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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sensors and actuators faults

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Academic literature on the topic 'Sensors and actuators faults'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 9 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Sensors and actuators faults"

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Alsuwian, Turki, Arslan Ahmed Amin, Muhammad Taimoor Maqsood, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Saleh Almasabi, and Mohammed Jalalah. "Advanced Fault-Tolerant Anti-Surge Control System of Centrifugal Compressors for Sensor and Actuator Faults." Sensors 22, no. 10 (2022): 3864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103864.

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Faults frequently occur in the sensors and actuators of process machines to cause shutdown and process interruption, thereby creating costly production loss. centrifugal compressors (CCs) are the most used equipment in process industries such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, and fertilizers. A compressor control system called an anti-surge control (ASC) system based on many critical sensors and actuators is used for the safe operation of CCs. In this paper, an advanced active fault-tolerant control system (AFTCS) has been proposed for sensor and actuator faults of the anti-surge control system of a centrifugal compressor. The AFTCS has been built with a dedicated fault detection and isolation (FDI) unit to detect and isolate the faulty part as well as replace the faulty value with the virtual redundant value from the observer model running in parallel with the other healthy sensors. The analytical redundancy is developed from the mathematical modeling of the sensors to provide estimated values to the controller in case the actual sensor fails. Dual hardware redundancy has been proposed for the anti-surge valve (ASV). The simulation results of the proposed Fault-tolerant control (FTC) for the ASC system in the experimentally validated CC HYSYS model reveal that the system continued to operate in the event of faults in the sensors and actuators maintaining system stability. The proposed FTC for the ASC system is novel in the literature and significant for the process industries to design a highly reliable compressor control system that would continue operation despite faults in the sensors and actuators, hence preventing costly production loss.

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Mohammad, Waseem. "DIAGNOSIS OF ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING SYSTEM FAULTS USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS." International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (2015): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10725506.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <strong> </strong> <em>Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) endure rotating member without any frictional loss. Therefore compared to the journal and hydrodynamic bearings, AMBs have benefits of reduced frictional losses as a result they can support high speed rotor. Stable working operation of AMB is principally depends on the working condition of its position sensors, actuators and controller. Therefore sensors and actuators are the important working elements of AMB system. Fault or failure in any one the sensor or actuator of AMB system can results in undesired rotor dynamics behaviour. Hence to ensure the safe operation and authentic performance of AMB system, fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) of sensors and actuators is very much essential. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a model free and robust statistical technique which can detect and diagnose the faults in engineering systems with high accuracy. Therefore, in the present work, PCA based FDD methodology is employed to detection and diagnosis of AMB sensors and actuators fault. Simulations have been carried out to diagnose the sensor and actuator faults of AMB system. Q-statistic or square prediction error is used for bias and noise faults.</em>   <strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB), Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD), Principal component analysis (PCA), Sensors and actuators faults.</em>

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Amin, Arslan Ahmed, and Khalid Mahmood-ul-Hasan. "Hybrid fault tolerant control for air–fuel ratio control of internal combustion gasoline engine using Kalman filters with advanced redundancy." Measurement and Control 52, no. 5-6 (2019): 473–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019842593.

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In this paper, a hybrid fault tolerant control system is proposed for air–fuel ratio control of internal combustion gasoline engines based on Kalman filters and triple modular redundancy. Hybrid fault tolerant control system possesses properties of both active fault tolerant control system and passive fault tolerant control system. As part of active fault tolerant control system, fault detection and isolation unit is designed using Kalman filters to provide estimated values of the sensors to the engine controller in case of faults in the sensors. As part of passive fault tolerant control system, a dedicated proportional–integral feedback controller is incorporated to maintain air–fuel ratio by adjusting the throttle actuator in the fuel supply line in faulty and noisy conditions for robustness to faults and sensors’ noise. Redundancy is proposed in the sensors and actuators as a simultaneous failure of more than one sensor, and failure of the single actuator will cause the engine shutdown. Advanced redundancy protocol triple modular redundancy is proposed for the sensors and dual redundancy is proposed for actuators. Simulation results in the MATLAB Simulink environment show that the proposed system remains stable during faults in the sensors and actuators. It also maintains air–fuel ratio without any degradation in the faulty conditions and is robust to noise. Finally, the probabilistic reliability analysis of the proposed model is carried out. The study shows that the proposed hybrid fault tolerant control system with redundant components presents a novel and highly reliable solution for the air–fuel ratio control in internal combustion engines to prevent engine shutdown and production loss for greater profits.

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Ye, Zhengyu, Yuehua Cheng, Ziquan Yu, and Bin Jiang. "Distributed Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control for Leaderless/Leader–Follower Multi-Agent Systems against Actuator and Sensor Faults." Electronics 12, no. 13 (2023): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132924.

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The faults of actuators and sensors can lead to abnormal operations or even system faults in multi-agent systems (MASs). To address this issue, this paper proposes an adaptive fault-tolerant control (FTC) algorithm for leaderless/leader–follower MASs against actuator and sensor faults. First, extended states integrating the fault components are constructed and the MAS is transformed into a descriptor system form. Then, a sliding-mode observer is designed for the transformed MAS. Based on the estimated MAS states and faults, adaptive FTC algorithms are developed, which update the control gains with the distributed tracking error. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method can guarantee MAS stability against actuator and sensor faults.

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Rosen, C., L. Rieger, U. Jeppsson, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Adding realism to simulated sensors and actuators." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 3 (2008): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.130.

