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Journal articles on the topic 'Sensory synchronization'
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Eckhorn, R., H. J. Reitboeck, M. Arndt, and P. Dicke. "Feature Linking via Synchronization among Distributed Assemblies: Simulations of Results from Cat Visual Cortex." Neural Computation 2, no. 3 (1990): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.3.293.
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We recently discovered stimulus-specific interactions between cell assemblies in cat primary visual cortex that could constitute a global linking principle for feature associations in sensory and motor systems: stimulus-induced oscillatory activities (35-80 Hz) in remote cell assemblies of the same and of different visual cortex areas mutually synchronize, if common stimulus features drive the assemblies simultaneously. Based on our neurophysiological findings we simulated feature linking via synchronizations in networks of model neurons. The networks consisted of two one-dimensional layers of neurons, coupled in a forward direction via feeding connections and in lateral and backward directions via modulatory linking connections. The models' performance is demonstrated in examples of region linking with spatiotemporally varying inputs, where the rhythmic activities in response to an input, that initially are uncorrelated, become phase locked. We propose that synchronization is a general principle for the coding of associations in and among sensory systems and that at least two distinct types of synchronization do exist: stimulus-forced (event-locked) synchronizations support “crude instantaneous” associations and stimulus-induced (oscillatory) synchronizations support more complex iterative association processes. In order to bring neural linking mechanisms into correspondence with perceptual feature linking, we introduce the concept of the linking field (association field) of a local assembly of visual neurons. The linking field extends the concept of the invariant receptive field (RF) of single neurons to the flexible association of RFs in neural assemblies.
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Gu, Junyi, Artjom Lind, Tek Raj Chhetri, Mauro Bellone, and Raivo Sell. "End-to-End Multimodal Sensor Dataset Collection Framework for Autonomous Vehicles." Sensors 23, no. 15 (2023): 6783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156783.
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Autonomous driving vehicles rely on sensors for the robust perception of their surroundings. Such vehicles are equipped with multiple perceptive sensors with a high level of redundancy to ensure safety and reliability in any driving condition. However, multi-sensor, such as camera, LiDAR, and radar systems raise requirements related to sensor calibration and synchronization, which are the fundamental blocks of any autonomous system. On the other hand, sensor fusion and integration have become important aspects of autonomous driving research and directly determine the efficiency and accuracy of advanced functions such as object detection and path planning. Classical model-based estimation and data-driven models are two mainstream approaches to achieving such integration. Most recent research is shifting to the latter, showing high robustness in real-world applications but requiring large quantities of data to be collected, synchronized, and properly categorized. However, there are two major research gaps in existing works: (i) they lack fusion (and synchronization) of multi-sensors, camera, LiDAR and radar; and (ii) generic scalable, and user-friendly end-to-end implementation. To generalize the implementation of the multi-sensor perceptive system, we introduce an end-to-end generic sensor dataset collection framework that includes both hardware deploying solutions and sensor fusion algorithms. The framework prototype integrates a diverse set of sensors, such as camera, LiDAR, and radar. Furthermore, we present a universal toolbox to calibrate and synchronize three types of sensors based on their characteristics. The framework also includes the fusion algorithms, which utilize the merits of three sensors, namely, camera, LiDAR, and radar, and fuse their sensory information in a manner that is helpful for object detection and tracking research. The generality of this framework makes it applicable in any robotic or autonomous applications and suitable for quick and large-scale practical deployment.
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Hirvonen, Jonni, Simo Monto, Sheng H. Wang, J. Matias Palva, and Satu Palva. "Dynamic large-scale network synchronization from perception to action." Network Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2018): 442–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00039.
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Sensory-guided actions entail the processing of sensory information, generation of perceptual decisions, and the generation of appropriate actions. Neuronal activity underlying these processes is distributed into sensory, fronto-parietal, and motor brain areas, respectively. How the neuronal processing is coordinated across these brain areas to support functions from perception to action remains unknown. We investigated whether phase synchronization in large-scale networks coordinate these processes. We recorded human cortical activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a task in which weak somatosensory stimuli remained unperceived or were perceived. We then assessed dynamic evolution of phase synchronization in large-scale networks from source-reconstructed MEG data by using advanced analysis approaches combined with graph theory. Here we show that perceiving and reporting of weak somatosensory stimuli is correlated with sustained strengthening of large-scale synchrony concurrently in delta/theta (3–7 Hz) and gamma (40–60 Hz) frequency bands. In a data-driven network localization, we found this synchronization to dynamically connect the task-relevant, that is, the fronto-parietal, sensory, and motor systems. The strength and temporal pattern of interareal synchronization were also correlated with the response times. These data thus show that key brain areas underlying perception, decision-making, and actions are transiently connected by large-scale dynamic phase synchronization in the delta/theta and gamma bands.
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Kawasaki, Masahiro, Keiichi Kitajo, and Yoko Yamaguchi. "Sensory-motor synchronization in the brain corresponds to behavioral synchronization between individuals." Neuropsychologia 119 (October 2018): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.026.
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Degardin, A., E. Houdayer, J. L. Bourriez, et al. "Deficient “sensory” beta synchronization in Parkinson’s disease." Clinical Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (2009): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.01.001.
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Soroush, Ali, Mohammad Akbar, and Farzam Farahmand. "How to Synchronize and Register an Optical-Inertial Tracking System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 332 (July 2013): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.332.130.
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Multi-sensor tracking is widely used for augmentation of tracking accuracy using data fusion. A basic requirement for such applications is the real time temporal synchronization and spatial registration of two sensory data. In this study a new method for time and space coordination of two tracking sensor measurements has been presented. For spatial registration we used a body coordinate system and then applied the effect of the level arm. The time synchronization was done based on least mean square (LMS) error method. This method was implemented to synchronize the position and orientation of an object using Inertial ( IMU) and Optical (Optotrak) tracking systems. The results of synchronized data were validated with measurements of Optical tracking system and the mean error of synchronized Euler angles, were less than 0.28 degree.
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Nacharova, M. A., D. V. Nacharov, and V. B. Pavlenko. "Words Listening Related Electroencephalography Spectrum Perturbations in Normally Developing Children and Sensory Alalia Children." Физиология человека 49, no. 3 (2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0131164622600835.
