–AKB to offer a high degree of protection against beetle attack in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae), especially for single tree protection (66% of control trees were strip- or mass-attacked compared with 6% of repellent-treated trees). AKB requires registration and labeling, however, before this economical and environmentally benign semiochemical can be used operationally.

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Tumlinson, James H. "Contemporary frontiers in insect semiochemical research." Journal of Chemical Ecology 14, no. 11 (November 1988): 2109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01014253.

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Weeks, E. N. I., J. G. Logan, S. A. Gezan, C. M. Woodcock, M. A. Birkett, J. A. Pickett, and M. M. Cameron. "A bioassay for studying behavioural responses of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to bed bug-derived volatiles." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 1 (January 27, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990599.

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AbstractThe common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), has recently re-emerged in increasing numbers, distribution and intensity of infestation in many countries. Current control relies on the application of residual pesticides; but, due to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. Semiochemicals (behaviour and physiology modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of bed bugs. However, in order to identify semiochemicals that can be utilised in monitoring or control, a suitable olfactometer is needed that enables the study of the responses of bed bugs to volatile chemicals. Previous studies have used olfactometers that do not separate olfactory responses from responses to physical contact. In this study, a still-air olfactometer was used to measure behavioural responses to different bed bug-derived volatiles presented in an odour pot. Bed bugs were significantly more likely to visit the area above the odour pot first, and more frequently, in the presence of volatiles from bed bug-exposed paper but not in the presence of volatiles from conspecific bed bugs. Bed bug activity was found to be dependent on the presence of the volatiles from bed bug-exposed paper, the time during the scotophase and the sex of the insect being tested. The still-air olfactometer could be used to test putative semiochemicals, which would allow an understanding of their behavioural role in bed bug ecology. Ultimately, this could lead to the identification of new semiochemical tools for bed bug monitoring and control.

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Schlyter, Fredrik. "Semiochemical Diversity in Practice: Antiattractant Semiochemicals Reduce Bark Beetle Attacks on Standing Trees—A First Meta-Analysis." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/268621.

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Dzięcioł, M., J. Politowicz, A. Szumny, and W. Niżański. "Methyl paraben as a sex pheromone in canine urine – is the question still open?" Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0090.

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Abstract The literature concerning the issue of canine sex pheromones includes reports presenting completely conflicting opinions about the chemical composition of the canine urine in the context of semiochemical communication. At present, the predominant report cited by many different authors is the article published in Science in 1979 by Goodwin at al., presenting methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) as the main canine sex pheromone. While it has been proved that pure methyl paraben lacks semiochemical activity as do commercially available products containing this substance (Eau D’Estrus, Synbiotics, USA), in view of the conflicting published reports the aim of this study was to revaluate using modern techniques the presence of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate in canine urine during different phases of the ovarian cycle. Ten female dogs of different breeds were used. Urine samples from bitches collected during various stages of the ovarian cycle were examined with using the SPME and GC/MS methods. Methyl paraben was not detected in any of the samples. In conclusion, because of the lack of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate in the samples examined, the present study confirmed negative opinions on the possibility of this substance playing a crucial role in semiochemical communication during reproduction in dogs (Canis familiaris).

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Sullivan, Brian T., and Stephen R. Clarke. "Semiochemicals for management of the southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): successes, failures, and obstacles to progress." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.67.

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AbstractThe southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is among the most destructive bark beetle pests of pines (Pinaceae) of the southeast and mid-Atlantic United States of America, Mexico, and Central America. Numerous volatile compounds can stimulate or reduce attraction of the beetle, but efforts to incorporate these into effective, practical technologies for pest management have yielded mixed results. Attractants have been incorporated into lures used in monitoring traps that are employed operationally to forecast outbreaks and detect emerging populations. The attraction inhibitor, verbenone, shows efficacy for suppressing southern pine beetle infestations but has not yet been adopted operationally. No effective semiochemical tree protectant has been developed for the beetle. We discuss complexities in the chemical ecology of the beetle that likely have impeded research and development of semiochemical management tools, and we describe basic science gaps that may hinder further progress if not addressed. We also report some supporting, original experimental data indicating (1) that a verbenone device can inhibit the beetle’s response to sources of attractant in a radius of at least several metres, (2) similar olfactory responses by the beetle to both enantiomers of verbenone, and (3) that pheromone background can cause conflicting results in semiochemical field tests.