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In this paper, we propose a statistical theoretical framework for incorporation of sensor and actuator faults in dynamic simulations of wastewater treatment operation. Sensor and actuator faults and failures are often neglected in simulations for control strategy development and testing, although it is well known that they represent a significant obstacle for realising control at full-scale facilities. The framework for incorporating faults and failures is based on Markov chains and displays the appealing property of easy transition of sensor and actuator history into a model for fault generation. The paper briefly describes Markov theory and how this is used together with models for sensor and actuator dynamics to achieve a realistic simulation of measurements and actuators.

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Stetter, Ralf. "A Fuzzy Virtual Actuator for Automated Guided Vehicles." Sensors 20, no. 15 (2020): 4154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154154.

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In the last decades, virtual sensors have found increasing attention in the research community. Virtual sensors employ mathematical models and different sources of information such as actuator states or sensors, which are already existing in a system, in order to generate virtual measurements. Additionally, in recent years, the concept of virtual actuators has been proposed by leading researchers. Virtual actuators are parts of a fault-tolerant control strategy and aim to accommodate faults and to achieve a safe operation of a faulty plant. This paper describes a novel concept for a fuzzy virtual actuator applied to an automated guided vehicle (AGV). The application of fuzzy logic rules allows integrating expert knowledge or experimental data into the decision making of the virtual actuator. The AGV under consideration disposes of an innovative steering concept, which leads to considerable advantages in terms of maneuverability, but requires an elaborate control system. The application of the virtual actuator allows the accommodation of several possible faults, such as a slippery surface under one of the drive modules of the AGV.

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Liu, Xiaofeng, Chenshuang Luo, and Liuqi Xiong. "Design of an Improved Hybrid FTC for Faults in Aero-Engine Closed-Loop Control System." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (September 16, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3553461.

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Due to the aero-engines in a high temperature, pressure, and spool speed environment, the concurrent faults in actuator/sensor combined with degradation of the aero-engine could arise the problem of closed-loop instability during the flight. For this purpose, an improved hybrid fault-tolerant control (FTC) technique has been studied in this paper to deal with simultaneous failure of actuators and sensors associated with health parameters of the typical components’ degradation in aero-engines. The improved hybrid FTC structure combined with the nonlinear thermodynamic component-level (NCL) model-based estimation method merges fault estimation of actuators/sensors and typical components’ degradation estimation process into the FTC process. A robust H ∞ state feedback controller under the disturbance of simultaneous actuator and sensor faults is designed in the proposed method, together with the switching algorithm serving for the fault estimation and improved hybrid FTC channels. In order to show the feasibility of the proposed method, several semiphysical experiments are engaged to illustrate that the improved hybrid FTC structure can save the tolerant-control time and improve performance of the control system.

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Mokhtari, Sohrab, Alireza Abbaspour, Kang K. Yen, and Arman Sargolzaei. "Neural Network-Based Active Fault-Tolerant Control Design for Unmanned Helicopter with Additive Faults." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (2021): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122396.

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A novel adaptive neural network-based fault-tolerant control scheme is proposed for six degree-of-freedom nonlinear helicopter dynamic. The proposed approach can detect and mitigate actuators and sensors’ faults in real time. An adaptive observer-based on neural network (NN) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) is designed, which incorporates the helicopter’s dynamic model to detect faults in the actuators and navigation sensors. Based on the detected faults, an active fault-tolerant controller, including three loops of dynamic inversion, is designed to compensate for the occurred faults in real time. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach is able to detect and mitigate different types of faults on the helicopter actuators, and the helicopter tracks the desired trajectory without any interruption.

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Taherkhani, Ashkan, Farhad Bayat, Kaveh Hooshmandi, and Andrzej Bartoszewicz. "Generalized Sliding Mode Observers for Simultaneous Fault Reconstruction in the Presence of Uncertainty and Disturbance." Energies 15, no. 4 (2022): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041411.

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In this paper, a generalized sliding mode observer design method is proposed for the robust reconstruction of sensors and actuators faults in the presence of both unknown disturbances and uncertainties. For this purpose, the effect of uncertainty and disturbance on the system has been considered in generalized state-space form, and the LMI tool is combined with the concept of an equivalent output error injection method to reduce the effects of them on the reconstruction process. The upper bound of the disturbance and uncertainty are minimized in the design of the sliding motion so that the reconstruction of the faults will be minimized. The design method is applied for actuator faults in the generalized state-space form, and then with some suitable filtering, the method extends as sensors and actuators coincidentally faults. Since in the proposed approach, the state trajectories do not leave the sliding manifold even in simultaneous sensors and actuators faults, then the faults are reconstructed based upon information retrieved from the equivalent output error injection signal. Due to the importance of the robust fault reconstruction in the wind energy conversion system (WECS), the proposed approach is successfully applied to a 5 MW wind turbine system. The simulation results verify the robust performances of the proposed approach in the presence of unknown perturbations and uncertainties.

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Zhang, Yang, Rulin Zhou, Lingyu Meng, Jian Shi, and Kaixian Ba. "Steady-State Fault Propagation Characteristics and Fault Isolation in Cascade Electro-Hydraulic Control System." Machines 12, no. 9 (2024): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines12090600.