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The analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) event related spectrum perturbations in 23 normally developing and 23 sensory alalia children of age between 4 and 10 years old during listening to nouns is conducted. In EEG θ-frequency range of healthy children, synchronization was detected in the frontal, central, and temporal leads, and desynchronization was found in most leads in children with sensory alalia. Intergroup differences in the reactivity of the EEG θ-range reached the level of statistical significance in C4 lead. In the α‑range, EEG desynchronization was observed in typically developing children, and synchronization was observed in children with sensory alalia. Differences in the α-activity power reached the level of statistical significance in leads C3, F3, P3, O1. An EEG θ-band synchronization decrease during words listening in children with sensory alalia may reflect an impairment of retrieving words from memory and less emotional involvement in the speech perception process, while the absence of α-activity desynchronization in the central leads is a impairment of the functioning of sensorimotor neural networks, involved in the speech perception and generation. The revealed features of EEG reactivity are important for understanding the central speech perception mechanisms in normal children, as well as in children with disorders such as sensory alalia.
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Fernández-Madrigal, Juan-Antonio, Angeles Navarro, Rafael Asenjo, and Ana Cruz-Martín. "Characterization, Statistical Analysis and Method Selection in the Two-Clocks Synchronization Problem for Pairwise Interconnected Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174808.
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Time synchronization among sensor devices connected through non-deterministic media is a fundamental requirement for sensor fusion and other distributed tasks that need a common time reference. In many of the time synchronization methods existing in literature, the estimation of the relation between pairs of clocks is a core concept; moreover, in applications that do not have general connectivity among its devices but a simple pairwise topology, such as embedded systems, mobile robots or home automation, two-clock synchronization is actually the basic form of the time estimation problem. In these kinds of applications, especially for critical ones, not only the quality of the estimation of the relation between two clocks is important, but also the bounds the methods provide for the estimated values, and their computational effort (since many are small systems). In this paper, we characterize, with a thorough parameterization, the possible scenarios where two-clock synchronization is to be solved, and then conduct a rigorous statistical study of both scenarios and methods. The study is based on exhaustive simulations run in a super-computer. Our aim is to provide a sound basis to select the best clock synchronization algorithm depending on the application requirements and characteristics, and also to deduce which ones of these characteristics are most relevant, in general, when solving the problem. For our comparisons we have considered several representative methods for clock synchronization according to a novel taxonomy that we also propose in the paper, and in particular, a few geometrical ones that have special desirable characteristics for the two-clock problem. We illustrate the method selection procedure with practical use-cases of sensory systems where two-clock synchronization is essential.
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Veeramuthu, Loganathan, Manikandan Venkatesan, Fang-Cheng Liang, et al. "Conjugated Copolymers through Electrospinning Synthetic Strategies and Their Versatile Applications in Sensing Environmental Toxicants, pH, Temperature, and Humidity." Polymers 12, no. 3 (2020): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030587.
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Conjugated copolymers (CCPs) are a class of polymers with excellent optical luminescent and electrical conducting properties because of their extensive π conjugation. CCPs have several advantages such as facile synthesis, structural tailorability, processability, and ease of device fabrication by compatible solvents. Electrospinning (ES) is a versatile technique that produces continuous high throughput nanofibers or microfibers and its appropriate synchronization with CCPs can aid in harvesting an ideal sensory nanofiber. The ES-based nanofibrous membrane enables sensors to accomplish ultrahigh sensitivity and response time with the aid of a greater surface-to-volume ratio. This review covers the crucial aspects of designing highly responsive optical sensors that includes synthetic strategies, sensor fabrication, mechanistic aspects, sensing modes, and recent sensing trends in monitoring environmental toxicants, pH, temperature, and humidity. In particular, considerable attention is being paid on classifying the ES-based optical sensor fabrication to overcome remaining challenges such as sensitivity, selectivity, dye leaching, instability, and reversibility.
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Bazhenov, M., N. F. Rulkov, and I. Timofeev. "Effect of Synaptic Connectivity on Long-Range Synchronization of Fast Cortical Oscillations." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 3 (2008): 1562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90613.2008.
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Cortical gamma oscillations in the 20- to 80-Hz range are associated with attentiveness and sensory perception and have strong connections to both cognitive processing and temporal binding of sensory stimuli. These gamma oscillations become synchronized within a few milliseconds over distances spanning a few millimeters in spite of synaptic delays. In this study using in vivo recordings and large-scale cortical network models, we reveal a critical role played by the network geometry in achieving precise long-range synchronization in the gamma frequency band. Our results indicate that the presence of many independent synaptic pathways in a two-dimensional network facilitate precise phase synchronization of fast gamma band oscillations with nearly zero phase delays between remote network sites. These findings predict a common mechanism of precise oscillatory synchronization in neuronal networks.
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Johnson, Vinith, Wan-Yu Hsu, Avery E. Ostrand, Adam Gazzaley, and Theodore P. Zanto. "Multimodal sensory integration: Diminishing returns in rhythmic synchronization." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 46, no. 10 (2020): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000833.
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Misselhorn, Jonas, Bettina C. Schwab, Till R. Schneider, and Andreas K. Engel. "Synchronization of Sensory Gamma Oscillations Promotes Multisensory Communication." eneuro 6, no. 5 (2019): ENEURO.0101–19.2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0101-19.2019.
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Tommerdahl, Mark, Vinay Tannan, Matt Zachek, Jameson K. Holden, and Oleg V. Favorov. "Effects of stimulus-driven synchronization on sensory perception." Behavioral and Brain Functions 3, no. 1 (2007): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-3-61.
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Billock, Vincent A., and Brian H. Tsou. "Bridging the Divide between Sensory Integration and Binding Theory: Using a Binding-like Neural Synchronization Mechanism to Model Sensory Enhancements during Multisensory Interactions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 7 (2014): 1587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00574.
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Neural information combination problems are ubiquitous in cognitive neuroscience. Two important disciplines, although conceptually similar, take radically different approaches to these problems. Sensory binding theory is largely grounded in synchronization of neurons responding to different aspects of a stimulus, resulting in a coherent percept. Sensory integration focuses more on the influences of the senses on each other and is largely grounded in the study of neurons that respond to more than one sense. It would be desirable to bridge these disciplines, so that insights gleaned from either could be harnessed by the other. To link these two fields, we used a binding-like oscillatory synchronization mechanism to simulate neurons in rattlesnake that are driven by one sense but modulated by another. Mutual excitatory coupling produces synchronized trains of action potentials with enhanced firing rates. The same neural synchronization mechanism models the behavior of a population of cells in cat visual cortex that are modulated by auditory activation. The coupling strength of the synchronizing neurons is crucial to the outcome; a criterion of strong coupling (kept weak enough to avoid seriously distorting action potential amplitude) results in intensity-dependent sensory enhancement—the principle of inverse effectiveness—a key property of sensory integration.
