Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Senegalese'

The Senegalese sole (S. senegalensis) is a common flatfish, distributed over the eastern Atlantic coast from the Northern part of Senegal. Senegalese sole aquaculture has aroused great interest in the marine aquaculture in Spain and Portugal because of its relatively rapid growth rate, but it presents limits due to the poor reproduction of captive breeders in many facilities. In fact gonad development during sexual maturation results in major growth reduction, and increased susceptibility to diseases (Felip et al., 2006). Senegalese sole has 42 chromosomes and an XX/XY chromosome system for sex determination, while related species show the ZZ/ZW system. In S. senegalensis, these problems are aggravated because of the lack of knowledge concerning sex. This study fits into a detailed project of Senegalese sole knowledge, promoted by University of Cádiz, providing new information about the karyotype characterization, the chromosome structure of certain genes involved in sex determination and sexual differentiation processes, which may be relevant for improving the commercial production of this species. This piece of information not only helps to understand the development and evolutionary mechanism in vertebrates, but will also contribute to improving the production of target species for aquaculture. For this purpose, several bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that contain candidate genes involved in such processes (Vitellogenin, Otospiralin, R-spondin-1, Steroidogenic Factor1 and Tetkin-2) were analyzed and compared, where possible, with the same genes in other species. In this study it was possible to describe a part of those four genes, using 3’ RACE method. The BAC-FISH results showed the position of different genes in different chromosome, to improve the knowledge of Senegalese sole karyotype. In particular, the localization of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) in the chromosome 1 that is involved in the sex determination.

As immigrants arrive in a new culture, they must modify their behaviors to adapt to their host society. Through a review of current literature, I will examine the psychological and sociological aspects of immigration and the effects on migrant identity. I will argue that migrants most desire a bicultural identity, in which they retain some elements of their ethno-cultural identity while adopting some values of French society. The construction of a bicultural identity presents a challenge due to the particular philosophical foundations of the French nation-state and French culture. In the next chapter, I will analyze the challenges Senegalese migrants confront as they seek to build a bicultural identity. France’s assimilationist tradition presents an ideological barrier to successful integration and a model which must be examined to understand France’s identity politics. Resulting secondary barriers are evident in France’s social and economic policies, which have an exclusionary impact on immigrants and ethnic minorities. Senegalese migrants comprise a particularly vulnerable minority group in France, and socioeconomic pressures are especially influential on the integration of Senegalese migrants due to religious differences, the practice of polygamy, a high concentration in the service sector, and one the largest average household sizes. I will examine how France’s policies and societal behavior affect Senegalese-migrant identity and integration. In the last chapter, I will examine Senegalese perceptions of France and immigration, which are radically different from the true experiences of Senegalese migrants in France.

Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a flatfish of high commercial importance in Southern Europe that has been a promising species for diversifying Mediterranean aquaculture since early 1980's. It has failed to reach successful farming development due to lack of full control over spawning, poor fry quality and high mortality during the weaning stage. Furthermore, optimization of production has not been possible due to high heterogeneity in growth rates within cultured stocks that result in high body size variance at harvest. Among the several aspects needing wider knowledge in order to reach optimization of sole aquaculture, the ongrowing stage from juveniles to the commercialization size has been overlooked until the last years. It includes the relationships between individual growth and rearing parameters as stocking density, or the size composition of stocks. It is also important to evaluate growth according to the feeding rhythms, offering feed at adequate times for this species. Not less important is to assess the genetic variability of farmed stocks, and compare it to the wild populations, as a stepping stone to link genetic traits to the performance of aquaculture stocks. The aims of this thesis were to take an individual-based approach to growth, and growth sexual dimorphism, of Senegalese sole reared at high and low densities, with different levels of initial size variation, and under different feeding strategies. Moreover, the level of genetic variability of this species was compared between farmed and wild stocks through molecular genetic markers, and their sibship relationships were also assessed. Three experiments were conducted, involving a) rearing soles under high density (180% of bottom coverage) and low density (60% of bottom coverage); b) rearing soles under the same high and low densities, but also under homogeneous or heterogeneous initial size composition; c) rearing soles under a medium/high initial density (130% of bottom coverage) fed either during nocturnal hours, similar to their natural feeding rhythms, or during daylight hours. Additionally, the genetic variability of a farmed sample was compared to its wild donor population. Stocking density affects growth of Senegalese sole in two ways. First, sudden and steep increases in density could lead to poorer or no growth of fish until re-acclimatization to new high density conditions. Second, it seems that there is a sizedependent component on how stocking density affects growth, with smaller fish (sub-adults) growth being suppressed by high stocking density. Size composition of reared Senegalese sole does not affect individual growth. Sole doesn¿t show aggressive behavior and apparently, competition between individuals is low and size independent. Grading Senegalese sole does not guarantee the improvement of growth, and if so, it would be in high density conditions. Senegalese sole females grow faster than males, but after attaining certain body weight (between 40 and 80 g). It could be hypothesized that sexual maturation may be involved in the onset of sexual growth dimorphism in this species. Besides being an eminently nocturnal species, Senegalese sole fed during the light phase may yield specific growth rates and feed conversion ratios that are comparable to those of fish fed during the dark phase, suggesting the feasibility of feeding during normal business hours in commercial facilities. There is a loss in genetic variability in a single generation of Senegalese sole rearing, as evidenced by lower values of mitochondrial haplotypic diversity and nuclear diversity in the farmed sample compared with the wild donor population. Comparing wild Atlantic and Mediterranean samples suggests a limited gene flow between the populations inhabiting these basins. An accurate knowledge of the genetic composition of farmed stocks is essential both for maintaining the cultured stocks and for potential future restocking purposes. Castelldefels 17/
El llenguado senegalès (Solea senegalensis) és un peix pla de gran importància comercial al sud d'Europa. El seu cultiu no està totalment desenvolupat, en part degut a l'alta heterogeneïtat en les taxes de creixement dins de les poblacions cultivades, que donen lloc a una alta dispersió de talles en arribar a la mida comercial. Els objectius de la tesi van ésser l'aproximació individual al creixement, i al dimorfisme sexual del creixement, del llenguado cultivat a altes i baixes densitats, amb diferents nivells de dispersió de talles inicial i sota diferents estratègies alimentàries. D'altra banda, el nivell de variabilitat genètica d'aquesta espècie es va comparar entre les poblacions de cultiu i salvatges a través de marcadors genètics moleculars, i es van avaluar les seves relacions de parentiu. Es van dur a terme tres experiments, implicant a) el cultiu de llenguado a alta densitat (180% de cobertura del fons del tanc) i baixa densitat (60% de cobertura); b) el cultiu de llenguado sota les mateixes densitats, però també sota condicions d'homogeneïtat o heterogeneïtat de talles inicials; c) cultiu de llenguado a densitat mitja/alta (130% de cobertura) alimentats durant les hores nocturnes, de manera semblant als seus ritmes alimentaris naturals, o durant les hores diürnes. Addicionalment, es va comparar la variabilitat genètica d'una mostra de cultiu amb la seva població salvatge donant. La densitat de cultiu afecta el creixement del llenguado senegalès de dues maneres. En primer lloc, els augments sobtats i pronunciats de la densitat podrien conduir a un creixement pobre o nul fins la re-aclimatació a les noves condicions d'alta densitat. En segon lloc, sembla que hi ha una component mida-dependent de com la densitat de cultiu afecta el creixement, amb els peixos més petits (sub-adults) experimentant una supressió del seu creixement degut a l'alta densitat. La composició de talles del llenguado senegalès de cultiu no afecta el creixement individual. El llenguado no mostra un comportament agressiu i, pel que sembla, la competència entre els individus és baixa i independent de la mida. La classificació de talles en el llenguado no garanteix la millora del seu creixement, i si és així, seria en condicions d'alta densitat. Les femelles de llenguado senegalès creixen més ràpid que els mascles, però després d'assolir cert pes corporal (entre 40 i 80 g). Es podria hipotetitzar que la maduració sexual pot estar implicada en l'aparició de dimorfisme sexual en el creixement d'aquesta espècie. A pesar de ser una espècie eminentment nocturna, el llenguado senegalès alimentat durant les hores de llum pot experimentar taxes de creixement específiques i ràtios de conversió de l'aliment que són comparables a les dels peixos alimentats durant les hores nocturnes, el que suggereix la viabilitat de l'alimentació durant les hores normals de treball a les instal·lacions comercials. Hi ha una pèrdua de la variabilitat genètica en una sola generació de cultiu de llenguado senegalès, com s'evidencia pels valors més baixos de diversitat haplotípica mitocondrial i diversitat nuclear de la mostra de cultiu en comparació amb la població salvatge donant. La comparació de mostres salvatges de l'Atlàntic i del Mediterrani suggereix un flux limitat de gens entre les poblacions que habiten en aquestes conques. Un coneixement exacte de la composició genètica de les poblacions de cria és essencial per al manteniment de les poblacions cultivades, i per a possibles programes de repoblació en el futur.

Senegalese fishermen have significantly expanded their mobility into the eastern Atlantic Ocean since the early 1980s. Fishermen have been crossing international maritime borders and organising long sea journeys, in part as a response to the decrease in fishing resources in Senegalese waters. From the early 2000s, they began carrying West African migrants on the maritime routes from Senegal to Spain, diversifying into irregular maritime migration or ‘people smuggling’. Fishermen’s fishing techniques and the migration flows they have facilitated are well documented. We have a good understanding, too, of the push-and-pull factors shaping these maritime migration patterns. Thus far, the social and political meanings of fishermen’s maritime mobility and cross-border movements have been comparatively neglected. This thesis argues that these mobility patterns are connected, revealing links between regional fisheries and mobilities and international migration flows that create distinctive maritime geographies. Drawing on participant observations and narratives collected in 69 in-depth interviews, my analysis explores the ways in which power and knowledge shape the at-sea experiences of Senegalese fishermen. For them, mobility is more than a response to the decrease in fish resources. By deploying their mobility, fishermen seek to recover control over their maritime and social environments. To map the maritime geographies this mobility co-creates, I examine three spaces. First, I chart the social and political mechanisms of fishermen’s mobility in Senegal, examining the gendered and local meanings of their movements. Second, I examine these mechanisms at the regional level – at the Senegal–Mauritania border and in the waters off Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Finally, I track fishermen’s routes to the Canary Islands. By attending to fishermen’s accounts, I demonstrate the many ways in which they appropriate the ocean space, shape the geographies of maritime borderlands and rationalise their navigation. I reveal how their maritime mobility opens up multiple opportunities for fishermen to negotiate with – and reshape – the power relations that structure their social, political and natural environments.

This study focuses on English instruction in Senegal, where English is taught as a foreign language (EFL) in middle schools and high schools. It investigates the reading comprehension strategies and tools used by Senegalese EFL instructors to meet national English education standards. It also compares them to best practices for teaching EFL reading comprehension. 54 Senegalese teachers completed a survey asking questions about their reading classes, their approaches to teaching reading comprehension, and their teacher training and professional development. The findings revealed that the surveyed teachers had strong educational backgrounds and were aware of basic reading comprehension concepts and strategies. However, some of the reading strategies widely recognized as most beneficial for EFL instruction are not widely used or widely known in Senegal because teachers are not well trained with them. Observations are made about the overall patterns of teacher strengths and weaknesses, and recommendations are given to the Senegalese government, teachers, and education officials about reading comprehension in EFL instruction. The study contributes to existing literature by shedding light on some of the aspects that make L1 reading different from L2 reading, reviewing the problems facing Senegalese EFL education, and depicting the prevailing instructional environment in this context. It also traces important educational changes that have impacted the country, from budget pressures to the recruitment of contract teachers and large classes.

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UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Os movimentos migratórios são fenômenos recorrentes na sociedade, devido à necessidade dos indivíduos de se deslocarem para outros territórios em busca de dos mais diferentes motivos. Fluxos que se tornam visíveis, em grande escala e em diferentes contextos, muitas vezes a partir das matérias publicadas pelos diferentes veículos de comunicação. Assim, considerando o campo do social, as questões imigratórias, a imprensa e o estado do Rio Grande do Sul como ponto de partida, o presente trabalho busca compreender como o jornal Zero Hora constrói discursivamente os imigrantes haitianos e senegaleses que se encontram presentes no Rio Grande do Sul, entre o período de 2014 e 2015. Com base na análise realizada, foi possível verificar que o jornal estabelece diferentes construções discursivas relacionadas a esses indivíduos, a partir da fala de diferentes atores – sejam eles representantes do setor público, do setor privado ou da sociedade civil. Discursos sociais envoltos por uma gramática étnico-racial, voltada para a conquista de uma vida melhor em um novo território.
Migratory movements are recurrent phenomena throughout time, due to the need of individuals to move to other territories in search of different motivations. They are flows that become visible, on a large scale and in different contexts, frequently owing to the news published by the different media. Thus, considering the social area, the immigration thematic, the press and the state of Rio Grande do Sul as its basis, the present research seeks to understand how the Zero Hora newspaper discursively constructs the Haitian and Senegalese immigrants who were living in Rio Grande do Sul during the period of 2014 and 2015. Based on the analysis conducted, it was possible to verify that the newspaper establishes different discursive constructions related to these individuals, based on the speeches of different actors – being they representatives of the public sector, of the private sector or from the civil society. Social discourses surrounded by an ethnic-racial grammar, focused on the achievement of a better life in a new territory.

