Academic literature on the topic 'Sensory urbanism'

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Journal articles on the topic "Sensory urbanism"

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Maringanti, Anant. "Seizing the Day for Southern Urbanism: Reflections from the Lockdown." Urbanisation 5, no. 1 (May 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747120970803.

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COVID-19 and the lockdown have challenged urbanists to rethink many of their core practices. As we return to a ‘new normal’, it is important to articulate responses to present challenges through the manner in which we have taught Southern urbanism over the last decade. One of the early lessons of Southern urban practice was that the field had to be our primary site of pedagogy. It is important, too, to recognise and value what this experience teaches us about theory, knowledge and practice. Over the last decade, I have been among a small band of urbanists in India and across the world who have been attempting to craft new learning and teaching contexts where experience and sensory perceptions are privileged but not at the expense of abstraction and concept building. As we witness uncertainty of an unprecedented degree, it is only through praxis and concept-forming informing each other that new theory will emerge. It will not emerge from any single source. This democratisation of practice is the single most important outcome of the last 3 months.
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Jaffe, Rivke, Eveline Dürr, Gareth A. Jones, Alessandro Angelini, Alana Osbourne, and Barbara Vodopivec. "What does poverty feel like? Urban inequality and the politics of sensation." Urban Studies 57, no. 5 (March 19, 2019): 1015–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018820177.

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The emergent field of ‘sensory urbanism’ studies how socio-spatial boundaries are policed through sensorial means. Such studies have tended to focus on either formal policies that seek to control territories and populations through a governance of the senses, or on more everyday micro-politics of exclusion where conflicts are articulated in a sensory form. This article seeks to extend this work by concentrating on contexts where people deliberately seek out sensory experiences that disturb their own physical sense of comfort and belonging. While engagement across lines of sensorial difference may often be antagonistic, we argue for a more nuanced exploration of sense disruption that attends to the complex political potential of sensory urbanism. Specifically, we focus on the politics of sensation in tours of low-income urban areas. Tourists enter these areas to immerse themselves in a different environment, to be moved by urban deprivation and to feel its affective force. What embodied experiences do tourists and residents associate with urban poverty? How do guides mobilise these sensations in tourism encounters, and what is their potential to disrupt established hierarchies of socio-spatial value? Drawing on a collaborative research project in Kingston, Mexico City, New Orleans and Rio de Janeiro, the article explores how tours offer tourists a sense of what poverty feels like. Experiencing these neighbourhoods in an intimate, embodied fashion often allows tourists to feel empathy and solidarity, yet these feelings are balanced by a sense of discomfort and distance, reminding tourists in a visceral way that they do not belong.
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González, T., D. Sol, J. Saenz, D. Clavijo, and H. García. "URBAN MULTISENSORY LABORATORY, AN APPROACH TO MODEL URBAN SPACE HUMAN PERCEPTION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W3 (September 25, 2017): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w3-29-2017.

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An urban sensory lab (USL or LUS an acronym in Spanish) is a new and avant-garde approach for studying and analyzing a city. The construction of this approach allows the development of new methodologies to identify the emotional response of public space users. The laboratory combines qualitative analysis proposed by urbanists and quantitative measures managed by data analysis applications. USL is a new approach to go beyond the borders of urban knowledge. The design thinking strategy allows us to implement methods to understand the results provided by our technique. In this first approach, the interpretation is made by hand. However, our goal is to combine design thinking and machine learning in order to analyze the qualitative and quantitative data automatically. Now, the results are being used by students from the Urbanism and Architecture courses in order to get a better understanding of public spaces in Puebla, Mexico and its interaction with people.
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Thadani, Dhiru. "Drawn to travel." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 1 (November 20, 2020): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi1.348.

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Drawing is integral to the profession of architecture, urbanism, and building. Being a design professional requires a commitment to lifelong learning and the constant pursuit of knowledge. Drawing and writing help catalog knowledge gained. The collection of experiences and memories serve as a design resource to draw upon. Taking photographs or reading magazine articles is a poor substitute for the well of ideas one collects while making an in situ drawing. It is not only a visual exercise, but a sensory immersion in sound, smell, feeling, and light. Drawing is experience. Drawing is research. Sketchbooks are stored experiences. Drawn ideas are remembered ideas, and travel is a design generator — especially if we draw.
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Cooper, Emily, Ian R. Cook, and Charlotte Bilby. "Sex Work, Sensory Urbanism and Visual Criminology: Exploring the Role of the Senses in Shaping Residential Perceptions of Brothels in Blackpool." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 42, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12581.

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D’Amico, Gaspare, Pasqua L’Abbate, Wenjie Liao, Tan Yigitcanlar, and Giuseppe Ioppolo. "Understanding Sensor Cities: Insights from Technology Giant Company Driven Smart Urbanism Practices." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 4391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164391.

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The data-driven approach to sustainable urban development is becoming increasingly popular among the cities across the world. This is due to cities’ attention in supporting smart and sustainable urbanism practices. In an era of digitalization of urban services and processes, which is upon us, platform urbanism is becoming a fundamental tool to support smart urban governance, and helping in the formation of a new version of cities—i.e., City 4.0. This new version utilizes urban dashboards and platforms in its operations and management tasks of its complex urban metabolism. These intelligent systems help in maintaining the robustness of our cities, integrating various sensors (e.g., internet-of-things) and big data analysis technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence) with the aim of optimizing urban infrastructures and services (e.g., water, waste, energy), and turning the urban system into a smart one. The study generates insights from the sensor city best practices by placing some of renowned projects, implemented by Huawei, Cisco, Google, Ericsson, Microsoft, and Alibaba, under the microscope. The investigation findings reveal that the sensor city approach: (a) Has the potential to increase the smartness and sustainability level of cities; (b) Manages to engage citizens and companies in the process of planning, monitoring and analyzing urban processes; (c) Raises awareness on the local environmental, social and economic issues, and; (d) Provides a novel city blueprint for urban administrators, managers and planners. Nonetheless, the use of advanced technologies—e.g., real-time monitoring stations, cloud computing, surveillance cameras—poses a multitude of challenges related to: (a) Quality of the data used; (b) Level of protection of traditional and cybernetic urban security; (c) Necessary integration between the various urban infrastructure, and; (d) Ability to transform feedback from stakeholders into innovative urban policies.
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Giordan, Daniele, Davide Notti, Alfredo Villa, Francesco Zucca, Fabiana Calò, Antonio Pepe, Furio Dutto, Paolo Pari, Marco Baldo, and Paolo Allasia. "Low cost, multiscale and multi-sensor application for flooded area mapping." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 30, 2018): 1493–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1493-2018.

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Abstract. Flood mapping and estimation of the maximum water depth are essential elements for the first damage evaluation, civil protection intervention planning and detection of areas where remediation is needed. In this work, we present and discuss a methodology for mapping and quantifying flood severity over floodplains. The proposed methodology considers a multiscale and multi-sensor approach using free or low-cost data and sensors. We applied this method to the November 2016 Piedmont (northwestern Italy) flood. We first mapped the flooded areas at the basin scale using free satellite data from low- to medium-high-resolution from both the SAR (Sentinel-1, COSMO-Skymed) and multispectral sensors (MODIS, Sentinel-2). Using very- and ultra-high-resolution images from the low-cost aerial platform and remotely piloted aerial system, we refined the flooded zone and detected the most damaged sector. The presented method considers both urbanised and non-urbanised areas. Nadiral images have several limitations, in particular in urbanised areas, where the use of terrestrial images solved this limitation. Very- and ultra-high-resolution images were processed with structure from motion (SfM) for the realisation of 3-D models. These data, combined with an available digital terrain model, allowed us to obtain maps of the flooded area, maximum high water area and damaged infrastructures.
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Cassarino, Marica, Eleanor Bantry-White, and Annalisa Setti. "Cognitive and Sensory Dimensions of Older People’s Preferences of Outdoor Spaces for Walking: A Survey Study in Ireland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081340.

