Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sense organs

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sense organs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sense organs"

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Sisko, John E. "Sense-Organs." Classical Review 49, no. 1 (April 1999): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/49.1.122.

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Steinbach, M. J. "Muscles as Sense Organs." Archives of Ophthalmology 104, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050200054047.

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Lautner, Péter. "Γνωστικῶς and / or ὑλικῶς: Philoponus’ Account of the Material Aspects of Sense-Perception." Phronesis 58, no. 4 (2013): 378–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341254.

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Abstract The paper aims to show that Philoponus’ theory of sense-perception does not fit in with the spiritualist claim that the sensory process does not involve an extra material change in the sense-organ. Both the specific sense-organs (like the vitreous liquid and choroid or corneal membrane in the eyes) and the primary sense-organ (like the optic pneuma) contract or expand in the perceptual process. On the other hand, the literalist claim needs to be modified as well since only the tactile sense-organ (flesh) takes on the relevant qualities. Contraction or expansion in the sense-organ is triggered, not by physical changes in the medium, but by the formal activities arising from the perceptible objects: colours make the visual sense-organ contract or expand. At the level of sense-organs, the physiological process underlying sense-perception has three stages. The change in specific sense-organ will be transmitted to the primary sense-organ of the particular sense (optic/acoustic pneuma), and then reaches the common sense-organ, the pneuma. The primary sense-organs are spatially distinguishable parts of the common sense-organ which is otherwise homogeneous, not allowing for qualitative differences. The homogeneity of the pneuma establishes the unity of sense-perception at the level of physiological processes.
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OKAZAKI, Yasuhiro. "Prasastapada's Definition of Sense-organs." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 42, no. 2 (1994): 1079–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.42.1079.

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Lang, Helen S. "Aristotle on the Sense-Organs." Ancient Philosophy 19, no. 2 (1999): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil199919242.

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Ganson, Todd, and T. K. Johansen. "Aristotle on the Sense-Organs." Philosophical Review 109, no. 1 (January 2000): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693557.

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Franks, Joan M., and T. K. Johansen. "Aristotle on the Sense Organs." Classical World 92, no. 5 (1999): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4352317.

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Ganson, T. "ARISTOTLE ON THE SENSE-ORGANS." Philosophical Review 109, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00318108-109-1-89.

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Pumphrey, R. J. "THE SENSE ORGANS OF BIRDS." Ibis 90, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 171–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1948.tb01686.x.

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Purschke, Günter. "Sense organs in polychaetes (Annelida)." Hydrobiologia 535-536, no. 1 (March 2005): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-4358-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sense organs"

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Marynenko, L. V. "The bionic sense organs." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33760.

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The Bionic Ear is properly called a cochlear implant. It is an artificial hearing tool which stimulates nerves, using electricity, in the inner ear. The Bionic Ear helps a deaf person to hear another person speak. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33760
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Gayer, Whitney Anne. "Water Transport in the Lateral Line Canal of the Intertidal Fish Xiphister mucosus (Girard 1858) and Its Significance to Evaporative Water with Preliminary Observations of the Metabolic Consequences of Water Loss." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4089.

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The lateral line canal system is a sensory organ found in all teleost fish that has a wide range of morphological variation. Variation in morphology may often be the result of evolutionary necessity where the need for function dictates form. Xiphister mucosus is an amphibious Stichaeid fish that inhabits the rocky intertidal zone of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The rocky intertidal is considered an extreme environment where crashing waves and ebbing tides may require the specialization of adaptations for surviving the many abiotic stressors encountered there. The lateral line trunk canal of Xiphister is regarded as unique among teleosts with multiple, branching, zigzag shaped canals that are morphologically complex. The X. mucosus canal was found to not serve as a mechanosensory organ, rather the findings presented here suggest a new role as a water transport organ. This may be an exaptation to help X. mucosus avoid desiccation during low tides when the fish remain upon the rocky shore and exposed to dehydration. While emersed, Xiphister relies on cutaneous respiration as its primary means of aerial respiration.
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Crumpton, Nicholas John. "Osteological correlates of sensory systems in small mammals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707958.