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Model-based fault diagnosis serves as a powerful technique for addressing fault detection and isolation issues in control systems. However, diagnosing faults in closed-loop control systems is more challenging due to their inherent robustness. This paper aims to detect and isolate actuator and sensor faults in the cascade electro-hydraulic control system of a turbofan engine. Based on the fault characteristics, we design a robust unknown perturbation decoupling residual generator and an optimal fault observer specifically for the inner and outer control loops to detect potential faults. To locate the faults, we analyze the steady-state propagation laws of actuator and sensor faults within the loops using the final value theorem. Based on this, we establish the minimal-dimensional fault influence distribution matrix specific to the cascade turbofan engine control system. Subsequently, we construct the normalized residual vectors and monitor its vector angles against each row of the fault influence distribution matrix to isolate faults. Experiments conducted on an electro-hydraulic test bench demonstrate that our proposed method can accurately locate four typical faults of actuators and sensors within the cascade electro-hydraulic control system. This study enriches the existing fault isolation methods for complex dynamic systems and lays the foundation for guiding component repair and maintenance.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sensors and actuators faults"

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Cormier, Roger. "Isolation of concurrent faults in sensors and actuators in control systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0017/NQ46290.pdf.

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Do, Trong Hieu. "Analyse structurelle de réseaux de capteurs pour la commande et l'observation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENT061/document.

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Dans ce travail, on s'intéresse aux problèmes de localisation et de classification des capteurs pour des propriétés de commande et d'observation de systèmes dynamiques. Lorsqu'une propriété considérée du système n'est pas vérifiée avec l'ensemble des capteurs initiaux, on cherche à implanter de nouveaux capteurs pour rendre cette propriété vraie. Lorsqu'une propriété du système est vérifiée avec l'ensemble des capteurs existants, on classe ces capteurs en différentes catégories en fonction de leur importance pour la préservation de cette propriété. On détermine les capteurs essentiels dont la défaillance fait perdre la propriété considérée et les capteurs inutiles qui peuvent tomber en panne sans aucun impact sur la propriété. Pour étudier ces deux problèmes, on utilise l'approche des systèmes linéaires structurés avec les graphes orientés associés. Les systèmes linéaires structurés sont une classe particulière de systèmes linéaires où les éléments des matrices d'état sont soit fixés à zéro soit des paramètres libres. Avec cette approche structurée, on étudie les problèmes de localisation et de classification des capteurs pour le rejet de perturbation par retour de mesure et la détection et localisation de défauts. Les résultats sont représentés en termes graphiques. Mots-Clés:Systèmes linéaires structurés ; Analyse structurelle ; Localisation de capteurs ; Classification de capteurs ; Rejet de perturbation; Détection et localisation de défaut<br>In this work, we are interested in sensor location and classification problems for control and observation of dynamical systems. When a considered property of the system is not satisfied with the initial set of sensors, we seek to implement additional sensors to make this property true. When a property is satisfied with the existing sensors, these sensors are classified into different categories according to their importance for the preservation of this property. We determine the critical sensors whose failure implies the property loss and the useless sensors which can fail without impact on the property. To study these two problems, we use the structured system approach with the associated directed graphs. Structured linear systems are a particular class of linear systems where the elements of state matrices are either zero or free parameters. With this approach, we study the problems of location and classification of sensors for disturbance rejection by measurement feedback and fault detection and isolation. The results are given in graphic terms. Keywords: Structured linear systems ; Structural analysis ; Sensor location ; Sensor classification; Disturbance rejection ; Fault detection and isolation

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Mitwalli, Ahmed Hamdi. "Polymer gel actuators and sensors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9969.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. [351]-361).<br>by Ahmed Hamdi Mitwalli.<br>Sc.D.

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Scheidl, Rudolf. "Actuators and Sensors for Smart Systems." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200616.

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Smartness of technical systems relies also on appropriate actuators and sensors. Different to the prevalent definition of smartness to be embedded machine intelligence, in this paper elegance and simplicity of solutions is postulated be a more uniform and useful characterization. This is discussed in view of the current trends towards cyber physical systems and the role of components and subsystems, as well as of models for their effective realization. Current research on actuators and sensing in the fluid power area has some emphasis on simplicity and elegance of solution concepts and sophisticated modeling. This is demonstrated by examples from sensorless positioning, valve actuation, and compact hydraulic power supply.

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MOHAMED, MOHAMED ELSAID ELKHAYAT MOATAZBELLAH. "Interface Circuits for Sensors and Actuators." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1214860.