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Background: Physical exercise, particularly walking, benefits healthy ageing. Understanding the environmental circumstances in which exercise occurs is crucial to the promotion of physical activity in older age. Most studies have focused on the structural dimensions of environments that may foster walking; however, individual differences in how older people perceive and interact with outdoor spaces need further attention. This study explored the cognitive and sensory dimensions of preferences of outdoor spaces for walking. Methods: We invited 112 healthy community-dwelling people aged ≥60 years to complete a survey to test associations between walking preferences and cognitive/sensory vulnerability. A subsample also completed focus groups/walk along interviews to explore qualitatively the cognitive/sensory reasons for outdoor walking preferences. Results: While most participants indicated a preference for outdoor spaces that offer variety and greenery, we observed a complex association between individual cognitive/sensory needs (stimulation seeking vs. avoidance), preferences for social interactions, and the place of residence urbanity level. Furthermore, walking preferences varied based on the purpose of the walk (recreation vs. transportation). Conclusions: Our findings support an ecological approach to understanding determinants of physical activity in older age, which consider the interaction between individual cognitive processing and the environment.
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Bebelaar, Niek, Robin Christian Braggaar, Catharina Marianne Kleijwegt, Roeland Willem Erik Meulmeester, Gina Michailidou, Nebras Salheb, Stefan van der Spek, Noortje Vaissier, and Edward Verbree. "Monitoring urban environmental phenomena through a wireless distributed sensor network." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 7, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-10-2017-0046.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide local environmental information to raise community’s environmental awareness, as a cornerstone to improve the quality of the built environment. Next to that, it provides environmental information to professionals and academia in the fields of urbanism and urban microclimate, making it available for reuse. Design/methodology/approach The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensor platforms deployed at fixed locations in the urban environment, measuring temperature, humidity, noise and air quality. Measurements are transferred to a server via long range wide area network (LoRaWAN). Data are also processed and publicly disseminated via the server. The WSN is made interactive as to increase user involvement, i.e. people who pass by a physical sensor in the city can interact with the sensor platform and request specific environmental data in near real time. Findings Microclimate phenomena such as temperature, humidity and air quality can be successfully measured with a WSN. Noise measurements are less suitable to send over LoRaWAN due to high temporal variations. Research limitations/implications Further testing and development of the sensor modules is needed to ensure consistent measurements and data quality. Practical implications Due to time and budget limitations for the project group, it was not possible to gather reliable data for noise and air quality. Therefore, conclusions on the effect of the measurements on the built environment cannot currently be drawn. Originality/value An autonomously working low-cost low-energy WSN gathering near real-time environmental data is successfully deployed. Ensuring data quality of the measurement results is subject for upcoming research.
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Swolkień, Jacek, Marek Tomaszek, and Wiktor Halecki. "URBAN NETWORK OF AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT NODES." Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 1 (2021): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2021.1.23.

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Smart city is a city that increases the interactivity of its components and put emphasis on their functionality. Internet of Things technology (IoT) is an innovative solution in environmental protection. Usually, information on air quality is very scattered. This paper describes the test stages of pre-implementation works, focusing on the presentation of the technical design of the measurement nodes and the assumptions of the IT project. The goal of the project Intelligent Wireless Sensor Network Infrastructure (IIBSC) is, among others, to create a dense network of air quality measurement nodes at city, district or even street level. The concept is based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology using a matrix construction tool connected to multiple identical measurement nodes located in the test area. The project developed a hardware platform supporting sensors and resistant to external factors, and an ISIMPIO information platform based on edge processing technology for processing data from air quality sensors. Due to the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, an edge server using edge processing was designed. Edge server provides a complete ecosystem for building edge applications that are fully optimized for seamless field work. In addition, it allows the implementation of integrated Python software, the MQ Telemetry Transport support protocol (MQTT), time-series database, firmware update over a wireless network, and built-in security system. Measuring the concentration of particulate matter and other substances in the air will be useful for specialists assessing their dynamics. The technology and test installation selected corresponds to the leading solutions in this field in Europe and, in the future, should also be extended to less urbanised areas.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sensory urbanism"

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Randall, William Sanford. "How Methane Made the Mountain: The Material Ghost and the Technological Sublime in Methane Ghosts." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460722538.

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Garrido, Joana Rodrigues. "TURF: a low cost solution for tracking firemen in urban fires." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14663.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações
When in critical emergency scenarios, first responders are submitted to highly stressful and risky situations. In order to help them dealing with these conditions, the VitalResponder project started and is now capable of continuously monitor the vital signs of firemen with wearable technologies. This provides to the chief of operations the capability to evaluate the health conditions of his firefighters and react according to their needs. The localization of firemen is an important factor when dealing with urban fires. Due to low visibility and difficult communication conditions, is essential for each fireman to be aware of his colleagues’ whereabouts for organization and, in case of need, rescue matters. The idea behind this dissertation is to build a simple and low cost tracking system, embedded in the VitalResponder wearable technology, which can give information about the presence of a fireman or a wall and its distance. The simplest answer found to this problem was sensor fusion using an infrared sensor, to distinguish a wall from a fireman, and an ultrasound sensor, to provide the distance to the obstacle/colleague.
Em cenários críticos de emergência, as equipas de resposta são submetidas a situações de stress e risco extremamente elevados. Para os ajudar a reagir, deu-se início ao projeto VitalResponder que é atualmente capaz de monitorizar continuamente os sinais vitais dos bombeiros devido à tecnologia embutida nos seus fatos. Este sistema fornece ao comandante de operações a capacidade de avaliar as condições de saúde dos seus bombeiros e agir de acordo com as suas necessidades. A localização de bombeiros é um fator muito importante em situações de incêndios urbanos. Devido às fracas condições de visibilidade e comunicação, é essencial que cada bombeiro tenha noção da posição dos seus colegas por questões de organização e salvamento. O objetivo desta dissertação é construir um sistema simples e de baixo custo, que será incorporado no projeto VitalResponder, e fornecerá informações acerca da presença de um bombeiro ou uma parede e a sua respetiva distância. A solução mais simples para este problema é utilizar fusão sensorial de um sensor infravermelho, para distinguir uma parede de um bombeiro, e um sensor de ultrassom, para medir a distância ao obstáculo/colega.
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Moreira, Romero da Costa. "Estudo espectral de alvos urbanos com imagens do sensor HSS (Hyperspectral Scanner System)." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2008. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m18@80/2008/07.03.20.00.

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Estudou-se a caracterização espectral e discriminação de alvos urbanos da cidade de São José dos Campos SP, com imagens do sensor aerotransportado HSS (Hyperspectral Scanner System), adquiridas com 3 metros de resolução espacial, e de espectros de campo e laboratório. A imagem (37 bandas entre 400-2400 nm) foi convertida de valores de radiância para reflectância de superfície usando um aplicativo baseado no modelo de transferência radiativa MODTRAN 4. A missão de imageamento, ocorrida em maio de 2006, foi precedida por testes de funcionamento e da calibração do sensor: verificações do ruído inerente do dado, da calibração espacial, da calibração espectral e da calibração radiométrica. Uma biblioteca espectral de materiais urbanos foi obtida com medições de laboratório/campo e da inspeção dos espectros de pixels. A influência da degradação da resolução espectral e a importância da região do SWIR (infravermelho de ondas curtas) na discriminação de alvos urbanos foi avaliada através da simulação da resolução espectral de sensores multiespectrais (QuickBird, HRG/Spot-5 e ETM+/Landsat-7) com os dados HSS e de classificação por regressão logística. Para avaliar a influência da resolução espacial na discriminação desses alvos, a imagem HSS foi degradada de 3 para 9 m usando filtragem de textura. Finalmente, testou-se o potencial do uso das técnicas SAM (Spectral Angle Mapper) e SFF (Spectral Feature Fitting) para a identificação de materiais com resposta espectral bem definida na cena. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: (1) foi confirmada a adequação da calibração espacial do sensor e verificado um ruído inferior a 1,5% em 33 bandas das 37 disponíveis no espectro refletido, quando utilizada uma freqüência de varredura de até 25 Hz para o imageamento, mas os testes espectrais indicaram um desvio de aproximadamente +17 nm no posicionamento espectral originalmente apresentado nas bandas próximas a 940 nm; (2) a correção atmosférica da imagem HSS foi adequada após um ajuste de -17 nm no posicionamento espectral das bandas do VNIR (visível e infravermelho próximo), apesar das dificuldades de restituição das feições de absorção por vapor dágua (940 nm) e do CO2 (2050 nm); (3) espectros de reflectância de alvos urbanos da imagem HSS corresponderam aos das medições de campo, e revelaram poucas feições de absorção características em geral, exceto para telhados de cerâmica de argila, materiais plásticos (como PVC e PET) ou pinturas; (4) foi verificada redução na precisão da classificação da regressão logística com a simulação das bandas dos sensores multiespectrais, mas o maior impacto foi decorrente da eliminação de bandas no SWIR; (5) a degradação da resolução espacial só provocou a redução da classificação nas classes de alvos de menores dimensões, sendo a influência da mistura espectral muito mais forte nesses resultados; e (6) a técnica SAM , além da simplicidade de utilização, possibilitou boa identificação de classes genéricas de alvos urbanos, o que não foi verificado com a utilização do mapeamento SFF.
Images acquired with 3 meters of spatial resolution by the airborne HSS (Hyperspectral Scanner System) sensor and field/laboratory reflectance data were used for the spectral characterization and discrimination of urban materials in São José dos Campos city (State of São Paulo, Brazil). HSS data (37 bands between 400 and 2400 nm) were converted from radiance values into atmospherically corrected surface reflectance images using the MODTRAN 4 based radiative transfer code. The flight campaign on May 2006 was preceded by system functioning and sensor calibration tests: assessment of the sensor spatial, spectral and radiometric calibrations, and of the signal-to-noise ratio. A spectral library of urban materials was acquired from field/laboratory measurements and from selected pixel spectra. The influence of band positioning and bandwidth, especially the shortwave infrared (SWIR) interval, on the discrimination of urban materials was investigated through spectral resolution simulation of selected multispectral sensors (QuickBird, HRG/Spot-5 and ETM+/Landsat-7) and from classification information derived from logistic regression analysis. To evaluate the spatial resolution influence on the discrimination of these materials, the HSS image was degraded from 3 to 9 meters of spatial resolution using texture filtering. Finally, spectral identification of specific urban materials of the study area was tested with the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF) techniques. Results showed that: (1) the sensor spatial calibration was adequate with a noise below 1.5% in 33 of all 37 available bands in reflective interval when using a scanner frequency up to 25 Hz for imaging. However, spectral tests indicated a deviation of around +17 nm from the original spectral positioning of bands near 940 nm; (2) despite the persistent artifacts in water vapor (940 nm) and CO2 (2050 nm) absorption features, the atmospheric correction was adequate after a small spectral adjustment (less than 17 nm) of the original spectral calibration in the visible/near infrared (VNIR) bands; (3) reflectance pixel spectra of urban materials matched the field measurements, confirming the general featureless nature of the urban spectra, except for signatures of clay ceramic roofs, plastic materials (e.g., PVC and PET) and painted surfaces; (4) a decrease in logistic regression classification accuracy was observed after the simulation of multispectral sensors, but the major impact on classification was due to the absence of the SWIR bands; (5) from the original 3 meters to the degraded 9 meters of spatial resolution, a decrease in classification accuracy was observed only for small objects because of the prevalent and coupled spectral mixture effects of neighboring materials; and, (6) the SAM technique was easily applied over the data and showed better potential of discrimination of urban materials than the SFF technique.
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Gutiérrez, Pérez Joanna Alicia. "Monitorización, detección y estimación de estados de fallo en la calidad del agua de redes de distribución urbanas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/169363.