Los individuos de una misma población consistentemente difieren en sus respuestas al estrés y comúnmente se reconocen como estilos afrontamiento al estrés (EAE). Los EAE se caracterizan por dos tipos comportamientos: proactivo y reactivo. Los peces proactivos se reconocen por su mayor actividad, son impulsivos en sus decisiones, se arriesgan más en situaciones de peligro y muestran bajos niveles de glucocorticoides, en comparación con los peces reactivos. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que los EAE influyen en importantes aspectos biológicos de los peces, como crecimiento, salud, resistencia a enfermedades, bienestar y reproducción. Por ello, en esta tesis se caracterizaron los EAE del lenguado Senegalés (Solea senegalensis) y la dorada (Sparus aurata) y: i) se establecieron pruebas de EAE fiables y operacionales para juveniles y reproductores de lenguado (capitulo 2); ii) se determinó si los EAE se repetían de forma consistente en el tiempo y en distintas situaciones tanto en juveniles como reproductores de lenguado (capitulo 3) y en reproductores de dorada (capitulo 6) y se evaluó si los EAE difieren entre juveniles de con y sin desarrollo gonadal (capitulo 3); iii) se evaluó la posible relación entre EAE y la reproducción (desove/no desove), el sexo (macho/hembra) y el origen (cultivo/salvaje) en el lenguado (capitulo 4) y la dorada (capitulo 6); iv) se analizó el efecto de cuatro emulsiones enriquecedoras de Artemia (aceite de bacalao, soja, oliva y linaza) en el comportamiento de larvas de lenguado (capitulo 5); v) se describió el comportamiento reproductivo de la dorada (capitulo 7). Tres tipos de pruebas (retención en un salabre, reacción a un nuevo ambiente y confinamiento) demostraron ser apropiadas para caracterizar los EAE en juveniles y reproductores de lenguado, ya que identificaron dos grupos de individuos que variaron en niveles de actividad, latencia para explorar nuevos ambientes, disposición de riesgo y producción de glucocorticoides. Adicionalmente, estas pruebas explicaron más del 70% de variación total, se correlacionaron positivamente e identificaron dos ejes de la personalidad definidos como “miedo-reactividad” y “actividad-exploración”. Estas pruebas son operativas para granjas acuícolas, ya que son fáciles de realizar, pueden ser aplicadas a muchos individuos en un tiempo corto, además de que no requieren habilidades específicas a la hora de ser interpretadas. El comportamiento individual del lenguado y la dorada fue repetible (desde α = 0.989, P < 0.001 a α = 0.704, P = 0.047) y correlacionado (intra-individuales desde ICC = 0.978 a ICC = 0.285) en el tiempo y correlacionada entre test o en diferentes situaciones (desde R = 0.285, P = 0.035 a R = 0.939, P = 0.001). Los juveniles de lenguado con inicio de desarrollo gonadal presentaron una mayor actividad, mayor disposición al riesgo y segregaron menos glucocorticoides que los juveniles sin desarrollo gonadal, por lo que fueron clasificados como proactivos. En la dorada, los peces con mayor éxito reproductivo así como los machos estuvieron significativa y positivamente asociados con EAE proactivos. Por el contrario, los EAE del lenguado Senegalés no estuvieron vinculados al éxito reproductivo, sexo, ni origen, lo que indicó que estas dos especies diferentes estrategias vitales con diferentes tácticas de EAE. Las larvas de lenguado mostraron comportamientos proactivo y reactivo y los enriquecedores influyeron sus EAE (ejem. aceite bacalao indujo más larvas proactivas y emulsiones vegetales más reactivas) y su predisposición al riesgo. Finalmente, el comportamiento reproductivo de la dorada se caracterizó por dos patrones: el pre-desove (natación coordinada) y el desove (agregaciones, cortejos y desoves) y realizaron mayor número de desoves en pareja (71.6%) que en grupo (28.4%). Los resultados descritos son valiosos para el cultivo de estas dos especies ya que pueden ayudar a mejorar bienestar y su producción comercial.
Individuals of a same population consistently differ in their behavioural strategies to cope with stressors, commonly labelled as stress coping styles (SCS). SCS are typically characterized by two extreme behaviours: proactive and reactive. Proactive fish have been recognized to have higher activity in novel situations, to be more impulsive in decision making, to take higher risk when facing a potential danger, to be novelty seekers and to show lower glucocorticoids levels than reactive fish. Numerous studies have reported that SCS influence important biological aspects in fish, such as growth, health, resistance to diseases, welfare and reproduction. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize SCS in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to: i) establish some reliable and operational SCS tests to characterize behaviours in Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders (Chapter 2); ii) determine whether SCS were repeatable and consistent over time and across contexts in Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders (Chapter 3) and gilthead seabream breeders (Chapter 6) and whether SCS differed between Senegalese sole juveniles with and without gametogenesis (Chapter 3); iii) evaluate whether reproduction (spawned/did not spawn), sex (males/females) and origin (wild/hatchery-reared) were related to proactive or reactive SCS in Senegalese sole (Chapter 4) and gilthead seabream (Chapter 6); iv) assess the influence of four different dietary emulsions for Artemia enrichments (based on cod liver, soybean, olive oil and linseed oil) on Senegalese sole larvae behaviour (Chapter 5); v) describe the spawning behaviour of gilthead seabream (Chapter 7). Three SCS individual tests (restraining, new environment and confinement) were selected that efficiently characterize SCS of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders into two clusters of individuals differing in activity rates, latency to explore novel environments, risk taking and glucocorticoids levels. The selected tests are operational for aquaculture farms, since they are easy to perform, can be applied in large number of fish in a relative short time period and do not require special skills to be interpreted. Additionally, these tests explained over 70% of total behavioural variance, were cross-context correlated and identified two axes of personality defined as “fearfulness-reactivity” and “activity-exploration”. Senegalese sole and gilthead seabream showed high intra-individual behavioural repeatability over time (from α = 0.989, P < 0.001 to α = 0.704, P = 0.047), high correlations over time (from intra-class correlations ICC = 0.978 to ICC = 0.285) and high correlations between tests (from R = 0.285, P = 0.035 to R = 0.939, P = 0.001) or across context. Senegalese sole juveniles starting gametogenesis showed higher activity, risk taking predisposition and produced lower glucocorticoids than fish without gonadal development; being classified as more proactive than fish without gametogenesis. In gilthead seabream, proactive SCS were significantly and positively associated with the reproductive success and behaviours of males were related with proactive SCS, while those of females with reactive SCS. On the contrary, SCS of Senegalese sole were not linked to spawning success, sex or origin, suggesting different life strategies for both fish species that led to different SCS tactics. Senegalese sole post-larvae showed defined proactive and reactive SCS from early ontogenesis and oils enrichments influenced SCS and risk disposition of larvae (e.g. cod oil induced proactive SCS, while vegetable oils reactive traits). Finally, the spawning behaviour of gilthead seabream was characterized by two specific patterns: a pre-spawning behaviour (schooling and coordinated swimming patterns) and a spawning behaviour stricto sensu (aggregations, courtships and spawning rush) and pair-spawning (71.6%) were more frequent than group-spawning (28.4%). The findings of this study provided valuable information to the industry for the management of these two aquacultured species that ultimately could improve welfare and production.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Brite Divinity School, Texas Christian University, 2007.
Title from dissertation title page (viewed Feb. 4, 2008). Includes abstract. "Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Brite Divinity School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical interpretation." Includes bibliographical references.

This dissertation provides a geopolitical and gender analysis of the border that was built between 2005 and 2010 to stop unwanted migration from Senegal to Spain. I combine an investigation of institutional practices and of the experiences of migrants who crossed (or tried to cross) that border. This work constructs a genealogy of the Spanish - Senegalese border, including the obstacles placed to stop unwanted migration and the strategies adopted by migrants to enter EU space. To do so I draw from three bodies of literature: scholarship on migrant transnationalism, critical geopolitics, and feminist political geography. This analysis is built on extensive primary research complemented by secondary data, including life histories, participant observation, and interviews with migrants, members of their transnational social networks, former smugglers, service providers, supra-state organizations, state bureaucrats, and state security forces, as well as official statistics, legislation, and media accounts. I contend that gender is an articulating factor of international migrations. In the case of contemporary Senegalese migration to Spain, I argue that the re-enforcement and militarization of the border was disproportional to the number of migrants using land and sea routes. These efforts were partly responsible for a decrease in illegal migration by land and sea after 2007, but migration by air and secondary migration from other countries of the EU (which represent the majority of the migrant flow) was unaffected. Despite the obstacles placed to stop it, the migration of Senegalese continued and even increased during this period, mainly thanks to the support that transnational social networks provided to migrants. The main consequence of the preventive and defensive anti-immigration measures adopted was a re-territorialization of the EU border. The findings suggest the importance of integrating a variety of scales in the study of the processes, actors, and mechanisms involved in the territorial re-definition of state and supranational borders. In the case of the EU, I contend that as a response militarization is ethically questionable, economically wasteful, and inadequate. Finally, this study suggests the need to engage in a mobile cartography of the migrant transnational network to account for its transformations across time and space.

This exploratory study describes microlinguistic errors in composition written by a population of forty adult students enrolled in advanced English classes in three English language teaching institutions in Dakar, Senegal. The subjects had Wolof as their L1, French as their L2 and English as their L3.The study indicates that EFL learners in this context made intralingual and transfer errors; however the latter type was predominant. Most of the borrowing was from French, very little from Wolof. Researchers have suggested as the reason for extensive negative transfer the similarity of the L2 and L3 and the necessity to get one's meaning across. This study concludes that there may be other causes of borrowing: prestige associated with tolerance of breaches and societal predilections for borrowing. Arguments for this claim are found in the native language and the culture of the population involved; it is argued that in the Senegalese situation one needs cultural, sociological and historical information to account for transfer from French as a linguistic behavior.Pedagogical implications are drawn from the findings of the study, suggestions concerning the teaching of English in contexts similar to that of Senegal are made, and avenues are suggested for future research in the area.
Department of English

Includes bibliographical references.
"Towards a history of a Senegalese brotherhood in Cape Town" studies the presence of the Muridiyya, or Mouride, order (tariqa) of Senegal in South Africa, the relationships of its members to other Senegalese migrants and to the population of Cape Town. It therefore traces the transformation of the tariqa under new historical and geopolitical circumstances. Methodologically, within the limits of Historical Sciences, this research hasbeen undertaken in the framework of oral history methodology. Following the Introduction and a chapter on the methodological framework, this essay goes on to give a brief historical summary of Islam in Senegal followed by an overview of Sufism and Sufi orders in Senegal, concentrating on the life of the founder of the Muridiyya, Cheikh Amadu Bamba, his teachings, his trials under French colonialism, and the growth in influence of the Muridiyya order as a spiritual and socio-economic group in Senegal. Thereafter it looks at the worldwide spread of the Mouride Diaspora and its characteristics. Then the study concentrates its focus on the Mouride Diaspora to the Western Cape in the context of the general African migration to South Africa and of the historical Muslim presence in the area. Based-on individual interviews of members both of the Muridiyya and the Tijaniyya turuq, and on visits to the dahiras, zawiyas and workplaces of Mourides and Tijanis, it analyses in detail the experience of the group, describing its key features and in particular the twofold spiritual-economic core of the group. It traces the evolution of the group through a period of 14 years and examines the relationship that it has with South African society and with the Muslims of Cape Town in particular. The final section deals with the Mourides' own perception of their contribution to South Africa. In conclusion, this research points out that, thanks to its deeply spiritual and its economic principles, which emphasizes hard work, strong co-operative organization, and the consequent mutual trust among its members, the Muridiyya tariqa has grown and even transformed itself in Cape Town. It is dealing with infighting borne of its new context, and adapting to changing historical circumstances. Moreover, it can be seen as an alternative social way to respond to the difficult challenges that human beings face in our society.