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The research activity described in this Thesis is the result of three different projects, all dealing with interface circuits for sensors and actuators. 1) Capacitive Humidity sensor with temperature controller and heater integrated in CMOS technology The first project deals with the design of the integrated interface circuit for accurately controlling the temperature of a CMOS capacitive humidity sensor, with the final goal of allowing self-dignostics and self-calibration of the sensor. The humidity sensor used is equipped with an integrated resistor and a temperature sensor which allow changing and measuring the actual sensor temperature. This activity concentrated initially on the characterization of the humidity sensor provided by Texas Instruments, with the goal of determining the features and the behavior of the device and identifying the specifications of the integrated interface circuit. A measurement setup based on LabView has been developed to allow controlling the temperature of the sensor with an accuracy of 0.005˚C and measuring both the relative humidity and the temperature. Based on the sensor measurement results we developed a model of the humidity sensor with built-in heater and thermometer in the Cadence framework, to allow the simulation of the complete system. In this sensor model, all the dynamic effects of the heater and relative humidity variation have been considered, to guarantee proper design of the temperature controller integrated circuit. The temperature controller is designed in CMOS technology; it allows a precise adjustment of the temperature with an accuracy better than 0.1˚C. The circuit is based on an analog control loop with PWM modulator. The circuit has been fabricated using a 0.35µm CMOS technology. 2) Scaltech28 (test structures in CMOS 28nm) The second project deals with the design of test structures in CMOS 28nm technology, to evaluate it potential for the implementation of sensor interface circuits in future high-energy physics experiments. This work has been carried out in the frame of project, SCALTECH28, which continues the tradition of other similar studies carried out in previous technology generations for achieving optimal results in IC design for various detectors. This investigation within the selected 28nm technology had to address basic analysis on the single MOS devices (n-MOS and p-MOS), on passive elements like resistors and capacitors, and finally on basic circuits and system building blocks, among the most critical in the sensor interface circuits for different physics experiments. The main purpose of the work is to investigate the performance of the 28nm technology in terms of signal processing quality, power consumption, and radiation hardness with respect to previous technological generations. An additional target is to experimentally evaluate radiation damage effects on single devices and on full circuits to develop rad-models for simulations. A test chip including elementary device arrays and dedicated read-out circuits has been developed and fully characterized. In particular, a capacitance to frequency converter has been integrated to measure the matching between different capacitors of a programmable array.<br>Experimental measurements showed that the worst-case measurement for the capacitor pair matching is around 0.98% error at 500fF. This value is compliant to the feasibility of A/D converters for sensor readout with resolution better than 10 bits. It is clear from the results that matching performance is comparable to previous technologies, making the 28nm technology eligible for analog signal processing in front-end circuits for physical experiments and related data converters. Samples have been sent to irradiation facility to be exposed to different radiation doses in order to be re-measured and compared in terms of matching and absolute capacitance values with respect to the measurements done before. Based on the results obtained on the basic devices in 28nm technology, we designed a 14-bit 1MS/s extended range incremental A/D converter composed by the cascade of two resettable second-order sigma-delta modulators. The system is designed for reading out detector arrays in particle physics experiments. The two stages, ideally targeting 9 and 6 bits, respectively, are both based on a cascade of integrators with feed-forward (CIFF) architecture to maximize linearity. If necessary, they can work in pipeline to minimize conversion time. When the conversion of each sample by the two stages is completed, a digital recombination filter produces the overall ADC output word with the required resolution (ENOB) of at least 13 bits and a throughput of 1MS/s at the very low over sampling ratio (OSR) of 16. Each stage, implemented with the switched capacitor technique, consists of two integrators followed by a multi-bit quantizer and a capacitive DAC for the feedback. At the start of each conversion cycle, both analog integrators and the digital filter memory elements are reset. The ADC has been sent for fabrication in 28nm technology. Driving circuit for the piezoelectric actuators in ultrasonic washing machines The third project deals with the design of the driving circuit for the piezoelectric actuators in ultrasonic washing machines. The object of this project concerns the study and design of a driving and control system for an ultrasonic cleaning machine, or more commonly called ultrasonic washing machine. These devices are used in several industrial applications. Ultrasonic washing machines consist of a tank filled with a detergent solvent, an electronic interface circuit and one or more piezoelectric transducers, which are mechanically connected to the tank and electrically to the driving circuit. The driving system is connected from the AC mains and consists of three cascaded stages: a rectifier followed by a boost converter, to regulate the power factor and produce an intermediate DC voltage; a buck converter, to adjust the amplitude of the supply voltage for the piezoelectric transducers; an inverter, to drive the actuators with a square wave at their resonance frequency between 30kHz and 40kHz. A flyback converter has also been designed for generating the auxiliary power supply voltage for all the integrated components in the system. A control system based on an Arduino microcontroller has been developed to adjust the frequency of the square wave to the resonance frequency of the transducer, control the output voltage of the buck converter and read data from a current sensor. The system is designed and implemented on a PCB board of 10cm×15cm. The system has been tested on machined with two different tank sizes.

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McCasland, William Neil. "Sensor and actuator selection for fault-tolerant control of flexible structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14459.

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Johnson, David Gary. "Integrating sensors and actuators for robotic assembly." Thesis, University of Hull, 1986. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11276.

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This thesis addresses the problem of integrating sensors and actuators for closed-loop control of a robotic assembly cell. In addition to the problems of interfacing the physical components of the work-cell, the difficulties of representing sensory feedback at a high level within the robot control program are investigated. A new level of robot programming, called sensor-level programming, is introduced. In this, the movements of the actuators are not given explicitly, but rather are inferred by the programming system to achieve new sensor conditions given by the programmer. Control of each sensor and actuator is distributed through a master-slave hierarchy, with each sensor and actuator having its own slave controller. A protocol for information interchange between each controller and the master is defined. If possible, the control of the kinematics of a robot arm is achieved through the manufacturer's existing control system. Under these circumstances, the actuator slave would be acting as an interface between the generic command codes issued from the central controller, and the syntax of the corresponding control instructions required by the commercial system. Sensor information is preprocessed in the sensor slaves and a set of high-level descriptors, called attributes, are sent to the central controller. Closed-loop control is achieved on the basis of these attributes. The processing of sensor information which is corrupted by noise is investigated. Sources of sensor noise are identified and new algorithms are developed to quantify the noise based on information obtained from the closed-loop servoing. Once the relative magnitudes of the system and measurement noise have been estimated, a Kalman filter is used to weight the sensor information and hence reduce the credibility given to noisy sensors; in the limit ignoring the information completely. The improvements in system performance by processing the sensor information in this way are demonstrated. The sensor-level representation and automatic error processing are embedded in a software control system, which can be used to interface commercial systems as well as purpose-built devices. An'industrial research project associated with the lay-up of carbon-fibre provides an example of its operation. A list of publications resulting from the work in this thesis is given in Appendix E.