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[ES] La vulnerabilidad de los sistemas denominados de infraestructura crítica (IC), entre ellos los sistemas de distribución de agua potable (SDAP), ha sido uno de los temas de investigación de gran relevancia durante las últimas décadas, particularmente enmarcado en un contexto de peligro y/o amenaza. En general, los sistemas de IC proveen servicios esenciales para la sociedad actual. La seguridad, el crecimiento económico y el bienestar social de un país pueden verse comprometidos cuando alguno de esos sistemas es dañado, deshabilitado o interrumpido en su funcionamiento. Además de los accidentes y fallos característicos de los SDAPs, ciertos peligros y amenazas extraordinarios, tales como desastres naturales o actos relacionados con violencia a diferentes niveles, han generado un interés creciente entre gestores, tomadores de decisiones, ingenieros y la sociedad en general. El abastecimiento de agua potable es uno de los servicios fundamentales para el desarrollo de una ciudad y la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, un SDAP tiene propiedades que lo hacen especialmente vulnerable en comparación con otros sistemas. La interrupción total o parcial del suministro de agua por un período de tiempo, causa graves efectos en los usuarios y en el resto de sistemas que dependen de él. Debido a su importancia como infraestructuras, los SDAPs han sido un objetivo especialmente atrayente para ataques maliciosos, específicamente, posibles eventos de contaminación intencional. Este tipo de sucesos ha puesto de manifiesto las debilidades de estos sistemas y la necesidad de establecer medidas de prevención y mitigación que mejoren su seguridad, evitando que la salud de los usuarios sea afectada. En la literatura se pueden encontrar diversos métodos para evaluar, prevenir y mitigar aspectos asociados a la vulnerabilidad de las ICs. Entre ellos se encuentra el enfoque de la teoría de redes complejas, basada en las técnicas de la teoría de grafos, que ha sido ampliamente utilizado, entre otros fines, para obtener parámetros relacionados con la estructura y conectividad de los elementos de una IC, para identificar los elementos más importantes, y para analizar el impacto en el funcionamiento del sistema debido a la eliminación de uno o más elementos. Investigaciones recientes han demostrado la validez de estas técnicas para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de redes de diversa clase y, particularmente, de las redes de distribución de agua (RDAs). Mediante la abstracción de la RDA a un grafo con características especiales (donde los arcos son las líneas hidráulicas y los vértices son los puntos de consumo) es posible cuantificar sus atributos estructurales, facilitando su análisis a un nivel de detalle más preciso, incluida la división en sectores. Esta tesis doctoral surge de la motivación de abordar este tema y de enfocarlo en la identificación y prevención de eventos de fallo en la calidad del agua. El estudio se centra en el análisis de la RDA que, por la ordenación y exposición de los diferentes elementos que la componen, es la parte más vulnerable de todo el sistema. Bajo el marco conceptual de la teoría de redes, se cuantifican atributos como la robustez y redundancia de la estructura de la RDA. Además, se utiliza el algoritmo evolutivo multiagente Agent Swarm Optimization (ASO) para identificar los lugares óptimos para ubicar sensores de monitorización de la calidad del agua, como una medida de vigilancia preventiva de cara a un evento de contaminación intencional o accidental. Al medir continuamente parámetros de la calidad del agua, entre ellos la conductividad, el pH, la concentración de diferentes sustancias y otros parámetros relacionados, directamente desde la red, una red adecuada de estos sensores ayudará a las empresas de distribución de agua a detectar la intrusión de contaminantes y a evaluar los problemas de calidad en sus redes. Decidir dónde colocar los sensores en la red y cuántos de ellos deben colocarse es un problema difícil de enfrentar, debido a la naturaleza de los objetivos que implica. Los objetivos contemplados en este trabajo son: el tiempo de detección, el volumen de agua contaminada consumida, el fallo de detección y los costes de implementación. Esta tesis presenta una forma de resolver el problema mencionado mediante la hibridación de la teoría de redes y el enfoque multiobjetivo del algoritmo ASO. Finalmente, la contribución principal de esta tesis es una metodología que ayude a las empresas de agua a establecer redes de monitoreo para detectar y estimar con rapidez posibles fallos en la calidad del agua, y que dé soporte a la toma de decisiones y a la mejora de la seguridad. Para demostrar el funcionamiento de la metodología propuesta, se presenta un caso de estudio referido a una red real, con el que se demuestran las posibilidades del acoplamiento de las técnicas propuestas. El resultado es un conjunto de posibles redes de sensores de calidad del agua, obtenido mediante un estudio a priori basado en el preproceso desarrollado a partir de la teoría de redes. Este conjunto es, posteriormente, ampliado y optimizado bajo el enfoque multiobjetivo de ASO, de modo que presente una cantidad suficiente de soluciones no dominadas de la frontera de Pareto del problema multiobjetivo estudiado. El fin último es dotar a los gestores del abastecimiento de una herramienta para seleccionar, mediante una toma de decisiones adecuada, aquella solución que mejor satisfaga, no solo lo requerimientos técnicos y económicos, sino otros menos objetivables que puedan existir.
[CA] La vulnerabilitat dels anomenats sistemes d'infraestructura crítica (IC), inclosos els sistemes de distribució d'aigua potable (SDAP), ha estat un dels temes de recerca altament rellevants de les darreres dècades, especialment emmarcat en un context de perill i/o amenaça. En general, els sistemes IC ofereixen serveis essencials per a la societat actual. La seguretat, el creixement econòmic i el benestar social d'un país es poden comprometre quan algun d'aquests sistemes es danya, es desactiva o s'interromp en el seu funcionament. A més dels accidents i falles característics dels SDAPs, certs perills i amenaces extraordinaris, com ara desastres naturals o actes relacionats amb la violència a diferents nivells, han generat un interès creixent entre els administradors, els responsables de la presa de decisions, els enginyers i la societat en general. El abastiment d'aigua potable és un dels serveis fonamentals per al desenvolupament d'una ciutat i la qualitat de vida dels ciutadans. No obstant això, un SDAP té propietats que el fan especialment vulnerable en comparació amb altres sistemes. La interrupció total o parcial de l'abastiment d'aigua durant un període de temps provoca greus efectes en els usuaris i en la resta de sistemes que en depenen. A causa de la seva importància com a infraestructures, els SDAPs han estat un objectiu especialment atractiu per a atacs maliciosos, específicament possibles esdeveniments de contaminació intencionals. Aquest tipus d'esdeveniments han posat de manifest les debilitats d'aquests sistemes i la necessitat d'establir mesures de prevenció i mitigació que millorin la seva seguretat, evitant que es vegi afectada la salut dels usuaris. Es poden trobar diversos mètodes a la literatura per avaluar, prevenir i mitigar aspectes associats a la vulnerabilitat de les ICs. Entre ells es troba l'enfocament complex de la teoria de xarxes, basat en les tècniques de la teoria de grafs, que s'ha utilitzat àmpliament, entre altres finalitats, per obtenir paràmetres relacionats amb l'estructura i la connectivitat dels elements d'una IC, per identificar-ne els elements més crítics, i analitzar l'impacte en el funcionament del sistema a causa de l'eliminació d'un o més elements. Investigacions recents han demostrat la validesa d'aquestes tècniques per avaluar la vulnerabilitat de xarxes de diversos tipus i, en particular, de xarxes de distribució d'aigua (XDAs). Abstraient la XDA a un gràfic amb característiques especials (on els arcs són les línies hidràuliques i els vèrtexs són els punts de consum) és possible quantificar-ne els atributs estructurals, facilitant les anàlisis a un nivell de detall més precís, inclosa la divisió en sectors. Aquesta tesi doctoral sorgeix de la motivació per abordar aquesta qüestió i centrar-se en la identificació i prevenció d'esdeveniments de fallida en la qualitat de l'aigua. L'estudi se centra en l'anàlisi de la XDA que, a causa de la disposició i exposició dels diferents elements que el componen, és la part més vulnerable de tot el sistema. Sota el marc conceptual de la teoria de xarxes, es quantifiquen atributs com la robustesa i la redundància de l'estructura de la XDA. A més, s'utilitza l'algorisme evolutiu multi-agent Agent Swarm Optimization (ASO) per identificar els llocs òptims per localitzar els sensors de control de la qualitat de l'aigua, com a mesura de vigilància preventiva davant d'un esdeveniment de contaminació intencional o accidental. Mesurant contínuament els paràmetres de qualitat de l'aigua, inclosa la conductivitat, el pH, la concentració de diferents substàncies i altres paràmetres relacionats, directament des de la xarxa, una xarxa adequada d'aquests sensors ajudarà les empreses de distribució d'aigua a detectar la intrusió de contaminants i avaluar els problemes de qualitat a les seves xarxes. Decidir on col·locar els sensors a la xarxa i quants d'ells s'hauria de col·locar és un problema difícil d’afrontar, a causa de la naturalesa dels objectius implicats. Els objectius considerats en aquest treball són: temps de detecció, volum d’aigua contaminada consumida, fallada de detecció i costos d’implementació. Aquesta tesi presenta una manera de resoldre el problema esmentat mitjançant la hibridació de la teoria de xarxes i l'enfocament multiobjectiu de l'algorisme ASO. Finalment, la principal contribució d’aquesta tesi és una metodologia destinada a ajudar les empreses d’aigua a establir xarxes de control per detectar i estimar ràpidament possibles fallades en la qualitat de l’aigua, i donar suport a la presa de decisions i la millora de la seguretat de l’aigua. Per demostrar el funcionament de la metodologia proposada, es presenta un cas d’estudi relacionat amb una xarxa real, amb la qual es demostren les possibilitats d'acoblament de les tècniques proposades.
[EN] The vulnerability of so-called critical infrastructure (CI) systems, including water distribution systems (WDSs), has been one of the highly relevant research topics in recent decades, particularly framed in a context of danger and/or threat. In general, CI systems provide essential services for today's society. The security, economic growth and social welfare of a country can be compromised when any of these systems is damaged, disabled or interrupted in its operation. In addition to the accidents and failures characteristic of WDSs, certain extraordinary dangers and threats, such as natural disasters or acts related to violence at different levels, have generated a growing interest among managers, decision makers, engineers and the society in general. The supply of drinking water is one of the fundamental services for the development of a city and the quality of life of citizens. However, a WDS has properties that make it especially vulnerable compared to other systems. The total or partial interruption of the water supply for a period of time, causes serious effects on the users and on the rest of the systems that depend on it. Due to their importance as infrastructures, WDSs have been an especially attractive target for malicious attacks, specifically potential intentional contamination events. This type of event has revealed the weaknesses of these systems and the need to establish prevention and mitigation measures that improve their safety, preventing the health of users from being affected. Various methods can be found in the literature to assess, prevent and mitigate aspects associated with the vulnerability of CIs. The complex network theory approach, based on the techniques of graph theory, is one of them. This approach has been widely used, among other purposes, to obtain parameters related to the structure and connectivity of the elements of an IC, to identify its most critical elements, and to analyze the impact on the operation of the system due to the elimination of one or more elements. Recent research has demonstrated the validity of these techniques for assessing the vulnerability of networks of various kinds and, particularly, of water distribution networks (WDNs). By abstracting the WDN to a graph with special characteristics (where the arcs are the hydraulic lines and the vertices are the consumption points) it is possible to quantify its structural attributes, facilitating analyses at a more precise level of detail, including the division into district metered areas. This doctoral thesis arises from the motivation to address this issue and to focus on the identification and prevention of failure events in water quality. The study focuses on the analysis of the WDN, which, due to the arrangement and exposure of the different elements integrating it, is the most vulnerable part of the entire system. Under the conceptual framework of the network theory, attributes such as robustness and redundancy of the WDN structure are quantified. In addition, the evolutionary multi-agent Agent Swarm Optimization (ASO) algorithm is used to identify optimal places to locate water quality monitoring sensors, as a preventive surveillance measure to face any accidental or intentional contamination event. By continuously measuring water quality parameters, including conductivity, pH, concentration of different substances and other related parameters, directly from the network, a suitable network of these quality sensors will help water distribution companies detect the intrusion of pollutants and assess quality problems in their networks. Deciding where to place the sensors on the network and how many of them should be placed is a difficult problem to face, due to the nature of the objectives involved. The objectives considered in this work are: detection time, volume of consumed contaminated water, detection failure and implementation costs. This thesis presents a way to solve the aforementioned problem through the hybridization of the network theory and the multi-objective approach of the ASO algorithm. With the graph theory, an approach to the search for possible solutions is sought, thus reducing the search space. With the ASO multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, instead of a unique specific solution, the idea is to find a wide range of solutions that represent the best tradeoff among all the objectives considered in the problem. Finally, the main contribution of this thesis is a methodology intended to help water companies to set monitoring networks to quickly detect and estimate possible failures in water quality, and to support decision-making and improvement of water safety. To demonstrate the operation of the proposed methodology, a case study related to a real-world network is presented, with which the possibilities of coupling the proposed techniques are demonstrated. The result is a set of water quality sensor networks, obtained through an a priori study based on the pre-process developed from the network theory. This set is later expanded and optimized under the ASO multi-objective approach, so that it presents a sufficient number of non-dominated solutions of the Pareto front of the studied multi-objective problem. The ultimate goal is to provide supply managers with a tool to select, through appropriate decision-making, the solution that best satisfies, not only technical and economic requirements, but also other less objective objectives that may exist.
Gutiérrez Pérez, JA. (2021). Monitorización, detección y estimación de estados de fallo en la calidad del agua de redes de distribución urbanas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/169363
TESIS
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Denardin, Gustavo Weber. "Roteamento geográfico para redes de sensores e atuadores sem fio em redes urbanas de comunicação." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3671.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Smart grids and smart utility networks are the next-generation utility networks that intend to provide efficient control and management of utilities such as electricity, natural gas, water and sewage. Communication technology is the essential element for enabling formation of networks where control messages and metering data can be exchanged. In this work it is shown that wireless sensor and actuator networks are suitable candidates to implement this intelligent networks. The main routing algorithms for this category of wireless network are investigated in order to verify its performance when applied to the characteristics of smart utility networks, which are mainly related for large scale networks formed by hundreds to thousands of devices. It is shown that geographic routing is one of the most suitable routing strategies for large scale wireless networks, due to its low overhead and high scalability features. Usually, a geographic routing scheme combines a geographic greedy forwarding with a recovery mechanism to solve the local minima problem. Solutions proposed in the literature commonly combine greedy forwarding with the well known face routing for achieving this goal. However, the average path length in number of hops produced by face routing could be much worse than the optimal topological path in most realistic scenarios. In this work, it is proposed a new intermediate procedure between the geographic greedy mode and the recovery mode in order to improve routing efficiency in number of hops, without network overhead. It exploits the optimal topological route to base stations, obtained by beacon messages, as a resource to find better routes than the ones created by face routing. It is shown by simulations that the proposed hybrid approach leads to a significant improvement of routing performance when applied to combined greedy-face routing algorithms. Furthermore, experimental results obtained through testbeds shown that the proposed maintenance procedures are capable of avoid uctuations in the network infrastructure, providing robust routes for packet forwarding in large scale networks.
Smart grids e redes urbanas de comunicação formam a próxima geração de redes que pretende fornecer controle e gestão é eficiente aos servicos publicos como eletricidade, gás natural, água e esgoto. A tecnologia de comunicação é o elemento essencial para permitir a formação de redes em que mensagens de controle e dados de medição possam ser transmitidos. Neste trabalho demonstra-se que as redes de sensores e atuadores sem fio são candidatas viáveis e adequadas para implementar estas redes. Os principais algoritmos de roteamento para esta categoria de rede sem fios são investigados, a fim de verificar o seu desempenho quando aplicados às características das redes urbanas de comunicação, que geralmente são redes de grande escala formadas por centenas a milhares de dispositivos. Ainda, demostra-se que o roteamento geográfico �e uma das estratégias mais adequadas de roteamento para redes sem fio de grande escala, devido às suas características de baixa sobrecarga e alta escalabilidade. Estes algoritmos geralmente combinam um encaminhamento geográfico greedy com um mecanismo de recuperação para solucionar o problema dos mínimos locais, sendo o roteamento por faces a solução mais empregada na literatura como método de recuperação. No entanto, o número médio de saltos nos caminhos produzidos pelo roteamento por faces pode ser muito maior do que o caminho topológico ótimo na maioria dos cenários reais. Neste trabalho propõe-se um procedimento intermediário entre o encaminhamento geográfico greedy e o modo de recuperação, a fim de melhorar a eficiência em número de saltos sem gerar sobrecarga de mensagens de controle. Este procedimento explora as rotas topológicas ótimas para as estações base como um recurso adicional para encontrar rotas melhores para outros nós do que as geradas pelo roteamento por faces. Demonstra-se ainda através de simulações que a abordagem híbrida proposta melhora significativamente o desempenho do encaminhamento de pacotes quando aplicada a algoritmos greedy combinados com roteamento por faces. Ademais, os resultados experimentais obtidos através da planta teste comprovam que os procedimentos de manutenção propostos são capazes de evitar flutuações na infra-estrutura de rede, oferecendo rotas robustas para o encaminhamento de pacotes em redes de grande escala.
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Bento, Bruna Maria Pechini. "Avaliação de classificadores por árvore de decisão e árvore de regressão em cenas urbanas do sensor WorldView-2." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2016. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2016/10.24.18.16.