Senegalese sole is a flatfish species with increasing importance for the aquaculture industry due to its good performance (survival and growth) in captivity and high market price.However,one of the principal bottlenecks to the expansion of the species culture is the reproductive behavioural dysfunction in cultured males,which complicates establishing a closed cycle in captivity.The reproductive behavioural dysfunction is exhibited by the cultured males that do not participate in the courtship.Therefore, Senegalese sole production relies on wild males,which is unsustainable in the long term.With the aim to understand and look for solutions to this bottleneck,the present thesis focuses on different aspects of behaviour related to reproduction and the olfactory system. The effect of the presence of spawning wild Senegalese sole breeders on the reproductive behaviour and reproductive success of cohabiting cultured breeders was examined.Three groups were established,1 formed by cultures sole and 2 mixed groups (cultured and wild).Fertilised spawns were not obtained from the control group.However,fertilised spawns were obtained from the mixed-origin groups.Cultured males were observed to participate increasingly in the courtship and one cultured male fertilised 2 spawns.These results suggested a learning process in this species for behaviours associated to reproduction.With the olfactory analysis,the structure of the olfactory rosettes of 2 groups from different origin of Senegalese sole juveniles were compared.No significant differences in tissue structure,cell types and cellular distribution pattern were observed between origin specimens,however,differences were found between rosettes in number of lamellae and amount of goblet cells in the ridge region of the lamella,which were more frequent in the lower rosette.Related to the comparison of transcriptomic profiles (RNA-seq) of the upper rosette in cultured and wild sole mature males,the difference in transcripts of some olfactory receptors and other transcripts associated with the control of reproduction demonstrated clear differences in functionalities between origins.Related to the olfactory sensitivity of cultured sole, juveniles and adults to urine from mature conspecific (wild and cultured) was evaluated using EOG.Urine was confirmed to be a potent olfactory stimulus for juvenile and adult.In addition to this, urine from mature females evoked a small, but significant increase in plasmas levels of LH in mature males,further demonstrating that urine play a role in reproduction in this species.Related to dominance in Senegalese sole juveniles were used to conduct 2 dyadic tests (feeding response and territory) and group tests.This was the first study related to dominance behaviour in this species, which could be very relevant to the low participation in the parental contribution during the spawning season.Three parameters related to feeding response, 2 variables related to territory and 2 index in the group test were extracted to differentiate between dominant and subordinate sole.Moreover,2transcripts related to neurogenesis and neuroplasticity were differentially expressed between dominant and subordinate.In the present study three stress coping styles categories were found (proactive,intermediate and reactive) in Senegalese sole juveniles.Moreover,there were four transcripts related to metabolism and feeding behaviour which linked behavioural stress coping categories with brain gene expression.All together these advances strengthen the importance of these research lines as areas that can give a solution to the reproductive dysfunction that can enable the aquaculture industry to close the species life cycle in captivity to make sole culture sustainable.
El lenguado Senegalés es una especie de pez plano que está en constante crecimiento de producción dentro de la industria de la acuicultura debido a su buena capacidad de supervivencia y crecimiento en cautividad,además de poseer un elevado precio en el mercado.En cambio,uno de los principales problemas de expansión del cultivo del lenguado es la disfunción reproductiva asociada al comportamiento complicando el cierre del ciclo de vida de esta especie en cautividad.La disfunción reproductiva se ve en los machos de cultivo que no participan en el cortejo.Consecuentemente,la producción del lenguado recae en los machos salvajes siendo insostenible a largo plazo.Esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal entender y buscar posibles soluciones a este problema enfocándose en diferentes aspectos relacionados con la reproducción y el sistema olfativo.Primero se realizó un análisis de efecto de la presencia de lenguados salvajes que se reproducen,en el cortejo y el éxito reproductivo de los lenguados de cultivo,que no se reproducen.Se formaron 3 grupos,1 de cultivo (control) y 2 mezcla (cultivo y salvajes).No se obtuvo puestas fecundadas del grupo control,en cabio si se obtuvo de los grupos mezcla,viendose por primera vez un aumento de participación de los machos de cultivo,donde un macho de cultivo fertilizó 2 puestas.Estos resultados sugieren un posible proceso de aprendizaje del cortejo por parte de los machos de cultivo.Con el análisis del olfato,primero se realizó una descripción y comparación histológica de la estructura de ambas rosetas olfativas de dos grupos de lenguados juveniles (cultivo y salvaje).No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la estructura tisular, tipos de células y distribución celular entre lenguados de diferente origen, en cambio, se encontraron diferencias entre las rosetas en número total de lamelas y en cantidad de células goblet concentradas en la parte apical de las lamelas siendo más frecuente en la roseta inferior.Con referencia a la comparación transcriptómica (RNA-seq) de la roseta superior en machos maduros salvajes y de cultivo,hubo diferencias significativas en transcritos asociados a receptores olfativos y de reproducción mostrando claras diferencias en la funcionalidad de la roseta en lenguados de diferente origen.En referencia a la sensibilidad olfativa a la orina del lenguados maduros medida a través del EOG,se demostró que la orina es un potente estimulante olfativo en lenguados juveniles y adultos de cultivo y además el incremento de LH en plasma de los machos adultos utilizados en este estudio demostró que la orina juega un papel importante en la reproducción de dicha especie.En referencia a los estudios de dominancia en lenguados juveniles,se utilizaron 2 pruebas diádicas(alimentación y territorio) y una grupal extrajeron 3 parámetros de dominancia asociados a la alimentación,2 variables asociadas al territorio y 2 índices en el test grupal los cuales diferenciaron entre dominantes y subordinados.Además hubo dos transcritos relacionados con la neurogenesis y la neuroplasticidad que se expresaron diferencialmente entre dominantes y subordinados.Este estudio ha sido el primero en reportar la dominancia como comportamiento en esta especie, la cual podría ser relevante debido a la baja contribución parental durante la época de puesta.Así mismo,se determinaron 3 categorias de estilos de afrontamiento al estrés (proactivos,intermedios y reactivos) en lenguados juveniles.Se encontraron 4 transcritos asociados al metabolismo y comportamiento de alimentación que relacionó los prfiles de comportamiento con la expresión génica cerebral en lenguados juveniles siendo genes importantes a nivel biolígico y funcional. Conjuntamente estos avances fortalecen la importancia de estas líneas de investigación como áreas que pueden dar solución a la disfunción reproductiva pudiendo cerrar el ciclo de vida del lenguado en cautividad para hacer el cultivo sost
El llenguado Senegalès es una espècie de peix pla que està en constant creixement de producció dins de la industria de l'aqüicultura degut a la seua capacitat de supervivència i creixement en captivitat,a més de posseir un elevat preu al mercat.En canvi,un dels principals problemes d'expansió del cultiu d'aquesta espècie és la disfunció reproductiva associada al comportament que complica tancar el cicle de vida del llenguado en captivitat.La disfunció reproductiva s'observa als mascles de cultiu que no participen al seguici.Conseqüentment,la producció del llenguado Senegalès depèn dels mascles salvatges el qual es insostenible a llarg termini.Esta tesi té com objectiu principal entendre i buscar possibles solucions a aquest problema enfocant-se en diferents aspectes relacionats amb la reproducció i el sistema olfactiu.Primer es realitzà un anàlisi d'efecte de la presència de llenguados salvatges que es reprodueixen en el seguici i l'èxit reproductiu dels llenguados de cultiu que no es reprodueixen.Es formà 3 grups,un de cultiu (control) i 2 mescla (cultiu i salvatges).No s'obtingué posts fecundades del grup control,en canvi si s'obtingueren dels grups mescla,veient un augment de participació dels mascles de cultiu per primera volta,on un mascle de cultiu va fertilitzar 2 postes.Aquests resultats suggereixen un procés d'aprenentatge del seguici per part dels mascles de cultiu.Amb l'anàlisi de l'olfacte,primer es realitzà una descripció i comparació estructural histològica de ambdues rosetes olfactives de 2 grups de llenguados juvenils dels dos orígens.No es trobà diferències en l'estructura tissular,tipus de cèl·lules i distribució entre llenguados de diferent origen,en canvi,es trobà diferències entre rosetes en nombre total de lamel·les i quantitat de cèl·lules goblet concentrades a la part apical de la lamel·la més freqüents a la roseta inferior.En referència a la comparació transcriptómica (RNA-seq) de la roseta superior en mascles madurs salvatges i de cultiu,es trobà diferències en transcrits associats a receptors olfactius i de reproducció mostrant clares diferències en la funcionalitat de la roseta en llenguados de diferent origen.En referència a la sensibilitat olfactiva de l'orina de llenguados madurs mesurada amb EOG,es demostrà que l'orina es un potent estimulant olfactiu en llenguados juvenils i adults de cultiu i l'increment de LH en sang dels mascles adults utilitzats en aquest estudi demostrà que l'orina juga un paper important en la reproducció d'aquesta espècie.En referència als estudis de dominància de llenguados juvenils utilitzant 2 probes diàdiques (alimentació i territori) i 1 grupal,van extraure 3 paràmetres de dominància associats a l'alimentació,2 variables associades amb el territori i 2 índex en el test grupal els quals diferencià entre dominants i subordinats.Aquest etudi ha sigut el primer en reportar la dominància com a comportament en aquesta espècie,la qual podria ser important degut a la baixa participació parental durant l'època de posta.Així mateix,es determinà 3 categories d'estil d'afrontament a l'estrès (proactius,entremitjos i reactius) en llenguados juvenils.Es van trobar 4 transcrits associats al metabolisme i comportament d'alimentació sent tots ells gens d'importància biològica i funcional que s'expressaren diferencialment entre perfils de comportament.Conjuntament aquests avanços enforteixen la importància d'aquestes línies d'investigació com àrees que puguin donar solució a la disfunció reproductiva podent tancar el cicle de vida del llenguado en captivitat per a fer la producció d'aquesta espècie sostenible en l'industria de l'aqüicultura.
Fatsini Fernández, E. (2017). Reproduction, olfaction and dominance behaviour in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/81550
TESIS

O ambiente aquático é frequentemente escuro e turvo, tal leva a que muitos peixes e outros organismos não utilizem a visão como principal sentido de orientação. No entanto, este ambiente é geralmente rico em diferentes compostos químicos que se encontram dissolvidos na água, o que faz com que muitos organismos tenham os sentidos químico-sensoriais muito desenvolvidos, especialmente espécies nocturnas e/ou que habitam águas de elevada turbidez. O linguado Senegalês é um peixe bentónico pertencente ao grupo dos peixes chatos (Pleuronectiformes). Tal como a maioria dos peixes deste grupo o linguado passa grande parte do tempo parcialmente enterrado na areia, ficando apenas com os olhos e a narina superior expostos à coluna de água. As principais presas desta espécie são organismos bentónicos que vivem enterrados na areia, tais como poliquetas e crustáceos. Durante a metamorfose, o olho esquerdo migra para o lado superior (direito), no entanto, a narina esquerda não migra permanecendo no lado inferior (esquerdo). Em consequência, os dois epitélios olfactivos do linguado encontram-se expostos a diferentes ambientes; a narina superior amostra a coluna de água, enquanto a narina inferior amostra a água intersticial. Alguns odorantes são detectados de forma diferencial pelos dois epitélios olfactivos, sugerindo a existência de diferenças funcionais no papel que cada uma das narinas desempenha; um fenómeno nunca antes descrito em vertebrados. Esta singularidade faz do linguado um modelo bastante atractivo para o estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos na detecção e descriminação olfactiva. Assim sendo, o principal desafio deste trabalho foi compreender a importância funcional da detecção olfactiva diferencial e alargar o conhecimento referente aos mecanismos de detecção olfactiva no linguado Senegalês. Numa tentativa de estabelecer uma relação entre a diferencial sensibilidade olfactiva e a função dos odorantes envolvidos neste fenómeno, foi feita a identificação química de compostos olfactivamente activos presentes em estímulos relacionados com a detecção e localização de presas e com possíveis interacções intra-específicas. Em adição, foram investigadas as vias de transdução envolvidas na detecção dos compostos identificados. Uma vez que o linguado é frequentemente encontrado em ambientes de salinidade relativamente baixa, foi também avaliada a sensibilidade olfactiva a diferenças nas concentrações de Ca 2+ e Na-', assim como o efeito da salinidade na acuidade olfactiva nesta espécie. Na poliqueta Hediste diversicolor, presa comum do linguado, foram identificados odorantes no seu macerado e na água condicionada por este anelídeo. Ambas as amostras foram fraccionadas por filtração baseada no peso molecular e extracção por fase sólida (colunas C18). A potência olfactiva das fracções resultantes foi avaliada através do electro-olfactograma (EOG). A maioria dos odorantes detectados no macerado são compostos relativamente hidrofilicos de baixo peso molecular (<500Da). Os aminoácidos, em geral, têm estas características químicas e é sabido que os peixes são olfactivamente sensíveis a L-aminoácidos. Perante a possível contribuição de aminoácidos para a potência olfactiva do macerado, o seu conteúdo em aminoácidos foi avaliado por cromatografia gasosa associada a espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Os aminoácidos mais abundantes no macerado são a glicina e o L-ácido aspártico; a glicina é um estímulo olfactivo forte, no entanto, o linguado é pouco sensível ao L-ácido aspartico. Os restantes aminoácidos mais abundantes são L-histidina, L-prolina, L-alanina e L-asparagina. ### Abstract - Fish face many problems in finding their way around their environment, which is immense, dense, often dark and often devoid of visual cues. Furthermore, the aquatic medium contains many dissolved compounds. Thus, many aquatic animals have acute chemical senses, specially those species with nocturnal activity or habitats with high water turbidity, which can help them navigate and find conspecifics and prey or avoid enemies. The Senegalese sole is a benthic nocturnal flatfish, which typically spends most of its time half-buried in sand with only its eyes and upper nostril exposed to open water, and feeds on benthic organisms, such as crustaceans and polychaetes, which live in the sand. During metamorphosis, the left nostril remains on the left (lower) side of the head, unlike the left eye which migrates to the right side of the head. Therefore, these fish have two olfactory epithelia exposed to two distinct environments; the upper nostril samples open water whilst the lower nostril samples interstitial water. It has been shown that the two olfactory epithelia of sole have different sensitivities to a number of different compounds suggesting that there is a functional difference between the roles that the two nostrils play. This functional asymmetry has never been described before in a vertebrate; this makes the sole a highly attractive model to study the mechanisms involved in olfactory detection and discrimination. Thus, the central challenge of this study was to understand the functional importance of differential detection by the two olfactory epithelia and to further our knowledge of the neuronal mechanisms involved in olfactory perception in the sole. To establish a possible relation between differential olfactory detection and the functional importance of the odorants, odorants related to food search and intra-specific interactions in sole were identified, and the signal transduction pathways involved in the detection of the identified compounds in both olfactory epithelia were investigated. Given that sole often lives in estuaries, where salinity can change rapidly, we also evaluated the olfactory sensitivity to changes in environmental [Na and [Cal and the effects of changes of salinity on olfactory sensitivity. The food stimuli used in chemical identification studies were macerates of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and water containing compounds released by living worms. Both samples were fractionated by molecular weight filtration followed by C18 solid-phase extraction and the olfactory potency of the resultant fractions was assessed by the electro-olfactogram (EOG). Most of the odorants detected by sole in the ragworm macerate were low molecular weight (<500Da) relatively hydrophilic compounds. Amino acids, in general, have these chemical features and fish are, in general, sensitive to L-amino acids. Thus, the amino acid content of the macerate was analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most abundant amino acids present in the macerate were glycine and L-aspartic acid; although sole is sensitive to glycine, acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid are weak odorants. The next most abundant amino acids were L-histidine, L-proline, L-alanine and L-asparagine. Sole is insensitive to L-histidine and L-proline; however, L-alanine and L-asparagine are potent odorants. To evaluate the relative contribution of amino acids to the olfactory potency of ragworm macerate, the olfactory activity of an artificial mixture of amino acids at the same concentration as measured in the macerate was evaluated. Our results confirmed that, in the macerate, the vast majority of the olfactory potency is likely to be due to the presence of amino acids.

In the Senegalese musical tradition, there is a big number of cultural expressions and publicevents where the style, as well as the vibrant creativity of the Sabar percussion isdemonstrated. But if there is a moment on which this idea becomes most clear, this would bethe Tandibéer.The expressive and stylistic character of the Sabar drum playing is virtually exposed in theTandibéer where drummers and dancers have the opportunity to show their creative strengthand personality

Concert Program and Specifications

”Music Approaching Differences”

Davide Rodrigues ExamensKonsert

Introduction

with Sabar Drum ”Baye Faal”(Coming on stage…)Concert starts with tradicional religious Baye Fall chant and drumming from Senegal on which thesinging and the percussion have a close interaction.

Yirime Gueye- Nder drum & Thiou

lDavide Rodrigues- Nder drum & Baala

Dawcoumba Diop- Thioul

Abdulaye Diop- Tungunee & Baye Fall Chant

Nikolas Viisanen- Mbenguembengue

Davide´s Percussion Solo

On this solo totally improvised, an overview of the concert´s rhythmical landscape isdemonstrated. A lot of dynamics are explored in this self chosen set of sounds.

”Abrigo”

Using a small theme composed by the accordionist Isak Bergstrom as inspiration, this pieceexplores the interesting dynamic between the Accordion and the Drum with a short vocal choirintro with swedish Kulning.

Davide- Perc. & Vox

Isak Bergstrom- Accordion & Vox

Malin Gunnarsson Thunell- Kulning

Malin & Davide

Voice and Drums are two of the most intuitive instruments and this duo explores this basicaspect of the music. A mix of musical language and texture springs up a very melodic piecewhere both interpreters find a good balance between this two intruments.

Malin Gunnarsson- Vox

Davide- Perc. & Vox

”Zarabatana”

For long time Johannes Hellman (Velvlira) and Davide Rodrigues (Percussion) were aiming towork together and put in practice this interesting duo. This song ”Zarabatana” makes apowerful statement on that. Not only with a lot of vocal percussion but also with the melodicand very rhythmical intepretation from Johannes velvlira.

Johannes Hellman- VelvLira

Davide- Perc. & Vox

”No TransversAu”

In this piece the music intends to reveal the great contrast between a simple and pentatonicmelody and the full expressed free improvisation.

