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1
Yang, Xiong, Wang, and Zhang. "Analysis of Byzantine Attacks for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 15 (August 5, 2019): 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153436.
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Herein, the problem of target tracking in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is investigated in the presence of Byzantine attacks. More specifically, we analyze the impact of Byzantine attacks on the performance of a tracking system. First, under the condition of jointly estimating the target state and the attack parameters, the posterior Cramer–Rao lower bound (PCRLB) is calculated. Then, from the perspective of attackers, we define the optimal Byzantine attack and theoretically find a way to achieve such an attack with minimal cost. When the attacked nodes are correctly identified by the fusion center (FC), we further define the suboptimal Byzantine attack and also find a way to realize such an attack. Finally, in order to alleviate the negative impact of attackers on the system performance, a modified sampling importance resampling (SIR) filter is proposed. Simulation results show that the tracking results of the modified SIR filter can be close to the true trajectory of the moving target. In addition, when the quantization level increases, both the security performance and the estimation performance of the tracking system are improved.
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Singhal, Prateek, Puneet Sharma, and Deepak Arora. "An approach towards preventing iot based sybil attack based on contiki framework through cooja simulator." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.8 (March 19, 2018): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10421.
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In this paper we propagate the Sybil attack in WSN (Wireless sensor network), by the researchers many attacks have been recognized in WSN till now and there are many attacks which can attack over through internet, Internet of thing means all devices is interconnected to each other M2M over internet and can be attacked by any of the attacker on any devices. Sybil attack is the detrimental attack against sensor network where several counterfeit identities and legitimate identities are used to get prohibited pass in a network. This is major attack which results an information loss and misinterpretation in the network, and it also minimizes the routing disturbance, trustworthiness and dropping sensitivity packets into a network. In this instance node can trust the imaginary node and sharing of information starts, owed to this security of node is get affected and information is lost. In this paper, a survey of CONTIKI OS-2.7, stimulation tool COOJA and the Sybil attack and proposed the defense mechanisms and CAM (Compare and Match) approach to verify the Sybil attack position and prevent it. This Sybil attack can be stimulated on the stimulation tool COOJA which helps to identify the attacker position node, whereas these attacks outcome in uni-casting as well as multicasting and in this paper specifically given the secure security for Wireless sensor network.
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Ghugar, Umashankar, Jayaram Pradhan, Sourav Kumar Bhoi, and Rashmi Ranjan Sahoo. "LB-IDS: Securing Wireless Sensor Network Using Protocol Layer Trust-Based Intrusion Detection System." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2019 (January 6, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2054298.
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Wireless sensor network (WSN) faces severe security problems due to wireless communication between the nodes and open deployment of the nodes. The attacker disrupts the security parameters by launching attacks at different layers of the WSN. In this paper, a protocol layer trust-based intrusion detection system (LB-IDS) is proposed to secure the WSN by detecting the attackers at different layers. The trust value of a sensor node is calculated using the deviation of trust metrics at each layer with respect to the attacks. Mainly, we consider trustworthiness in the three layers such as physical layer trust, media access control (MAC) layer trust, and network layer trust. The trust of a sensor node at a particular layer is calculated by taking key trust metrics of that layer. Finally, the overall trust value of the sensor node is estimated by combining the individual trust values of each layer. By applying the trust threshold, a sensor node is detected as trusted or malicious. The performance of LB-IDS is evaluated by comparing the results of the three performance parameters such as detection accuracy, false-positive rate, and false-negative rate, with the results of Wang’s scheme. We have implemented jamming attack at the physical layer, back-off manipulation attack at the MAC layer, and sinkhole attack at the network layer using simulations. We have also implemented a cross-layer attack using the simulation where an attacker simultaneously attacks the MAC layer and network layer. Simulation results show that the proposed LB-IDS performs better as compared with Wang’s scheme.
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Parras, Juan, Maximilian Hüttenrauch, Santiago Zazo, and Gerhard Neumann. "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Attacking Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 4060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124060.
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Recent advances in Deep Reinforcement Learning allow solving increasingly complex problems. In this work, we show how current defense mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks are vulnerable to attacks that use these advances. We use a Deep Reinforcement Learning attacker architecture that allows having one or more attacking agents that can learn to attack using only partial observations. Then, we subject our architecture to a test-bench consisting of two defense mechanisms against a distributed spectrum sensing attack and a backoff attack. Our simulations show that our attacker learns to exploit these systems without having a priori information about the defense mechanism used nor its concrete parameters. Since our attacker requires minimal hyper-parameter tuning, scales with the number of attackers, and learns only by interacting with the defense mechanism, it poses a significant threat to current defense procedures.
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Singh, Surinder, and Hardeep Singh Saini. "Security Techniques for Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11884.
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The wireless sensor network has group of sensors which can sense the data and route this data to base station. As there is no physical connection between sensor and base station the important data can be routed without wires. The broadcast nature of wireless sensor network makes it prone to security threat to the valuable data. The attacker node can detect the data by creating their own data aggregation and routing mechanism .The number of attacks can be possible on the network layer. Out of these attacks wormhole is one of the major attack which can change the routing method of the whole wireless sensor network. In this attack,the attacker node can control the packet transmission of whole network and route it to the tunnel of nodes. The major drawback of this attack is to increase the packet drop and disturbing the routing mechanism. A number of security techniques are developed by the researcher to reduce the packet drop ratio and secure the routing mechanism of the network. Out of all thesetechniquesfew related to packet drop ratio are discussed in this paper. TheLightweight countermeasure for the wormhole attack (LITEWORP) based on Dynamic Source routing (DSR) protocol security technique,Delay Per Hop Indication (Delphi) based on AODV(Avoidance Routing Protocol) Protocol security technique and MOBIWORP based on DSRprotocol security technique reduce the packet loss percentage 40%,43% and 35% respectively.
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Vc, Manju, and Dr Sasi Kumar. "Defending Against Denial of Sleep Attack in Wireless Sensor Network." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 9, no. 2 (July 20, 2013): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v9i2.4164.
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A wireless sensor network is a wireless network organized with a large number of sensor nodes with specialized sensors that can monitor various physical attributes such as temperature, pressure, vibration, and sound. Sensor nodes are powered up with batteries. Due to unattended nature of the deployment, the sensor nodes’ batteries cannot be recharged. In such conditions, the nodes must optimally consume power. Various protocols are designed to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes by keeping the antenna in sleep mode 90% of time, so that power is saved. MAC protocols are designed to adaptively vary the sleep time based on the communication need. But attackers use their knowledge of their underlying MAC protocol, to reduce the sleep time for the node, so that the lifetime of a node reduces. This problem is popularly known as Denial of sleep attack. In this paper, we propose an effective solution }to defend against such attacks in a sensor network. Our proposed solution introduces communication overhead only when the attack is suspected and also the defending mechanism is triggered only in the area of attack. Also the analysis shows that our solution is very strong against SYNC replay attack and jamming attacks.