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A Terceira Geração de Satélites Imageadores proporcionou a disponibilização de imagens orbitais com resoluções espaciais, espectrais, radiométricas e temporais mais detalhadas, abrindo novos caminhos para se explorar a complexidade espacial do fenômeno urbano. No entanto, a análise dessas imagens pelos métodos tradicionais, que envolvem classificadores pixel a pixel e por região, resultam em limitações no detalhamento de classes e consequentemente baixas acurácias. Dessa maneira, o aumento do conteúdo informativo deste novo tipo de imagens, exigiu dos usuários a busca por novas metodologias e ferramentas para analisá-los. A abordagem da análise de imagem baseada em objeto geográfico (GEOBIA - Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis) representou uma solução para superar essas limitações. A GEOBIA permite simular a visão contextual de um intérprete humano, através de modelos de conhecimento expressos por redes semânticas. A construção de modelos de conhecimento é uma tarefa complexa, a qual exige do intérprete o conhecimento prévio da cena e demanda um longo período para a sua realização. Neste sentido, técnicas de mineração de dados têm sido amplamente utilizadas como ferramenta de apoio para a construção da rede semântica. Estas vêm na vanguarda das tecnologias analisar de forma eficiente bancos de dados complexos, auxiliando os cientistas nas previsões não triviais. Um dos tipos de algoritmos mais utilizados na mineração de dados são as árvores de decisão. Na classificação de imagens orbitais, estes algoritmos selecionam de forma automática, dentre os atributos disponíveis, os mais adequados na caracterização das classes a serem discriminadas. O resultado é representado por uma árvore de decisão, que é um conjunto de regras aplicadas sobre os atributos disponíveis. Este conjunto de regras é posteriormente convertido em uma rede semântica, presente em plataformas de GEOBIA. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia empregando conjuntamente abordagens cognitivas e de mineração de dados com o objetivo de analisar o desempenho dos algoritmos de árvore de decisão e árvore de regressão para a classificação de cobertura do solo urbano. Como base para esta análise foi utilizada uma área teste do município de São José dos Campos - SP a partir de uma cena da imagem do sistema sensor óptico de alta resolução espacial WorldView-2. Ambos algoritmos apresentaram boas acurácias, sendo que a acurácia da árvore de decisão apresentou em média valores ligeiramente maiores do que a árvore de regressão. Quanto aos modelos de árvore obtidos nos experimentos, o algoritmo de árvore de decisão apresentou melhor capacidade de generalização na formulação das regras por atributo e, portanto, recorreu a um número menor de atributos e gerou menores tamanhos de árvores do que os gerados por árvore de regressão. As árvores de decisão testadas se apoiaram em mais de um programa computacional para executar suas análises, impondo desafios aos pesquisadores no que diz respeito a integração de dados, conversão de formato dos dados, o conhecimento do software a ser utilizado, além da replicação de arquivos. Uma vez que área de estudo cobre uma área geográfica reduzida e obteve um número elevado de objetos, quando for utilizada uma cena completa o volume de dados pode representar uma barreira ainda maior. Já as árvores de regressão testadas pertencem a uma plataforma integrada de GEOBIA, beneficiando o usuário quanto à redução de tempo para a realização de todas as etapas de análise de imagem.
The Third Generation of Image Satellites has enabled the availability of more detailed orbital images with spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolution. This opens new ways to explore the spatial complexity of the urban phenomenon. The analysis of those images through the traditional methods, which involves pixel-to-pixel and per region classifiers, results in limitations on class detail and, consequently, low accuracy. Therefore, the increase of the informative content of this new type of images has required from the users the search for new methodologies and tools to analyze them. The analysis approach of the image based on geographic object (GEOBIA Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis) represents a solution to overcome those limitations.The GEOBIA allows simulating the contextual view of a human interpreter using models of knowledge expressed by semantic networks.The construction of knowledge models is a complex task, which requires from the interpreter the previous knowledge of the scene and demands an extensive period for its realization. In this sense, data mining techniques have been widely used as a support tool for the construction of the semantic network.These come in the forefront of the technology to efficiently analyze complex databases, assisting scientists in non-trivial predictions. The decision trees are one of the most usedtypes of algorithms in data mining. In the classification of orbital images, those algorithms automatically select the most appropriate attributes to characterize the discriminated classes. The result is represented by a decision tree, which is a group of rules applied on the available attributes. This group of rules is afterwards converted in a semantic network, present in the GEOBIA platforms. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of the algorithms of the decision tree and the regression tree to classify the urban land coverage. It proposes for that a methodology that uses jointly cognitive approaches and data mining. A test area of São José dos Campos SP was used as the base for this analysis, which is a scene from the image of the spatial high resolution optic sensor WorldView-2.Both algorithms presented good accuracy and it is worth mentioning that the decision tree accuracy on average presented values slightly higher than the regression tree. In what regards the tree models obtained in the experiments, the decision tree algorithm showed better generalization capacity in the formulation of the rules by attribute. As a consequence, it resorted to a smaller number of attributes and generated smaller tree sizes than the ones generated by the regression tree.The tested decision trees were supported by several softwares in the execution of the analyses. This posed as a challenge to the researchers in what regards the data integration, data format conversion, knowledge of the utilized software and also file replication. Albeit this study covered a reduced geographic area, it presented a high number of objects. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that, in a complete scene, the data volume may represent a bigger barrier. On the other hand, the regression trees that were tested belong to an integrated platform of GEOBIA, which benefits the user in reducing the time spent to execute all the image analysis stages.
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Santos, Alessandro Santiago dos. "Análise espaçotemporal da qualidade do ar em vias urbanas por meio de redes de sensores com nós embarcados em ônibus coletivos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-26022018-151028/.