Elias Frigård- Sax Soprano

Guto Lucena- Sax Baritono

Davide- Perc.

”Deslize”This piece started as a duo with bass (Rickard Jokela) and percussion and evolved naturally toa sextet with a interesting sound palette. The clear tipical senegalese groove supports an openspreaded melody that “slides” through the piece.

Malin Gunnarsson- Vox

David Lombardi- Violin

Elias Frigård- Sax Soprano

Rickard Jokela- Acoustik Bass

Filipe Raposo- Piano

Davide- Perc.

”Sagaz”A challenging theme that also started as a duo with the violinist David Lombardi became thisoctet with Strings, Piano and Sax Soprano. On this piece, inspired on the music from theswedish group Väsen, the Senegalese grooves and the ”SvenskSväng” are brought together ona very much arranged song.

Malin Gunnarsson- Vox

Davide Lombardi- Violin 1

Anna Karlsson- Violin 2

Johanna Nolgård- Viola

Elias Frigård- Sax Soprano

Rickard Jokela- Acoustik Bas

Filipe Raposo- Piano

Davide- Perc. & Vox

"Navegar Navegar”(Fausto)

A version of the portuguese song ”Navegar Navegar” from Fausto with a percussion arrangementon the Sabar and tradicional portuguese drums.

Malin Gunnarsson- Vox

Karl Tirén- Mandolin

Johan Nilsson- Nylon Guitar

Isak Bergstrom- Accordion

Rickard Jokela- Acoustik Bass

Filipe Raposo- Piano

Guilherme Piedade- Perc.

Davide- Perc. & Vox

"Tandibeer & Dance"

A small but yet intense taste of the tradicional senegalese ”Tandibéer”Some of the most popular rhythms are performed for the dance with the complex and intrincatesolo language of the Sabar drum aswell.

Yirime Gueye- Nder drum & Thioul

Davide Rodrigues- Nder drum & Baala

Dawcoumba Diop- Thioul

Abbe Diop- Tungunee

Nikolas Viisanen- Mbengue mbengue

____________________________________________________________________________Davide Rodrigues

Understanding how social-ecological changes influence the resilience of dryland agro-silvo-pastoral systems can offer new perspectives on current sustainability challenges. In this study I use mixed methods to explore how resilience thinking can guide development towards sustainable and just future pathways in the Sahelian part of northern Senegal. A combined analysis of regional statistical data and local actors’ perceptions of recent development revealed five key patterns of change: 1) decreased annual precipitation, 2) lack of pastures and environmental degradation, 3) improved rural water access and an opening-up of previously isolated areas, 4) adaptation strategies, and 5) decentralization. Participants’ rankings of context-specific resilience metrics based on the seven principles for building resilience, indicate a low to moderate current resilience of the agro-silvo-pastoral system and a decline in general system resilience over the past decades. The analysis highlights the need for greater recognition of pastoral mobility and groundwater recharge dynamics in natural resource management, along with challenges of inequities and power assymetries among actors, while also pointing to the potential of local initiatives to support development in the Senegalese Sahel. By synthesizing changes and assessing their influence on the resilience of the agro-silvo-pastoral system, the study shows how resilience assessments can be used to understand system dynamics and illustrate development paradoxes in the Senegalese Sahel.

Meat and milk from sub Saharan African cattle systems tend to have high greenhouse gas emissions intensities; this is largely due to low levels of productivity. There is a need to increase production to meet an increasing demand for livestock commodities; driven by growing populations, and growing diet variation, as incomes and urbanisation increase. Without measures to reduce the emissions intensity of production, there will be significant increases in total greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, cost-effective ways of reducing emissions intensity, whilst increasing productivity should be identified. This thesis looks to support this by providing an assessment of low-input to semi-intensified cattle production systems in Senegal, West Africa; where cattle populations are growing and efforts are being made to increase domestic milk production. The emissions intensity of protein from current production systems is calculated using a version of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM). Variation in emissions intensity is observed between current systems, which can be largely linked to feed ration quality and levels of protein productivity. Productivity improving interventions suitable for the study systems are identified, and their application to current systems modelled by altering input parameters within GLEAM. It is suggested that production systems could reduce emissions intensities by applying nutritional and health related intervention packages; through which the varying production systems could abate between 10% and 20% of their total greenhouse gas emissions whilst also making financial savings. A comparison between the current systems of production also suggests that changing the lower productivity systems to match higher producing systems would also offer substantial cost-saving emissions abatement. The thesis considers the key limitation to the use of GLEAM for modelling the application of nutritional mitigation measures, in that when nutritional improvements are made animal performance does not currently increase. Predicting how animals will respond to improved nutrition is challenging. However, a methodology is discussed, and is shown to have an important effect on the emissions abatement results. Subsequently, the thesis advocates further research to experimentally substantiate animal performance responses when nutritionally limited cattle are given improved feed regimes. Despite the study livestock keepers showing aspiration to improve the productivity of their herds, with subsequent potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the thesis recognises that the abatement potentials suggested by modelling would be restricted by the reality of production system context and constraints. Key barriers to a realisation of the productivity improvements include: a lack of financial means, limitations to resource access and affordability, and requirement for information and training concerning productivity improving options. For realisation of productivity improvements the current barriers would require further investigation, the thesis helps identify what form interventions should take.

La tesi presenta un’analisi sociolinguistica del ruolo delle lingue francese e italiano nel contesto dell’immigrazione, in particolare presso la comunità senegalese francofona immigrata a Brescia. Nella prima parte, il primo capitolo è dedicato al Senegal, che viene illustrato nei suoi tratti storici, etnici, culturali, religiosi e di cui viene descritto l’attuale quadro linguistico. Viene anche ricostruita l’evoluzione della diaspora senegalese in Europa e in Italia nelle sue diverse fasi. Il secondo capitolo si focalizza su Brescia, città d’elezione dei migranti senegalesi in Italia, a causa delle sue caratteristiche socio-economiche che la rendono territorio particolarmente adatto alla creazione di reti di solidarietà fra senegalesi e autoctoni. La seconda parte è interamente dedicata all’analisi sociolinguistica delle lingue in gioco in questo contesto d’immigrazione. L’indagine si basa su venti interviste fatte a un campione di senegalesi residenti a Brescia, dalle quali emergono le pratiche linguistiche e le rappresentazioni linguistiche dei soggetti rispetto alle lingue conosciute e parlate. Le conclusioni della tesi consistono in un bilancio d’insieme del lavoro svolto e in una rilettura del metodo adottato per la conduzione dell'inchiesta.
This thesis presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the role of French and Italian in the migration context, notably in the community of francophone Senegalese immigrants in Brescia. In the first part, the first chapter is dedicated to Senegal, which is described in its historical, ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic features. The evolution of the Senegalese diaspora in Europe and Italy is also tackled in its different stages. The second chapter focuses on Brescia, elective hometown of the Senegalese in Italy, because of it socio-economic features which make it a territory particularly favorable to the creation of solidarity networks between Senegalese and Italians. The second part is entirely dedicated to the sociolinguistic analysis of the languages involved in this context. The survey is based on twenty interviews made with a sample of Senegalese immigrants in Brescia, from which the linguistic practices and representations of the subjects, about the languages known and spoken, emerge. In the conclusions of the thesis, a global view on the research carried out and on the method adopted for the survey will be given.

La tesi presenta un’analisi sociolinguistica del ruolo delle lingue francese e italiano nel contesto dell’immigrazione, in particolare presso la comunità senegalese francofona immigrata a Brescia. Nella prima parte, il primo capitolo è dedicato al Senegal, che viene illustrato nei suoi tratti storici, etnici, culturali, religiosi e di cui viene descritto l’attuale quadro linguistico. Viene anche ricostruita l’evoluzione della diaspora senegalese in Europa e in Italia nelle sue diverse fasi. Il secondo capitolo si focalizza su Brescia, città d’elezione dei migranti senegalesi in Italia, a causa delle sue caratteristiche socio-economiche che la rendono territorio particolarmente adatto alla creazione di reti di solidarietà fra senegalesi e autoctoni. La seconda parte è interamente dedicata all’analisi sociolinguistica delle lingue in gioco in questo contesto d’immigrazione. L’indagine si basa su venti interviste fatte a un campione di senegalesi residenti a Brescia, dalle quali emergono le pratiche linguistiche e le rappresentazioni linguistiche dei soggetti rispetto alle lingue conosciute e parlate. Le conclusioni della tesi consistono in un bilancio d’insieme del lavoro svolto e in una rilettura del metodo adottato per la conduzione dell'inchiesta.
This thesis presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the role of French and Italian in the migration context, notably in the community of francophone Senegalese immigrants in Brescia. In the first part, the first chapter is dedicated to Senegal, which is described in its historical, ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic features. The evolution of the Senegalese diaspora in Europe and Italy is also tackled in its different stages. The second chapter focuses on Brescia, elective hometown of the Senegalese in Italy, because of it socio-economic features which make it a territory particularly favorable to the creation of solidarity networks between Senegalese and Italians. The second part is entirely dedicated to the sociolinguistic analysis of the languages involved in this context. The survey is based on twenty interviews made with a sample of Senegalese immigrants in Brescia, from which the linguistic practices and representations of the subjects, about the languages known and spoken, emerge. In the conclusions of the thesis, a global view on the research carried out and on the method adopted for the survey will be given.

En el presente trabajo de tesis doctoral se presenta y describe por primera vez el comportamiento reproductivo del lenguado senegalés (Solea senegalensis) de origen salvaje mantenido en cautividad, trabajando con un total de 15 cortejos. El cortejo del lenguado senegalés se inicia mediante una serie de contactos entre machos y hembras, seguido de una serie de comportamientos de tipo competitivo observados exclusivamente en los machos. Posteriormente un macho centra su atención sobre una determinada hembra, apoyando su cabeza sobre la zona dorsal, la aleta caudal y la gónada de la hembra, hasta que ésta comienza a nadar, momento en el que el macho se sitúa debajo de ella. A continuación ambos individuos nadan de forma sincronizada hacia la superficie, y tras unos segundos comienzan a liberar los gametos. Los comportamientos considerados como más relevantes en el estudio del cortejo se han denominado: “apoyar la cabeza”, “temblor”, “seguir a”, “seguido por”, “separarse”, “quieto”, “nadar solo”, “quieto con acciones sobre el”. Además de la descripción del comportamiento reproductivo de los lenguados salvajes, en este trabajo se han estudiado otros grupos de peces: la primera generación de lenguados criados en cautividad G1, mezcla de G1 y salvajes (machos salvajes–hembras G1 y machos G1-hembras salvajes) y G1 sometidos a inducción hormonal a fin de estudiar la existencia o no de comportamientos similares a los descritos previamente de lenguados salvajes. Como resultado de dichos estudios se ha podido establecer por primera vez que el problema reproductivo de los lenguados G1 es de naturaleza comportamental y se ha descrito la ausencia de comportamiento reproductivo en los lenguados nacidos y criados en cautividad (G1). Se ha descrito la ausencia total de una serie de comportamientos imprescindibles para el cortejo del lenguado como “seguir a”, “seguido por”, la incitación de apoyar la cabeza y todos los pasos posteriores del cortejo. Sin embargo sí que se pudo observar y describir un comportamiento reproductivo normal en grupos mezcla de machos salvajes y hembras G1, con la descripción de 2 cortejos completos en este grupo tan solo 3 meses después de su formación, obteniendo un total de 30 ml de huevos flotantes con un 50% de fecundación, lo que a pesar de ser valores bajos, demuestra que con esta composición de individuos no hay disfunción reproductiva, lo que centra el problema en los machos G1. En los ensayos de inducción hormonal de lenguados G1, usando distintos tipos de hormonas, hormona liberadora de gonadotrofina (GnRH), gonadotrofina coriónica humana (HCG), y prostaglandina (PGF2α) se observó también una ausencia total de cortejo y/o de los comportamientos asociados, observándose incluso una menor actividad en los animales inducidos. Considerando el nulo efecto de las hormonas exógenas (GnRH, HCG y PGF2α), para inducir el comportamiento reproductivo normal bajo condiciones experimentales del presente estudio, se examinaron a continuación las posibles vías de comunicación química implicadas en el control del comportamiento reproductivo. Mediante el uso del electroolfatograma, se estudió el efecto de una serie de sustancias/aromas a la hora de inducir una respuesta en individuos juveniles de lenguado. Así se pudo observar que orina y heces produjeron un aumento estadísticamente significativo de respuesta mediante la cual los juveniles podían distinguir no sólo el sexo (P<0,05) sino la madurez gonadal (también con diferencias significativas P<0,05) de individuos conespecíficos. La señal detectada fue significativamente mas alta para heces y orina de machos maduros y hembras maduras que para machos inmaduros y hembras inmaduras. Por último se realizó un experimento con trucha ártica (Arctic char), a fin de estudiar el efecto de ciertas sustancias químicas exógenas introducidas en el agua sobre el reconocimiento conespecífico y el comportamiento, obteniendo diferencias significativas (P<0,001) en cuanto a la reacción que provocan esas sustancias. Así, se observaron cambios en la velocidad de natación, distancia recorrida y acercamiento al punto de inserción de la señal, para tratamientos con prostaglandinas (PGF2α y su análogo el D-Coprostenol) y fluidos ováricos (registros EthoVision). Se observó que los machos maduros, tras la introducción de fluidos ováricos, aumentaron su actividad en el área de la “nube” de los fluidos ováricos. En comparación se observó un efecto similar en animales inmaduros a la introducción de agua de un tanque de otros animales induciendo un aumento en actividad en el área del “nube” de agua de otros animales, pero no hubo reacción por parte de los individuos inmaduros (machos y hembras) a fluidos ováricos. El conjunto de ensayos realizados en la tesis, así como los resultados obtenidos, centran el problema reproductivo en una disfunción del comportamiento reproductivo en los machos G1. Bajo las condiciones de este estudio, el uso de hormonas exógenas GnRH, hCG y PGF2α, no indujo dicho comportamiento aunque sí se pudo constatar la existencia de una comunicación química conespecífica a través de la orina y las heces, lo que puede estar involucrado en el control del comportamiento reproductivo del lenguado como ha sido descrito en otras especies de peces. La identificación del tipo de control fisiológico del comportamiento reproductivo permitirá en el futuro poder solucionar la disfunción reproductiva o incluso inducir o controlar de dicho comportamiento mediante el uso de las sustancias químicas más adecuadas.
The present doctoral thesis has described for the first time the reproductive behaviour of wild Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) held in captivity based on a total of 15 observed courtships. Senegalese sole courtship was initiated with a series of contacts between males and females followed by a series of competitive type behaviours observed exclusively between males. After these behaviours a male focused on a particular female, resting his head on the dorsal area, caudal fin and ovary, until the female began to swim, at which time the male would situate below the female. The male and female then swam in synchrony to the surface and after a few seconds began to release the gametes. The behaviours considered most relevant to the courtship were named "support the head," "trembling", "follow", "followed by", "separate", "still", "swim alone," and "stay quiet with actions on it". In addition to the description of the reproductive behaviour of wild sole, the present thesis has studied other groups of fish: the first generation of captive-bred G1 sole, mixed G1 and wild (wild males with G1 females and G1 males with wild females) and G1 fish that were induced with hormones, all with the aim to study the existence or not of behaviours similar to those previously described for wild Senegalese sole. These studies established for the first time that the reproductive problem of G1 Senegalese sole was based in behavioural aspects and in particular the complete absence of reproductive behaviour in the Senegalese sole hatched and reared in captivity (G1). A number of behaviours essential for Senegalese sole courtship were absent, including "follow", "followed by" incidence of support the head and all the subsequent steps of courtship. However, normal reproductive behaviour was observed and described in the mixed group wild males and G1 females, with the description of two complete courtship sequences only 3 months after the mixed group was formed. This mixed group produced a total of 30 ml of floating eggs with 50% fertilization, which despite being low values demonstrated that this mix of organs (G1 females and wild males) did not exhibit total reproductive dysfunction and, therefore, focused the problem in G1 males. In trials with hormonal induction of G1 Senegalese sole, using different types of hormones, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and prostaglandin (PGF2a), there again was a complete absence of courtship and / or associated behaviours, with a reduction in activity in the induced animals. Considering the null effect of exogenous hormones (GnRH, HCG and PGF2a), under the present experimental conditions to induce normal reproductive behaviour, a study was undertaken to examine the possible pathways of chemical communication involved in the control of behaviour. The electroolfatograma was used to study the effect of a number of substances / aromas for inducing a response in individual juvenile Senegalese sole. Thus it was observed that urine and faeces produced a significant increase (P = 0.05) in response by which juveniles could distinguish not only sex but also gonadal maturity (P <0.05) of conspecific individuals. The detected signal was significantly higher for faeces and urine of mature males and mature females compared to immature males and immature females. Finally an experiment was conducted with arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), to study the effect of certain exogenous chemicals introduced into the water on conspecific recognition and behaviour, obtaining significant differences (P<0.001) in terms of the reaction caused by the substances. Thus, prostaglandin (PGF2α and its analogue D-Coprostenol) and ovarian fluid were observed to significantly change individuals swimming speed, distance swam and closeness to the point where the substances were introduced (EthoVision records). Mature males were observed to, after the introduction of ovarian fluids, increase activity in the area where a “cloud” of ovarian fluids was formed. Similar observations were found with immature fish when water from a tank with other Charr was introduced and fish were observed to increased activity in the area where a “cloud” of water from a tank with other Charr was formed, but there was no reaction in immature fish (males and females) to the introduction of ovarian fluids. Taken altogether the experiments in the present thesis indicated that the reproductive problem was centred in a behavioural reproductive dysfunction in G1 male Senegalese sole. Under the conditions of the present study, the use of exogenous hormones GnRHa, hCG and PGF2α, did not induce reproductive behaviour although it was found that there was a conspecific chemical communication through urine and faeces, which may be involved in the control of reproductive behaviour of sole as has described in other fish species. The identification of the physiological control of reproductive behaviour in the future may lead to a solution of the reproductive dysfunction or the control or induction of the reproductive behaviour by using appropriate chemicals.