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Baroffio, C. A., V. Guibert, P. Richoz, A. Rogivue, A. K. Borg-Karlsson, J. Cross, M. Fountain, et al. "Management of insect pests using semiochemical traps." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1137 (August 2016): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1137.17.

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Miller, Daniel R. "VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF IPS LATIDENS AND IPS PINI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY SEMIOCHEMICAL INTERRUPTION." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 6 (December 2000): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132789-6.

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AbstractThe effect of semiochemical interruptants was examined for Ips latidens (LeConte) and Ips pini (Say) using artificial trees (tall-traps) consisting of an array of seven Lindgren multiple-funnel traps suspended vertically on a rope ladder. S-(+)-Ipsdienol reduced the numbers of I. latidens captured in (±)-ipsenol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. The combination of (±)-exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol reduced the numbers of I. pini captured in (±)-ipsdienol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. These results provide support for semiochemical-based pest-management tactics that utilize a point source of interruptant at the base of a tree while noting limitations in behavioural effects and efficacy.

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Sun, X., Z. F. Zhao, F. F. Zeng, A. Zhang, Z. X. Lu, and M. Q. Wang. "Functional characterization of a pheromone-binding protein from rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in detecting pheromones and host plant volatiles." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 6 (July 7, 2016): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000560.

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AbstractPheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are believed to be involved in the recognition of semiochemicals. In the present study, western blot analysis, fluorescence-binding characteristics and immunolocalization of CmedPBP4 from the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, were investigated. Western blot analysis revealed that CmedPBP4 showed obvious antenna-specific expression patterns in female and male antenna, and made a clearly different sex-biased expression. Immunocytochemical labeling revealed that CmedPBP4 showed specific expression in the trichoid sensilla. Competitive fluorescence binding assays indicated that CmedPBP4 could selectively recognize three sex pheromone components (Z13-18:Ac, Z11-16:Al and Z13-18:OH) and eleven rice plant volatiles, including cyclohexanol, nerolidol, cedrol, dodecanal, ionone, (−)-α-cedrene, (Z)-farnesene, β-myrcene, R-(+)-limonene, (−)-limonene, and (+)-3-carene. Meanwhile the CmedPBP4 detection of sex pheromones and host odorants was pH-dependent. Our results, for the first time, provide further evidence that trichoid sensilla might be play an important role in detecting sex pheromones and host plant volatiles in the C. medinalis moth. Our systematic studies provided further detailed evidence for the function of trichoid sensilla in insect semiochemical perception.

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Lindgren, B. Staffan, Mark D. McGregor, Robert D. Oakes, and Hubert E. Meyer. "Suppression of Spruce Beetle Attacks by MCH Released from Bubble Caps." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/4.2.49.

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Abstract The attack density of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), was reduced to 10-25% of that on untreated felled Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) trees, when the trees were treated with 9-15 bubble cap release devices, each releasing the aggregation inhibitor MCH at 1-3 mg/24 h at 20°C. In the first experiment, deterioration of many release devices reduced the suppression effect. In the second experiment, MCH reduced attacks by 85%, and total brood production by 79-88%. The attacks on the MCH treated trees occurred late, as evidenced by the early stage of development of galleries and brood on these trees. Semiochemical-baited traps at untreated, or MCH-treated, felled trees caught few beetles, and had no effect on the attack density. The results show that manually applied MCH can be used operationally to reduce attacks by the spruce beetle on small groups of wind thrown trees. Mass trapping of spruce beetles is not feasible with currently known semiochemicals. West. J. Appl. For. 4(2):49-52, April 1989.