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PEEL, ADÈLE, and HENRIK JELDTOFT JENSEN. "DELAY BEFORE SYNCHRONIZATION AND ITS ROLE IN LATENCY OF SENSORY AWARENESS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 22, no. 01 (2011): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183111016105.
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Here we show that for coupled-map systems, the length of the transient prior to synchronization is both dependent on the coupling strength and dynamics of connections: systems with fixed connections and with no self-coupling display quasi-instantaneous synchronization. Too strong tendency for synchronization would in terms of brain dynamics be expected to be a pathological case. We relate how the time to synchrony depends on coupling strength and connection dynamics to the latency between neuronal stimulation and conscious awareness. We suggest that this latency can be identified with the delay before a threshold level of synchrony is achieved between distinct regions within the brain, as suggested by recent empirical evidence, in which case the latency can easily be understood as the inevitable delay before such synchrony build-ups. This is demonstrated here through the study of simplistic coupled-map models.
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Kilgard, M. P., J. L. Vazquez, N. D. Engineer, and P. K. Pandya. "Experience dependent plasticity alters cortical synchronization." Hearing Research 229, no. 1-2 (2007): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2007.01.005.
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Fu, Chenglong, Jianmei Wang, Ken Chen, Zhangguo Yu, and Qiang Huang. "A walking control strategy combining global sensory reflex and leg synchronization." Robotica 34, no. 5 (2014): 973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574714002008.
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SUMMARYBiped walking can be regarded as a global limit cycle whose stability is difficult to verify by only local sensory feedback. This paper presents a control strategy combining global sensory reflex and leg synchronization. The inverted pendulum angle is utilized as global motion feedback to ensure global stability, and joint synchronization between legs is designed to stabilize bifurcations. The proposed strategy can achieve a stable gait and stabilize bifurcations. The robustness of this approach was evaluated against external disturbances. Walking experiments of a biped actuated by pneumatic muscles were conducted to confirm the validity of the proposed method. Instead of tracking predetermined trajectories, this method uses sensory reflexes to activate motor neurons and coincides with the biological idea wherein inessential degrees-of-freedom are barely controlled rather than strictly controlled.
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Una, Rose, and Tilmann Glimm. "A Cellular Potts Model of the interplay of synchronization and aggregation." PeerJ 12 (February 29, 2024): e16974. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16974.
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We investigate the behavior of systems of cells with intracellular molecular oscillators (“clocks”) where cell-cell adhesion is mediated by differences in clock phase between neighbors. This is motivated by phenomena in developmental biology and in aggregative multicellularity of unicellular organisms. In such systems, aggregation co-occurs with clock synchronization. To account for the effects of spatially extended cells, we use the Cellular Potts Model (CPM), a lattice agent-based model. We find four distinct possible phases: global synchronization, local synchronization, incoherence, and anti-synchronization (checkerboard patterns). We characterize these phases via order parameters. In the case of global synchrony, the speed of synchronization depends on the adhesive effects of the clocks. Synchronization happens fastest when cells in opposite phases adhere the strongest (“opposites attract”). When cells of the same clock phase adhere the strongest (“like attracts like”), synchronization is slower. Surprisingly, the slowest synchronization happens in the diffusive mixing case, where cell-cell adhesion is independent of clock phase. We briefly discuss potential applications of the model, such as pattern formation in the auditory sensory epithelium.
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Loehr, Janeen D., and Caroline Palmer. "Subdividing the Beat: Auditory and Motor Contributions to Synchronization." Music Perception 26, no. 5 (2009): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2009.26.5.415.
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THE CURRENT STUDY EXAMINED HOW AUDITORY AND kinematic information influenced pianists' ability to synchronize musical sequences with a metronome. Pianists performed melodies in which quarter-note beats were subdivided by intervening eighth notes that resulted from auditory information (heard tones), motor production (produced tones), both, or neither. Temporal accuracy of performance was compared with finger trajectories recorded with motion capture. Asynchronies were larger when motor or auditory sensory information occurred between beats; auditory information yielded the largest asynchronies. Pianists were sensitive to the timing of the sensory information; information that occurred earlier relative to the midpoint between metronome beats was associated with larger asynchronies on the following beat. Finger motion was influenced only by motor production between beats and indicated the influence of other fingers' motion. These findings demonstrate that synchronization accuracy in music performance is influenced by both the timing and modality of sensory information that occurs between beats.
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Lipski, Witold J., Thomas A. Wozny, Ahmad Alhourani, et al. "Dynamics of human subthalamic neuron phase-locking to motor and sensory cortical oscillations during movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (2017): 1472–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00964.2016.
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Coupled oscillatory activity recorded between sensorimotor regions of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop is thought to reflect information transfer relevant to movement. A neuronal firing-rate model of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry, however, has dominated thinking about basal ganglia function for the past three decades, without knowledge of the relationship between basal ganglia single neuron firing and cortical population activity during movement itself. We recorded activity from 34 subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons, simultaneously with cortical local field potentials and motor output, in 11 subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) undergoing awake deep brain stimulator lead placement. STN firing demonstrated phase synchronization to both low- and high-beta-frequency cortical oscillations, and to the amplitude envelope of gamma oscillations, in motor cortex. We found that during movement, the magnitude of this synchronization was dynamically modulated in a phase-frequency-specific manner. Importantly, we found that phase synchronization was not correlated with changes in neuronal firing rate. Furthermore, we found that these relationships were not exclusive to motor cortex, because STN firing also demonstrated phase synchronization to both premotor and sensory cortex. The data indicate that models of basal ganglia function ultimately will need to account for the activity of populations of STN neurons that are bound in distinct functional networks with both motor and sensory cortices and code for movement parameters independent of changes in firing rate. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current models of basal ganglia-thalamocortical networks do not adequately explain simple motor functions, let alone dysfunction in movement disorders. Our findings provide data that inform models of human basal ganglia function by demonstrating how movement is encoded by networks of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons via dynamic phase synchronization with cortex. The data also demonstrate, for the first time in humans, a mechanism through which the premotor and sensory cortices are functionally connected to the STN.
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Uppenkamp, Stefan, and Birger Kollmeier. "Narrowband stimulation and synchronization of otoacoustic emissions." Hearing Research 78, no. 2 (1994): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(94)90027-2.
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Billock, Vincent A., and Brian H. Tsou. "Nonlinear integration of multispectral information: Human colour vision analogues to sensory integration in rattlesnake." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x648099.