El principal objetivo de la tesis ha sido analizar para Cataluña los programas de asistencia a las migraciones, tanto para la inmigración como para el retorno, en comparación a las no asistidas, entendiendo que dichos programas formaban parte del marco general de la política de externalización de fronteras iniciada por España. Las hipótesis de partida de esta investigación son 5: 1) la causa principal de la emigración senegalesa a España, ha sido económica; 2) el programa de reclutamiento fue efectivo en la medida que las trayectorias de aquellos que se acogieron al programa y los que no difieren notablemente a favor de los primeros; 3) la eficacia de esos programas queda limitada tanto por el escaso número de beneficiarios como por el impacto de la crisis; 4) los incentivos al retorno fracasaron por la inadecuación a las expectativas de los beneficiarios y la inexistencia de un espacio social para el retorno; y por último, 5) el carácter familiar de las migraciones de los senegaleses no contempla otra salida que no sea la del éxito. Para testar dichas hipótesis, en primer lugar, se ha procedido a un análisis de la evolución reciente y de las principales características sociodemográficas de los senegaleses en Cataluña y Senegal, así como de su distribución espacial en base a los datos de la Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales de 1997 a 2014, del Padrón continuo de 2003 a 2014, del censo de población de 2011 y el censo de Senegal de 2002. En segundo lugar, se han examinado los programas de migración asistida desplegados para la población senegalesa, tanto el de contratación en origen de senegaleses en España (2006-2008) como los de asistencia al retorno del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona (2011 y 2013). En tercer lugar, se analiza el discurso de personas inmigradas dentro del programa de asistencia a la inmigración y personas que no lo han sido, contrastando sus experiencias e impresiones sobre los diferentes ámbitos que inciden en la toma de decisiones y evaluación de su experiencia: desde la voluntad de migrar, hasta la de retorno, reemigración o permanencia, pasando por las condiciones del asentamiento, y la propia valoración de los distintos programas. La principal fuente de información corresponde a 24 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a migrantes senegaleses seleccionados en función de su adaptación a los perfiles exigidos en la investigación (actividad, modalidad de la migración, nivel educativo o ámbito de origen en Senegal). Además, se complementa con 9 entrevistas realizadas a informantes cualificados directamente relacionados con el tema de estudio tanto en Senegal como en Cataluña. Cinco son los principales resultados que destacamos de la tesis: 1) La emigración constituye una estrategia familiar, que permite a la familia su reproducción aunque sea al costo de perder a uno de sus individuos; 2) La asunción del riesgo por parte del migrante concuerda con el discurso neoliberal de la resiliencia, de modo que no puede achacarse a la ignorancia; 3) La migración asistida de trabajo ha tenido un impacto limitado a causa de la incidencia del contexto económico en destino y a su vinculación a las políticas de lucha contra la inmigración ilegal; 4) En detrimento del retorno a Senegal inciden el escaso atractivo de los incentivos, las negativas perspectivas de reinserción social y, sobre todo, la fuga a una presión social inherente al esfuerzo familiar que dio lugar a la concreción del viaje; y 5) Finalmente, se concluye que el control de las migraciones con el objetivo de asegurar su circularidad (de hecho, su no permanencia en España) acaba dando al traste con un proyecto que, en sus orígenes, (para la sociedad emisora) era eminentemente circular.
The principal aim of this thesis is to analyse migrant assistance programmes in Catalonia – both for incoming and for returning migrants – and draw a contrast with non-assisted migrants, on the understanding that the above programmes helped to frame Spain's border externalisation policy. The five initial hypotheses for this study are as follows. 1) Emigration from Senegal to Spain has mainly been for economic reasons. 2) The recruitment programme was effective insofar as those who joined it were considerably more successful than those who did not. 3) These programmes were limited in their effectiveness by the small number of beneficiaries and by the impact of the crisis. 4) The incentives for return failed because they did not match up to beneficiaries' expectations and because there was no social space for returning migrants. 5) Family pressures mean that Senegalese migrants have no option but to succeed. In order to test these hypotheses, we first analyse the evolution and the principal socio-demographic characteristics of the Senegalese populations in Catalonia and Senegal itself, together with their spatial distribution according to the Statistics on Changes of Residence, 1997-2014, the continuous Population Register, 2003-2014, the 2011 population census, and the 2002 Senegal census. Second, we examine the migrant assistance programmes implemented with the Senegalese population: both the programme for recruiting Senegalese nationals in origin to work in Spain (2006-2008) and Barcelona City Council's assisted return programmes (2011 and 2013). Third, we analyse the discourse of immigrants on the migrant assistance programme and those outside it, comparing their experiences and impressions regarding the different contexts that affect decision making, and evaluating their experience: from when they decide to emigrate to when they decide to return, emigrate again or stay, including their settlement conditions and their own opinion of the different programmes. The main source of information is 24 in-depth interviews with Senegalese immigrants chosen according to their match-up with the profiles specified for the study: activity, mode of migration, and educational level or home context in Senegal. This is complemented by nine interviews with qualified informants directly related to the study topic, in both Senegal and Catalonia. The study yields the following five principal results. 1) Emigration is a family strategy, which allows the family to reproduce, albeit at the cost of losing one of its members. 2) The migrant's acceptance of risk ties in with the neo-liberal discourse of resilience, so it cannot be put down to ignorance. 3) Assistance for migrant workers has had a limited impact due to the economic situation in the destination country and to the fact that it is linked to policies to combat illegal immigration. 4) The idea of returning to Senegal is made less attractive by the lack of incentives, the poor chances of social reintegration and, above all, avoidance of the social pressure deriving from the sacrifices made by the family to make the journey possible. 5) The final conclusion is that controls to ensure the circular nature of migration (or to prevent the immigrants from staying in Spain) end up defeating a project that, in its origins (for the source society) was eminently circular.

El llenguado senegalès (Solea senegalensis) és una espècie aqüícola emergent a Europa. No obstant això, el llenguado senegalès presenta una falla reproductiva, que es tradueix en la manca de reproducció fèrtil dels reproductors que van ser eclosionados i criats en captivitat. Tot i que els reproductors conreats produeixen gàmetes viables, la disfunció provoca la pèrdua de comportament reproductiu i de festeig en mascles cultivats i, per tant, els ous alliberats per les femelles no són fecundats. Actualment, la producció d'ous viables obté de criadors salvatges en captivitat, però la producció exclusiva d'ous de criadors salvatges no és sostenible a llarg termini. A més, l'anàlisi parental de les larves eclosionades dels criadors salvatges ha determinat que pocs criadors salvatges participen en la cria, el que va provocar una pèrdua de variabilitat genètica en les generacions posteriors. Per solucionar aquest problema hi ha dos enfocaments: aconseguir la cria espontània natural a criadors de cultiu com una solució a la disfunció comportamental en els mascles de cultiu o l'ús de fecundació artificial per evitar la disfunció conductual. Per tant, la present tesi s'ha centrat en: a) experiments per resoldre la disfunció en el comportament reproductiu dels criadors conreats, b) la influència de l'comportament de dominància en l'èxit reproductiu, c) mètodes per preservar la qualitat de l'esperma necessària per assolir l'èxit in vitro en els procediments de fecundació de l'llenguado senegalès i el peix llop clapejat (Anarhichas minor) id) determinar la proporció esperma-òvuls necessària per a la fecundació in vitro en llenguado senegalès.
El lenguado senegalés (Solea senegalensis) es una especie acuícola emergente en Europa. Sin embargo, el lenguado senegalés presenta una falla reproductiva, que se traduce en la falta de reproducción fértil de los reproductores que fueron eclosionados y criados en cautividad. Aunque los reproductores cultivados producen gametos viables, la disfunción provoca la pérdida de comportamiento reproductivo y de cortejo en machos cultivados y, por tanto, los huevos liberados por las hembras no son fecundados. Actualmente, la producción de huevos viables se obtiene de criadores salvajes en cautividad, pero la producción exclusiva de huevos de criadores salvajes no es sostenible a largo plazo. Además, el análisis parental de las larvas eclosionadas de los criadores salvajes ha determinado que pocos criadores salvajes participan en la cría, lo que provocó una pérdida de variabilidad genética en las generaciones posteriores. Para solucionar este problema hay dos enfoques: conseguir la cría espontánea natural a criadores de cultivo como una solución a la disfunción comportamental en los machos de cultivo o el uso de fecundación artificial para evitar la disfunción conductual. Por tanto, la presente tesis se ha centrado en: a) experimentos para resolver la disfunción en el comportamiento reproductivo de los criadores cultivados, b) la influencia del comportamiento de dominancia en el éxito reproductivo, c) métodos para preservar la calidad del esperma necesaria para alcanzar el éxito in vitro en los procedimientos de fecundación del lenguado senegalés y el pez lobo moteado (Anarhichas minor) y d) determinar la proporción esperma-óvulos necesaria para la fecundación in vitro en lenguado senegalés.
The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is an emerging aquaculture species in Europe. However, in captivity Senegalese sole present a reproductive failure, which results in the lack of fertile spawning from cultured breeders that were hatched and reared in captivity. Although the cultured breeders produce viable gametes, the dysfunction causes the loss of reproductive behaviour or courtship in cultured males and, therefore, the eggs released by females are not fertilized. However, viable egg production is obtained from wild breeders held in captivity, but the exclusive production of eggs from wild breeders is not sustainable in the long term. In addition, parental analysis of hatched larvae from wild breeders has determined that few wild breeders participate in spawning, which resulted in a loss of genetic variability in subsequent generations. Two approaches exist to solve this bottleneck: achieving natural spontaneous spawning in cultured breeders with a solution to the behavioural dysfunction in cultured males or the use of artificial fertilization to bypass the behavioural dysfunction. Therefore, the present thesis has been focused on: a) experiments to solve the dysfunction in the reproductive behaviour of cultured breeders, b) the influence of dominance behaviour on reproductive success, c) methods to preserve the sperm quality needed to achieve successful in vitro fertilisation procedures in Senegalese sole and Spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) and d) determine the sperm to egg ratio require for in vitro fertilisation in Senegalese sole.