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Strom, B. L., S. R. Clarke, and P. J. Shea. "Efficacy of 4-allylanisole-based products for protecting individual loblolly pines from Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-236.

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We evaluated the effectiveness of 4-allylanisole (4AA) as a protective treatment for loblolly pines threatened by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Three products were evaluated in combination with two methods that promoted attack of trees by D. frontalis. One method used attractive semiochemicals and the other decreased host resistance, both of which are important scenarios for implementing protective treatments of individual trees. Each method promoted mass attack of unprotected control trees, thus providing a statistically verifiable challenge to the candidate protectants. In trees with increased susceptibility, mortality ranged from 63% (untreated) to 77% (4AA applied in paintball formulation), and two products appeared to alter the relative composition of scolytid species that attacked at two heights; however, tree mortality was unaffected. In trees challenged with semiochemical attractants, mortality ranged from 54% (4AA released from vials) to 82% (untreated and paintball application of 4AA). Although 4AA consistently reduces catch of D. frontalis in traps, it was not efficacious for protecting individual loblolly pines over a period of 30 or 60 days in this experiment.

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Edburg, Steven L., Gene Allwine, Brian Lamb, David Stock, Harold Thistle, Holly Peterson, and Brian Strom. "A Simple Model to Predict Scalar Dispersion within a Successively Thinned Loblolly Pine Canopy." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1913–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2339.1.

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Abstract Bark beetles kill millions of acres of trees in the United States annually by using chemical signaling to attack host trees en masse. As an attempt to control infestations, forest managers use synthetic semiochemical sources to attract beetles to traps and/or repel beetles from high-value resources such as trees and stands. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple numerical technique that may be used by forest managers as a guide in the placement of synthetic semiochemicals. The authors used a one-dimensional, one-equation turbulence model (k–lm) to drive a three-dimensional transport and dispersion model. Predictions were compared with observations from a unique tracer gas experiment conducted in a successively thinned loblolly pine canopy. Predictions of wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy compared well with observations. Scalar concentration was predicted well and trends of maximum observed concentration versus leaf area index were captured within 30 m of the release location. A hypothetical application of the numerical technique was conducted for a 12-day period to demonstrate the model’s usefulness to forest managers.

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Sullivan, Brian T., Mark J. Dalusky, David Wakarchuk, and C. Wayne Berisford. "Field Evaluations of Potential Aggregation Inhibitors for the Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.2.139.

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Semiochemicals that inhibit the response of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, to its aggregation pheromone have been used with varying degrees of success to protect individual trees from attack and to stop infestation growth. However, semiochemical disruptants have not experienced wide use in management of D. frontalis, due in part to the normally prohibitive expense associated with treatments using verbenone and 4-allylanisole, the two EPA-registered semiochemicals for this species. Therefore, we conducted some initial trap-based screenings of candidate compounds with the aim of discovering alternative inhibitory semiochemicals for use in management of D. frontalis. In separate experiments in Mississippi and Georgia, baits containing either 2-phenylethanol or myrtenol significantly reduced attraction of one or both sexes of D. frontalis to traps baited with a standard attractant (i.e., the D. frontalis aggregation pheromone frontalin and the host monoterpene alpha-pinene). In combination, the two compounds caused a 92% decrease in total beetle response to the standard attractant, although this reduction was not significantly greater than that produced by 2-phenylethanol alone. In one test, a blend of nonhost volatiles (1-hexanol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, and nonanal) significantly reduced attraction of male D. frontalis, but these observations were not duplicated in a second test. Another combination of candidate inhibitors (the nonhost blend plus guaiacol and benzaldehyde) also significantly inhibited response of male beetles. At the specific doses used in our tests, we failed to observe reduction in D. frontalis attraction by the following compounds presented singly: benzaldehyde, guaiacol, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (3,2-MCH), myrtenal, and verbenone.