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Dora, Jean Rosemond, and Karol Nemoga. "Clone Node Detection Attacks and Mitigation Mechanisms in Static Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy 1, no. 4 (September 24, 2021): 553–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcp1040028.
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The development of the wireless sensor networks technology commonly named WSNs has been gaining a significantly increased amount of attention from researchers over the last few decades. Its large number of sensor nodes is one of the features that makes it beneficial to the technology. The sensors can communicate with each other to form a network. These sensor nodes are generally used for diverse applications, such as pressure monitoring, fire detection, target tracking, and health monitoring, etc. However, the downside is that WSNs are often deployed in hostile, critical environments where they do not restrain physical access. This reality makes them incredibly vulnerable to clone node attacks or node replication attacks. The adversary can capture the legitimate sensor nodes, extract them and then collect some sensitive information, such as node ID, keys and perform a replication attack. This possibility will afterward facilitate the attacker to be able to take control of the whole network and execute the same functions as that of the authorized nodes. Based on this vulnerability, it is of great importance for researchers to invent a detection protocol for the clone attacks as well as a mitigation method. From all of the researches that have been published, a lot of them proposed some techniques to detect the clone node attacks and also to mitigate the attacks. However, almost none of them semantically focused on the security layer establishment. Based on this fact, we proposed an ontology-based approach Ontology for Replication Attacks in Static Wireless Sensor Networks “ORASWSN”, which can semantically be used for the detection and mitigation of the attacks by taking into consideration the importance of using security layers.
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Lalar, Sacachin, Shashi Bhushan, and Surender Surender. "Analysis of Clone Detection Approaches in Static Wireless Sensor Networks." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 10, no. 3 (August 5, 2017): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/10.03.14.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are developing very fast in the wireless networks. The wireless sensor network has the characteristics of limited memory, small size and limited battery. WSNs are vulnerable to the different types of attacks due to its characteristics. One of the attacks is clone node attack in which attacker capture the nodes from the network and stoles the information from it and replicates it in the network. From the clone nodes, the attacker can easily launch the different type of attacks in the network. To detect the clone node, different methods has been implemented .Each method having advantages and limitations. In the this paper, we explain the different methods to detect the clone nodes in the static wireless sensor network and compare their performance based on the communication cost and memory.
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Suh and Cho. "An Enhanced Trust Mechanism with Consensus-Based False Information Filtering Algorithm against Bad-Mouthing Attacks and False-Praise Attacks in WSNs." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2019): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111359.
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To defend against insider attacks in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), trust mechanisms (TMs) using the notion of trust in human society have been proposed and are still actively researched. In the WSN with a trust mechanism (TM), each sensor node evaluates the trustworthiness of its neighbor sensors based on their behaviors, for example packet forwarding, and collaborates only with trustworthy neighbors while removing untrustworthy neighbor from its neighbor list. The reputation system (RS) is an advanced type of trust mechanism that evaluates the trustworthiness of a node by additionally considering neighbor nodes’ observations or evaluations about it. However, intelligent inside attackers in WSNs can discover the security vulnerabilities of trust mechanisms by examining the operations of TM (or RS), because the software modules of the TM (or RS) are installed and operating in their local storage and memory, and thus, they can avoid detection by the trust mechanisms. Bad-mouthing attacks and false-praise attacks are well-known examples of such intelligent insider attacks. We observed that existing trust mechanisms do not have effective countermeasures to defend against such attacks. In this paper, we propose an enhanced trust mechanism with a consensus-based false information filtering algorithm (TM-CFIFA) that can effectively defend against bad-mouthing attacks and false-praise attacks. According to our experiment results, compared with an existing representative RS model, our TM-CFIFA shortened the detection time of a packet drop attacker, which is supported by a false-praise attacker by at least 83%, and also extended the lifetime of a victim sensor node that is under bad-mouthing attacks by at least 15.8%.
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Sehrawat, Harkesh, Yudhvir Singh, and Vikas Siwach. "Analysis of AODV protocol under sinkhole attack in wireless sensor network." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.4 (March 10, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.4.13028.
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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) is a collection of number of sensor nodes which are left open in an unsecured environment. Sensor nodes work and communicate together to attain the desired goals. They are placed at the locations where monitoring is otherwise impossible. Wireless Sensor Networks are resource constrained which may be computational power, memory capacity, battery power etc. As Wireless Sensor Networks are implemented in the unattended environment, they are prone to discrete type of security attacks. Because of their limitations these networks are easily targeted by intruders. Sinkhole attack is one of the security attacks which try to disturb the ongoing communication in wireless sensor network. In sinkhole attack, the intruder or the malicious node try to attract the network traffic towards itself, that sensor nodes will pass data packets through this compromised node thereby manipulating messages which sensor nodes are transferring to the base station. In this paper we analyze the impact of Sinkhole attack on AODV protocol under various conditions. We analyzed the impact of Sinkhole attack on AODV protocol with varying number of attacker nodes.
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Shin, Jongho, Youngmi Baek, Jaeseong Lee, and Seonghun Lee. "Cyber-Physical Attack Detection and Recovery Based on RNN in Automotive Brake Systems." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010082.
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The violation of data integrity in automotive Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) may lead to dangerous situations for drivers and pedestrians in terms of safety. In particular, cyber-attacks on the sensor could easily degrade data accuracy and consistency over any other attack, we investigate attack detection and identification based on a deep learning technology on wheel speed sensors of automotive CPS. For faster recovery of a physical system with detection of the cyber-attacks, estimation of a specific value is conducted to substitute false data. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a case of joining sensor attack detection and vehicle speed estimation in existing literature. In this work, we design a novel method to combine attack detection and identification, vehicle speed estimation of wheel speed sensors to improve the safety of CPS even under the attacks. First, we define states of the sensors based on the cases of attacks that can occur in the sensors. Second, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is applied to detect and identify wheel speed sensor attacks. Third, in order to estimate the vehicle speeds accurately, we employ Weighted Average (WA), as one of the fusion algorithms, in order to assign a different weight to each sensor. Since environment uncertainty while driving has an impact on different characteristics of vehicles and causes performance degradation, the recovery mechanism needs the ability adaptive to changing environments. Therefore, we estimate the vehicle speeds after assigning a different weight to each sensor depending on driving situations classified by analyzing driving data. Experiments including training, validation, and test are carried out with actual measurements obtained while driving on the real road. In case of the fault detection and identification, classification accuracy is evaluated. Mean Squared Error (MSE) is calculated to verify that the speed is estimated accurately. The classification accuracy about test additive attack data is 99.4978%. MSE of our proposed speed estimation algorithm is 1.7786. It is about 0.2 lower than MSEs of other algorithms. We demonstrate that our system maintains data integrity well and is safe relatively in comparison with systems which apply other algorithms.