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Petr, Daniel. "Comparative Morphology of Sensilla Styloconica on the Proboscis of North American Nymphalidae and Other Selected Taxa: Systematic and Ecological Considerations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3002/.

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Sensilla styloconica on the proboscis of 107 species of North American and tropical butterflies were comparatively studied using the scanning electron microscope. Focus was on 76 species of North American Nymphalidae representing 45 genera and 11 subfamilies. Nomenclature for generalized and specific types of nymphalid sensilla is proposed. Written descriptions and micrographs are presented for each species studied. Morphological features were generally consistent for all or most species within genera and sometimes within subfamilies, with specified exceptions. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences for six of eight variables tested between two distinct feeding guilds of North American Nymphalidae. Average number, density, extent of proboscis coverage with sensilla, their total length, and shoulder spine length were all significantly greater in the non-nectar feeding guild than in nectar feeders, and may indicate adaptation for greater efficiency in feeding on flat surfaces. The greater frequency of apical shoulder spines in non-nectar feeders may represent adaptation for protection of sensory pegs from mechanical abrasion during feeding, or for anchoring the flexible proboscis tip to the surface. Correlation analysis revealed 9 out of 28 positive correlations in nectar feeders and 5 out of 28 in non-nectar feeders. Results of preliminary cladistic analysis were not considered to be meaningfully robust due to few available characters. The stylar characters identified in this study should be more useful in future analyses when included with characters from other lines of evidence. The presence of sensilla styloconica in all subfamilies of Nymphalidae, except Danainae, largely supports Ehrlich's (1958) higher classification concept for the family. The presence of less conspicuous sensilla in the Danainae, and other characteristics are presented as further evidence that they should be reconsidered for full family status. Sensilla styloconica in nymphalid butterflies appear to function as extensions that provide greater sensory reach during feeding. The role of these sensilla in liquid uptake, pollen feeding, and host plant selection is discussed.
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Lewis, Thomas N. "Detection of scattered ambient noise by fish : possible passive perception of potential predators and prey from palpable pressure and particle path perturbations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16017.

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Dieudonné, Alexandre. "The encoding properties of gyroscopic mechanosensory neurons in Lepidoptera /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10662.

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Wu, W. L. "Comparative studies of locomotion and of epidermal sense organs of some freshwater bivalve molluscs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356705.

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Galois, Patrick. "Turtle nest sensory perception by raccoon (Procyon lotor) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) : an approach through discrimination learning of potential nest cues." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42038.

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Egg predation may be the most important mortality factor for North American turtles. This predation can destroy 50-90% of nests in an area. The major predators are striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor). Despite differences in their habits and diet, these species appear equally efficient in turtle egg predation, even though these eggs represent a very small portion of their annual food intake. Sight, olfaction, touch and hearing could be used by these predators to find the nests. The aim of this study was to document intra and inter-specific differences in the perception of possible nest-cues used by raccoon and striped skunk. Choice-tests based on food-conditioning were carried out with two visual cues (dark and smooth surface), one olfactory cue (turtle urine) and one tactile cue (soil compaction). Subject performances (number of trials to obtain 80% success rate in the different tests) were compared to assess intra and inter-species, and skunk inter-age differences in sensory perception and learning abilities. As expected raccoons learned the tactile cue discrimination faster than the visual cue discriminations. The tactile cue discrimination was learned as fast as the olfactory cue. As expected skunks learned the olfactory cue discrimination faster than other cue discriminations. When compared, the olfactory cue appeared to be as important for both species even though raccoons had faster learning rates than skunks in all the tests except for one visual test. Juvenile skunks learned faster than adult skunks with four out of six juveniles performing better in the olfactory test. Olfaction may play an important role in nest localization by raccoons and skunks, and sight may also play a role for raccoons. Learning turtle nest cues while with their mother could facilitate their future ability in locating turtle nests.
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Taylor, Andrew. "Functional aspects of optic nerve regeneration." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0095.