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Cook, Stephen P., and Fred P. Hain. "The Influence of Self-Marking With Fluorescent Powders on Adult Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.3.269.

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Under laboratory conditions, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) adults became self-marked with fluorescent powders upon emergence from treated logs. The technique provided a reliable procedure for marking adult bark beetles without having to handle them. When the powder remained dry, nearly all of the emerged beetles were marked. However, the percentage of marked beetles decreased dramatically following simulated rain events. Once marked, the mark remains intact on beetles stored dry or in ethylene glycol or ethanol (95%). Marking did decrease the adult life span of both D. frontalis and I. grandicollis, but had no significant effect on flight initiation by either species or semiochemical perception by I. grandicollis. No semiochemical tests were conducted with D. frontalis. If beetles are recaptured shortly following emergence and self-marking, the technique should be useful for examining scolytid dispersal in the field.

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Boo, Kyung Saeng, and Kye Chung Park. "Insect semiochemical research in Korea: Overview and prospects." Applied Entomology and Zoology 40, no. 1 (2005): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.2005.13.

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38

Pattanayak, Rojalin, Geetanjali Mishra, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Prasant Kumar Rout, Chandra Sekhar Mohanty, and Omkar. "Semiochemical profile of four aphidophagous Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.45.

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AbstractThe emitted aliphatic hydrocarbon profile of four Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) (C7), Coccinella transversalis Fabricius (Ct), Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Ms), and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) (Pd) has been investigated by simple solvent-less headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Identified volatile and non-volatile compounds were confirmed by running corresponding standards and comparing with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Among the 56 identified aliphatic hydrocarbons, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were more in number than unsaturated ones. Among saturated hydrocarbons, methyl branched hydrocarbons were more in number in C7 and Ct than Ms and Pd. Menochilus sexmaculatus and Pd had higher percentages of unsaturated hydrocarbons than C7 and Ct. Among branched chain-hydrocarbons, mono-methylated saturated hydrocarbons were more in number than dimethylated saturated hydrocarbons. Further analysis of the semiochemical profile revealed a closeness between C7 and Ct, and between Ms and Pd. Quantitative analysis revealed that straight chain hydrocarbons form separate clusters to branched chain methylated hydrocarbons. This is the first attempt to identify the semiochemical profile of some Indian coccinellids using the headspace solid phase micro-extraction technique coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. This report will be helpful for various chemotaxonomic studies of the species in the future.

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Calcagnile, Matteo, Salvatore Maurizio Tredici, Adelfia Talà, and Pietro Alifano. "Bacterial Semiochemicals and Transkingdom Interactions with Insects and Plants." Insects 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120441.

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A peculiar feature of all living beings is their capability to communicate. With the discovery of the quorum sensing phenomenon in bioluminescent bacteria in the late 1960s, it became clear that intraspecies and interspecies communications and social behaviors also occur in simple microorganisms such as bacteria. However, at that time, it was difficult to imagine how such small organisms—invisible to the naked eye—could influence the behavior and wellbeing of the larger, more complex and visible organisms they colonize. Now that we know this information, the challenge is to identify the myriad of bacterial chemical signals and communication networks that regulate the life of what can be defined, in a whole, as a meta-organism. In this review, we described the transkingdom crosstalk between bacteria, insects, and plants from an ecological perspective, providing some paradigmatic examples. Second, we reviewed what is known about the genetic and biochemical bases of the bacterial chemical communication with other organisms and how explore the semiochemical potential of a bacterium can be explored. Finally, we illustrated how bacterial semiochemicals managing the transkingdom communication may be exploited from a biotechnological point of view.

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Hernández-López, Norberto, Yesenia Marquez-López, Armando Burgos-Solorio, and Atilano Contreras-Ramos. "Snakeflies (Raphidioptera) Captured in Black Traps with Semiochemical Attractants." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.1.119.