The main aim of this thesis is to demonstrate how interdisciplinary research into the cultural background of Senegalese women writers can impact upon the strategies of the translator of their works into English. It also proposes to illustrate how Translation Studies theories can be applied to the practice of translation, by analysing previously translated works as well as examples from texts that have not been translated before. In this way, the thesis tests the hypothesis that a broad knowledge of Senegalese history, languages and modern day realities is essential in the translation of Francophone Senegalese women’s literature. Literature and culture are analysed under four key themes – Change, Power, Mediation and Orature, drawing upon issues of language and gender where appropriate, and using extracts from texts and translations to support arguments. Theoretical material is analysed from a number of different disciplines, some of which was collated whilst studying at the Université Cheikh Anta Diop in Dakar. Interviews with writers and academics supplied rare insight into Senegalese literature and society, and time spent living with Senegalese families provided first-hand experience of local cultures, as well as an opportunity to learn Wolof for the purpose of textual analysis. This thesis contributes knowledge to a number of different fields of study due to its multidisciplinary approach. It also redresses the gender and geographical bias of much previous research into postcolonial African translation, as well as expanding critical work on Senegalese writers. By analysing a range of text types, this thesis progresses many previous studies of Senegalese women’s literature that only focus on novels, and it uniquely analyses the influence of the native language upon Francophone African translation. This thesis supports the hypothesis that cultural research can amend the way a translator works, but progresses beyond previous strategies for cultural translation by promoting complete submersion in source text languages and cultures. And through analytical debate it demonstrates how previously translated texts may be rewritten differently today due to changing theories of translation.

The recently discovered decapeptide kisspeptin and its G-protein coupled receptor form a signaling system expressed ubiquitously and are implicated in a variety of still poorly characterized functions. In the brain, kisspeptin is secreted by specific neurons and its receptor is localized in GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling has been fully established in the control of the onset of puberty in vertebrates, from fish to mammals. In this study, we characterized the kisspeptin gene in the Senegalese sole and characterized the kisspeptin receptor genes in both the Senegalese sole and in the Atlantic halibut. In contrast to other fish species, the two species analyzed here showed only the presence of one ligand and one receptor, probably as a consequence of the genome reduction characteristic of Pleuronectiformes. However, in both cases we found an alternative splicing mechanism based on intron retention that produces also non-functional isoforms, but whether this is part of a mechanism to control abundance of the active gene product is still not known. We document spatial and temporal changes of expression of kisspeptin and its receptor in the brain, pituitary and gonads related to the annual reproductive cycle. Finally, we present the first evidence of a possible link between energy balance and reproduction mediated by kisspeptin signaling in a non-mammalian vertebrate.
El recentment descobert decapèptid kisspeptina i el seu receptor associat a una proteïna G formen un sistema que s’expressa ubiqüitament i que està implicat en diverses funcions, moltes de les quals encara no estan ben caracteritzades. En el cervell, la kisspeptina és secretada per neurones específiques, mentre que el seu receptor es troba a les neurones GnRH. Aquest sistema s’ha relacionat amb el control de l’inici de la pubertat en diferents vertebrats, des de peixos fins a mamífers. En aquest estudi, hem caracteritzat el gen de la kisspeptina en el llenguado senegalès, i els gens del receptor de la kisspeptina tant a llenguado senegalès com en l’Halibut de l’Atlàntic. Al contrari del que ocorre en moltes altres espècies de peixos, aquestes dues espècies només presenten un gen pel lligand i un gen pel recep- tor. Aquest fet és probable que estigui relacionat amb la reducció de la mida del genoma que han sofert els Pleuronectiformes. Tot i així, en les dues espècies s’hi troba un mecanisme d’empalmament alternatiu conseqüència d’una retenció intrónica que produeix una isoforma no funcional. Ara bé, si aquest mecanisme està relacionat amb el control de l’abundància dels trànscrits de la isoforma funcional encara està per esbrinar. Per altra banda, hem trobat canvis en l’expressió gènica tant en l’espai com en el temps durant un cicle reproductiu dels gens de la kisspeptina i el seu receptor en el cervell, pituïtària i gònades. Finalment, també presentem la primera evidència, en un vertebrat no mamífer, d’una possible relació entre el balanç energètic i la reproducció controlada pel sistema kisspeptina.

The validity of two measures of dietary diversity derived from a qualitative diversity questionnaire (reference periods of 1 or 7 days) by comparison with nutrient intake from three 24-hour recalls was investigated in 51 women (18--45 y) in a peri-urban community in Senegal, West Africa. Significant positive correlations (range: r = 0.30 to r = 0.64) were found between intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 and diversity score based on number of different individual foods derived from data obtained from the 7-day reference period. Data from the diversity score from the 1-day reference period was less well correlated with the 24-hr recalls. Our data suggest that a diversity measure based on foods derived from a diversity questionnaire would be useful in the monitoring of nutrient intake changes over time within populations.

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of restricted food access on Solea senegalensis behaviour and daily expression of clock genes in central (diencephalon and optic tectum) and pheripheral (liver) tissues. The Senegalese sole is a marine teleost fish belonging to the Class of Actinopterygii, Order Pleuronectiformes and Family Soleidae. Its geographical distribution in the Mediterranean sea is fairly broad, covering the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula, the North of Africa and Middle East until the coast of Turkey. From a commercial perspective Solea senegalensis has acquired in recent years, a key role in aquacolture industry of the Iberian Peninsula. The Senegalese sole is also acquiring an important relevance in chronobiological studies as the number of published works focused on the sole circadian system has increased in the last few years. The molecular mechanisms underlying sole circadian rhythms has also been explored recently, both in adults and developing sole. Moreover, the consideration of the Pleuronectiformes Order as one of the most evolved teleost groups make the Senegalese sole a species of high interest under a comparative and phylogenetic point of view. All these facts have reinforced the election of Senegalese sole as model species for the present study. The animals were kept under 12L:12D photoperiod conditions and divided into three experimental groups depending on the feeding time: fed at midlight (ML), middark (MD) or random (RND) times. Throughout the experiment, the existence of a daily activity rhythm and it synchronization to the light-dark and feeding cycles was checked. To this end locomotor activity was registred by means of two infrared photocells placed in pvc tube 10 cm below the water surface (upper photocell) and the other one was located 10 cm above the bottom of the tank (bottom photocell). The photocell were connected to a computer so that every time a fish interrupted the infrared light beam, it produced an output signal that was recorded. The number of light beam interruptions was stored every 10 minutes by specialized software for data acquisition.

Considerando la total ausencia del desove natural y fertilización de huevos en reproductores de lenguado Senegalés (Solea senegalensis) nacidos en cautividad (G1) comparados con peces salvajes mantenidos en cautivo que son capaces de producir huevos fertilizados viables para su cultivo. Esta tesis se realizó con el objetivo de determinar la importancia dietética de los ácidos grasos, específicamente del ácido graso araquidónico (20:4n-6, ARA) y su interacción en la disfunción reproductiva presentada en peces G1. Se compararon los contenidos de lípidos y ácidos grasos (FA), la expresión génica de ciclooxigenasa (COX-2) y la producción de prostaglandinas (PGE2, PGE3, PGF2α y PGF3α) en peces maduros capturados y en peces G1. El contenido total de lípidos en peces G1 fue más alto que en peces salvajes (principalmente en el hígado); además, los peces salvajes mostraron altos niveles de colesterol (CHOL). La composición de ácidos grasos también fue distinta, particularmente en el ácido graso ARA, que fue más bajo en peces G1 (hígado, testículos y músculo). Estas diferencias en lípidos y ácidos grasos entre peces salvajes y cultivados fueron causadas principalmente por los piensos comerciales utilizados para alimentar a los peces G1. Transcritos del gen COX-2 fueron significativamente más altos en espermiducto, oviducto y branquias en machos salvajes comparados con peces G1. Además, los peces salvajes mostraron valores más altos en PG de serie-2. En tanto, las PGs de serie-3 fueron más altas en G1. Para determinar el nivel óptimo de ARA en la dieta y su efecto en la fisiología reproductiva en peces G1 de lenguado Senegalés se condujeron dos experimentos: 1) Se estudio el efecto de seis dietas diferentes enriquecidas con ARA (A= 0.7, B= 1.6, C= 2.3, D= 3.2, E= 5.0 y F= 6.0% TFA) en la composición de lípidos y ácidos grasos, prostaglandinas circulantes, esteroides en sangre (11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), testosterone (T) y estradiol (E2)) y contenido de ácidos grasos en tejido (gónadas, hígado y músculo). Adicionalmente se evaluó la expresión de los transcritos de elongasa (elovl5) y desaturasa (d4fad) en el hígado de los peces G1 (grupos A, C y F) para examinar el efecto de ARA en la regulación de estos genes. 2) Se estudio la preferencia de ARA en la dieta de los peces G1 a través del uso de alimentadores de auto-demanda. En el experimento de dosis/respuesta el contenido relativo de ARA y CHOL incrementó en respuesta al enriquecimiento de ARA en la dietas, en tanto eicosapentanoico (20:5n-3, EPA) y los ratios de EPA/ARA se redujeron. Además, las PGs de serie-3 mostraron una reducción paralela al aumento de ARA en sangre y los niveles de esteroides (11-KT and T) en machos incrementaron con el enriquecimiento de ARA en las dietas. La expresión de los transcritos elovl5 y d4fad en machos también incrementó en respuesta al contenido de ARA en las dietas. Además, se observó consecuentemente un aumento de los ácidos grasos adrénico (22:4n-6) y docosapentaenoico (22:5n-6, DPA). También se observó que ARA fue rápidamente transferido y conservado en testículos y ovarios seguido por hígado y músculo. De esta forma los peces alimentados con un 2.3 y 3.2% de ARA no mostraron diferencias en hígado, gónada y músculo comparados con el contenido en peces salvajes. Por otra parte, los resultados obtenidos en el experimento de auto-demanda demostraron que lenguado Senegalés cambia su preferencia de ARA en la dieta durante el año y estos cambios fueron correlacionados con los cambios estacionales de la temperatura del agua (r2=0.65). El valor promedio de ARA demandado durante el experimento (16 meses) fue de 3.0% y se recomendó la incorporación de un 3.2% de ARA en la dieta de reproductores G1 y posiblemente se puedan utilizar niveles más bajos de un 2.3% en periodos prolongados de alimentación (> 9 meses). En conclusión, esta tesis demostró que los peces G1 tienen un desbalance en el contenido de lípidos y ácidos grasos comparados con los contenidos nutricionales de peces salvajes, lo cual contribuye a diferencias en la fisiología reproductiva de estos peces, diferencias que fueron discutidas en relación a la defunción reproductiva descrita en peces G1 de lenguado Senegalés.
Considering the complete reproductive failure to spawn viable eggs from G1 cultured Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) broodstock compared to successful spawning from wild caught captive broodstock, this thesis was conducted with the aim to determine the importance of dietary essential fatty acids, specifically arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA) in the reproductive dysfunction exhibited by G1 Senegalese sole. Lipids and fatty acid (FA) composition, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) activity and prostaglandins production (PGE2, PGE3 PGF2α and PGF3α) of recently caught mature wild verses mature G1 fish were studied. The total lipid of G1 fish was higher compared to wild fish in liver, and wild fish showed higher levels of cholesterol (CHOL). Moreover, differences were found in fatty acids, particularly in ARA, which was lower in G1 fish (i.e., liver, testis and muscle). The observed differences in lipids and fatty acids between wild and G1 fish were a reflection of the extruded diet used to feed the fish. Transcripts of COX-2 were significantly up regulated in sperm-duct, oviduct and gills of males wild fish compared to G1 fish. Furthermore, wild fish showed higher levels of total 2-series PGs and lower levels of 3-series. To determine optimal dietary levels of ARA and the effect of ARA in the reproductive physiology of G1 Senegalese sole two studies were conducted: 1) The effects of six different ARA-enriched diet (A= 0.7, B= 1.6, C= 2.3, D= 3.2, E= 5.0 and F= 6.0% TFA) on blood lipid and fatty acid composition, prostaglandins, blood steroid levels (11-ketotestosterone, 11-KT, testosterone, T and estradiol, E2) and fatty acid tissue levels (gonads, liver and muscle) was studied. Additionally, the expression of elongase (elovl5) and desaturase (d4fad) transcripts was assessed in the liver of fish (groups A, C and F) to examine the effects of ARA on the regulation of these genes. 2) The preferred dietary ARA level of G1 Senegalese sole was studied using self-feeders. In the dose/response experiment ARA and CHOL relative content increased in an ARA dose related manner whereas EPA and EPA/ARA ratio were reduced. Furthermore, PGs 3-serie were reduced in parallel to increased blood ARA levels, and the steroids (11-KT and T) levels increased significantly with ARA-enriched diet in males. The expression of elongase (elovl5) and desaturase (d4fad) transcripts also increased in response to dietary ARA content in males, showing a pattern of up-regulation in both transcripts, with a subsequent increase in adrenic (22:4n-6) and docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6, DPA) acids. Arachidonic acid (ARA) was rapidly transferred and conserved in testis and ovary, followed by liver and muscle. Thus, fish fed 2.3 and 3.2% ARA showed no differences in the composition of testis, ovary and liver compared with the same tissues of wild fish. Moreover the results obtained by the self-fed study showed that Senegalese sole changed preference for ARA during the year and preferred ARA levels were correlated with the seasonal water temperature changes (r2=0.65). The average ARA level demanded was 3.0% TFA for all the experimental period (16 months) and dietary levels of 3.2% ARA can be suggested as optimal and possibly a lower level of 2.3% over extended feeding periods (> 9 months). In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated that G1 Senegalese sole had an imbalance in lipids and fatty acid nutritional status compared to wild sole that contributed to significant differences in reproductive physiology. These differences were discussed in relation to the reproductive dysfunction that has been described in G1 Senegalese sole.

Increasing knowledge on the endocrine mechanisms that regulate feeding and growth in cultured fish can contribute to make improvement in fish holding conditions and feeding strategies, supporting the development of new techniques that could ameliorate feeding, food conversion efficiency and growth in aquaculture practice. The main objective of this study was to investigate how daily mRNA expression of three specific anorexigenic hormones, i.e. the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the paralogues α- and β- proopiomelanocortin (POMC), is modulated by different photoperiods, light spectra and feeding regimes, in both adult and larvae of Solea senegalensis. In addition, as Senegalese sole exhibits a shift from diurnal to nocturnal in locomotor activity and feeding habits during metamorphic process, we tried to elucidate if this shift is accompanied by relevant daily variations in the expression of these anorexigenic hormones before, during and after the completion of metamorphosis. In order to reach this main objective, three main experiments were developed. In a first experiment, adults were reared under LD (12 h light: 12h dark) cycle and fed at mid-light (ML), mid-dark (MD) and at random (RND). In a second experiment, adult specimens were reared in constant darkness (DD) and fed at subjective mid-light (sML) or at RND. Larvae of Senegalese sole were reared under LD cycle with white, blue or red light for 40 days. Our results show an independence of crh mRNA expression from the feeding time and suggest an endogenous control of crh expression in sole. Both pomc paralogues showed significant daily rhythms under LD conditions. The rhythms were maintained or were even more robust under DD conditions for pomc_a, but were completely abolished for pomc_b. Our results indicate an endogenous control of pomc_a expression by the molecular clock in telencephalon and diencephalon, but not in the pituitary gland. Our findings confirm for the first time the significant influence that ambient lighting has on larval growth and development in Senegalese sole, revealing an important effect of light spectra upon functional elements of this species. Our results also emphasize the importance of maintaining cycling light-dark conditions of the adequate wavelengths in aquaculture practices during early development of sole.