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Thakur, Mandeep, and Amninder Kaur Gill. "Detection and Isolation Technique for Blackhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 30, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.12.
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A wireless sensor network comprises of countless spread over a particular territory where we need to take care of at the progressions going ahead there. A sensor hub, for the most part, comprises of sensors, actuators, memory, a processor and they do have correspondence capacity. These sorts of networks are much powerless against security attacks. Many kinds of active and passive attacks are conceivable in the sensor network. Among all the conceivable active attacks, sinkhole attack is the most widely recognized and destructive attack. This attack debases network execution and prompts denial of service attack. The attack is triggered by the malicious hub which is available in the network. In this work, a novel strategy has been proposed to recognize and disengage malicious nodes from the network which are in charge of triggering the attack. The novel procedure is based on blacklist technique and clustering technique. The exploratory results will demonstrate that proposed strategy detects and separate the malicious nodes from the network proficiently. It will enhance network effectiveness as far as bundle misfortune, defer and expand throughput of the network. NS2 simulator instrument will be utilized as a part of it.
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Gluck, Tomer, Moshe Kravchik, Samuel Chocron, Yuval Elovici, and Asaf Shabtai. "Spoofing Attack on Ultrasonic Distance Sensors Using a Continuous Signal." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 6157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216157.
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Ultrasonic distance sensors use an ultrasonic pulse’s time of flight to calculate the distance to the reflecting object. Widely used in industry, these sensors are an important component in autonomous vehicles, where they are used for such tasks as object avoidance and altitude measurement. The proper operation of such autonomous vehicles relies on sensor measurements; therefore, an adversary that has the ability to undermine the sensor’s reliability can pose a major risk to the vehicle. Previous attempts to alter the measurements of this sensor using an external signal succeeded in performing a denial-of-service (DoS) attack, in which the sensor’s reading showed a constant value, and a spoofing attack, in which the attacker could control the measurement to some extent. However, these attacks require precise knowledge of the sensor and its operation (e.g., timing of the ultrasonic pulse sent by the sensor). In this paper, we present an attack on ultrasonic distance sensors in which the measured distance can be altered (i.e., spoofing attack). The attack exploits a vulnerability discovered in the ultrasonic sensor’s receiver that results in a fake pulse that is produced by a constant noise in the input. A major advantage of the proposed attack is that, unlike previous attacks, a constant signal is used, and therefore, no prior knowledge of the sensor’s relative location or its timing behavior is required. We demonstrate the attack in both a lab setup (testbed) and a real setup involving a drone to demonstrate its feasibility. Our experiments show that the attack can interfere with the proper operation of the vehicle. In addition to the risk that the attack poses to autonomous vehicles, it can also be used as an effective defensive tool for restricting the movement of unauthorized autonomous vehicles within a protected area.
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Albakri, Ashwag, Lein Harn, and Sejun Song. "Hierarchical Key Management Scheme with Probabilistic Security in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)." Security and Communication Networks 2019 (July 14, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3950129.
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Securing data transferred over a WSN is required to protect data from being compromised by attackers. Sensors in the WSN must share keys that are utilized to protect data transmitted between sensor nodes. There are several approaches introduced in the literature for key establishment in WSNs. Designing a key distribution/establishment scheme in WSNs is a challenging task due to the limited resources of sensor nodes. Polynomial-based key distribution schemes have been proposed in WSNs to provide a lightweight solution for resource-constraint devices. More importantly, polynomial-based schemes guarantee that a pairwise key exists between two sensors in the WSNs. However, one problem associated with all polynomial-based approaches in WSNs is that they are vulnerable to sensor capture attacks. Specifically, the attacker can compromise the security of the entire network by capturing a fixed number of sensors. In this paper, we propose a novel polynomial-based scheme with a probabilistic security feature that effectively reduces the security risk of sensor-captured attacks and requires minimal memory and computation overhead. Furthermore, our design can be extended to provide hierarchical key management to support data aggregation in WSNs.
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Gara, Fatma, Leila Ben Saad, and Rahma Ben Ayed. "An Efficient Intrusion Detection System for Selective Forwarding and Clone Attackers in IPv6-based Wireless Sensor Networks under Mobility." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 13, no. 3 (July 2017): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2017070102.
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Security in mobile wireless sensor networks is a big challenge because it adds more complexity to the network in addition to the problems of mobility and the limited sensor node resources. Even with authentication and encryption mechanisms, an attacker can compromise nodes and get all the keying materials. Therefore, an intrusion detection system is necessary to detect and defend against the insider attackers. Currently, there is no intrusion detection system applied to IPv6-based mobile wireless sensor networks. This paper is mainly interested in detecting the selective forwarding and clone attacks because they are considered among the most dangerous attackers. In this work, the authors design, implement, and evaluate a novel intrusion detection system for mobile wireless sensor networks based on IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks. The new intrusion detection system can be extended to other attacks such as wormhole and sybil attacks. The simulations results show that the detection probability is 100% for selective attackers under some cases.
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Gavrić, Željko, and Dejan Simić. "Overview of DOS attacks on wireless sensor networks and experimental results for simulation of interference attacks." Ingeniería e Investigación 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v38n1.65453.
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Wireless sensor networks are now used in various fields. The information transmitted in the wireless sensor networks is very sensitive, so the security issue is very important. DOS (denial of service) attacks are a fundamental threat to the functioning of wireless sensor networks. This paper describes some of the most common DOS attacks and potential methods of protection against them. The case study shows one of the most frequent attacks on wireless sensor networks – the interference attack. In the introduction of this paper authors assume that the attack interference can cause significant obstruction of wireless sensor networks. This assumption has been proved in the case study through simulation scenario and simulation results.
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Cho, Kyeongsun, and Youngho Cho. "HyperLedger Fabric-Based Proactive Defense against Inside Attackers in the WSN With Trust Mechanism." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101659.
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In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the Trust Mechanism (TM) is used to defend against insider attacks by measuring the trustworthiness of all inside sensor nodes in the network. Thus, each sensor node with TM observes its neighbor nodes’ behaviors, evaluates their trustworthiness as numeric trust values, and captures untrustworthy nodes as inside attackers. Although the defense performance of trust mechanisms can be further improved by sharing the information about inside attackers detected by TM with all sensor nodes, the detected inside attacker list must be securely shared with and stored in all sensor nodes in the WSN. However, according to our survey, we observed that most existing studies simply assume that the communication channel for sharing the attacker detection list is reliable and trusted even in the presence of inside attackers in the WSN. In this paper, we propose and implement a proactive defense model that integrates the HyperLedger Fabric and trust mechanism to defend against inside attackers by securely sharing the detected inside attacker list with all sensor nodes in the WSN. In addition, we conduct comparative experiments to show that our proposed model can better defend against inside attackers than an existing trust mechanism. According to our experimental results, our proposed model could lower the attack damage (the number of packet drops) caused by an inside packet drop attacker by 59 to 67% compared to an existing trust mechanism.