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Os veículos que compõem o tráfego urbano são considerados como o principal agente causador de poluição afetando diretamente a qualidade do ar nas cidades, sendo um desafio ter mecanismos de monitoramento que possibilitem uma visão geral das condições ambientais. Para proporcionar uma visão abrangente seria necessário um grande número de estações fixas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, além de um incremento constante para acompanhar o crescimento da cidade. Neste cenário, surge a oportunidade de instrumentação de ônibus coletivo com sensores que medem a qualidade do ar durante seu trajeto, assim aproveitando as características de mobilidade do transporte público, o qual transita em áreas povoadas, com postura dinâmica de crescimento, adaptando-se de forma coerente à mutabilidade populacional e geográfica da cidade. A presente tese apresenta novas formas de realizar análises espaçotemporais da qualidade do ar de regiões urbanas. Os modelos cartográficos criados permitem analisar regiões mapeadas usando perspectivas espaciais e temporais com informações obtidas de kits sensores móveis, para análises a cada 100 metros, promovendo uma resolução maior que os modelos tradicionais de monitoramento (escala quilométrica), os quais ainda não oferecem esta possibilidade. Esta maior resolução permite uma nova perspectiva de análises de microrregiões e, desta forma, permite que os especialista ou gestores urbanos possam entender melhor as situações, ao utilizarem as ferramentas e recursos apresentados pela presente tese. Para atingir os objetivos optou-se pela criação e validação de um kit sensor para ser hospedado em ônibus coletivo, o qual foi validado e testado, quanto à sua eficiência de medição. Este kit foi integrado a uma plataforma computacional construída para extrair e processar informações com algoritmos matemáticos. Todos os componentes da plataforma foram legitimados com experimentos que confirmaram as hipóteses inicialmente formuladas para validação. E por fim, mapeamentos com mais de 70 mil pontos foram utilizados na criação de modelos espaçotemporais para realização de estudo de caso de regiões da cidade de São Paulo, os quais demostraram os usos potenciais das proposições desta tese.
The vehicles in urban traffic are considered as the main cause of urban pollution with a direct impact on air quality, being a challenge to have monitoring tools that enable an overview of the environmental conditions influenced by vehicle emissions. One option is to instrument the entire city with low-cost fixed sensors to collect environmental data; however, to provide a comprehensive view would require a large number of sensors, and a constant increase to follow the growth of the city. In this scenario, arises the opportunity for urban bus instrumentation with sensors that measure the environmental pollution, to take advantage of the mobility characteristics of public transport, which moves in populated areas, with dynamic attitude of growth, adapting in a coherent way to population and geographic variability of the city. This PhD Thesis proposes the monitoring of air quality inside urban roads by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), hosted on city buses. Thus, new ways of performing spatiotemporal analyzes of the air quality of urban regions are possible with the cartographic models created by this thesis. These allow to analyze mapped regions using spatial and temporal perspectives with information obtained from mobile sensor kits, for analyzes every 100 meters, promoting a resolution higher than the traditional monitoring models (kilometer scale), which still do not offer this possibility. This higher resolution allows a new perspective of analyzes of micro regions and, in this way, allows specialists or urban managers to have a better understanding of the urban scenario. Sensor kits are created to be hosted by bus, which has been validated and tested for its efficiency in measurement. This was integrated into a computational platform built to extract and process information with mathematical algorithms. All the components of the platform were validated with experiments that confirmed the hypotheses originally formulated for validation. Finally, mappings with more than 70,000 points were used in the creation of spatiotemporal models for the study of the case of regions of the city of São Paulo, which denoted the potentials constructed by this thesis.
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Pantoni, Rodrigo Palucci. "Estratégias de roteamento e de controle de acesso ao meio para redes de sensores sem fio destinadas a redes urbanas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-12032012-155631/.