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Information integration occurs at every sensory scale and although distinctions are made for integration between and within senses, integration at intermediate scales may exploit familiar mechanisms. Here, we explore this idea by applying a sensory integration mechanism to some poorly understood multispectral integration problems in human colour vision. Billock and Tsou (IMRF, 2011) used a binding-like neural synchronization mechanism to model intensity-dependent (inverse) enhancement of visual responses by auditory stimulation in cat. The same model also applies to mutual enhancement of visual and infrared responses in rattlesnake, suggesting that a similar mechanism could model integration of spectral information in human colour vision. For example, chromatic brightness is thought to be a vector-like nonlinear combination of luminance and chromatic channels; its neural correlate is unknown. We model its spectral sensitivity by pairwise excitatory synchronization between luminance (broadband) neurons and cortically rectified L+M- and S+M-L- LGN neurons. Similarly, the yellow lobe of the yellow-blue opponent channel is known to be a nonlinearly enhanced combination of long- and medium-wavelength-sensitive inputs, but no sensible neural model for this interaction has been advanced. We model the spectral sensitivity of ‘yellowness’ using excitatory synchronization between cortically rectified L+M+S- and M+L- LGN units. The inputs for both simulations were macaque neural firing rate data (DeValois et al., 1966). Fascinatingly, in both cases, multispectral integration in human colour vision was well modeled using the rattlesnake/cat neural synchronization equations without any use of fitting parameters. This is the first application of sensory integration concepts to human colour vision transformations.
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Jang, Hyun Jae, Hyowon Chung, James M. Rowland, Blake A. Richards, Michael M. Kohl, and Jeehyun Kwag. "Distinct roles of parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons in gating the synchronization of spike times in the neocortex." Science Advances 6, no. 17 (2020): eaay5333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5333.
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Synchronization of precise spike times across multiple neurons carries information about sensory stimuli. Inhibitory interneurons are suggested to promote this synchronization, but it is unclear whether distinct interneuron subtypes provide different contributions. To test this, we examined single-unit recordings from barrel cortex in vivo and used optogenetics to determine the contribution of parvalbumin (PV)– and somatostatin (SST)–positive interneurons to the synchronization of spike times across cortical layers. We found that PV interneurons preferentially promote the synchronization of spike times when instantaneous firing rates are low (<12 Hz), whereas SST interneurons preferentially promote the synchronization of spike times when instantaneous firing rates are high (>12 Hz). Furthermore, using a computational model, we demonstrate that these effects can be explained by PV and SST interneurons having preferential contributions to feedforward and feedback inhibition, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that distinct subtypes of inhibitory interneurons have frequency-selective roles in the spatiotemporal synchronization of precise spike times.
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NEIMAN, ALEXANDER B., and DAVID F. RUSSELL. "STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS OF ELECTRORECEPTORS IN PADDLEFISH." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 04, no. 01 (2004): L139—L149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477504001744.
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Electroreceptors in paddlefish serve as accessible and well-defined biological models for studying the functional roles in sensory nervous systems of noisy oscillations and the nonlinear phenomena associated with them, including synchronization, noise-induced transitions, and noise-induced bursting. The spontaneous dynamics of paddlefish electroreceptors show two oscillatory modes: one associated with 26 Hz oscillations in the sensory epithelia, and another with 30-65 Hz periodicities of afferent terminals. This novel type of organization of peripheral sensory receptors, with two distinct types of embedded oscillators, results in stochastic biperiodic firing patterns of primary afferents. The biperiodicity can be explained qualitatively in terms of a simple model based on a stochastic circle map. Stimulation with broadband Gaussian noise changes the tonic firing pattern of electroreceptors to a bursting mode, indicating a noise-induced transition. This qualitative change in dynamics leads to burst synchronization among different electroreceptors.
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Horowitz-Kraus, Tzipi, and Carmel Gashri. "Multimodal Approach for Characterizing the Quality of Parent–Child Interaction: A Single Synchronization Source May Not Tell the Whole Story." Biology 12, no. 2 (2023): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020241.
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The interaction between the parent and child is essential for the child’s cognitive and emotional development and sets the path for future well-being. These interactions, starting from birth, are necessary for providing the sensory stimulation the child needs in the critical time window of brain development. The characterization of parent–child interactions is traditionally performed by human decoding. This approach is considered the leading and most accurate way of characterizing the quality of these interactions. However, the development of computational tools and especially the concept of parent–child synchronization opened up an additional source of data characterizing these interactions in an objective, less human-labor manner. Such sources include brain-to-brain, voice/speech, eye contact, motor, and heart-rate synchronization. However, can a single source synchronization dataset accurately represent parent–child interaction? Will attending to the same stimulation, often resulting in a higher brain-to-brain synchronization, be considered an interactive condition? In this perspective, we will try to convey a new concept of the child–parent interaction synchronization (CHIPS) matrix, which includes the different sources of signals generated during an interaction. Such a model may assist in explaining the source of interaction alterations in the case of child/parent developmental/emotional or sensory deficits and may open up new ways of assessing interventions and changes in parent–child interactions along development. We will discuss this interaction during one of the parent–child joint activities providing opportunities for interaction, i.e., storytelling.
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Müller, Katharina, Frank Schmitz, Alfons Schnitzler, Hans-Joachim Freund, Gisa Aschersleben, and Wolfgang Prinz. "Neuromagnetic Correlates of Sensorimotor Synchronization." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (2000): 546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562282.
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Sensorimotor synchronization tasks, in which subjects have to tap their finger in synchrony with an isochronous auditory click, typically reveal a synchronization error with the tap preceding the click by about 20 to 50 msec. Although extensive behavioral studies and a number of different explanatory accounts have located the cause of this so-called “negative asynchrony” on different levels of processing, the underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. Almost nothing is known about the central processes, in particular, which sensory or motor events are synchronized by subjects. The present study examined central-level processing in synchronization tasks with magnetoencephalography (MEG). Eight subjects synchronized taps with their right index finger to an isochronous binaural pacing signal presented at an interstimulus interval of 800 msec. To gain information on central temporal coupling between “tap” and “click”, evoked responses were averaged time-locked to the auditory signal and the tap onset. Tap-related responses could be explained with a three dipole model: One source, peaking at approximately 77 msec before tap onset, was localized in contralateral primary motor cortex (MI); the two other sources, peaking approximately at tap onset and 75 msec after tap onset, in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Temporal coupling of these sources was compared in relation to different trigger points. The second SI source was equally well time-locked to the tap and to the auditory click. Furthermore, analysis of the time locking of this source activity as a function of the temporal order of tap and click showed that the second event—irrespective whether tap or click—was decisive in triggering the second SI source. This suggests that subjects use mainly sensory feedback in judging and evaluating whether they are “keeping time.”