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Nikolopoulos, Dionysios, Avi Ostfeld, Elad Salomons, and Christos Makropoulos. "Resilience Assessment of Water Quality Sensor Designs under Cyber-Physical Attacks." Water 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050647.
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Water distribution networks (WDNs) are critical infrastructure for the welfare of society. Due to their spatial extent and difficulties in deployment of security measures, they are vulnerable to threat scenarios that include the rising concern of cyber-physical attacks. To protect WDNs against different kinds of water contamination, it is customary to deploy water quality (WQ) monitoring sensors. Cyber-attacks on the monitoring system that employs WQ sensors combined with deliberate contamination events via backflow attacks can lead to severe disruptions to water delivery or even potentially fatal consequences for consumers. As such, the water sector is in immediate need of tools and methodologies that can support cyber-physical quality attack simulation and vulnerability assessment of the WQ monitoring system under such attacks. In this study we demonstrate a novel methodology to assess the resilience of placement schemes generated with the Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment and Sensor Placement Optimization Tool (TEVA-SPOT) and evaluated under cyber-physical attacks simulated using the stress-testing platform RISKNOUGHT, using multidimensional metrics and resilience profile graphs. The results of this study show that some sensor designs are inherently more resilient than others, and this trait can be exploited in risk management practices.
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MIZANUR RAHMAN, SK MD, and KHALIL EL-KHATIB. "SECURE ANONYMOUS COMMUNICATION FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON PAIRING OVER ELLIPTIC CURVES." Journal of Interconnection Networks 10, no. 04 (December 2009): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265909002662.
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The nature of wireless communication makes it susceptible to a number of security threats, disclosing the identities of the communicating parties in the network. By revealing the identity of nodes in the network, outside parties can setup severe targeted attacks on specific nodes. Such targeted attacks are more harmful to sensor networks as sensing nodes (sensors) have limited computing and communication power prohibiting them from using robust security mechanisms. Anonymous communication is one of the key primitives for ensuring the privacy of communicating parties in a group or network. In this paper, we propose a novel secure anonymous communication protocol based on pairing over elliptic curves for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Using this protocol, only the legitimate nodes in the sensor network can authenticate each other without disclosing their real identities. The proposed protocol is extremely efficient in terms of key storage space and communication overhead. Security analysis of our protocol shows that it provides complete anonymity for communicating nodes. The analysis also shows that the proposed protocol is robust against a number of attacks including the masquerade attack, wormhole attack, selective forwarding attack and message manipulation attack.
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Zhang, Jia, Hai Yan Zhang, Jin Na Lv, and Yan Chang Liu. "Secure Range-Dependent Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 2247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.2247.
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In many applications of wireless sensor network (WSN), it is essential to ensure that sensors can determine their location, even in the presence of malicious adversaries. However, almost all the localization algorithms need the location information of reference nodes to locate the unknown nodes. When the location information is tempered by the attacks, the accuracy of these algorithms will degrade badly. We present a novel mechanism for secure localization. The mechanism aims to filter out malicious reference signals on the basis of the normal distribution trait among multiple reference signals. This will ensure each node to obtain correct information about its position in the presence of attackers. In this paper, a simulation circumstance which might be attacked is constructed to compare the improved algorithm with original one. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can effectively survive malicious attacks.
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Prashanth, K., and S. S. Nagamuthu Krishnan. "Study of Denial of Service (DoS) Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks with Power Constraints." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 4 (February 28, 2021): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.d8482.0210421.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are highly vulnerable to attacks and constraints on resources like power, processing, and radio signal. In high constraint and vulnerable environments adapting to detection and defence mechanisms is a challenge. In this paper analysis of Distributed Denial of Service detection mechanisms of Sybil, Sinkhole, and Wormhole attack for power optimization is carried out based on the power consumption parameter. Power consumption attributes affects the efficiency of nodes during the time of attacks. Energy utilization and conservation also depend upon certain parameters comprising usage of network, changes in topology, climatic changes, no of sensors connected, memory utilization on sensors, and security issues. The analysis takes various attacks detection mechanisms into consideration and a comparative study is projected upon power optimization parameters. This study could contribute to the aspect of extending the activity of the sensor in various applications such as whether monitoring and recording of wildlife movement.
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Conti, Vincenzo, Carmelo Militello, Filippo Sorbello, and Salvatore Vitabile. "Biometric sensors rapid prototyping on field-programmable gate arrays." Knowledge Engineering Review 30, no. 2 (March 2015): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888914000307.
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AbstractBiometric user authentication in large-scale distributed systems involves passive scanners and networked workstations and databases for user data acquisition, processing, and encryption. Unfortunately, traditional biometric authentication systems are prone to several attacks, such as Replay Attacks, Communication Attacks, and Database Attacks. Embedded biometric sensors overcome security limits of conventional software recognition systems, hiding its common attack points. The availability of mature reconfigurable hardware technology, such as field-programmable gate arrays, allows the developers to design and prototype the whole embedded biometric sensors. In this work, two strong and invasive biometric traits, such as fingerprint and iris, have been considered, analyzed, and combined in unimodal and multimodal biometric sensors. Biometric sensor performance has been evaluated using the well-known FVC2002, CASIA, and BATH databases.
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Aissaoui, Sihem, and Sofiane Boukli Hacene. "Sinkhole Attack Detection-Based SVM In Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 10, no. 2 (July 2021): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2021070102.
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Wireless sensor network is a special kind of ad hoc network characterized by high density, low mobility, and the use of a shared wireless medium. This last feature makes the network deployment easy; however, it is prone to various types of attacks such as sinkhole attack, sybil attack. Many researchers studied the effect of such attacks on the network performance and their detection. Classification techniques are some of the most used end effective methods to detect attacks in WSN. In this paper, the authors focus on sinkhole attack, which is one of the most destructive attacks in WSNs. The authors propose an intrusion detection system for sinkhole attack using support vector machines (SVM) on AODV routing protocol. In the different experiments, a special sinkhole dataset is used, and a comparison with previous techniques is done on the basis of detection accuracy. The results show the efficiency of the proposed approach.
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Jeon, Heegyun, Sungmin Aum, Hyungbo Shim, and Yongsoon Eun. "Resilient State Estimation for Control Systems Using Multiple Observers and Median Operation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3750264.