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Este trabalho propõe estratégias de roteamento e de controle de acesso ao meio destinadas as redes urbanas, motivadas pelo monitoramento e controle de variáveis elétricas relacionadas à iluminação pública. Tais estratégias foram desenvolvidas segundo requisitos da aplicação, trabalhos encontrados na literatura, limitações do protocolo IEEE 802.15.4 e as especificações RFC 5548 e IEEE 802.15.4e (draft). As estratégias desenvolvidas foram incorporadas a protocolos encontrados na literatura, as quais geraram protocolos aperfeiçoados para redes urbanas, dentre eles GGPSR e gradiente em função da maior distância, utilizados para o tráfego divergente e convergente, respectivamente. O protocolo GGPSR é composto pelo algoritmo geográfico GPSR, geocast e retransmissões para os vizinhos seguindo o critério do GGPSR em caso de falha. O protocolo baseado na maior distância é composto pelo algoritmo do gradiente, o qual utiliza a maior distância no caso de receptores com pesos de gradiente iguais e retransmissões seguindo o mesmo critério. Foi utilizado um modelo de propagação realista, no qual foi aplicada a estratégia de mapeamento de vizinhos dos nós de acordo com a distância aproximada fornecida pelo atributo do pacote RSSI. Além disso, para ambos os tipos de tráfego, foi aplicado o mecanismo de controle de acesso ao meio RIT com o objetivo de minimizar o consumo energético. A avaliação dos protocolos gerados a partir dessas estratégias foi feita em simulação utilizando a ferramenta NS-2 integrada em cenários de grande escala fornecidos pela concessionária de iluminação pública Elektro, segundo os critérios de energia remascente da rede, média de atraso fim a fim e taxa de entrega fim a fim. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os protocolos gerados superam protocolos propostos na literatura; além disso, a estratégia baseada na distância obtida pelo atributo RSSI viabiliza a aplicação do protocolo GGPSR. Em relação à aplicação do RIT com a estratégia de parâmetros em função do gradiente, esta se mostrou mais eficiente em comparação com os parâmetros de RIT iguais para todos os nós.
This work proposes routing and medium access control strategies for urban networks, particularly related to monitoring and control of electric variables in the street lighting system. Such strategies were developed according to application requirements, studies in the literature, limitations of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, and RFC 5548 and IEEE 802.15.4e (draft) specifications. Strategies were incorporated into protocols found in the literature, which generated specific improved protocols for urban networks, including GGPSR and Gradient based on the farthest neighbor, applied to divergent and convergent traffic, respectively. The GGPSR protocol is composed by the GPSR algorithm, geocast and retransmissions to neighbors according to the GGPSR criterion when a failure occurs. The protocol based on the longest distance comprises the gradient algorithm, which considers the longest distance when receivers have equal gradient weights and retransmissions follow the same criterion. A realistic propagation model was used, implementing the strategy to map neighboring nodes according to the approximate distance provided by the RSSI packet attribute. Moreover, for both traffic ypes, the RIT medium access control mechanism was used in order to minimize energy consumption. Protocols generated by these strategies were evaluated through simulation in NS-2 tool applied to large scale scenarios provided by public street lighting concessionaire Elektro, according to the criteria of remaining energy network, end-to-end average delay and end-to-end delivery rate. Results show that the generated protocols outperform protocols proposed in the literature; in addition, the strategy based on the distance obtained by the RSSI attribute enables the use of the GGPSR protocol. Regarding the use of RIT considering the parameters as a function of the gradient, this strategy is more efficient compared to using the same RIT parameters for all nodes.
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Santiago, Asto Julio César. "Implementación de una metodología para la medición de la interferencia inalámbrica en la banda ISM en zonas exteriores urbanas para garantizar la comunicación de una red inalámbrica de sensores." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9512.

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Las aplicaciones de redes inalámbricas de sensores por lo general son desplegadas en entornos donde ya existe comunicación inalámbrica que hacen uso de las bandas ISM y licenciadas. Los dispositivos inalámbricos que utilizan la banda ISM como redes WiFi, Bluetooth, o dispositivos de control remoto, proliferan en las calles causando interferencia entre ellos; por lo que en este ambiente contaminado de radiación electromagnética un dispositivo inalámbrico que trabaja en la banda ISM estará expuesto a las interferencias, razón por lo que la comunicación tendrá muchas probabilidades de fallar en cualquier momento disminuyendo la transferencia de datos o anulándolo por completo, por lo tanto es necesario hacer un estudio previo que permita conocer la zona de despliegue. La red de sensores inalámbricas implementado en el Proyecto 153-FINCYT está pensado para ser desplegado en una zona de interés que pueden ser una avenida, una zona residencial o cualquier ambiente exterior para realizar la medición de los contaminantes de aire. La red de sensores utiliza el estándar IEEE802.15.4 en la banda ISM 2.4 GHz y de 900MHz, por lo que su despliegue en estas zonas exteriores hará que se degrade la comunicación entre el nodo sensor y la puerta de salida (Gateway) por causa de las interferencias electromagnéticas. La tesis tiene como objetivo implementar una metodología que permita ayudar y dar recomendaciones al diseño, a la implementación, pruebas y despliegue de redes de sensores inalámbricas IEEE 802.15.4 en 2.4GHz en ambientes externos. Para esto se ha analizado estudios anteriores sobre el tema y se ha realizado pruebas de laboratorio y de campo para demostrar los efectos de interferencia en enlaces IEEE802.15.4 en 2.4GHz en ambientes urbanos externos. En la metodología se describe como identificar el tipo, grado y distribución de la interferencia en la zona donde se desplegaría la red inalámbrica de sensores.
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Said, Noha Gamal. "Vers une écologie sensible des rues du Caire : le palimpseste des ambiances d'une ville en transition." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH004/document.

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Proposer une relecture du sensible par le palimpseste est s'intéresser avant tout au temps de l'expérience. Il s'agit d'appréhender ce dernier en tant que matière dans la conception de la ville. Étant définie comme une stratification temporelle par la superposition des couches d'écriture, l'introduction de la métaphore palimpseste dans une réflexion sur les ambiances ajoute une épaisseur temporelle aux phénomènes sensibles. La figure «ambiance-palimpseste» montre comment la quotidienneté de l'expérience sensible s'inscrit dans une durée. Cette vision redéfinit l'ambiance comme une incarnation du passé dans le présent à travers un processus continu de sédimentation des traces. Le couplage «ambiance-palimpseste » incarne une puissance du temps dans laquelle le passé se recompose différemment avec la superposition de chaque présent. Entre la production des villes mémorielles et - ou - des villes artefacts, la pensée urbaine contemporaine marque une crise par rapport au temps où le présent fonctionnait comme une étanchéité temporelle, voire un tampon temporel entre le passé et le futur. Le terme « ambiance-palimpseste» resitue le présent dans son emplacement - l'entre-deux -, comme un interface à travers lequel les liens entre le futur et le passé sont rétablis. L'étude du sensible en épaisseur offre une nouvelle perspective dans la conception des villes et propose une autre approche temporelle où il s'agit de « faire avec » le temps, celui du passé et celui du futur. Elle propose une recompositions des valeurs sensibles du passé tout en se projetant vers le futur. Elle mêle la rétrospectivité et la prospectivité dans une approche qui vise à penser et à concevoir l'avenir de la ville autrement. Avec un tel objectif, cette thèse propose un dispositif de lecture du sensible en épaisseur, « la coupe temporelle », comme moyen de considérer l'expérience dans le temps et de déplier les couches des mémoires sédimentées. La coupe temporelle donne à lire les reliefs temporels de l'expérience. Elle marque un tournant dans la représentation de la ville, allant de la cartographie vers la stratigraphie
Proposing a rereading of the sensory experience by the term palimpsest is above all focusing on « time ».This approach introduces time as a main material for designing cities. Being defined as a stratification of time by a continual re-writing, the metaphorical coupling of terms « ambiance-palimpsest » adds a temporal depth to the sensory phenomena. It point out how everyday life experience reflects a maintain over time. This vision redefines the ambience as an incarnation of the past in the present through a continuous process of sedimentation of traces. Ambience-palimpsest embodies a power of time in which the past is reconstructed differently with each time a new present is overlaid upon territory. Between the production of memorial cities and artifacts ones, the current contemporary urban thinking marks a crisis in dealing with time, in which the present functions as a buffer, isolating the past from the futur. The introduction of term palimpsest in the field of ambiences relocates the present as a connecting interface between the two temporal entities. Taking into consideration the temporal depth when analyzing the sensory experience, offers a new perspective of designing cities by recomposing the past sensory values in a projection to the future. It mixes a retrospective and prospective approaches for rethinking the future of cities. In such an interest, this thesis proposes an architectural reading tool « the temporal section » as a way to stroll in time and to unfold the layers of sediment memories. This architectural section, to which we add time as vertical dimension of place, helps reading the temporal configuration of the experience, thus marking a turning point in the representation of cities form cartography to stratigraphy
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Books on the topic "Sensory urbanism"

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Varanini, Gian Maria, ed. Storiografia e identità dei centri minori italiani tra la fine del medioevo e l’Ottocento. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-482-0.