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Nicol, Ruth M., Sandra C. Chapman, Petra E. Vértes, et al. "Fast reconfiguration of high-frequency brain networks in response to surprising changes in auditory input." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 5 (2012): 1421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00817.2011.
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How do human brain networks react to dynamic changes in the sensory environment? We measured rapid changes in brain network organization in response to brief, discrete, salient auditory stimuli. We estimated network topology and distance parameters in the immediate central response period, <1 s following auditory presentation of standard tones interspersed with occasional deviant tones in a mismatch-negativity (MMN) paradigm, using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure synchronization of high-frequency (gamma band; 33–64 Hz) oscillations in healthy volunteers. We found that global small-world parameters of the networks were conserved between the standard and deviant stimuli. However, surprising or unexpected auditory changes were associated with local changes in clustering of connections between temporal and frontal cortical areas and with increased interlobar, long-distance synchronization during the 120- to 250-ms epoch (coinciding with the MMN-evoked response). Network analysis of human MEG data can resolve fast local topological reconfiguration and more long-range synchronization of high-frequency networks as a systems-level representation of the brain's immediate response to salient stimuli in the dynamically changing sensory environment.
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Lee, Joseph J., and Brian D. Schmit. "Effect of sensory attenuation on cortical movement-related oscillations." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 3 (2018): 971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00171.2017.
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This study examined the impact of induced sensory deficits on cortical, movement-related oscillations measured using electroencephalography (EEG). We hypothesized that EEG patterns in healthy subjects with induced sensory reduction would be comparable to EEG found after chronic loss of sensory feedback. EEG signals from 64 scalp locations were measured from 10 healthy subjects. Participants dorsiflexed their ankle after prolonged vibration of the tibialis anterior (TA). Beta band time frequency decompositions were calculated using wavelets and compared across conditions. Changes in patterns of movement-related brain activity were observed following attenuation of sensory feedback. A significant decrease in beta power of event-related synchronization was associated with simple ankle dorsiflexion after prolonged vibration of the TA. Attenuation of sensory feedback in young, healthy subjects led to a corresponding decrease in beta band synchronization. This temporary change in beta oscillations suggests that these modulations are a mechanism for sensorimotor integration. The loss of sensory feedback found in spinal cord injury patients contributes to changes in EEG signals underlying motor commands. Similar alterations in cortical signals in healthy subjects with reduced sensory feedback implies these changes reflect normal sensorimotor integration after reduced sensory input rather than brain plasticity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transient attenuation of sensory afferents in young, healthy adults led to similar changes in brain activity found previously in volunteers with incomplete spinal cord injury. Beta band power associated with ankle movement in these controls was attenuated after prolonged vibration of the tibialis anterior. Evoked potential measurements suggest that prolonged vibration reduces phasing across trials as the mechanism behind this attenuation of cortical activity.
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Opara, Ralf, and Florentin Wörgötter. "Using Visual Latencies to Improve Image Segmentation." Neural Computation 8, no. 7 (1996): 1493–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1996.8.7.1493.
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An artificial neural network model is proposed that combines several aspects taken from physiological observations (oscillations, synchronizations) with a visual latency mechanism in order to achieve an improved analysis of visual scenes. The network consists of two parts. In the lower layers that contain no lateral connections the propagation velocity of the activity of the units depends on the contrast of the individual objects in the scene. In the upper layers lateral connections are used to achieve synchronization between corresponding image parts. This architecture assures that the activity that arises in response to a scene containing objects with different contrast is spread out over several layers in the network. Thereby adjacent objects with different contrast will be separated and synchronization occurs in the upper layers without mutual disturbance between different objects. A comparison with a one-layer network shows that synchronization in the latency dependent multilayer net is indeed achieved much faster as soon as more than five objects have to be recognized. In addition, it is shown that the network is highly robust against noise in the stimuli or variations in the propagation delays (latencies), respectively. For a consistent analysis of a visual scene the different features of an individual object have to be recognized as belonging together and separated from other objects. This study shows that temporal differences, naturally introduced by stimulus latencies in every biological sensory system, can strongly improve the performance and allow for an analysis of more complex scenes.
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Elhajj, Imad H., Nadine Bou Dargham, Ning Xi, and Yunyi Jia. "Real-Time Adaptive Content-Based Synchronization of Multimedia Streams." Advances in Multimedia 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/914062.
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Traditional synchronization schemes of multimedia applications are based on temporal relationships between inter- and intrastreams. These schemes do not provide good synchronization in the presence of random delay. As a solution, this paper proposes an adaptive content-based synchronization scheme that synchronizes multimedia streams by accounting for content in addition to time. This approach to synchronization is based on the fact that having two streams sampled close in time does not always imply that these streams are close in content. The proposed scheme primary contribution is the synchronization of audio and video streams based on content. The secondary contribution is adapting the frame rate based on content decisions. Testing adaptive content-based and adaptive time-based synchronization algorithms remotely between the American University of Beirut and Michigan State University showed that the proposed method outperforms the traditional synchronization method. Objective and subjective assessment of the received video and audio quality demonstrated that the content-based scheme provides better synchronization and overall quality of multimedia streams. Although demonstrated using a video conference application, the method can be applied to any multimedia streams including nontraditional ones referred to as supermedia like control signals, haptic, and other sensory measurements. In addition, the method can be applied to synchronize more than two streams simultaneously.
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Dotov, Dobromir, Ariel Motsenyat, and Laurel J. Trainor. "Concurrent Supra-Postural Auditory–Hand Coordination Task Affects Postural Control: Using Sonification to Explore Environmental Unpredictability in Factors Affecting Fall Risk." Sensors 24, no. 6 (2024): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061994.
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Clinical screening tests for balance and mobility often fall short of predicting fall risk. Cognitive distractors and unpredictable external stimuli, common in busy natural environments, contribute to this risk, especially in older adults. Less is known about the effects of upper sensory–motor coordination, such as coordinating one’s hand with an external stimulus. We combined movement sonification and affordable inertial motion sensors to develop a task for the precise measurement and manipulation of full-body interaction with stimuli in the environment. In a double-task design, we studied how a supra-postural activity affected quiet stance. The supra-postural task consisted of rhythmic synchronization with a repetitive auditory stimulus. The stimulus was attentionally demanding because it was being modulated continuously. The participant’s hand movement was sonified in real time, and their goal was to synchronize their hand movement with the stimulus. In the unpredictable condition, the tempo changed at random points in the trial. A separate sensor recorded postural fluctuations. Young healthy adults were compared to older adult (OA) participants without known risk of falling. The results supported the hypothesis that supra-postural coordination would entrain postural control. The effect was stronger in OAs, supporting the idea that diminished reserve capacities reduce the ability to isolate postural control from sensory–motor and cognitive activity.