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This paper addresses the problem of state estimation for linear dynamic systems that is resilient against malicious attacks on sensors. By “resiliency” we mean the capability of correctly estimating the state despite external attacks. We propose a state estimation with a bank of observers combined through median operations and show that the proposed method is resilient in the sense that estimated states asymptotically converge to the true state despite attacks on sensors. In addition, the effect of sensor noise and process disturbance is also considered. For bounded sensor noise and process disturbance, the proposed method eliminates the effect of attack and achieves state estimation error within a bound proportional to those of sensor noise and disturbance. While existing methods are computationally heavy because online solution of nonconvex optimization is needed, the proposed approach is computationally efficient by using median operation in the place of the optimization. It should be pointed out that the proposed method requires the system states being observable with every sensor, which is not a necessary condition for the existing methods. From resilient system design point of view, however, this fact may not be critical because sensors can be chosen for resiliency in the design stage. The gained computational efficiency helps real-time implementation in practice.
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Ali, Shahwar, A. Humaria, M. Sher Ramzan, Imran Khan, Syed M. Saqlain, Anwar Ghani, J. Zakia, and Bander A. Alzahrani. "An efficient cryptographic technique using modified Diffie–Hellman in wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 6 (June 2020): 155014772092577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720925772.
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In wireless sensor networks, the sensors transfer data through radio signals to a remote base station. Sensor nodes are used to sense environmental conditions such as temperature, strain, humidity, sound, vibration, and position. Data security is a major issue in wireless sensor networks since data travel over the naturally exposed wireless channel where malicious attackers may get access to critical information. The sensors in wireless sensor networks are resource-constrained devices whereas the existing data security approaches have complex security mechanisms with high computational and response times affecting the network lifetime. Furthermore, existing systems, such as secure efficient encryption algorithm, use the Diffie–Hellman approach for key generation and exchange; however, Diffie–Hellman is highly vulnerable to the man-in-the-middle attack. This article introduces a data security approach with less computational and response times based on a modified version of Diffie–Hellman. The Diffie–Hellman has been modified to secure it against attacks by generating a hash of each value that is transmitted over the network. The proposed approach has been analyzed for security against various attacks. Furthermore, it has also been analyzed in terms of encryption/decryption time, computation time, and key generation time for different sizes of data. The comparative analysis with the existing approaches shows that the proposed approach performs better in most of the cases.
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Ahmed, Saeed, YoungDoo Lee, Seung-Ho Hyun, and Insoo Koo. "Mitigating the Impacts of Covert Cyber Attacks in Smart Grids Via Reconstruction of Measurement Data Utilizing Deep Denoising Autoencoders." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2019): 3091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163091.
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As one of the most diversified cyber-physical systems, the smart grid has become more decumbent to cyber vulnerabilities. An intelligently crafted, covert, data-integrity assault can insert biased values into the measurements collected by a sensor network, to elude the bad data detector in the state estimator, resulting in fallacious control decisions. Thus, such an attack can compromise the secure and reliable operations of smart grids, leading to power network disruptions, economic loss, or a combination of both. To this end, in this paper, we propose a novel idea for the reconstruction of sensor-collected measurement data from power networks, by removing the impacts of the covert data-integrity attack. The proposed reconstruction scheme is based on a latterly developed, unsupervised learning algorithm called a denoising autoencoder, which learns about the robust nonlinear representations from the data to root out the bias added into the sensor measurements by a smart attacker. For a robust, multivariate reconstruction of the attacked measurements from multiple sensors, the denoising autoencoder is used. The proposed scheme was evaluated utilizing standard IEEE 14-bus, 39-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus systems. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme can handle labeled and non-labeled historical measurement data and results in a reasonably good reconstruction of the measurements affected by attacks.
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Jamil, Ansar, Mohammed Qassim Ali, and Muhammed E. Abd Alkhalec. "Sinkhole Attack Detection and Avoidance Mechanism for RPL in Wireless Sensor Networks." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 5, no. 5 (March 20, 2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2021.05.011.
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The security issue is one of the main problems in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoTs). RPL (Routing protocol for low power and lossy networks) is a standard routing protocol for WSN, is not to be missed from being attacks. The performance of RPL is reduced significantly after being attacked. Sinkhole attack is one of the most common attacks to WSN and RPL, threatening the network capability by discarding packets and disrupting routing paths. Therefore, this paper proposes a new Secured-RPL routing protocol to detect and avoid sinkhole attacks in the network, which is called Cross Layers Secured RPL (CLS-RPL). This routing protocol is enhanced of the existing RPL routing protocol. CLS-RPL is a cross-layer routing protocol that uses information from the data link layer in its security mechanism. CLS-RPL uses a new technique and concept in detecting a sinkhole attack that is based on eave-listening (overhearing) that allows a child node to eave-listening its parent transmission. If the child node does not hear any transmission from its parent node after sending several packets, this means its parent node is a sinkhole attacker. Otherwise, if the node hears transmission from its parent node, this means that its parent node is legitimate and continues to send more packets. CLS-RPL implements a simple security mechanism that provides a high packet delivery ratio. The finding shows that CLS-RPL provides 52% improvement in terms of packet delivery ratio when compared to RPL protocol.
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Kaur, Simerpreet, Md Ataullah, and Monika Garg. "Security from Denial of Sleep Attack in Wireless Sensor Network." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (August 30, 2005): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v4i2b1.3230.
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With the advancement in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) sensors are gaining importance in the physical world. Besides the low power of sensor nodes used, sensors are widely used in detecting temperature, pollution, pressure and other various applications. Energy-constrained sensor networks periodically place nodes to sleep in order to extend the network Lifetime. Denial of sleep attacks are a great threat to lifetime of sensor networks as it prevents the nodes from going into sleep mode. In this paper we are describing prevention against Denials of sleep attack. We have analyzed each of proposed solutions, identify their strengths and limitations.
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Narita, Masaki, Keisuke Kamada, Kanayo Ogura, Bhed Bahadur Bista, and Toyoo Takata. "Countermeasures against darknet localisation attacks with packet sampling." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp1036-1047.