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Arruda-Gatti, Iara Cintra de, Flávia Augusta Cloclet da Silva, and Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Responses of Diabrotica speciosa to a semiochemical trap characteristics." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 6 (November 2006): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000700015.

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Responses of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to a semiochemical trap characteristics were investigated in the field. The trap consisted of plastic bottles with several perforations (0.5 cm diameter and 2.0 cm distance each other) and containing Lagenaria vulgaris L. (Cucurbitaceae) powder as cucurbitacin (arrestant and phagostimulant) source (0.28%). In common bean fields, transparent green traps caught significantly more males and females beetles than yellow, transparent and white traps. Yellow traps caught significantly more females than white traps. Transparent green and yellow traps baited with the volatile attractant 1,4-dimethoxybenzene caught 4.08 and 2.72 times more beetles than unbaited, respectively. Higher number of beetles was caught by 2L bottle traps than 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mL. In corn fields, transparent green bottle traps caught significantly more beetles in Campo Mourão and similar captures were found in Londrina field.

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D'Innocenzo, Barbara, Anna Maria Salzano, Chiara D'Ambrosio, Angelo Gazzano, Alberto Niccolini, Carlo Sorce, Francesca Romana Dani, Andrea Scaloni, and Paolo Pelosi. "Secretory Proteins as Potential Semiochemical Carriers in the Horse†." Biochemistry 45, no. 45 (November 2006): 13418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi061409p.

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Ingvarsdóttir, Anna, Michael A. Birkett, Ian Duce, Richard L. Genna, William Mordue, John A. Pickett, Lester J. Wadhams, and A. Jennifer Mordue Luntz. "Semiochemical strategies for sea louse control: host location cues." Pest Management Science 58, no. 6 (May 7, 2002): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.510.

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Whitney, H., O. Sayanova, M. J. Lewis, J. Pickett, and J. A. Napier. "Isolation of two putative acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase enzymes from Kochia scoparia." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280623.

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5-Hexadecenoic acid can be used to produce a semiochemical method to control the disease-carrying mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. This ususual fatty acid is produced in the seed of Kochia scoparia. We have isolated two acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturases from this species and expressed them in Escherichia coli to facilitate functional characterisation.

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Pickett, John A., Stephen Barasa, and Michael A. Birkett. "Vertebrate pheromones and other semiochemicals: the potential for accommodating complexity in signalling by volatile compounds for vertebrate management." Biochemical Society Transactions 42, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20140134.

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The interaction between volatile and non-volatile, e.g. proteinaceous, components of pheromone and other semiochemical-based signalling systems presents a daunting set of problems for exploitation in the management of vertebrates, good or bad. Aggravating this is the complexity of the mixtures involved with pheromones, not only by definition associated with each species, but also with individual members of that species and their positions within their immediate communities. Nonetheless, already in some contexts, particularly where signals are perceived at other trophic levels from those of the vertebrates, e.g. by arthropods, reductionist approaches can be applied whereby the integrity of complex volatile mixtures is maintained, but perturbed by augmentation with individual components. In the present article, this is illustrated for cattle husbandry, fish farming and human health. So far, crude formulations have been used to imitate volatile semiochemical interactions with non-volatile components, but new approaches must be developed to accommodate more sophisticated interactions and not least the activities of the non-volatile, particularly proteinaceous components, currently being deduced.

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Rainho, Hugo L., Weliton D. Silva, and José Maurício S. Bento. "Semiochemical-Based Attractant for the Ambrosia Pinhole Borer Euplatypus parallelus." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020266.