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Zervopoulos, Alexandros, Athanasios Tsipis, Aikaterini Georgia Alvanou, et al. "Wireless Sensor Network Synchronization for Precision Agriculture Applications." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030089.
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The advent of Internet of Things has propelled the agricultural domain through the integration of sensory devices, capable of monitoring and wirelessly propagating information to producers; thus, they employ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). These WSNs allow real time monitoring, enabling intelligent decision-making to maximize yields and minimize cost. Designing and deploying a WSN is a challenging and multivariate task, dependent on the considered environment. For example, a need for network synchronization arises in such networks to correlate acquired measurements. This work focuses on the design and installation of a WSN that is capable of facilitating the sensing aspects of smart and precision agriculture applications. A system is designed and implemented to address specific design requirements that are brought about by the considered environment. A simple synchronization scheme is described to provide time-correlated measurements using the sink node’s clock as reference. The proposed system was installed on an olive grove to assess its effectiveness in providing a low-cost system, capable of acquiring synchronized measurements. The obtained results indicate the system’s overall effectiveness, revealing a small but expected difference in the acquired measurements’ time correlation, caused mostly by serial transmission delays, while yielding a plethora of relevant environmental conditions.
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Reyns, N., E. Houdayer, J. L. Bourriez, S. Blond, and P. Derambure. "Post-movement beta synchronization in subjects presenting with sensory deafferentation." Clinical Neurophysiology 119, no. 6 (2008): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.02.020.
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Tsaramirsis, Georgios, Seyed Buhari, Mohammed Basheri, and Milos Stojmenovic. "Navigating Virtual Environments Using Leg Poses and Smartphone Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 2 (2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020299.
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Realization of navigation in virtual environments remains a challenge as it involves complex operating conditions. Decomposition of such complexity is attainable by fusion of sensors and machine learning techniques. Identifying the right combination of sensory information and the appropriate machine learning technique is a vital ingredient for translating physical actions to virtual movements. The contributions of our work include: (i) Synchronization of actions and movements using suitable multiple sensor units, and (ii) selection of the significant features and an appropriate algorithm to process them. This work proposes an innovative approach that allows users to move in virtual environments by simply moving their legs towards the desired direction. The necessary hardware includes only a smartphone that is strapped to the subjects’ lower leg. Data from the gyroscope, accelerometer and campus sensors of the mobile device are transmitted to a PC where the movement is accurately identified using a combination of machine learning techniques. Once the desired movement is identified, the movement of the virtual avatar in the virtual environment is realized. After pre-processing the sensor data using the box plot outliers approach, it is observed that Artificial Neural Networks provided the highest movement identification accuracy of 84.2% on the training dataset and 84.1% on testing dataset.
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Jiang, Fang, Benjamin Sreenan, and Simon Whitton. "Sensorimotor Synchronization to External and Imagined Visual Stimuli." Journal of Vision 23, no. 9 (2023): 5692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.9.5692.
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Lee, Jae Hoon, Takashige Yano, Tomoshi Yamashita, and Shingo Okamoto. "Monitoring Bicycle Riding Motion with Multiple Inertial Sensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 1398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.1398.
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This paper presents a novel sensory system for monitoring situations of riding bicycle. The proposed system can be used to measure and save in real-time not only the motion of bicycle rider but also the situation near the vehicle. Multiple inertial sensors being attached to human body are employed to measure the motion of the rider. Two laser scanners installed in the front of the bicycle and two cameras of wide view angle were used to detect the environmental change including pedestrians and static/dynamic objects. The system configuration was designed for the synchronization of multiple sensors according to the position information of the vehicle. Particularly, the human motion of riding bicycle is captured with the system and analyzed with the measurement data in this paper.
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Wolfgang, Werner, Alekos Simoni, Carla Gentile, and Ralf Stanewsky. "The Pyrexia transient receptor potential channel mediates circadian clock synchronization to low temperature cycles in Drosophila melanogaster." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1768 (2013): 20130959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0959.
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Circadian clocks are endogenous approximately 24 h oscillators that temporally regulate many physiological and behavioural processes. In order to be beneficial for the organism, these clocks must be synchronized with the environmental cycles on a daily basis. Both light : dark and the concomitant daily temperature cycles (TCs) function as Zeitgeber (‘time giver’) and efficiently entrain circadian clocks. The temperature receptors mediating this synchronization have not been identified. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels function as thermo-receptors in animals, and here we show that the Pyrexia (Pyx) TRP channel mediates temperature synchronization in Drosophila melanogaster . Pyx is expressed in peripheral sensory organs (chordotonal organs), which previously have been implicated in temperature synchronization. Flies deficient for Pyx function fail to synchronize their behaviour to TCs in the lower range (16–20°C), and this deficit can be partially rescued by introducing a wild-type copy of the pyx gene. Synchronization to higher TCs is not affected, demonstrating a specific role for Pyx at lower temperatures. In addition, pyx mutants speed up their clock after being exposed to TCs. Our results identify the first TRP channel involved in temperature synchronization of circadian clocks.
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van Ede, Freek, Ole Jensen, and Eric Maris. "Supramodal Theta, Gamma, and Sustained Fields Predict Modality-specific Modulations of Alpha and Beta Oscillations during Visual and Tactile Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 8 (2017): 1455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01129.
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Flexible control over currently relevant sensory representations is an essential feature of primate cognition. We investigated the neurophysiological bases of such flexible control in humans during an intermodal working memory task in which participants retained visual or tactile sequences. Using magnetoencephalography, we first show that working memory retention engages early visual and somatosensory areas, as reflected in the sustained load-dependent suppression of alpha and beta oscillations. Next, we identify three components that are also load dependent but modality independent: medial prefrontal theta synchronization, frontoparietal gamma synchronization, and sustained parietal event-related fields. Critically, these domain-general components predict (across trials and within load conditions) the modality-specific suppression of alpha and beta oscillations, with largely unique contributions per component. Thus, working memory engages multiple complementary frontoparietal components that have discernible neuronal dynamics and that flexibly modulate retention-related activity in sensory areas in a manner that tracks the current contents of working memory.
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Tauste Campo, Adrià, Yuriria Vázquez, Manuel Álvarez, et al. "Feed-forward information and zero-lag synchronization in the sensory thalamocortical circuit are modulated during stimulus perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 15 (2019): 7513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819095116.