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Dogramadzi, Sanja. "Sensors and actuators in computer controlled colonoscopy." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369813.

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Ehresman, Jonathan David. "Integration of actuators and sensors into composite structures." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/ehresman/EhresmanJ0809.pdf.

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The need for more efficient wind turbine blades is growing in our society. One step in accomplishing this task would be to make wind turbines blades into smart structures. A smart structure is one that incorporates sensors, complete control systems, and active control devices, in order to shed, or redistribute the load placed on the structure. For wind turbine blades this means changing the shape of the blade profile as it encounters different wind conditions. In order to have active control surfaces functioning on wind turbine blades, the existing blades would have to be retrofitted, and the new blades being manufactured would have to be redesigned. There are different control surfaces to consider: gurney flaps and false wall flaps are two that can perturb the boundary layer across the low pressure side of the wing. A flat plate and blade section test bed will be manufactured in order to gather empirical data from wind tunnel testing. For actuation of the control surface there are many choices: electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electro-hydrostatic. These actuator types will be investigated under a set of criterion to determine the best one for turbine blade application. Sensors will be investigated with respect to their use in sensing strain, temperature, acceleration, humidity, and delamination. Sensors are also used for health monitoring. This helps engineers design under a damage tolerant philosophy as opposed to a safe life structure philosophy. These sensors will be placed into laminates and different surface treatments will be reviewed to find the best configuration for each sensor. The sensor will be cleaned with isopropyl alcohol, dipped in a 20% by mass solution of nitric acid, and submerged in a 20% by mass solution of nitric acid for 10 seconds. Detailed surface images will be taken of sensors with different surface treatments in order to better understand the bonding between the sensor and laminate. These images indicate that submerging the sensors into 20% by mass solution of nitric acid is the best surface treatment.

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Song, Changsik. "Design and synthesis of molecular actuators and sensors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41554.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2007.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>To date, the most successful conducting polymer actuators are based on polypyrrole, which operates through incorporating and expelling counterions and solvent molecules to balance the charges generated by electrochemical stimuli (swelling mechanism). Although significant progress has been made, there still exists a need for developing new materials that would overcome the intrinsic limitations in the swelling mechanism, such as slow diffusion rate, limited expansion volume, etc. Our group has contributed this area with a different approach -- lecular mechanisms, which utilize a dimensional change of a single polymer chain. We propose two types of molecular mechanisms: contracting and expanding. We proposed earlier a calix[4]arenebased molecular actuator for the contracting mechanism, in which p-dimer formation was proposed as a driving force. In this dissertation, we first confirm by model studies that p-dimer formation can indeed be a driving force for the calix[4]arene-based system. We propose another molecular hinge, binaphthol moiety, for the contracting model. The syntheses of polymers with binaphthols and their characterization, including signatures of oligothiophene interactions, are described. Due to its chirality, we examined the possibilities of the binaphthol polymer as a chiral amine sensor. To create actuators that make use of the expanding model, we propose new conjugated seven-membered ring systems with heteroatoms (thiepin with sulfur and azepine with nitrogen) and their syntheses and characterization will be described. Inspired by the fact that sulfoxide has very low extrusion barrier in the related system, we applied the thiepin molecules to create a peroxide sensor.<br>(cont.) In addition, during the investigation of phenol functional groups in conducting polymers, we found interesting properties that strategic positioning of phenol groups can render a conjugation-broken meta-linked system just as conductive as a fully conjugated para-linked isomeric system.<br>by Changsik Song.<br>Ph.D.

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Books on the topic "Sensors and actuators faults"

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Fault-Diagnosis Applications: Model-Based Condition Monitoring: Actuators, Drives, Machinery, Plants, Sensors, and Fault-tolerant Systems. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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Lehrasab, Nadeem. A generic fault detection and isolation approach for single-throw mechanical equipment. University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Osada, Yoshihito. Polymer Sensors and Actuators. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000.

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Vigna, Benedetto, Paolo Ferrari, Flavio Francesco Villa, Ernesto Lasalandra, and Sarah Zerbini, eds. Silicon Sensors and Actuators. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80135-9.

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Busch-Vishniac, Ilene J. Electromechanical Sensors and Actuators. Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1434-2.

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Brauer, John R. Magnetic Actuators and Sensors. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471777714.

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Brauer, John R. Magnetic Actuators and Sensors. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118779262.

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Rupitsch, Stefan Johann. Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57534-5.

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Osada, Yoshihito, and Danilo E. De Rossi, eds. Polymer Sensors and Actuators. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04068-3.

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Gerlach, Gerald, and Karl-Friedrich Arndt, eds. Hydrogel Sensors and Actuators. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75645-3.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sensors and actuators faults"

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Denton, Tom. "Sensors, actuators and oscilloscope diagnostics." In Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429317781-4.

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de Langen, Klaas-Jan. "Fault-Tolerant Bus System for Airbag Sensors and Actuators." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11796435_49.

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Maqbool, Osama, and Jürgen Roßmann. "Scenario-Driven Data Generation with Experimentable Digital Twins." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2022. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10071-0_11.