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<p>The darknet monitoring system consists of network sensors widely deployed on the Internet to capture incoming unsolicited packets. A goal of this system is to analyse captured malicious packets and provide effective information to protect regular nonmalicious Internet users from malicious activities. To provide effective and reliable information, the location of sensors must be concealed. However, attackers launch localisation attacks to detect sensors in order to evade them. If the actual location of sensors is revealed, it is almost impossible to identify the latest tactics used by attackers. Thus, in a previous study, we proposed a packet sampling method, which samples incoming packets based on an attribute of the packet sender, to increase tolerance to a localisation attack and maintain the quality of information publicised by the system. We were successful in countering localisation attacks, which generate spikes on the publicised graph to detect a sensor. However, in some cases, with the previously proposed sampling method, spikes were clearly evident on the graph. Therefore, in this paper, we propose advanced sampling methods such that incoming packets are sampled based on multiple attributes of the packet sender. We present our improved methods and show promising evaluation results obtained via a simulation.</p>
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Waoo, Dr Akhilesh A., and Mr Virendra Tiwari. "Challenges in Sinkhole Attack Detection in Wireless Sensor Network." Indian Journal of Data Communication and Networking 1, no. 4 (August 10, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijdcn.c5016.081421.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) comprise limited energy small sensor nodes having the ability to monitor the physical conditions and communicate information among the various nodes without requiring any physical medium. Over the last few years, with the rapid advancements in information technology, there has been an increasing interest of various organizations in making the use of wireless sensor networks (WSN’s). The sensor nodes in WSN having limited energy detects an event, collect data and forward this collected data to the base node, called sink node, for further processing and assessment. Few attributes of WSN’s like the energy consumption and lifetime can be impacted by the design and placement of the Sink node. Despite various useful characteristics WSN’s is being considered vulnerable and unprotected. There is a large class of various security attacks that may affect the performance of the system among which sinkhole an adversary attack puts dreadful threats to the security of such networks. Out of various attacks, a sinkhole attack is one of the detrimental types of attacks that brings a compromised node or fabricated node in the network which keeps trying to lures network traffic by advertising its wrong and fake routing update. Sinkhole attacks may have some other serious harmful impacts to exploit the network by launching few other attacks. Some of these attacks are forwarding attacks, selective acknowledge spoofing attacks, and they may drop or modify routing information too. It can also be used to send fake or false information to the base station. This study is analyzing the challenges with sinkhole attacks and exploring the existing available solutions by surveying comparatively which used to detect and mitigate sinkhole attacks in the wireless sensor network.
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Lalar, Sachin, Monika, and Arun Kumar Yadav. "Effect of Black Hole Attacks on Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 7 (July 30, 2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse/v7i7/0189.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) establish a new popular of ambient supervision with many latent packages. The environment of wireless sensor networks prone to different forms of attacks as networks are prepared in open and unsecured surroundings. This paper analyses the overall performance of AODV whilst attacked by black hole, through varying the mobility of the nodes within the community. The overall performance metrics which can be used to do the analysis are LPR, packet delivery ratio & Packet loss. The simulation consequences display that the overall performance of each AODV degrades in the presence of black hole attack.
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Mou, Jinping. "Adaptive Consensus of Distributed Varying Scale Wireless Sensor Networks under Tolerable Jamming Attacks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/931934.
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Consensus problem is investigated for a varying scale wireless sensor network (VSWSN) under tolerable jamming attacks, where the scale of the network is increasing or decreasing due to the newly joined nodes or the removed nodes, respectively; the tolerable jamming attack means that the attack strength is limited. It supposes that during the communications, all nodes may encounter with the tolerable jamming attacks; when the attack power is larger than the given value, the attacked nodes fall asleep, or otherwise the nodes are awakened. Under the sleep method, based on the Lyapunov method, it shows that if the communicating graph is the global limited intersectional connection (GLI connection) and the system has the enough dwell time in the intersectional topology, then under the designed consensus protocol, all nodes achieve the global average consensus.
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Chen, Xue Dong, and Bao Peng. "A Security Localization Method in Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 186 (January 2011): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.186.193.
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In this paper, we address wireless sensor network localization problems that have high reliability in an environment where physical node destruction is possible. We propose a range-independent location algorithm called security location based on genetic algorithm (GASL) that allows sensors to passively determine their location with high reliability, without increasing the number of reference points, or the complexity of the hardware of each reference point or node. In GASL, sensors determine their location based on the optimization of select function by the reliability by aim at some reference point process location compute confirm and remainder energy and distance of node to reference point. By combining the communication range constraints imposed by the physical medium with computationally efficient cryptographic primitives that secure the beacon transmissions. We show that GASL is robust against diversified known attacks and mostly unknown attacks on WSN, such as the wormhole attack, the sybil attack, and inject misdate attack, etc. Finally, our performance evaluation shows that GASL leads to significant improvement in location accuracy and security compared with state of the art range independent location schemes.
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Simonjan, Jennifer, Sebastian Taurer, and Bernhard Dieber. "A Generalized Threat Model for Visual Sensor Networks." Sensors 20, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133629.
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Today, visual sensor networks (VSNs) are pervasively used in smart environments such as intelligent homes, industrial automation or surveillance. A major concern in the use of sensor networks in general is their reliability in the presence of security threats and cyberattacks. Compared to traditional networks, sensor networks typically face numerous additional vulnerabilities due to the dynamic and distributed network topology, the resource constrained nodes, the potentially large network scale and the lack of global network knowledge. These vulnerabilities allow attackers to launch more severe and complicated attacks. Since the state-of-the-art is lacking studies on vulnerabilities in VSNs, a thorough investigation of attacks that can be launched against VSNs is required. This paper presents a general threat model for the attack surfaces of visual sensor network applications and their components. The outlined threats are classified by the STRIDE taxonomy and their weaknesses are classified using CWE, a common taxonomy for security weaknesses.
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González-Landero, Franks, Iván García-Magariño, Raquel Lacuesta, and Jaime Lloret. "ABS-DDoS: An Agent-Based Simulator about Strategies of Both DDoS Attacks and Their Defenses, to Achieve Efficient Data Forwarding in Sensor Networks and IoT Devices." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (June 24, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7264269.
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Sensor networks and Internet of Things (IoT) are useful for many purposes such as military defense, sensing in smart homes, precision agriculture, underwater monitoring in aquaculture, and ambient-assisted living for healthcare. Efficient and secure data forwarding is essential to maintain seamless communications and to provide fast services. However, IoT devices and sensors usually have low processing capabilities and vulnerabilities. For example, attacks such as the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) can easily hinder sensor networks and IoT devices. In this context, the current approach presents an agent-based simulation solution for exploring strategies for defending from different DDoS attacks. The current work focuses on obtaining low-consuming defense strategies in terms of processing capabilities, so that these can be applied in sensor networks and IoT devices. The experimental results show that the simulator was useful for (a) defining defense and attack strategies, (b) assessing the effectiveness of defense strategies against attack ones, and (c) defining efficient defense strategies with low response times.
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Sharma, Komal, and Anuradha Saini. "Critical Analysis of Numerous Attacks Irreverent Security in Remote Sensor Networks." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v8i4.634.