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The direction of functional information flow in the sensory thalamocortical circuit may play a role in stimulus perception, but, surprisingly, this process is poorly understood. We addressed this problem by evaluating a directional information measure between simultaneously recorded neurons from somatosensory thalamus (ventral posterolateral nucleus, VPL) and somatosensory cortex (S1) sharing the same cutaneous receptive field while monkeys judged the presence or absence of a tactile stimulus. During stimulus presence, feed-forward information (VPL → S1) increased as a function of the stimulus amplitude, while pure feed-back information (S1 → VPL) was unaffected. In parallel, zero-lag interaction emerged with increasing stimulus amplitude, reflecting externally driven thalamocortical synchronization during stimulus processing. Furthermore, VPL → S1 information decreased during error trials. Also, VPL → S1 and zero-lag interaction decreased when monkeys were not required to report the stimulus presence. These findings provide evidence that both the direction of information flow and the instant synchronization in the sensory thalamocortical circuit play a role in stimulus perception.
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Neumann, Joachim, Stefan Uppenkamp, and Birger Kollmeier. "Interaction of otoacoustic emissions with additional tones: suppression or synchronization?" Hearing Research 103, no. 1-2 (1997): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(96)00160-8.
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Weiss, T. F., and C. Rose. "A comparison of synchronization filters in different auditory receptor organs." Hearing Research 33, no. 2 (1988): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(88)90030-5.
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Hill, K. G., Gert Stange, and Jianwu Mo. "Temporal synchronization in the primary auditory response in the pigeon." Hearing Research 39, no. 1-2 (1989): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(89)90082-8.
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Bouvet, Cécile J., Benoît G. Bardy, Peter E. Keller, Simone Dalla Bella, Sylvie Nozaradan, and Manuel Varlet. "Accent-induced Modulation of Neural and Movement Patterns during Spontaneous Synchronization to Auditory Rhythms." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 12 (2020): 2260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01605.
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Human rhythmic movements spontaneously synchronize with auditory rhythms at various frequency ratios. The emergence of more complex relationships—for instance, frequency ratios of 1:2 and 1:3—is enhanced by adding a congruent accentuation pattern (binary for 1:2 and ternary for 1:3), resulting in a 1:1 movement–accentuation relationship. However, this benefit of accentuation on movement synchronization appears to be stronger for the ternary pattern than for the binary pattern. Here, we investigated whether this difference in accent-induced movement synchronization may be related to a difference in the neural tracking of these accentuation profiles. Accented and control unaccented auditory sequences were presented to participants who concurrently produced finger taps at their preferred frequency, and spontaneous movement synchronization was measured. EEG was recorded during passive listening to each auditory sequence. The results revealed that enhanced movement synchronization with ternary accentuation was accompanied by enhanced neural tracking of this pattern. Larger EEG responses at the accentuation frequency were found for the ternary pattern compared with the binary pattern. Moreover, the amplitude of accent-induced EEG responses was positively correlated with the magnitude of accent-induced movement synchronization across participants. Altogether, these findings show that the dynamics of spontaneous auditory–motor synchronization is strongly driven by the multi-time-scale sensory processing of auditory rhythms, highlighting the importance of considering neural responses to rhythmic sequences for understanding and enhancing synchronization performance.
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Tajima, Makoto, and Koji Choshi. "Effects of Learning and Movement Frequency on Polyrhythmic Tapping Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (2000): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.675.
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This study examined the effect of learning a complex bimanual coordination task at different movement frequencies. 30 subjects performed 5:3 polyrhythmic tapping at either high, medium, or low movement frequency on a rhythmic synchronization task and then reproduced the polyrhythmic pattern repeatedly in the spontaneous task. Analysis showed that practice on the synchronization task qualitatively changed correct responses into anticipatory ones. The synchronization learning of the polyrhythm caused the anticipatory responses and so, may involve memorization of serial positions within the polyrhythm. Also, more anticipatory responses were indicated in performance at the medium and low frequencies than at the high frequency on the synchronization task. In addition, deviations of taps from expected tapping positions were observed in performance of the spontaneous task at the high frequency. These results suggest that the movement frequency qualitatively influenced the learning of this bimanual coordination. Especially at the high frequency, frequent shifts to other coordination patterns occurred on the spontaneous task. This means that the performance at higher frequency is more strongly affected by entrainment between the two hands.
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Castro-Meneses, Leidy J., and Paul F. Sowman. "Stop signals delay synchrony more for finger tapping than vocalization: a dual modality study of rhythmic synchronization in the stop signal task." PeerJ 6 (July 12, 2018): e5242. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5242.
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Background A robust feature of sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) performance in finger tapping to an auditory pacing signal is the negative asynchrony of the tap with respect to the pacing signal. The Paillard–Fraisse hypothesis suggests that negative asynchrony is a result of inter-modal integration, in which the brain compares sensory information across two modalities (auditory and tactile). The current study compared the asynchronies of vocalizations and finger tapping in time to an auditory pacing signal. Our first hypothesis was that vocalizations have less negative asynchrony compared to finger tapping due to the requirement for sensory integration within only a single (auditory) modality (intra-modal integration). However, due to the different measurements for vocalizations and finger responses, interpreting the comparison between these two response modalities is problematic. To address this problem, we included stop signals in the synchronization task. The rationale for this manipulation was that stop signals would perturb synchronization more in the inter-modal compared to the intra-modal task. We hypothesized that the inclusion of stop signals induce proactive inhibition, which reduces negative asynchrony. We further hypothesized that any reduction in negative asynchrony occurs to a lesser degree for vocalization than for finger tapping. Method A total of 30 participants took part in this study. We compared SMS in a single sensory modality (vocalizations (or auditory) to auditory pacing signal) to a dual sensory modality (fingers (or tactile) to auditory pacing signal). The task was combined with a stop signal task in which stop signals were relevant in some blocks and irrelevant in others. Response-to-pacing signal asynchronies and stop signal reaction times were compared across modalities and across the two types of stop signal blocks. Results In the blocks where stopping was irrelevant, we found that vocalization (−61.47 ms) was more synchronous with the auditory pacing signal compared to finger tapping (−128.29 ms). In the blocks where stopping was relevant, stop signals induced proactive inhibition, shifting the response times later. However, proactive inhibition (26.11 ms) was less evident for vocalizations compared to finger tapping (58.06 ms). Discussion These results support the interpretation that relatively large negative asynchrony in finger tapping is a consequence of inter-modal integration, whereas smaller asynchrony is associated with intra-modal integration. This study also supports the interpretation that intra-modal integration is more sensitive to synchronization discrepancies compared to inter-modal integration.