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AbstractSynthetic data is an indispensable supplement to the difficult-to-acquire real data in order to meet the substantial demand by machine learning based systems. Data playing the key role in machine learning models, its objective and maintainable quality metrics are vital for quality assurance of the whole system. This paper introduces a systematic and domain-neutral methodology based on formalized scenario variation and experimental digital twins for the generation of synthetic data. The methodology uses human-readable scenarios and semantically meaningful parameter variations to describe possible entities, actions and events to be simulated, whereas experimental digital twins bring the scenarios to life by the integration of various domains of a system such as mechanics, sensors, actuators and communication under one platform that can be simulated as a whole. The scenario description and digital twin simulation is carried out iteratively to derive the optimal distribution of synthetic data. Thus scenarios and experimentable digital twins can together serve as mediums to systematically cover diverse application scenarios, test dangerous situations and find faults within a system.

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Usher, M. J., and D. A. Keating. "Actuators." In Sensors and Transducers. Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13345-1_9.

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Kirchhof, Jörg Christian. "From Design to Reality: An Overview of the MontiThings Ecosystem for Model-Driven IoT Applications." In Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering 2022. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44412-8_3.

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AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) networks everyday objects that can perceive and influence their environment using sensors and actuators. Since IoT systems are inherently distributed systems, often built on fault-prone hardware and exposed to harsh environmental conditions such as vibration or humidity, developing such systems is challenging. In recent years, some DSLs for IoT system development have been introduced, yet they only slightly improve IoT system development. This chapter provides an overview of MontiThings, an ecosystem for model-driven development of IoT systems that covers the life cycle of IoT systems from design in the form of Component and connector (C&C) models, through (dynamic) deployment, to failure analysis. MontiThings is designed to handle different classes of errors and failures. By being able to make counter-suggestions to device owners, the requirement-based deployment algorithm enables device owners to customize their IoT systems to their needs. MontiThings also offers an app store concept to decouple hardware development from software development in order to prospectively reduce problems such as e-waste and security issues that result from too close a coupling. Overall, MontiThings demonstrates an end-to-end model-driven approach to IoT system development.

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Katebi, Reza, Michael A. Johnson, and Jacqueline Wilkie. "Sensors and Actuators." In Advances in Industrial Control. Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0423-0_6.

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Sciavicco, Lorenzo, and Bruno Siciliano. "Actuators and Sensors." In Modelling and Control of Robot Manipulators. Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0449-0_8.

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Aamo, Ole Morten, and Miroslav Krstić. "Sensors and Actuators." In Flow Control by Feedback. Springer London, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3805-1_6.

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Markley, F. Landis, and John L. Crassidis. "Sensors and Actuators." In Fundamentals of Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0802-8_4.

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Genta, Giancarlo. "Actuators and Sensors." In Introduction to the Mechanics of Space Robots. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1796-1_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sensors and actuators faults"

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Matalanis, Claude, Paul Brewer, Andrzej Kuczek, et al. "Seeded-Fault Spin-Testing of an Active Rotor Electromechanical Actuator and Mechanism." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9532.

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Seeded-fault spin-test results are presented on a representative active rotor system equipped with a prognostics and health management (PHM) sensor suite. Backlash in the mechanism and faults associated with the high-authority electromechanical actuator used to drive the system are investigated. The sensor arrangement used shows the ability to detect and potentially estimate the extent of mechanical backlash at nearly any point in the mechanism. The actuator sensor suite showed the ability to detect multiple independent faults associated with loss of oil, the presence of metallic debris, and oil contamination/ discoloration. The PHM strategy employed on this test article involved a fairly large number of sensors. The results from this study suggest a more optimal strategy whereby the number of sensors can be reduced while maintaining the ability to detect the faults mentioned above.

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Liu, Kun, Jiayi Zheng, and Shulong Zhao. "Fixed-Time Multi-UAV Collaborative Fault-Tolerant Formation Control for Sensor/Actuator Faults." In 2024 IEEE 63rd Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc56724.2024.10886839.

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Zhang, Xinnan, Yunguo Wang, Huan Ma, et al. "Distributed Fuzzy Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Consensus Control for Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems with Sensor Faults and Actuator Faults." In 2024 43rd Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ccc63176.2024.10661643.

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Dong, Guowei, and Peitong Xu. "Fixed-Time Fault-Tolerant Control for Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems with Sensor and Actuator Faults." In 2024 6th International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Informatics (EEI). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eei63073.2024.10696679.

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Tang, Liang, Xiaodong Zhang, Jonathan A. DeCastro, Luis Farfan-Ramos, and Donald L. Simon. "A Unified Nonlinear Adaptive Approach for Detection and Isolation of Engine Faults." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22642.

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A challenging problem in aircraft engine health management (EHM) system development is to detect and isolate faults in system components (i.e., compressor, turbine), actuators, and sensors. Existing nonlinear EHM methods often deal with component faults, actuator faults, and sensor faults separately, which may potentially lead to incorrect diagnostic decisions and unnecessary maintenance. Therefore, it would be ideal to address sensor faults, actuator faults, and component faults under one unified framework. This paper presents a systematic and unified nonlinear adaptive framework for detecting and isolating sensor faults, actuator faults, and component faults for aircraft engines. The fault detection and isolation (FDI) architecture consists of a parallel bank of nonlinear adaptive estimators. Adaptive thresholds are appropriately designed such that, in the presence of a particular fault, all components of the residual generated by the adaptive estimator corresponding to the actual fault type remain below their thresholds. If the faults are sufficiently different, then at least one component of the residual generated by each remaining adaptive estimator should exceed its threshold. Therefore, based on the specific response of the residuals, sensor faults, actuator faults, and component faults can be isolated. The effectiveness of the approach was evaluated using the NASA C-MAPSS turbofan engine model, and simulation results are presented.