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[Truncated abstract] Formation and consolidation of the retinotectal projection during optic nerve regeneration has been associated with two major interlinked processes. Initially, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons are guided by molecular guidance cues, such as the Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, to their approximately correct location and form a coarse topographic map in the optic tecum. Such axon guidance occurs in the absence of neural activity and is considered to be activity-independent. The second process involves glutamatergic excitation, whereby correctly located connections are strengthened by correlated neural activity, whilst removing inappropriately located ones thereby sharpening the topography.The second process is considered to be activitydependent. Here, a number of experiments were undertaken to further examine the interrelationships of activity-dependent and independent processes with respect to functional outcomes. Two models of optic nerve regeneration were studied. In goldfish, following optic nerve crush, regeneration is successful. … In goldfish, guidance along the medio-lateral tectal axis may occur through preordering of axons prior to entering the tectum via the appropriate medial and lateral brachium, with EphA/ephrin-A then guiding axons over the rostral-caudal axis establishing gross topography. The increase in involvement of NMDA-mediated transmission during the period of activity-dependent refinement consolidated the role of this receptor in synapse plasticity. However what triggers NMDA-mediated activity to increase is still largely unresolved, although as the factors governing receptor trafficking during development and synaptic plasticity become better understood, these can be applied to the period of plasticity associated with regenerating axons. And finally, as GABAergic inhibition appears to suppress activity-dependent refinement, means of overcoming this inhibition through 4 such methods as visual training or pharmacological intervention may have significance for mammalian regeneration.
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Prieto, Godino Laura Lucía. "Embryonic development of the olfactory system in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609400.

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Books on the topic "Sense organs"

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Johansen, T. K. Aristotle on the sense-organs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Johansen, T. K. Aristotle on the sense-organs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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Moncure, Jane Belk. The five senses: Treasures outside. Elgin, IL: Child's World, 1990.

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Broekel, Ray. Tus cinco sentidos. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1988.

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Moncure, Jane Belk. The five senses: Treasures outside. Chicago, Ill: Distributed by Childrens Press, 1990.

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Tautz, Jürgen. Medienbewegung in der Sinneswelt der Arthropoden: Fallstudien zu einer Sinnesökologie. Stuttgart: G. Fischer, 1989.

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Schmall, Vicki L. Sensory changes in later life. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1991.

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A, Thomas Jeanette, Kastelein Ronald A, Supin A. I͡A︡, and Symposium on Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals (1991 : Moscow, Russia), eds. Marine mammal sensory systems. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

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Khishigt, IA͠ ︡. Khu̇n mėdrėmzhiĭn tukhaĭ azh onolyn u̇ndės: Azh amʹdral, onovchtoĭ surgalt, shinėlėg sudalgaany asuudluud. Ulaanbaatar: Khu̇mu̇u̇nlėgiĭn Ukhaany Surguulʹ, 1999.

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Ripoll, Jaume. Cómo funcionan nuestros sentidos. Barcelona: Parramón, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sense organs"

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Soper, Roland. "Sense Organs." In Human Biology GCSE, 147–60. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12789-4_10.

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Meyer, D. B., M. R. Kare, and J. R. Mason. "Sense Organs." In Avian Physiology, 37–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_2.

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Aharinejad, S. H., and A. Lametschwandtner. "The Peripheral Sense Organs." In Microvascular Corrosion Casting in Scanning Electron Microscopy, 335–60. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9230-6_15.

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Fowler, Murray E., and P. Walter Bravo. "Organs of Special Sense." In Medicine and Surgery of Camelids, 487–97. Ames, Iowa USA: Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785706.ch19.

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Bacon, Robert L., and Nelson R. Niles. "Organs of Special Sense." In Medical Histology, 421–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8199-0_19.

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Barber, Vernon C. "The Sense Organs of Nautilus." In Topics in Geobiology, 223–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5040-6_14.