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Remote Sensor Networks have risen as innovation of the current century and has givenan intense blend of dispersed detecting, figuring and correspondence of attacks. With its developing application regions, especially in mission-basic applications, for example, military observing frameworks and war zone observation, security has turned into a critical need keeping in mind the end goal to ensure the touchy information included. The need of viable and effective security systems is necessary and to secure sensor systems has pulled in a lot of scientists' consideration making it hot research zone in the current years. Among the quantity of assaults on the sensor arrange, the Selective Forwarding attack, assumed name as grayhole attack, is a genuine and difficult to-distinguish security assault that can render the system ineffective if the attack was left undetected. In this attack, the principal objective of the attacker is to keep the critical delicate information from achieving the base station. To accomplish this objective, the harmful hub specifically drops certain nodes, in view of some picked criteria, and advances the remaining. The assault turns out to be more viable when the attacker incorporates itself on the way of the information flow. This paper aims to give an outline and investigation of existing ways to deal with counter particular sending assault in remote sensor systems.
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Ghugar, Umashankar, and Jayaram Pradhan. "Survey of wormhole attack in wireless sensor networks." Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v2i1.p33-42.
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From the last decade, a wireless sensor network (WSN) has a very important role over the networks. The primary features of WSN include satellite communication, broadcast channel, hostile environment, medical system and data gathering. There are a lot of attacks available in WSN.In wormhole attack scenario is brutal from other attacks, which is smoothly resolved in networks but tough to observe. This survey paper is an experiment to observing threats and also focuses on some different method to identify the wormhole attacks.
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K*, Parvathy. "Wormhole Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks (Wsn) & Internet of Things (IoT): A Review." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 10, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a5873.0510121.
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In the current world people are using the sensing networks called IoT and WSN as the subset of IoT in various applications. The employment of these sensor networks is rapidly increasing. Due to the longer usage of these sensor networks security issues are eventually happening and has the possibility of developing the attacks in the network. In this review, focuses on wormhole attacks in wireless sensor network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) creating a tunnels i.e., wormhole link in between source and the destination node in the network. The classification of wormhole attack in both WSN and IoT are presented based on the mode of attacker. The detection mechanisms of wormhole attack are specified in both WSN and IoT. It hypothesizes the detection strength is more in IoT than the WSN based on the analysis, the parameters of the detection algorithm that the WSN is about 20% while in IoT is 70%.
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Mazur, Katarzyna, Bogdan Ksiezopolski, and Radoslaw Nielek. "Multilevel Modeling of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5017248.
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The growing popularity of wireless sensor networks increases the risk of security attacks. One of the most common and dangerous types of attack that takes place these days in any electronic society is a distributed denial of service attack. Due to the resource constraint nature of mobile sensors, DDoS attacks have become a major threat to its stability. In this paper, we established a model of a structural health monitoring network, being disturbed by one of the most common types of DDoS attacks, the flooding attack. Through a set of simulations, we explore the scope of flood-based DDoS attack problem, assessing the performance and the lifetime of the network under the attack condition. To conduct our research, we utilized the Quality of Protection Modeling Language. With the proposed approach, it was possible to examine numerous network configurations, parameters, attack options, and scenarios. The results of the carefully performed multilevel analysis allowed us to identify a new kind of DDoS attack, the delayed distributed denial of service, by the authors, referred to as DDDoS attack. Multilevel approach to DDoS attack analysis confirmed that, examining endangered environments, it is significant to take into account many characteristics at once, just to not overlook any important aspect.
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Lin, Hua Yi, and Tzu Chiang Chiang. "Intrusion Detection Mechanisms Based on Queuing Theory in Remote Distribution Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (June 2010): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.58.
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Recently, sensor networks are usually applied on collecting remote sensing information. The deployed sensor nodes are separated and responsible for specific purposes, and act as an individual device. They cooperatively transmit sensed data to the base station, as shown in Fig.1. However, the transmitted data are exposed to open environments, and possibly contain confidential information. If malicious attacks interfere in the communication using huge packets to break the communication, thus the system can not work properly. In general, attackers exploit a broadcast storm or a Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack to paralyze the entire network. Therefore, this study proposes a queuing theory based scheme to detect whether the system encounters malicious attacks. Our proposed scheme provides the arrival requests with a queuing service on the base station, which is responsible for dealing with transmitted jobs. Once the jammed traffic is anomalous for long periods, the system immediately detects the malicious attacks using our proposed approach.
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Thakur, Tejeshwari. "An Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network Using Double Trapdoor Chameleon Hash Function." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1210938.
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Wireless sensor network (WSN), a type of communication system, is normally deployed into the unattended environment where the intended user can get access to the network. The sensor nodes collect data from this environment. If the data are valuable and confidential, then security measures are needed to protect them from the unauthorized access. This situation requires an access control protocol (ACP) in the design of sensor network because of sensor nodes which are vulnerable to various malicious attacks during the authentication and key establishment and the new node addition phase. In this paper, we propose a secured ACP for such WSN. This protocol is based on Elliptic Curve Discrete Log Problem (ECDLP) and double trapdoor chameleon hash function which secures the WSN from malicious attacks such as node masquerading attack, replay attack, man-in-the-middle attack, and forgery attacks. Proposed ACP has a special feature known as session key security. Also, the proposed ACP is more efficient as it requires only one modular multiplication during the initialization phase.
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Zhou, ZhiGang, Yu Wang, PanPan Li, XinGong Chang, and JiWei Luo. "Node Location Privacy Protection in Unattended Wireless Sensor Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 30, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5539382.
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Node location protection is critical to the wireless sensor networks (WSN), especially for unattended environment. However, due to most of the static deployment and the limitations in energy, storage, and communication capabilities of the sensors, WSNs are vulnerable to various location (and derivative) attacks. In this work, we study the node location privacy protection issue from both aspects of attacks and defenses. First, we present a new two-phase location attack for two important types of nodes (including base station and source node). It can locate a base station node within few amounts of local wireless transmission monitoring and then reversely trace the location of the source node. Different from existing methods, the proposed attack determines the node location based on the transmission direction, which can break through existing defenses. Then, to defend against such attacks, we design a pseudospiral-based routing protocol for WSN. We analyze the performance of parameters such as routing probability, maximum detectable angle, hop count, and number of loops based on PU SBRF, MoRF, and PLAUDIT methods. The theory analysis and confrontation experiment of attack and defense show that the proposed scheme can protect the location privacy of the target node with moderate communication and computation overhead.
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Wu, Guowei, Xiaojie Chen, Lin Yao, Youngjun Lee, and Kangbin Yim. "An efficient wormhole attack detection method in wireless sensor networks." Computer Science and Information Systems 11, no. 3 (2014): 1127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis130921068w.