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A semiochemical-based attractant for Euplatypus parallelus was identified and field-tested. Analyses of headspace volatile extracts of conspecific males revealed the presence of 1-hexanol along with lesser amounts of 3-methyl-1-butanol, hexyl acetate, 1-octanol and trans-geraniol, which were not found in equivalent extracts from females. Emission of 1-hexanol coincided with the emergence of adults of both sexes during afternoon hours. A synthetic blend of these compounds, with and without ethanol, was tested in the field. The blend alone attracted a small number of females and no males. Ethanol alone attracted a small number of females (not significantly different from the blend alone) but significantly more males than the blend alone. More females were caught with the blend combined with ethanol than the combined catch of either attractant alone, suggesting a synergistic interaction. Attraction of males appeared to be a response to ethanol alone. During the trials, two potential natural enemies of E. parallelus were caught, indicating that they might be eavesdropping on the semiochemical channels of their prey. Traps containing the male-specific volatile compounds combined with ethanol could be applied as an effective attractant for detection and monitoring of E. parallelus as well as for recruitment of its natural enemies.

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Stock, Arthur J., J. H. Borden, and T. L. Pratt. "Containment and concentration of infestations of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), using the aggregation pheromone exo-brevicomin." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-065.

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Containment and concentration of infestations of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, was demonstrated when (±)-exo-brevicomin released at 0.4 mg/24 h was applied to single subalpine firs, Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., on a 50-m grid over 9-ha blocks, or released at 0.8 mg (24 h/tree)−1 applied to two trees at 50-m centres over the central 4 ha of 16-ha blocks. Nearest-neighbour distance between red trees and newly mass-attacked trees was 24 m in the central 4 ha of baited 16-ha blocks, compared with 13.8 m in control blocks, suggesting a movement of beetles away from "normal" attack centres. Treatments with exo-brevicomin at two trees per spot concentrated 89% of newly mass-attacked trees within 10 m of baited trees, clearly indicating the potential for semiochemical-based management of D. confusus. Within-stand distribution of attacked trees was highly aggregated (Clark–Evans test), in both treated and control blocks. The highly aggregated pattern of attack in control blocks could have been a product of stand structure, and it is hypothesized that D. confusus plays a role in the regeneration of its host by initiating small gaps that favour subalpine fir reproduction. If so, there is potential for using semiochemicals to manipulate D. confusus populations within a patch or selection logging system to maintain cover in climax subalpine forests.

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Liu, Zhao, Ting Hu, Huai-Wang Guo, Xiao-Fei Liang, and Yue-Qing Cheng. "Ultrastructure of the Olfactory Sensilla across the Antennae and Maxillary Palps of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Insects 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040289.

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The sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps are the most important olfactory organs, via which the insect can perceive the semiochemicals to adjust their host seeking and oviposition behaviors. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a major agricultural quarantine pest infesting more than 250 different fruits and vegetables. However, the sensilla involved in olfaction have not been well documented even though a variety of control practices based on chemical communication have already been developed. In this study, the ultrastructure of the sensilla, especially the olfactory sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps of both males and females, were investigated with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three types of olfactory sensillum types including trichodea, basiconica, and coeloconica, and two non-olfactory sensilla including both chaetica and microtrichia, were observed. Each of these three types of olfactory sensilla on the antennae of B. dorsalis were further classified into two subtypes according to the morphology and number of receptor cells. For the first time, the pores on the sensilla trichodea and basiconica cuticular wall were observed in this species, suggesting they are involved in semiochemical perception. This study provides new information on B. dorsalis olfaction, which can be connected to other molecular, genetic, and behavioral research to construct an integral olfactory system model for this species.

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Zong, Shixiang, Xinhai Liu, Chuanjian Cao, Youqing Luo, Lili Ren, and Hui Zhang. "Development of Semiochemical Attractants for Monitoring and Controlling Chlorophorus caragana." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 68 (2013): 0243. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znc.2013.68c0243.

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Schiebe, C., M. Blaženec, R. Jakuš, C. R. Unelius, and F. Schlyter. "Semiochemical diversity diverts bark beetle attacks from Norway spruce edges." Journal of Applied Entomology 135, no. 10 (March 25, 2011): 726–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2011.01624.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Semiochemical'

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