La comunità senegalese in Italia rappresenta da anni un caso di studio nell’ambito di diverse discipline sociali interessate ad approfondirne le dinamiche migratorie, le strutture relazionali, ma anche le caratteristiche socio-spaziali e culturali. Certamente l’elemento che più di altri ha destato maggiormente l’attenzione verso questa collettività riguarda la sua capacità di organizzazione in forme aggregative riconosciute – associazioni e fondazioni – allo scopo di fornire sostegno ai propri connazionali immigrati, ma anche di agire per lo sviluppo dei territori di insediamento e di origine attraverso l’attivazione di reti relazionali transcalari. La tesi pone l’attenzione sull’associazionismo senegalese in Italia cercando di identificare quei fattori territoriali che hanno agito sulla sua evoluzione, in particolare sullo sviluppo di nuove progettualità, di network relazionali più forti, multi-situati e istituzionalmente riconosciuti. L’indagine empirica condotta in diversi contesti italiani ha fatto emergere una geografia dell’associazionismo senegalese assai diversificata che offre uno spunto di riflessione sulla possibilità di considerare queste associazioni reali agenti di sviluppo sia nei territori di origine che in quelli di destinazione; e sul ruolo che le politiche locali, in materia di intercultura, possono avere nel favorire la partecipazione attiva di queste organizzazioni alla vita pubblica locale e nel rafforzamento del capitale sociale territoriale.
The Senegalese community in Italy has been for years a relevant case study for different social disciplines interested in deepening its migratory dynamics, relational structures, but also its socio-spatial and cultural characteristics. Certainly the element that strongly attracted the attention toward this community is its ability to organize itself in recognized aggregative forms – associations and foundations – in order to provide support to co-nationals, but also to act for the development of territories, both in that of settlement than in those of origin, through the activation of transcalar relational networks. The thesis focuses on Senegalese associations in Italy, trying to identify the territorial factors that influenced its evolution, in particular the development of new projects and stronger, multi-located and institutionally recognized relational networks. The survey conducted in different italian contexts brought out a diversified geography of Senegalese associations which offers a reflection on the possibility of considering these associations as real agents of territorial development, both in territories of origin than in those of destination; and on the role that local policies, in the field of inter-culture, can play in encouraging the active participation of these organizations in local public life and in strengthening the territorial social capital.

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This dissertation presents as a central premise the analysis of the legal recognition and social esteem of the Senegalese immigrant in the southernmost part of Rio Grande do Sul, especially in the municipalities of Pelotas and Rio Grande. The concepts and theory of recognition from which the research rested upon derive from the writings of Axel Honneth in the book "The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts". Grounded on this approach, a theoretical framework is built to support a migratory policy that promotes social justice, which can be adopted at the municipal level, an area that is essential for the realization of the rights of the aforementioned group. Thus, a research is carried out around the Brazilian legislation and policies that dealt and deal with the migratory issue in the country, making it possible to estimate the degree of legal recognition of the Senegalese immigrant in its formal aspect. In addition to the abovementioned, we present the results of an empirical research that seeks to demonstrate the vision of the mentioned immigrants with respect to Brazilian laws and policies. The social esteem of this group is established from the categories that have been identified as socially relevant values that form, in Brazilian society, the axiological set that composes the social recognition of the Senegalese in Brazil, namely: the slavery of blacks in the country, racism, the locus of the African descendants in Rio Grande do Sul, territoriality, and xenophobia. Data collected from empirical research within Pelotas and Rio Grande help to identify the contours and intensity of this sphere of recognition. Finally, we investigate the need for the materialization of rights for effective legal recognition, as well as the possible strategies for raising the social recognition of a group. Considering the possibility that the increase of recognition in the legal sphere can influence the social esteem of the group affected by it, feasible paths are ultimately drawn for the construction of focused migratory policies of municipal scope capable of transforming the reality of the Senegalese immigrants, increasing their legal and social recognition.
Esta Tese apresenta como tema central a análise do reconhecimento jurídico e da estima social do imigrante senegalês no extremo sul do Rio Grande do Sul, especialmente nos municípios de Pelotas e de Rio Grande. Os conceitos e teoria do reconhecimento a partir dos quais se elaborou o roteiro da pesquisa são decorrentes dos escritos de Axel Honneth na obra “Luta por Reconhecimento: a gramática moral dos conflitos sociais”. A partir da referida abordagem, se constrói um arcabouço teórico capaz de fundamentar uma política migratória promotora de justiça social, possível de ser adotada em âmbito municipal, esfera que se compreende essencial para a concretização de direitos desse grupo. Assim, é realizada uma pesquisa em torno da legislação e políticas brasileiras que trataram e tratam a questão migratória no país, possibilitando a aferição do grau de reconhecimento jurídico do imigrante senegalês em seu aspecto formal. Além do aludido, traz-se os resultados de uma pesquisa empírica que busca demonstrar a visão dos mencionados imigrantes no tocante às leis e políticas brasileiras. A estima social desse grupo é averiguada a partir das categorias que foram identificadas como valores socialmente relevantes que formam, na sociedade brasileira, o conjunto axiológico que compõe o reconhecimento social dos senegaleses no Brasil, quais sejam: a escravidão dos negros no país, o racismo à brasileira, o papel do negro no Rio Grande do Sul, a territorialidade e a xenofobia. Os dados colhidos de pesquisa empírica com munícipes de Pelotas e Rio Grande auxiliam na identificação dos contornos e intensidade dessa esfera de reconhecimento. Por fim, investiga-se a necessidade de materialização de direitos para o efetivo reconhecimento jurídico, assim como as possíveis estratégias para a elevação do reconhecimento social de um grupo. Diante da possibilidade de que o aumento de reconhecimento na esfera jurídica possa influenciar a estima social do grupo afetado por aquele, traça-se ao final caminhos viáveis para a construção de políticas migratórias de âmbito municipal, focalizadas, capazes de transformar a realidade dos imigrantes senegaleses, aumentando o seu reconhecimento jurídico e social.

Esta dissertação versa sobre as estratégias e trajetórias de trabalho apresentadas por imigrantes senegaleses e haitianos na cidade de Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. Os fluxos haitiano e senegalês estão inseridos na nova onda migratória para o Brasil, que ingressou no país a partir de 2010 e teve o seu boom nos anos de 2013 e 2014. A partir de 24 entrevistas semiestruturadas – 11 com haitianos, 12 com senegaleses e uma com uma profissional de um dos principais centros de atendimento à população migrante do estado – foi constatado que ambas as nacionalidades apresentaram similitudes nas trajetórias de trabalho, como as atividades desempenhadas no trabalho formal; as más condições de trabalho e o preconceito existente na sociedade local. Ademais, o contexto de crise econômica no período da pesquisa empírica e as suas consequências no trabalho dos imigrantes, bem como os vínculos com o país de origem, também foram influentes nas trajetórias de ambos os imigrantes. No entanto, observamos dois aspectos que se destacaram entre os haitianos e senegaleses em Porto Alegre que estão envolvidos em suas distintas estratégias de trabalho: a rede de contatos dos senegaleses e a importância da legalidade para os haitianos.
This thesis discusses the labour trajectories and strategies presented by Senegalese and Haitian immigrants in the city of Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, between 2010 and 2016. The Haitian and Senegalese flows are inserted in the new migratory wave to Brazil, which started in 2010 and had its boom between 2013 and 2014. From 24 semi-structured interviews - 11 with Haitians, 12 with Senegalese and one with a professional from one of the main centers of assistance to the migrant population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - it was found that both nationalities showed similarities in the labour trajectories, such as the activities performed in the context of formal labour market; the poor working conditions and the prejudice that exists in the local society. In addition, the context of economic crisis in the period of the empirical research and its consequences on the work of immigrants, as well as the ties with the country of origin, were also influential in the trajectories of both immigrant groups. However, we note two aspects that stood out among the Haitians and Senegalese in Porto Alegre which relate to their distinct labour strategies: the network of contacts of the Senegalese and the importance of legality for the Haitians.

Through this work a database and an ARCVIEW tutorial based on a Senegalese local community cartographic model is developed. The Ross-Bethio rural community model was selected as an example of solving methodological problems in natural resources management at the scale of a rural local community. The tutorial developed will also support Geographic Information Systems Instruction for natural resources management in Senegal using a local known database model. The process of solving the problems identified are based mostly on natural resources management concerns of the local community council and will help users to learn and understand the use of ARCVIEW GIS for spatial analysis. A solution is provided that will help the instructors to evaluate their results with these in this study. However, the tutorial is not a self-taught one for ARCVIEW GIS, but an instructional supervised one.

En plus du cycle saisonnier du vent, les systèmes d'upwelling de bord Est des océans subissent des fluctuations à des échelles de temps plus courtes, intrasaisonnières ou synoptiques. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur l'impact d'une intensification ou d'une relaxation du vent synoptique sur une période de 5 à 10 jours sur la dynamique et l'écosystème planctonique du secteur d'upwelling du sud Sénégal (SSUS). Ce système possède un plateau continental particulièrement peu profond et est situé au sud de l'abrupte péninsule du Cap-Vert, qui casse la continuité de la ligne de côte. Notre objectif est d'apporter des connaissances supplémentaires sur ce système d'upwelling côtier qui, malgré son importance, a reçu peu d'attention, en particulier aux échelles de temps synoptiques. Pour étudier cela, nous développons une expérience de modélisation qui consiste à appliquer une intensification et une relaxation idéalisées du vent synoptique à un ensemble d'états climatologiques du SSUS. Les fluctuations synoptiques ont un impact sur toutes les variables dynamiques et façonnent des anomalies robustes des structures spatiales à l'échelle du système et à la méso-échelle. En appliquant un bilan de chaleur de la couche mélangée, nous identifions l'importance des processus horizontaux et l'importance très localisée des processus verticaux dans la variabilité du SSUS. Aussi, nous constatons que les biomasses planctoniques oscillent dans l'espace et le temps en réponse aux fluctuations synoptiques. La perturbation atmosphérique est amortie lors de sa propagation vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs de l'écosystème. La réponse de l'écosystème planctonique est complexe et hétérogène sur le plateau, avec un comportement distinct sur le plateau interne. Un bilan des diatomées révèle que leur biomasse est principalement contrôlée par la production primaire, le broutage du zooplancton et la mortalité-agrégation. L'équilibre entre ces processus est responsable des réponses oscillatoires de la biomasse des diatomées aux événements synoptiques. Toutes les variables dynamiques et biogéochimiques présentent de modestes asymétries entre les réponses d'intensification et de relaxation du vent. Cela supporte l'hypothèse selon laquelle la variabilité synoptique a un impact seulement modeste sur l'état moyen climatologique. Les implications de nos résultats pour les futures questions de recherche sont discutées, notamment l'importance des observations biogéochimiques et les avancées de la modélisation des écosystèmes planctoniques
In addition to the wind seasonal cycle, Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems undergo fluctuations at shorter synoptic to intraseasonal time scales. This thesis focuses on the impact of synoptic wind intensifications and relaxations with a period of 5-10 days on the dynamics and planktonic ecosystem of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector (SSUS). This system is located south of the sharp Cape Verde peninsula which acts as an abrupt coastline break and has a particularly shallow continental shelf. We aim to bring additional knowledge on this important coastal upwelling system that has received little attention, especially at synoptic time scales. To investigate this, we develop a modeling framework that involves applying idealized synoptic wind intensification and relaxation to an ensemble of climatological SSUS states. Synoptic fluctuations impact all dynamical variables out of their intrinsic variability range and shape robust anomalies of SSUS-scale and mesoscale spatial patterns. Using a mixed layer heat bud- get over the shelf, we identify the importance of horizontal processes in the SSUS heat variability and the very localized importance of vertical processes. Plankton biomass are found to oscillate in space and time in response to synoptic wind fluctuations. The atmospheric perturbation is damped during its propagation towards the upper trophic levels of the ecosystem. The response of the planktonic ecosystem is complex and heterogeneous over the shelf, with a distinctive inner shelf behavior. A diatoms budget reveals that their biomass is primarily controlled by primary production, zooplankton grazing and mortality-aggregation. The balance between these processes is responsible for the oscillatory responses of the diatoms biomass to synoptic wind events. All dynamical and biogeochemical variables exhibit modest asymmetries between wind intensification and relaxation responses. This brings support to the hypothesis that synoptic variability has a modest net impact on the climatological mean state. The implications of our results for future research questions are discussed, including the importance of biogeochemical observations and advances in plankton ecosystem modeling

This thesis explores a network of participants, dance students and teachers, who travel between New York City and Dakar, Senegal, around the practice of West African dance forms. Focusing on the Senegalese dance-rhythms Sabar, I joined this movement and my fieldwork methodology included apprenticeship as a student. I explored different learning environments of Sabar in New York and Dakar: the understandings involved, how this movement is maintained and how it affects dance forms. The methodological move enabled a comparative approach to research questions of learning and performing, local aesthetics and notions of being. This thesis discusses the role of the imagination in mobilizing students and teachers to travel within this network. I explore how participants navigate through the political geography of this movement, sustain the network, and how in turn the cultural flow of Sabar is ‘punctuated’ by socio-economic relationships. Secondly, I explore the understandings involved in each learning context, how these are negotiated and contested on the dance floor and how they relate to broader socio-cultural discourses and relationships that they reinforce or subvert. I argue that while different Sabar settings cannot be understood as ‘bounded’ in as much as people and ideas circulate through them, they are also distinct in that they produce different forms of Sabar. The learning contexts provide the meeting grounds for alternative conceptions of ‘dance’ and pedagogy. I explore how these notions are negotiated in relation to the specific socio-cultural and economic environments in which they are located. Specifically I analyse some common problems New York students face in learning and performing Sabar and explore the reasons behind them: the complex connection between movement and rhythm and the achievement of a specific kinaesthetic in movement. I delineate the relationship between movement and rhythm in Sabar and the importance of the aesthetic of improvisation. I argue that the prevalence of certain paradigms of learning and ‘dance’ over others is related to the specific socio-economic relationships of the participants. Specifically, an over-emphasis on movement distracts from other important aspects in the performance of Sabar and I argue that skills need to be understood as environed processes, malleable and shifting in relation to the broader socio-economic settings that link the participants together.