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Tra Cinquecento e Ottocento, le élites (laiche ed ecclesiastiche) dei tanti borghi, castelli, minori centri urbani che rendono così inconfondibile il paesaggio italiano ripensano profondamente il passato della propria “piccola patria”. L’eredità romana (ma anche preromana) e la tradizione medievale sono al centro dell’interesse; ardite “invenzioni” e manipolazioni si alternano a ricerche di solido impianto erudito. I saggi qui editi riguardano il Piemonte, la Romagna, l’Emilia, la Toscana, le Marche, l’Umbria, la Terra di Bari, la Campania. Emerge grazie ad essi un forte senso di identità, una robusta autocoscienza; e in definitiva la vitalità di quel tessuto connettivo di insediamenti, che costituisce un “carattere originale” rilevante nella vicenda storica italiana dal medioevo ad oggi.
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Smart Urbanism: Utopian vision or false dawn? Routledge, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sensory urbanism"

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Veitch, Jeffrey D. "Cities and urbanism." In The Routledge Handbook of Sensory Archaeology, 266–80. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315560175-16.

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Papastergiadis, Nikos, Amelia Barikin, and Scott McQuire. "Conclusion." In Ambient Screens and Transnational Public Spaces. Hong Kong University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888208920.003.0009.

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This chapter reflects on contexts of contemporary urbanism, and on artistic experiments with perspective and sensory perception, to develop a concept of ambient awareness as a mode of inhabiting mediated cities. Ambient awareness refers to the sensibility that attends to the field by relating elements that are peripheral to each other and organising them into a new form. This chapter argues that large screens constitute a key platform for both the new aesthetic genre of ambient art and the emergence of new forms of public communication. It outlines the concept ‘ambient perspective’ as a means for clarifying: the dynamics of interaction in knowledge production; the sensory processes in play in the casual observer’s reactions to urban screens; and the more general activities of symbolic and cognitive work in the media city.
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Dergachov, Konstantin, and Anatolii Kulik. "Impact-Resistant Flying Platform for Use in the Urban Construction Monitoring." In Methods and Applications of Geospatial Technology in Sustainable Urbanism, 520–51. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2249-3.ch017.

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A case study drone that constitutes a shock-resistant aerial vehicle is discussed in the chapter. The aerial motor platform is placed in gimbal joints of the exclusive framework (shell). The platform is a helicopter type aerial vehicle powered with two coaxial rotors of contra rotation. Mathematical model of the platform spatial dynamics bases Lagrange's equations to bring reliable solutions so that advanced model-based control law design techniques can be used. Though the case study implies utilizing an automatic flight mode of the aerial vehicle, it can be piloted remotely on radio. The on-board video cameras and other sensors are used to bring about both navigational duties and surveillance missions such as building constructions monitoring.
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"Sensing Cities and Getting Smarter." In Ambient Urbanities as the Intersection Between the IoT and the IoP in Smart Cities, 35–71. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7882-6.ch002.

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This chapter explores awareness in relation to sensing and smartness in the city enabled through aware people and aware technologies, including the internet of things (IoT), the internet of people (IoP), and the internet of experiences (IoE). The main aim of this chapter is to shed light on where intelligence resides in the city and what constitutes and contributes to sensing and making cities smarter in relation to evolving notions of urbanity. The research literature for awareness, sensing, sensors, the IoT, the IoP, and the IoE is explored in this chapter in the context of urbanity and smart cities, enabling identification of issues, controversies, and problems. Using an exploratory case study approach, solutions and recommendations are advanced. This chapter makes a contribution to 1) research and practice across multiple domains including the IoT, the IoP, and IoE and 2) emerging thinking on human sensing and associated behaviors in smart cities.
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Roca, Josep, and Blanca Arellano. "Application of Conventional UAVs for the Identification and Classification of Dense Green Spaces." In Methods and Applications of Geospatial Technology in Sustainable Urbanism, 364–88. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2249-3.ch012.

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The objective of this chapter is to show the usefulness of conventional UAVs for the identification, inventory, and classification of trees in the context of dense green spaces. The aim is to demonstrate the potential of low-cost drones (with traditional red, green, blue [RGB] sensors) to identify and classify trees in public parks. A case study is discussed on Turó Parc in Barcelona, in which a 3D model was developed and an exercise to identify and classify the vegetation was carried out using the information provided by a UAV. The example confirms that conventional drones could be useful for studying green urban spaces characterized by a high density of plant species. Non-professional UAVs have a potential that should not be undervalued, as they enable three-dimensional point clouds to be obtained of high spatial density.
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Green, David R., Billy J. Gregory, Jason J. Hagon, Alex R. Karachok, Jakob Larsen, and Alastair Skitmore. "An Overview of the Potential of UAV Applications to the Built Environment." In Methods and Applications of Geospatial Technology in Sustainable Urbanism, 329–63. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2249-3.ch011.

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This chapter presents an overview of the potential role of UAVs for monitoring, mapping, surveying, modelling, and visualising the ‘built environment' and their role in sustainable urbanisation. The ‘built environment' includes rural, urban, and underwater environments. Together with low-cost image processing and softcopy photogrammetry, fixed-wing and multi-rotor UAVs can collect a wide range of imagery for generating 3D models of individual buildings, and record and analyse architecture and infrastructure and terrain models. Consideration is given to non-imaging sensors carried on UAVs. Input to GIS provides a basis to create visually realistic models of the ‘built-environment' for urban and rural planning and decision-making for sustainable urbanisation. 3D visualisation software, virtual, and augmented reality will allow public engagement with the spatial planning process. Safety and operational considerations are needed for UAV flights. The chapter concludes by examining how this technology will develop in the future to play a role in sustainable urbanisation.
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Viana, Kerman, Mikel Diez, and Asier Zubizarreta. "Fusión de sensores para la localización robusta de vehículos autónomos en áreas urbanas." In XLII JORNADAS DE AUTOMÁTICA : LIBRO DE ACTAS, 309–16. Servizo de Publicacións da UDC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498043.309.

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El posicionamiento por GPS en zonas urbanas densamente pobladas puede ser un reto, principalmente debido al bloqueo de señales por edificios o túneles. Es por ello que los vehículos autónomos necesitan implementar alternativas para estas situaciones mediante una estructura de localización tolerante a fallos. Este es un área de gran interés en la que predominan el uso de técnicas de duplicación-comparación en combinación con las belief function, además de técnicas de localización alternativas. Este trabajo propone una estructura de localización para zonas urbanas densamente pobladas que incluye tanto un algoritmo robusto de detección de errores, capaz de evaluar el rango de confianza de cada estimación, como una precisa técnica de localización alternativa basada en un algoritmo de map matching de bajo coste computacional. La validación en un entorno simulado ha verificado la funcionalidad de la propuesta.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sensory urbanism"

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Yavuz, Aysel, Habibe Acar, and Nihan Canbakal Ataoğlu. "Urban Readings on Public Art Representations in Landscape Architecture." In 3rd International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 6-8 May 2020. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/n372020iccaua3163634.

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Being a social presence, people participate in social life in the public spaces of the city. In these areas, they are in perceptual and physical contact with each other and get the opportunity to socialize. Social life culture contributes to urban culture and urban identity while keeping communities together. Cities creates areas for people to express themselves outside of their basic needs. The art used in the expression of an emotion, design and beauty has been included in our socio-cultural life in public spaces over time. Public art, which provides social, physical, environmental and economic contributions to the society and the city, is a manifestation of a multi-layered and multi-dimensional expression that includes different representations. Public art representations are important urban images and are the sensory components of collective memory. Today, in the process where the cities start to look alike, public art representations identified with the place make sense of the space and contribute to the identity of the city. In our study, the approach of landscape architecture to this subject will be evaluated by making important public art representations and city readings.
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Bine, Wuigor Ivens Siqueira, and Linnyer Ruiz. "MANNA-WUI: Um nó sensor versátil para a Internet das Coisas." In Workshop em Desempenho de Sistemas Computacionais e de Comunicação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wperformance.2020.11110.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar e avaliar a performance do dispositivo MANNA-WUI nos ambientes urbanos e não urbanos em termos da distância máxima alcançada para transmissão de dados e consumo energético. Este dispositivo é um nó sensor genérico que fornece maior capacidade de processamento e utiliza tecnologia LoRa para transmissões de longa distância. Ele baseia-se nos desafios da área de Internet das Coisas, que envolvem a instalação de objetos inteligentes em áreas não urbanas, e a pouca capacidade de processamento nos existentes. Os resultados dos testes realizados foram satisfatórios para transmissão de dados a longa distância em áreas não-urbanas chegando a 18 Km e seu consumo energético no modo sleep de 13,2 µW.
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Wang, Chunting Michelle, and Alastair Lewis. "Low-Cost Multispecies Air Quality Sensor." In 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ifou-e001.