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Rajamani, Rajesh, J. Karl Hedrick, and Adam Howell. "A Complete Fault Diagnostic System for Longitudinal Control of Automated Vehicles." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0461.

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Abstract A complete system for fault diagnostics of the longitudinal controllers in a platoon of automated vehicles is developed. The diagnostic system is designed to provide automated monitoring and fault identification of all the sensors and actuators used in the longitudinal control system, including radar sensors and inter-vehicle communication. The system uses several reduced-order nonlinear observers constructed from a longitudinal dynamic model of the vehicle. Multiple estimates of signals are obtained by designing each observer to utilize a different sensor measurement. Different combinations of all the available sensor signals and the observer estimates are then processed to construct a bank of 10 different residues. We show analytically that a fault in any of the sensors or actuators creates a unique subset of these residues to grow so as to enable exact identification of the faulty component. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the working of the fault diagnostic system in the presence of various faults.

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Ambur, Ramakrishnan, Xiaonan Zhao, and Stephan Rinderknecht. "Fault Diagnosis on an Aircraft Engine Model Equipped With Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Actuators." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56975.

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Piezoelectric actuators provide an active solution for vibration control in aircraft engines compared to the state-of-the-art squeeze film dampers. The property of piezoelectric materials enable them to be used as sensors and actuators simultaneously. This self-sensing property of the actuator is analyzed in this paper for its ability to detect unbalance faults, which are common in rotor systems. In this paper two different actuator configurations are studied for its ability to diagnose unbalance faults in an aircraft engine. Three parameters of unbalances such as its magnitude, its position in the circumferential and axial direction in a rotor are estimated through simulations. Finally a suitable position to achieve a better fault diagnosis is identified.

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Kulathumani, Vinodkrishnan, Anish Arora, Young Man Kim, Praveen Shankar, and Rama K. Yedavalli. "Reliable Control System Design Despite Byzantine Actuators." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85439.

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Sensor-actuator networks are increasingly being used in distributed control of large scale systems. Often these applications are mission-critical and are required to maintain satisfactory performance in the presence of component failures. On the one hand, sensor-actuator network components are becoming inexpensive but they also tend to be unreliable, especially when deployed in harsh or unpredictable environments. The various component failures can manifest themselves in the form of arbitrary actuator behavior in which case their effect on the underlying systems can be severe. In this paper we focus our attention on applications of sensor networks in control of linear systems and show how to deal with Byzantine faults of actuators. We first describe a fault-tolerant control scheme using locally redundant actuators. We then relax the requirement on actuators to be at the same location and design a fault-tolerant scheme where the actuator redundancies are further reduced as well. We demonstrate our methodologies using a beam vibration control application as a case study.

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Montie, Dominick, and Eric Maslen. "Self-Sensing in Fault Tolerant Magnetic Bearings." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-178.

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Several schemes have recently been proposed for achieving either fault tolerance or self-sensing in magnetic bearings. The present work describes the fundamental connection between ability to actuate and ability to sense in a partially failed magnetic bearing system. This relationship is then exploited to construct a self-sensing scheme which operates in the presence of detectable actuator or amplifier faults. Such an approach is advantageous in fault tolerant systems because it reduces or eliminates the need to address potential independent failure mechanisms in sensors and actuators. Based on a model reference parameter estimation mechanism, the self-sensing scheme is shown to provide acceptable position measurement accuracy and bandwidth under various actuator/amplifier faults which are actuator tolerable. Estimates of increase in noise floor and loss of bandwidth under fault conditions are provided. The issue of estimator convergence under fault conditions is examined in detail with comments on implementation complexity arising from scheduling convergence control on fault state.

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Abdollahi Biron, Zoleikha, Pierluigi Pisu, and Beshah Ayalew. "Observer-Based Diagnostic Scheme for Lithium-Ion Batteries." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9913.

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This paper presents an observer-based fault diagnosis approach for Lithium-ion batteries. This method detects and isolates five fault types, which include sensor faults in current, voltage and temperature sensors, failure in fan actuator and a fault in battery State-of-Charge (SOC) dynamics. Current, voltage and temperature of the battery are taken as the only available measurements and a Kalman filter and a sliding mode observer are constructed. Three residuals derived from a combination of these observers generate fault signatures that are used to detect and isolate the sensor, actuator and SOC faults in the system. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the approach.

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Reports on the topic "Sensors and actuators faults"

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Almeida, Oscar J., Brian G. Dixon, Jill H. Hardin, John P. Sanford, and Myles Walsh. High Temperature Smart Sensors and Actuators. Defense Technical Information Center, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada256985.

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Krulewich, D. A. Handbook of actuators and edge alignment sensors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6788910.

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MATERIALS SYSTEMS INC CONCORD MA. Cost-Effective Method for Synthesizing Innovative Transducer Materials for Sensors and Actuators. Defense Technical Information Center, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada282339.

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Ted Quinn and Jerry Mauck. Digial Technology Qualification Task 2 - Suitability of Digital Alternatives to Analog Sensors and Actuators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1057681.