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Barber, Vernon C. "The Sense Organs of Nautilus." In Topics in Geobiology, 223–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3299-7_14.

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Saghazadeh, Amene, Helia Mojtabavi, Reza Khaksar, and Nima Rezaei. "The Sixth Sense Organs: The Heart." In Biophysics and Neurophysiology of the Sixth Sense, 243–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1_21.

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Saghazadeh, Amene, Helia Mojtabavi, Reza Khaksar, Maryam Mahmoudi, and Nima Rezaei. "The Sixth Sense Organs: The Gut." In Biophysics and Neurophysiology of the Sixth Sense, 251–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1_22.

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Saghazadeh, Amene, Helia Mojtabavi, Reza Khaksar, and Nima Rezaei. "The Sixth Sense Organs: The Eyes." In Biophysics and Neurophysiology of the Sixth Sense, 257–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sense organs"

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Wu, Fang-Jing, Yu-Chee Tseng, and Wen-Chih Peng. "Activity sense organs." In UbiComp '16: The 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2968219.2971424.

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Caulfield, H. John. "What kinds of sense organs can nature evolve?" In Optical Science and Technology, the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting, edited by Richard B. Hoover, Gilbert V. Levin, and Alexei Y. Rozanov. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.564557.

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Ou-Yang, Wen-Si. "A Theoretical Study of Synaesthesiaby Music Sense Organs and Creative Thinking." In 2nd Annual International Conference on Social Science and Contemporary Humanity Development. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sschd-16.2016.25.

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Luo, Yontai, Naishen Liu, and Zhanyi Zhao. "A Synthetical Study of the Identification of Tea-Leaves Grades of Quality with Sense Organs." In The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y1988.012.

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Pawluk, Dianne T. V., William J. Peine, Parris S. Wellman, and Robert D. Howe. "Simulating Soft Tissue With a Tactile Shape Display." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0324.

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Abstract One of a surgeon’s most important tools is a highly developed sense of touch. Surgeons rely on sensations from the fingertips to guide manipulation and to perceive a wide variety of anatomical structures and pathologies. One important property used to assess the health of organs and tissues is compliance, which surgeons normally obtain by squeezing or indenting with their fingers.
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Dumm, Christopher M., Anna C. Hiers, Jeffrey S. Vipperman, George E. Klinzing, and Carey D. Balaban. "Ultrasonic Acoustic Heterodyne Transmission Into the Human Auditory and Vestibular Systems." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24213.

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Abstract It is well-known that airborne sound induces vibration of the eardrum, the coupled middle ear bones, and the inner ear. Sound transmission to the inner ear is attenuated by damage or dysfunction in the eardrum or ossicular chain. Corrective devices often use contact shakers to directly vibrate the temporal bone of the skull, delivering sound. We investigate an alternative, noncontact method of sound transmission that uses ultrasonic signals to transmit sound into the auditory and vestibular systems. Minimal literature exists describing ultrasonic hearing, largely due to attenuation of air-conducted frequencies above 20 kHz. High-amplitude airborne sound incident upon the skull can induce temporal bone system vibrations along an unconventional structural path. Finite-element-based acoustic modeling of the auditory and vestibular anatomy reveals resonant behavior in structural components of the middle and inner ear at ultrasonic frequencies. These “built-in sound amplifiers” can be leveraged to compensate for impedance mismatches experienced in airborne ultrasound transmission. By heterodyning (amplitude modulating) a targeted ultrasonic carrier signal with an audio signal, the nonlinearities of acoustic propagation and the auditory and vestibular sense organs allow interpretation of heterodyne signals. These techniques provide a foundation to improve a wide variety of communication equipment, including hearing aids, without interfering with balance sensations.
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Gildebrant, Galina V. "Quality criteria for the social space of modern public libraries." In Seventh World Professional Forum Sudak-Sochi-Transit «Sochi-2023». Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/978-5-85638-261-6-2023-29-33.