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Wireless sensor networks are now widely used in many areas, such as military, environmental, health and commercial applications. In these environments, security issues are extremely important since a successful attack can cause great damage, even threatening human life. However, due to the open nature of wireless communication, WSNs are liable to be threatened by various attacks, especially destructive wormhole attack, in which the network topology is completely destroyed. Existing some solutions to detect wormhole attacks require special hardware or strict synchronized clocks or long processing time. Moreover, some solutions cannot even locate the wormhole. In this paper, a wormhole attack detection method is proposed based on the transmission range that exploits the local neighborhood information check without using extra hardware or clock synchronizations. Extensive simulations are conducted under different mobility models. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can detect wormhole attacks effectively and efficiently in WSNs.
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Wan, Runze, Lixin Ding, Naixue Xiong, and Xing Zhou. "Mitigation strategy against spectrum-sensing data falsification attack in cognitive radio sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 9 (September 2019): 155014771987064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719870645.
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To detect the primary user’s activity accurately in cognitive radio sensor networks, cooperative spectrum sensing is recommended to improve the sensing performance and the reliability of spectrum-sensing process. However, spectrum-sensing data falsification attack being launched by malicious users may lead to fatal mistake of global decision about spectrum availability at the fusion center. It is a tough task to mitigate the negative effect of spectrum-sensing data falsification attack and even eliminate these attackers from the network. In this article, we first discuss the randomly false attack model and analyze the effects of two classes of attacks, individual and collaborative, on the global sensing performance at the fusion center. Afterwards, a linear weighted combination scheme is designed to eliminate the effects of the attacks on the final sensing decision. By evaluating the received sensing result, each user can be assigned a weight related to impact factors, which includes result consistency degree and data deviation degree. Furthermore, an adaptive reputation evaluation mechanism is introduced to discriminate malicious and honest sensor node. The evaluation is conducted through simulations, and the results reveal the benefits of the proposed in aspect of mitigation of spectrum-sensing data falsification attack.
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Chen, Yuan, Soummya Kar, and Jose M. F. Moura. "Resilient Distributed Estimation: Sensor Attacks." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 64, no. 9 (September 2019): 3772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2018.2882168.
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Won, Jongho, and Elisa Bertino. "Robust Sensor Localization against Known Sensor Position Attacks." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 18, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2954–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2883578.
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Wang, Hai Tao, Hui Chen, Xue Ping Zhang, and Li Yan. "A Novel Cluster Based Survivable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 5577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.5577.
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Sensor nodes easily suffer from failure, attack or capture because of the limited energy, storage, communication ability, complex and severe network environment when WSN is applied to emergency or battlefield environment. Thus, the basic scout mission is influenced. In this paper, a survivability route protocol named SRPC in cluster-based WSN is put forward. The protocol uses key negotiation and identity authentication mechanism to resist the attacks of malicious nodes; when the main cluster head is destroyed, monitoring data will be transmitted to the base station by the backup cluster head chain. The simulation results show that, SRPC protocol can not only resist the attacks of the enemy malicious nodes based on energy balance, but also assure reliable delivery of the packets after the cluster head is attacked or destroyed. As a result, the survivable ability of WSN in battlefield is improved.
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Kang, Ho-Seok, Sung-Ryul Kim, and Pankoo Kim. "Traffic deflection method for dos attack defense using a location-based routing protocol in the sensor network." Computer Science and Information Systems 10, no. 2 (2013): 685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis120914029k.
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As the ubiquitous computing environment gets more attention and development, WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is getting popular as well. Especially, the development of wireless communication and sensor equipment greatly contributes to the popularization of WSN. On the other hand, the safety and security of WSN attracts lots of attention due to such a development and distribution. The DoS (Denial of Service) attack, which gets more sophisticated and broadens its domain into various services fields, may have negative effects on WSN, making it vulnerable to attacks. Since WSN collects information through sensors that are already deployed, it is difficult to have its energy recharged. When WSN is under a DoS attack, sensor nodes consume lots of energy, bringing about a fatal result to the sensor network. In this paper, we propose a method to efficiently defend against DoS attacks by modifying routing protocols in the WSN. This method uses a location based routing protocol that is simple and easy to implement. In the WSN environment where the location-based routing protocol is implemented, this method disperses the DoS attack concentration of traffic by using the traffic deflection technique and blocks it out before arriving at the target destinations. To find out the number of traffic redirection nodes proper for this method, we have performed a few experiments, through which the number of such nodes was optimized.
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Ko, Jongbin, Jungtaek Seo, Eui-Jik Kim, and Taeshik Shon. "Monitoring Agent for Detecting Malicious Packet Drops for Wireless Sensor Networks in the Microgrid and Grid-Enabled Vehicles." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50256.
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Of the range of wireless communication technologies, wireless sensor networks (WSN) will be one of the most appropriate technologies for the Microgrid and Grid-enabled Vehicles in the Smartgrid. To ensure the security of WSN, the detection of attacks is more efficient than their prevention because of the lack of computing power. Malicious packet drops are the easiest means of attacking WSNs. Thus, the sensors used for constructing a WSN require a packet drop monitoring agent, such as Watchdog. However, Watchdog has a partial drop problem such that an attacker can manipulate the packet dropping rate below the minimum misbehaviour monitoring threshold. Furthermore, Watchdog does not consider real traffic situations, such as congestion and collision, and so it has no way of recognizing whether a packet drop is due to a real attack or network congestion. In this paper, we propose a malicious packet drop monitoring agent, which considers traffic conditions. We used the actual traffic volume on neighbouring nodes and the drop rate while monitoring a sending node for specific period. It is more effective in real network scenarios because unlike Watchdog it considers the actual traffic, which only uses the Pathrater. Moreover, our proposed method does not require authentication, packet encryption or detection packets. Thus, there is a lower likelihood of detection failure due to packet spoofing, Man-In-the Middle attacks or Wormhole attacks. To test the suitability of our proposed concept for a series of network scenarios, we divided the simulations into three types: one attack node, more than one attack nodes and no attack nodes. The results of the simulations meet our expectations.
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Rustamov, S., K. Sharipov, and T. Pulatov. "VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM BASED ON NAVIGATIONAL UNITS IN CASE OF VEHICLE ACCIDENTS." Technical science and innovation 2020, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.20.2-77-0058.
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When we focusing Emergency response system based on navigational units vulnerability to intentional interference and an opportunity incentive to attackers who wants to fool or impair Emergency response system based on navigational units especially smartphones and drones then Spoofing interference is a considerably powerful attack than jamming cause of jammer attacks block GNSS legitimate communication signals immediately on several receivers this arise mitigation strategy and counter measures for efficient jamming detection before damages are done. However, spoofing attack is most dangerous type of interference where produces GNSS like signals and fool receiver without interrupting GNSS operations where receiver navigation system is not able to do any counter measures until the fatal point. Positioning unit for all applications are not immune to this kind of attacks. Form a general perspective, a positioning unit is made of several sensors providing the actual position information, with the GNSS sensor playing a core role, being usually the only one providing an absolute estimation of the position, and others aiding or refining such information.