Like many African nations, Senegalese education emphasizes teaching approaches characterized by lecture-driven courses and information memorization.The objective of the study was to assess the needs for employing learner-centered practices and challenges professors' faced in terms of current teaching and learning methods at five Senegalese higher-education institutions. An explanatory mixed method study was designed to assess professors' teaching strategies, attitudes toward learner-centered methods, social climate at the institutions, perceived confidence in effectively incorporating these methods, as well as the challenges faced in current teaching and learning approaches. Results showed professors had positive attitudes towards learner-centered methods and thought they were effective teaching techniques. Professors also indicated that they felt little to no pressure from their peers or institutions in employing other methods and some felt confident enough to use learner-centered strategies properly. Data also revealed that the culture of instruction and the constraints in teaching were the primary obstacles preventing professors from effectively incorporating the methods in their classrooms. The study's findings indicated that: 1) addressing the normative beliefs and social norms toward learner-centered methods requires an understanding of the cultural context of Senegalese instruction and 2) professional trainings can make a marked difference in how professors think about teaching practice, as well as increase self-efficacy that can influence their behavior toward more learner-centered strategies.
Master of Science

Background: The increased amount and diversification of migration flows to Europe are shaping new contexts forthe study of determinants of remittance-sending. Senegalese migration in Spain is one important case,because has increased its presence among other groups in the country and has different characteristics(e.g. younger age structure) compared to Senegalese migrants in Europe. This paper addresses aresearch challenge which can be framed in the three following aspects. First, it analyzes the migrant’sremittance behavior of a particular group of migrants in a specific national context. Second, itacknowledges remittances as transnational practices determined by factors related to incorporationinto host society and ties at origin. Thirdly, the paper provides a longitudinal approach which looks atmigration histories and changes in remittance-sending over time. Objective: The main objective of this paper consists on disentangling the way in which migrant’s remittancebehavior is affected by changes, over time, in individual characteristics (e.g. gender, education),economic integration, (e.g. employment status), and their ties at origin (e.g. family reunification).Thus, there are two research questions to be answered, namely: how are the trajectories of migrantremittances deployed since their arrival into Europe? And, how are these trajectories affected byindividual and family characteristics, as well as economic integration over time? Methodology: The paper is based on retrospective data from the Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE) andthe Migrations Between Senegal and Spain (MESE) projects. The analysis of determinants ofremittance-sending is divided in two parts. First, a multivariate logistic regression which analyzes theodds of sending remittances (or logit) at any year since arrival into Europe is carried out. Secondly,event history analysis is used to explore the risk of initiating remittance-sending for the first time andthe risk of remittance-sending termination, respectively. In particular, a discrete-time logistic model isperformed to analyze these two processes. Results: Results indicate that despite having arrived relatively recently to Europe, lower educationalattainments and less access to the labour market, compared to other important destinations (e.g.France, Italy), the great majority of Senegalese migrants in Spain start sending remittances duringtheir first years of arrival. Once initiated, international money transfers are kept over time, as morethan two thirds of remitters maintain this economic flow over their stay. In this sense, empiricalevidence of this paper confirms remittances as an important aspect in South-North migration flows,both in terms of the proportion of migrants sending remittances and as a sustained transnationaleconomic practice.

With the signing of the New Partnership Agreement (Cotonou Convention) between the European Union and the African, Caribbean, and Pacific States in June 2000, the trading relationship between Senegal and the European Union (EU) has taken a new direction. Under the new agreement, Senegal must decide by 2004 if it will enter into a Regional Economic Partnership Agreement (REPA) with the EU, similar to a free trade arrangement, or move to an enhanced form of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Given the high percentage of Senegalese groundnut products that are exported to the European Union and the significance of the groundnut sector to the Senegalese economy, this study examines the economic impacts of both options on the Senegalese groundnut sector in conjunction with changes in development funding, infrastructural investments, and structural adjustment policies. Overall, the study finds that the REPA option is the more beneficial for the Senegalese groundnut sector. This result stems partially from the ability of increases in development funding to offset any adverse economic impacts caused by the REPA. Though overall more harmful than a REPA, moving to an enhanced GSP does have the benefit of increasing groundnut (in-shell and shelled) exports by a significant amount. Thus, the Senegalese government must weigh the benefit of a boost in the confectionery sector against the adverse impact on producers caused by the GSP. This study provides needed information for policy decisions by the Senegalese government, and a framework for future modeling efforts pertaining to the Senegalese groundnut sector.
Master of Science

la costa atlántica de España. Esta patología se caracteriza por la presencia de protuberancias que se evidencian a través de la piel de los peces afectados. Estas lesiones se corresponden con nódulos en el tejido muscular, que muestran un aspecto de absceso. Lesiones similares a éstas también se han detectado en riñón, corazón, hígado y tracto digestivo, lo que nos permite definir la enfermedad como sistémica. Las secciones histológicas de los nódulos revelaron un extenso núcleo compuesto mayoritariamente por tejido necrótico rodeado por fibroblastos y macrófagos. Además, organismos plasmodiales de morfología esférica se encontraron en la capa externa de estos nódulos, normalmente en el interior de macrófagos o fibroblastos. Estos organismos también se observaron en la mucosa y submucosa intestinal, sin causar lesiones aparentes. En este trabajo se ha podido identificar a estos organismos como una nueva especie de ameba perteneciente a la familia Entamoebidae (Phylum Amebozoa, Infraphylum Archamoeba), y se describe tentativamente como una nueva especie del género Endolimax, Endolimax piscium n. sp. E. piscium presenta trofozoitos redondeados (<5 μm) con un alto grado de simplificación intracelular, sin mitocondrias en el citoplasma pero con unos orgánulos compatibles con mitosomas. Con el fin de establecer técnicas fiables de diagnóstico para el reconocimiento de este parásito, se han desarrollado y evaluado técnicas específicas de hibridación in situ (ISH) y de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), utilizando el examen histológico (una combinación de técnica histológica convencional en muestras de músculo e ISH en muestras de intestino) como prueba estándar para compararlos. Como resultado, todas las técnicas evaluadas obtuvieron altos indicadores de calidad. La técnica de ISH fue la más específica y sensible y se encontró particularmente útil como método de referencia de confirmación en muestras de intestino, no sólo para confirmar los positivos, sino también para descartar negativos, diagnosticados como dudosos por histología convencional. La técnica de PCR resulta ser un método rápido y fiable de diagnóstico, pero todavía necesita una mayor optimización metodológica de muestreo. Los resultados preliminares de la evaluación epidemiológica de la amebiasis en las diferentes granjas analizadas, sugieren que una vez la enfermedad se manifiesta en la granja, es muy probable que los peces asintomáticos también presenten parásitos en el intestino, aunque no necesariamente presenten lesiones. La ruta que estos organismos utilizan para atravesar la barrera intestinal, llegar a otros órganos y diseminarse sistémicamente en el interior del pez, causando graves lesiones, especialmente en el músculo, todavía no se conoce con exactitud. Sin embargo los estudios preliminares señalan al tejido conectivo como tejido diana, por lo que se cree que pueda tener un papel importante en esta difusión, aunque la vía hematógena no puede ser descartada. Además, se ha diseñado una infección experimental por cohabitación entre peces sanos y enfermos, mediante la cual se ha podido confirmar la transmisión horizontal del parásito, aunque ésta parece ser lenta y con un período prepatente largo. También se ha detectado E. piscium a partir de muestras de agua tomadas en el tanque donde se alojaban los peces enfermos, lo que apoya la hipótesis de que la transmisión pueda producirse e a través del agua.
A previously undescribed pathological condition is affecting the culture of Solea senegalensis in some farms of the Atlantic coast of Spain. This condition is characterised by the presence of external protuberances in the skin of the affected fish. These lesions correspond to nodules in the muscular tissue showing an abscess-like aspect. Similar lesions were found in kidney, heart, liver and the digestive tract, which leads us to define this pathology as a systemic disease. Histological sections of these nodules revealed the presence of a large core formed mainly of necrotic tissue surrounded with fibroblasts and macrophages. Round-shaped plasmodial organisms were found in the external layer of the nodules and usually inside macrophages or fibroblasts. These organisms were also observed in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, without causing apparent lesions. This organisms are correspond to a new amoeba species, that belongs to the family Entamoebidae (Phylum Amebozoa, Infraphylum Archamoeba), and we tentatively describe it as a new species in the genus Endolimax, Endolimax piscium n. sp. E. piscium presents round to ovoid trophozoites (<5 μm) with a high degree of intracellular simplification. No mitochondria were observed but mitosome-like organelles were present. In order to establish reliable diagnostic techniques for the recognition of E. piscium, specific in Situ Hybridization (ISH) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests have been developed and evaluated using the histological examination (a combination of conventional histological technique in muscle samples and ISH in intestine samples) as gold standard to compare them. As a result, all evaluated techniques obtain quite high quality indicators. The ISH technique was the most specific and sensitive and it was useful as a reference confirmatory method in intestine samples, not only to confirm positives but also to discard negatives, diagnosed as doubtful by conventional histology. PCR technique is a fast and reliable routine method, but still needs further optimization of the sampling methodology. The preliminary results of epidemiological screening for the amoebiasis at the different farms suggest that once disease has manifested in a farm, it is quite probable that asymptomatic fish also present parasites within their intestine, although not necessarily presenting lesions. The route that these organisms use to breach through the intestinal barrier to infect other organs and spread systemically throughout the fish, causing serious lesions especially in muscle is still not completely understood. However preliminary studies point out the connective tissue as a preferential site where the parasites are observed so it would have some role of this dissemination, although haematogenous route of dissemination should not be discard. In addition, an experimental infection by cohabitation between healthy and diseased fish was designed whereby horizontal transmission of the parasite was confirmed, although it appears to be slow and with a long prepatent period. E. piscium stages were also detected from water samples from the cohabitating tank, which supports the hypothesis that transmission occurs through water.

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Esta pesquisa aborda temas relativos às concepções da extensão universitária, às possibilidades de formulação e execução de políticas no nível local e à migração, tendo como foco central da investigação o Projeto de Extensão MIGRAIDH, vinculado ao curso de Direito da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), realizado junto a refugiados e imigrantes senegaleses. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de estudo de caso único, utilizando como fonte principal para coleta de dados – entrevistas com gestores, alunos e refugiados e imigrantes, sendo que a análise de conteúdo foi empregada como metodologia para análise dos dados. A pesquisa busca encontrar respostas ao problema de quais são as estratégias de gestão utilizadas em uma IFES para a inclusão de imigrantes e refugiados senegaleses na perspectiva da Política Nacional de Extensão Universitária. O objetivo geral consiste em analisar as estratégias estabelecidas no Projeto de Extensão, executado pela UFSM, com imigrantes e refugiados senegaleses, com vistas a contribuir para a inclusão desse segmento populacional na perspectiva da Política Nacional de Extensão Universitária. Constituem os objetivos específicos: conhecer as vivências dos imigrantes senegaleses na sociedade brasileira, investigar as estratégias de gestão adotadas no Projeto de Extensão executado pela UFSM, por meio das manifestações dos sujeitos da pesquisa e participantes do Projeto de Extensão (imigrantes e refugiados senegaleses, gestores e alunos) e analisar os desafios do Projeto de Extensão da UFSM e a possibilidade de transferir a experiência a outras Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior. O estudo concluiu pela necessidade das IFES fomentarem e promoverem políticas extensionistas inclusivas, especialmente aos segmentos mais vulneráveis da sociedade como o constituído por imigrantes e refugiados. Como resultado, este estudo oferece a caracterização e publicização de um Projeto de Extensão que desenvolve uma efetiva gestão democrática com estratégias e resultados concretos, que podem servir de modelo inspirador para outras IFES, que aceitem o desafio de investirem em políticas de inclusão e de responsabilidade social. Procurando dispensar um tratamento prioritário aos imigrantes e refugiados negros e indígenas, apresento a proposição ao Fórum de Pró-Reitores de Extensão das Instituições Públicas de Educação Superior Brasileiras (FORPROEX), da inclusão desse grupo populacional específico, no “Eixo Grupos Populacionais” da Política Nacional de Extensão Universitária, de forma a configurar, expressamente, a prioridade para orientar ações, projetos e programas de extensão que contemplem esses segmentos mais vulneráveis dentre os já vulneráveis.
This study examines issues in connection with university extension programs, the possibility of formulating and executing local policies, and immigration, specifically focused on research into the MIGRAIDH Extension Project, a component of the Law Program at the Federal University of Santa Maria (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM), involving Senegalese refugees and immigrants. The principal data collection source for the qualitative case study included interviews with administrators, students, and refugees and immigrants. The content analysis method was applied to examine the corresponding data. The study sought to develop responses to the challenge of identifying the administrative strategies adopted in IFES to ensure the inclusion of Senegalese immigrants and refugees under the National University Extension Policy (Política Nacional de Extensão Universitária). The general objective consisted of analyzing the strategies executed by the UFSM Extension Project for Senegalese immigrants and refugees, with a view to contributing to the inclusion of this population segment under the National University Extension Policy. In this light, the study was based on the following specific objectives: to learn about the experiences of Senegalese immigrants in Brazilian society; to research the administrative strategies adopted by the USFM Extension Project based on the statements of research subjects and participants in the Extension Project (Senegalese immigrants and refugees, administrators, and students); and to examine the challenges of the UFSM Extension Project and the possibility of extending the related experiences to other Federal Institutions of Higher Learning. The study concludes that IFES must foster and promote inclusive extension policies, especially for the most vulnerable segments of society, including immigrants and refugees. With this in mind, the study describes and advances an Extension Project that provides for effective democratic management in conjunction with concrete strategies and results capable of serving as a model for other IFES that accept the challenge of investing in inclusive and socially responsible policies. With a view to the objective of giving priority to black and indigenous refugees and immigrants, the study proposes establishing the Forum of Deans at Academic Extension Programs in Brazilian Public Institutions of Higher Learning (Fórum de Pró-Reitores de Extensão das Instituições Públicas de Educação Superior Brasileiras – FORPROEX), for the purpose of promoting the inclusion of this specific population group within the “Population Group Axis” of the National University Extension Policy, as a means to consolidate extension actions, projects, and programs as a priority strategy for incorporating the most vulnerable segments of society within the broader category of vulnerable population segments.