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Cho, Ayoung, Sung Park, Hyunwoo Lee, and Mincheol Whang. "Non-Contact Measurement of Empathy Based on Micro-Movement Synchronization." Sensors 21, no. 23 (2021): 7818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237818.
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Tracking consumer empathy is one of the biggest challenges for advertisers. Although numerous studies have shown that consumers’ empathy affects purchasing, there are few quantitative and unobtrusive methods for assessing whether the viewer is sharing congruent emotions with the advertisement. This study suggested a non-contact method for measuring empathy by evaluating the synchronization of micro-movements between consumers and people within the media. Thirty participants viewed 24 advertisements classified as either empathy or non-empathy advertisements. For each viewing, we recorded the facial data and subjective empathy scores. We recorded the facial micro-movements, which reflect the ballistocardiography (BCG) motion, through the carotid artery remotely using a camera without any sensory attachment to the participant. Synchronization in cardiovascular measures (e.g., heart rate) is known to indicate higher levels of empathy. We found that through cross-entropy analysis, the more similar the micro-movements between the participant and the person in the advertisement, the higher the participant’s empathy scores for the advertisement. The study suggests that non-contact BCG methods can be utilized in cases where sensor attachment is ineffective (e.g., measuring empathy between the viewer and the media content) and can be a complementary method to subjective empathy scales.
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Liu, Chia Ju, Chin Fei Huang, Chia Yi Chou, et al. "The Influence of 40 Hz Electromagnetic Wave Induce Phase-Synchronization on Brain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 311 (February 2013): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.491.
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Auditory phase-synchronization near 40Hz is reportedly related to sensory stimulation. This study applied the phase synchrony analysis and Bi-coherence analyses to analyze the electroencephalographic measurements. Four experimental stages were conducted with 34 healthy high school students to collect the data: (A) resting with eyes closed, (B) listening to the classical music, (C) resting with eyes closed, and (D) listening to popular music. The result shows that the whole brain phase-synchronization occurs at 40Hz and lasts about 400 ms, which is quite different from the estimated 40Hz phase-coupling lasting about 20–25 ms in previous studies and seems to play an important role in inducing auditory attention loss. Additionally, the result also shows that hypersynchronous states may affect perceptual processing. This study develops an original nonlinear time serial analytical approach and suggests that 40Hz phase-synchronization might be an important indicator in perceptual process.
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Taga, Gentaro, Hama Watanabe, and Fumitaka Homae. "Spatiotemporal properties of cortical haemodynamic response to auditory stimuli in sleeping infants revealed by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1955 (2011): 4495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0238.
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Multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used as a neuroimaging tool to study functional activation of the developing brain in infants. In this paper, we focus on spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical oxygenation changes during sensory processing in young infants. We use a 94-channel NIRS system to assess the activity of wide regions of the cortex in quietly sleeping three-month-old infants. Auditory stimuli composed of a random sequence of pure tones induced haemodynamic changes not only in the temporal auditory regions, but also in the occipital and frontal regions. Analyses of phase synchronization showed that mutual synchronizations of signal changes among the cortical regions were much stronger than the stimulus-induced synchronizations of signal changes. Furthermore, analyses of phase differences among cortical regions revealed phase advancement of the bilateral temporal auditory regions, and phase gradient in a posterior direction from the temporal auditory regions to the occipital regions and in an anterior direction within the frontal regions. We argue that multi-channel NIRS is capable of detecting the precise timing of cortical activation and its flow in the global network of the developing brain.
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Knyazeva, Maria G., Cristian Carmeli, Eleonora Fornari, et al. "Binding under Conflict Conditions: State–Space Analysis of Multivariate EEG Synchronization." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 9 (2011): 2363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21588.
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Real-world objects are often endowed with features that violate Gestalt principles. In our experiment, we examined the neural correlates of binding under conflict conditions in terms of the binding-by-synchronization hypothesis. We presented an ambiguous stimulus (“diamond illusion”) to 12 observers. The display consisted of four oblique gratings drifting within circular apertures. Its interpretation fluctuates between bound (“diamond”) and unbound (component gratings) percepts. To model a situation in which Gestalt-driven analysis contradicts the perceptually explicit bound interpretation, we modified the original diamond (OD) stimulus by speeding up one grating. Using OD and modified diamond (MD) stimuli, we managed to dissociate the neural correlates of Gestalt-related (OD vs. MD) and perception-related (bound vs. unbound) factors. Their interaction was expected to reveal the neural networks synchronized specifically in the conflict situation. The synchronization topography of EEG was analyzed with the multivariate S-estimator technique. We found that good Gestalt (OD vs. MD) was associated with a higher posterior synchronization in the beta-gamma band. The effect of perception manifested itself as reciprocal modulations over the posterior and anterior regions (theta/beta-gamma bands). Specifically, higher posterior and lower anterior synchronization supported the bound percept, and the opposite was true for the unbound percept. The interaction showed that binding under challenging perceptual conditions is sustained by enhanced parietal synchronization. We argue that this distributed pattern of synchronization relates to the processes of multistage integration ranging from early grouping operations in the visual areas to maintaining representations in the frontal networks of sensory memory.
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Saito, Yuka, Tomoki Maezawa, and Jun I. Kawahara. "Beat Patterns Determine Inter-Hand Differences in Synchronization Error in a Bimanual Coordination Tapping Task." i-Perception 12, no. 5 (2021): 204166952110538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211053882.
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A previous study reported the unique finding that people tapping a beat pattern with the right hand produce larger negative synchronization error than when tapping with the left hand or other effectors, in contrast to previous studies that have shown that the hands tap patterns simultaneously without any synchronization errors. We examined whether the inter-hand difference in synchronization error occurred due to handedness or to a specificity of the beat pattern employed in that study. Two experiments manipulated the hand–beat assignments. A comparison between the identical beat to the pacing signal and a beat with a longer interval excluded the handedness hypothesis and demonstrated that beat patterns with relatively shorter intervals were tapped earlier (Experiment 1). These synchronization errors were not local but occurred consistently throughout the beat patterns. Experiment 2 excluded alternative explanations. These results indicate that the apparent inconsistency in previous studies was due to the specificity of the beat patterns, suggesting that a beat pattern with a relatively shorter interval between hands is tapped earlier than beats with longer intervals. Our finding that the bimanual tapping of different beat patterns produced different synchronization errors suggests that the notion of a central timing system may need to be revised.