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In recent years, the library field of our country has been keeping much of its focus on the subject of shaping functional, comfortable, and modern library space. Humanitarian science consider social space as a concept within three levels of understanding. There is physical space, which can be evaluated by an observer through their sense organs. The second level allows the space to be perceived with regard to various processes happening inside of it. The third level is the inner metaphysical perception of space, the area of experience, emotions, and memory. The social space of libraries can also be considered within those three levels – starting from the structure of their physical space and buildings and going through their functional characteristics towards the understanding of library space as a space of meanings and heterotopia, accumulating time and human experience of the world. The quality criteria for public spaces were defined by the Danish architect Jan Gehl in regard to urban streets and squares. For library spaces, five groups of quality criteria can be distinguished: accessibility and safety (for everyone, including children and people with disabilities); ergonomic design and comfort, allowing a space to be transformed and used in various ways; positive emotional resonance in terms of both the peculiarities of designs of the locations, framework of services, and social communication; energy and vitality to facilitate a change of activity; material and information resources and environment for the creative self-fulfillment of citizens.
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Gkoupidenis, Paschalis. "Organic neuromorphic electronics: functions and applications." In Neural Interfaces and Artificial Senses. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nias.2021.017.

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Herman, W. N., M. J. Roberts, and G. A. Lindsay. "Sense Of Chromophore Orientation In APD Films." In Organic Thin Films. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otf.1999.pd1.

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Krauhausen, Imke, Paschalis Gkoupidenis, Armantas Melianas, Scott T. Keene, Katharina Lieberth, Hadrien Ledanseur, Rajendar Sheelamanthula, et al. "Local sensorimotor control and learning in robotics with organic neuromorphic electronics." In Neural Interfaces and Artificial Senses. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nias.2021.023.

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Reports on the topic "Sense organs"

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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Sonoran Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294374.

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Type sections are one of several kinds of stratotype. A stratotype is the standard (original or subsequently designated), accessible, and specific sequence of rock for a named geologic unit that forms the basis for the definition, recognition, and comparison of that unit elsewhere. Geologists designate stratotypes for rock exposures that are illustrative and representative of the map unit being defined. Stratotypes ideally should remain accessible for examination and study by others. In this sense, geologic stratotypes are similar in concept to biological type specimens; however, they remain in situ as rock exposures rather than curated in a repository. Therefore, managing stratotypes requires inventory and monitoring like other geologic heritage resources in parks. In addition to type sections, stratotypes also include type localities, type areas, reference sections, and lithodemes, all of which are defined in this report. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to stratotypes that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic heritage resources. This effort identified six stratotypes designated within four park units of the Sonoran Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network (SODN): Chiricahua National Monument (CHIR) has three type areas; Coronado National Memorial (CORO) has one type area; Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument (GICL) has one type area; and Saguaro National Park (SAGU) has one type area. Table 1 provides information regarding the six stratotypes currently identified within SODN parks. There are currently no designated stratotypes within Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (CAGR), Fort Bowie National Historic Site (FOBO), Montezuma Castle National Monument (MOCA), Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (ORPI), Tonto National Monument (TONT), Tumacácori National Historical Park (TUMA), or Tuzigoot National Monument (TUZI). However, CHIR, MOCA, SAGU, and TUZI contain important rock exposures that could be considered for formal stratotype designation as discussed in the “Recommendations” section. The inventory of geologic stratotypes across the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations so that NPS staff may recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS has centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring (I&M) networks established during the late 1990s. Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks and was therefore adopted for the stratotype inventory. The Greater Yellowstone I&M Network (GRYN) was the pilot network for initiating this project (Henderson et al. 2020). Methodologies and reporting strategies adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the SODN. This report includes a recommendation section that addresses outstanding issues and future steps regarding park unit stratotypes. These recommendations will hopefully guide decision-making and help ensure that these geoheritage resources are properly protected and that proposed park activities or development will not adversely impact the stability and condition of these geologic exposures.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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