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Cline, Joseph I. Surface Absorption Polarization Sensors (SAPS), Final Technical Report, Laser Probing of Immobilized SAPS Actuators Component. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/977056.

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Nestleroth. L52298 Augmenting MFL Tools With Sensors that Assess Coating Condition. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010396.

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External coatings are routinely used to protect transmission pipelines from corrosion; however, coatings may degrade or disbond over time enabling corrosion to occur. Transmission pipeline operators often use magnetic flux leakage (MFL) in-line inspection tools to detect metal loss corrosion defects. Rather than finding the cause of a problem, failure of the coating within a corrosive environment, MFL corrosion surveys only find the result of the problem, corrosion defects that may permanently alter the pressure carrying capacity of the pipeline. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can be detected using in-line inspection (ILI) technology, but the availability of tools is limited and the cost of inspection is high compared to MFL inspection. SCC almost always occurs at coating faults; direct coating assessment could indicate future problems that could degrade the serviceability of the pipeline. In this project, a new sensor was developed to assess external coating that could work with currently available ILI tools for minimal additional cost to perform the inspection. The sensors, electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), generate ultrasonic waves that are guided by the pipe material around the circumference of the pipe. The coating material and adherence can influence the propagation of the ultrasonic waves; changes in ultrasonic signal features were attributed to coating faults. This development used modeling and experiments to establish a more optimal configuration for coating assessment. A multiple feature approach was used. A commonly used feature, signal amplitude, provided good sensitivity to coating condition but was influenced by inspection variables. One unique feature identified in this development is arrival time of the ultrasonic wave. For the wave type and frequency selected, the wave velocity was different for bare and coated pipe. Therefore, disbonded or missing coating can be detected by monitoring arrival time of the ultrasonic wave, a feature that is amplitude independent. Another feature for assessing coating, absorption of selective frequencies, was also demonstrated. Coating assessment capability was experimentally demonstrated using a prototype EMAT ILI tool. All three detection features were shown to perform well in an ILI environment as demonstrated at Battelle"s Pipeline Simulation Facility and BJ Inspection Services pull rigs. Improvement to the prototype occurred between each test; the most significant improvement was the design and construction of a novel set of thick-trace transmitting and receiving Printed Circuit Board (PCB) EMAT coils. Implementation variables such as moisture and soil loading were shown to have a minimal influence on results.

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Beshouri, Greg. PR-309-14212-R01 Field Demonstration of Fully Integrated NSCR System. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011545.

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Local, state and federal regulations in the United Sates tend to favor NSCR as the emissions control technology of choice for lower output internal combustion (IC) engines. The technology can achieve extremely low emissions levels for NOx, CO and total hydrocarbons (THC). Theoretically an end user can add it on to any rich burn engine at relatively low cost and the technology scales down to the smallest IC engines. While superficially a "simple and proven" technology, NSCR control is in fact extremely complex, far more complex than the control of lean burn engines. The underlying problems with NSCR control are well documented. Using a systems approach an AETC/HOERBIGER team analyzed each component of the system and identified the core problems and possible solutions. Ultimately the team identified the need for a fully integrated system utilizing linear sensors and actuators. The team then theorized such a system could be controlled by an off the shelf PLC with typical PI control loops. Based on this conclusion HOERBIGER developed an integrated NSCR system utilizing linear sensors and actuators and controlled by an off the shelf PLC. Called the Advanced Richburn Control (ARC), HOERBIGER installed the system on six KVG-410 engines operating in pipeline compression and recorded performance for a year. Those results confirmed the system satisfied the performance requirements and validated the design concept. This report has a related webinar.

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Beshouri. PR-309-08208-R01 A Survey of Diagnostics Techniques for Compressor Engines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010730.

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The pipeline workforce faces several challenges over the next few years. Unprecedented numbers of experienced staff are retiring. They are being replaced by a smaller, younger workforce tasked with more responsibilities and therefore unable to develop specific expertise while roving crews fill labor gaps resulting in less experience with each individual engine compressor. To maintain, if not improve reliability and reduce maintenance costs better analysis tools are needed to fill the experience and expertise gap and assist with troubleshooting and diagnosis. Concurrently, regulatory expectations appear to be shifting from Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) like quantifying systems to Green-light/Red-light automotive like On Board Diagnostics (OBD). OBD approaches rely on the proper operation of already installed sensors and actuators to maintain emissions compliance and can be very cost effective. This study investigated diagnostic methods to address both opportunities based on experience in related industries.

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Beshouri, Greg, and Bob Goffin. PR-309-15209-R01 Evaluation of NSCR Specific Models for Use in CEPM. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011554.

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This 2015 NSCR project continues NSCR research started in 2009 and continued in 2011 under ERLE 2c and combines it with OBD research started in 2008 and continued in 2011. The 2009 NSCR research concluded that downstream measurement of lambda, O2 and NOx are useful for understanding performance of the entire package and evaluating compliance status and diagnosing system problems. However, that research also concluded that advanced signal conditioning and algorithms are required for unambiguous diagnostics. It also concluded system diagnostics was complex and beyond the capabilities of typical technicians. The 2011 OBD project demonstrated that a model-based diagnostics approach could precisely detect and diagnose typical combustion faults on lean burn engines. This 2015 project will specifically test and demonstrate the effectiveness of model based NSCR diagnostics using upstream and downstream exhaust sensors and other typical sensor inputs.

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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.

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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.

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