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Menezes, Alice, and Carlos Figueiredo. "Um Middleware para Sensores Virtuais Baseados em Localização no Contexto de Cidades Inteligentes." In XI Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Ubíqua e Pervasiva. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcup.2019.6597.

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As áreas urbanas estão crescendo ao longo dos anos, e este crescimento, em conjunto com a modernização das cidades, nos permite ter acesso aos dados heterogêneos que podem ser utilizados para a criação de novos serviços e utilização mais eficiente de recursos e infraestruturas já existentes. Com isto, diversas arquiteturas de plataformas para Cidades Inteligentes foram propostas com o objetivo de gerenciar um grande volume de dados e prover soluções para problemas urbanos. Neste sentido, este trabalho propõe um middleware para facilitar a extração de conhecimento dos dados gerados nas cidades, monitorando informações abstratas geradas a partir de dados de baixo nı́vel. Como prova de conceito, realizamos um estudo de caso com um grande volume de dados abertos de uma área urbana.
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Messias de Oliveira Souza, Emanuel, Matheus Rudolfo Diedrich Ullmann, and Tiago Do Carmo Nogueira. "SCIUloT: Sistema de Combate aos lncendios Urbanos por meio daloT." In Computer on the Beach. Itajaí: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v11n1.p068-070.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a communication paradigm that aims to cover the current Internet. In this sense, IoT covers a large space in the daily life of human beings, whether in the academic field or in the industrial sphere, therefore, there are smarter cities, health and automation of environments. Through the IoT it is possible to connect the objects of the everyday world to the Internet, in order to make these objects communicate with each other and with users. This work presents the way in which the IoT can corroborate in the fight against Urban Fires, through a system that interacts sensors, microcontrollers, the user and the Fire Department. The use of sensors that collect information about a certain location, send it to a controller board, which in turn forwards that information to the server, which directs the information to the user and the Fire Department, is the mechanism that will allow firefighters to be alerted to the incident. In this way, the work of the competent bodies can be made more effusive and, therefore, prevent the spread of fire in order to fight fires. It is worth mentioning that the rapid action of firefighters is extremely important, as the fire spreads quickly and produces incalculable damage.
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Cruz, Pedro, Rodrigo S. Couto, and Luís Henrique M. K. Costa. "Análise da Cobertura Espacial de uma Rede de Sensores Baseada em Ônibus Urbanos." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2018.2468.

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Cidades inteligentes podem utilizar ônibus urbanos equipados com sensores para aumentar a cobertura espacial, com pouca necessidade de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, este trabalho estuda a cobertura de uma rede de sensores móveis com mobilidade provida por ônibus urbanos. Para tal, propõe-se um modelo de cobertura e formula-se um problema de otimização que maximiza a região coberta para um dado número de ônibus que realizam sensoriamento. O problema é aplicado a dados reais dos ônibus da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, determinando a maior área sensoriável com um número limitado de sensores. Os resultados mostram que 18% da frota cobre pelo menos 94% das ruas do Rio de Janeiro com circulação de ônibus, ou o equivalente a 5.606 km de ruas.
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Carrero, Marcos, Katriny Zamproni, Martin A. Musicante, Aldri Santos, and Carmem Hara. "Uma Máquina de Estados para Especificação de Códigos de Simulação para Redes de Sensores sem Fio Urbanas." In X Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Ubíqua e Pervasiva. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcup.2018.3284.

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Os sistemas ubíquos de sensoriamento urbano enfrentam desafios relacionadosá grande quantidade de sensores na rede eá dinamicidade de geração de dados. Individualmente, os sensores reagem em resposta a eventos. No entanto, a modelagem do processo colaborativo exige mudanças de estado dos sensores não apenas como resposta a um evento, mas também por uma condição lógica. Este artigo propõe uma máquina de estados com dois tipos de transição: por evento e por lógica. Um estudo de caso que considera um modelo de armazenamento em sensores, desenvolvido com o apoio de um framework de componentes reusáveis, mostra uma correspondência entre a máquina proposta e o código, facilitando a sua implementação em ambientes de simulação.
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Fernández González, José María, Julio García Pérez, Alba Ruiz Lozano, and David Villaplana Cerdá. "Logística y optimización del servicio de recogida de residuos urbanos en áreas rurales." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.4257.

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La Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, reguladora de las Bases de Régimen Local, establece que en todos los municipios de España, las administraciones locales deben prestar, entre otros, el servicio de recogida y transporte de residuos urbanos (RU). En España, con una población total de 45.000.000 habitantes, y un ratio de generación de RU de 1,4 Kg/hab/día, se generan diariamente 63.000 Tn de RU que son transportados hasta plantas de transferencia o plantas de tratamiento y eliminación. La mayor parte de estos municipios, el 83,8%, tienen menos de 5.000 habitantes y un volumen de generación de residuos diario muy por debajo de la capacidad de carga de los camiones recolectores, por lo que no se consigue un transporte eficiente de los mismos. La aplicación de nuevas tecnologías así como la mancomunación para la prestación del servicio de recogida de RU consigue un transporte mucho más eficaz desde el punto de vista económico y ambiental. Entre estas tecnologías se diferencian las que se aplican a los camiones recolectores: dispositivos de control de flotas, sistemas de pesaje en chasis o pesaje embarcado, compartimentación de camiones; y los que se aplican a los contenedores receptores de los RU: sensores de llenado y sensores de manipulación. La presente investigación pretende cuantificar los ahorros económicos y ambientales que pueden obtenerse en los servicios de recogida de RU mediante la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías y la mancomunación de los mismos. Con la finalidad de validar esos resultados, se comprueban los obtenidos tras la implantación de estas medidas en el Consorcio para el Desarrollo de la Vega Sierra Elvira, compuesto por un conjunto de municipios del cinturón metropolitano de Granada, para finalizar determinando los potenciales ahorros en un grupo de municipios de la Vega Baja de la Provincia de Alicante, de aplicarse similares actuaciones. Para el primer territorio estudiado, la implementación de la recogida conjunta para 14 municipios con una población de 66.000 habitantes, ha supuesto un ahorro medio de 13,15 €/Tn y una reducción de emisiones de GEI de 1,71 KgCO2eq/Tn de RU. En el segundo territorio puede suponer un ahorro medio de 5,17 €/Tn y la reducción de 2,09 KgCO2eq/Tn en GEI.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4257
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Rodrigues, Diego Oliveira, and Leandro Villas. "SMAFramework: Arcabouço para Integração de Dados Urbanos Cientes da Correlação Espaço-Temporal." In XXXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbrc_estendido.2019.7777.

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Abstract:
Redes sociais, dispositivos móveis, redes veiculares e de sensores são utilizados como coletores de dados em centros urbanos; dados esses que podem ser utilizados para melhor compreender as dinâmicas das cidades. Muitos estudos tem focado em explorar essas fontes de dados, porém individualmente. A fim de reduzir o impacto na análise de dados urbanos causada por essa limitação foi desenvolvido o SMAFramework, para realizar a coleta e integração de dados de mobilidade urbana de fontes heterogêneas. Foi proposta uma metodologia para padronizar dados com anotações espaço-temporais provenientes de várias fontes de acordo com um modelo único de dados (i.e., Grafo Multi Aspecto). A ferramenta apresentada ainda permite que se realize diferentes tarefas de análise de dados. Para avaliar o arcabouço desenvolvido, experimentos foram realizados com dados reais. O primeiro experimento combinou dados de mídias sociais com dados de viagens de táxi a fim de avaliar a correlação espaço temporal entre essas fontes de dados. Em um segundo experimento dados de táxi foram combinados com informações de transito, rotas de transporte público e modelos de experiência de usuário a fim de avaliar como diferentes meios de transporte poderiam ser combinados a fim de melhorar a mobilidade urbana. Ferramentas e metodologias foram desenvolvidas para a execução de cada um desses experimentos, contribuindo com o avanço do estado da arte.
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10

Nascimento, Pedro Paulo Libório Lima do, Bruno Yuji Lino Kimura, Daniel Ludovico Guidoni, and Leandro Aparecido Villas. "Uma Solução Cooperative Positioning Integrada com Dead Reckoning para Suporte a GPS Sem Linhas de Visada Utilizando a Tecnologia de Radio 802.11p." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2018.2484.

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Abstract:
Em Sistemas de Transporte Inteligentes (ITS) e Redes Veiculares (VANETs), uma miríade de aplicações foi desenvolvida nosúltimos anos com diferentes exigências de acurácia de localização. A grande maioria dessas aplicações utiliza o Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) para obter a localização atual do dispositivo. Entretanto, na ausência de linha de visada para satélites, situação típica em locais como túneis, rodovias multinível e áreas urbanas densas, o sinal GPS fica exposto ao efeito de multi-caminhos, causando severa perda de informação de localização no receptor. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos o problema da indisponibilidade do sistema GPS em áreas urbanas a partir de conjuntos de dados reais de deslocamentos de ônibus e táxis. Para tal problema, propomos CP – uma solução integrada de posicionamento cooperativo baseada em três mecanismos: navegação estimada por sensores Dead Reckoning; disseminação de localização em rede veicular e seleção de nós por geometria de diluição de precisão; e ajuste de mapa. Resultados de simulações mostram que a solução proposta possibilita desempenho superior ao GPS e ao GPS integrado ao Dead Reckoning.
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